Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNICAL DATA
The MPC97H73 is a 3.3V compatible, 1:12 PLL based clock generator
targeted for high performance low-skew clock distribution in mid-range to
high-performance networking, computing and telecom applications. With
output frequencies up to 240 MHz and output skews less than 250 ps the
device meets the needs of the most demanding clock applications.
Features
• 1:12 PLL based low-voltage clock generator
Order Number: MPC97H73/D
Rev 0, 10/2003
3.3V 1:12 LVCMOS
PLL CLOCK GENERATOR
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
• 3.3V power supply
• Internal power–on reset
• Generates clock signals up to 240 MHz
• Maximum output skew of 250 ps
• Differential PECL reference clock input
• Two LVCMOS PLL reference clock inputs
• External PLL feedback supports zero-delay capability
• Various feedback and output dividers (see application section)
• Supports up to three individual generated output clock frequencies
• Synchronous output clock stop circuitry for each individual output for
FA SUFFIX
52 LEAD LQFP PACKAGE
CASE 848D
power down support
• Drives up to 24 clock lines
• Ambient temperature range 0°C to +70°C
• Pin and function compatible to the MPC973
Functional Description
The MPC97H73 utilizes PLL technology to frequency lock its outputs onto an input reference clock. Normal operation of the
MPC97H73 requires the connection of the PLL feedback output QFB to feedback input FB_IN to close the PLL feedback path.
The reference clock frequency and the divider for the feedback path determine the VCO frequency. Both must be selected to
match the VCO frequency range. The MPC97H73 features an extensive level of frequency programmability between the 12
outputs as well as the output to input relationships, for instance 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 3:2, 4:1, 4:3, 5:1, 5:2, 5:3, 5:4, 5:6, 6:1, 8:1 and 8:3.
The QSYNC output will indicate when the coincident rising edges of the above relationships will occur. The selectability of the
feedback frequency is independent of the output frequencies. This allows for very flexible programming of the input reference
versus output frequency relationship. The output frequencies can be either odd or even multiples of the input reference. In
addition the output frequency can be less than the input frequency for applications where a frequency needs to be reduced by a
non–binary factor. The MPC97H73 also supports the 180° phase shift of one of its output banks with respect to the other output
banks. The QSYNC outputs reflects the phase relationship between the QA and QC outputs and can be used for the generation
of system baseline timing signals.
The REF_SEL pin selects the LVPECL or the LVCMOS compatible inputs as the reference clock signal. Two alternative
LVCMOS compatible clock inputs are provided for clock redundancy support. The PLL_EN control selects the PLL bypass
configuration for test and diagnosis. In this configuration, the selected input reference clock is routed directly to the output dividers
bypassing the PLL. The PLL bypass is fully static and the minimum clock frequency specification and all other PLL characteristics
do not apply.
The outputs can be individually disabled (stopped in logic low state) by programming the serial CLOCK_STOP interface of the
MPC97H73. The MPC97H73 has an internal power–on reset.
The MPC97H73 is fully 3.3V compatible and requires no external loop filter components. All inputs (except PCLK) accept
LVCMOS signals while the outputs provide LVCMOS compatible levels with the capability to drive terminated 50 W transmission
lines. For series terminated transmission lines, each of the MPC97H73 outputs can drive one or two traces giving the devices an
effective fanout of 1:24. The device is pin and function compatible to the MPC973 and is packaged in a 52-lead LQFP package.
Motorola, Inc. 2003
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MPC97H73
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Figure 1. MPC97H73 Logic Diagram
MPC97H73
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
.%1
Figure 2. MPC97H73 52–Lead Package Pinout (Top View)
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MPC97H73
Table 1. PIN CONFIGURATION
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Pin
I/O
Type
Function
CCLK0
Input
LVCMOS
PLL reference clock
CCLK1
Input
LVCMOS
Alternative PLL reference clock
PCLK, PCLK
Input
LVPECL
Differential LVPECL reference clock
FB_IN
Input
LVCMOS
PLL feedback signal input, connect to an QFB
CCLK_SEL
Input
LVCMOS
LVCMOS clock reference select
REF_SEL
Input
LVCMOS
LVCMOS/PECL reference clock select
VCO_SEL
Input
LVCMOS
VCO operating frequency select
PLL_EN
Input
LVCMOS
PLL enable/PLL bypass mode select
MR/OE
Input
LVCMOS
Output enable/disable (high-impedance tristate) and device reset
FSEL_A[0:1]
Input
LVCMOS
Frequency divider select for bank A outputs
FSEL_B[0:1]
Input
LVCMOS
Frequency divider select for bank B outputs
FSEL_C[0:1]
Input
LVCMOS
Frequency divider select for bank C outputs
FSEL_FB[0:2]
Input
LVCMOS
Frequency divider select for the QFB output
INV_CLK
Input
LVCMOS
Clock phase selection for outputs QC2 and QC3
STOP_CLK
Input
LVCMOS
Clock input for clock stop circuitry
STOP_DATA
Input
LVCMOS
Configuration data input for clock stop circuitry
QA[0-3]
Output
LVCMOS
Clock outputs (Bank A)
QB[0-3]
Output
LVCMOS
Clock outputs (Bank B)
QC[0-3]
Output
LVCMOS
Clock outputs (Bank C)
QFB
Output
LVCMOS
PLL feedback output. Connect to FB_IN.
QSYNC
Output
LVCMOS
Synchronization pulse output
GND
Supply
Ground
Negative power supply
VCC_PLL
Supply
VCC
PLL positive power supply (analog power supply). It is recommended to use an external
RC filter for the analog power supply pin VCC_PLL. Please see applications section for
details.
VCC
Supply
VCC
Positive power supply for I/O and core. All VCC pins must be connected to the positive
power supply for correct operation
Table 2. FUNCTION TABLE (Configuration Controls)
Control
Default
0
1
REF_SEL
1
Selects CCLKx as the PLL reference clock
Selects the LVPECL inputs as the PLL reference clock
CCLK_SEL
1
Selects CCLK0
Selects CCLK1
VCO_SEL
1
Selects VCO÷2. The VCO frequency is scaled by a
factor of 2 (low VCO frequency range).
Selects VCO÷1. (high VCO frequency range)
PLL_EN
1
Test mode with the PLL bypassed. The reference clock
is substituted for the internal VCO output. MPC97H73 is
fully static and no minimum frequency limit applies. All
PLL related AC characteristics are not applicable.
Normal operation mode with PLL enabled.
INV_CLK
1
QC2 and QC3 are in phase with QC0 and QC1
QC2 and QC3 are inverted (180° phase shift) with
respect to QC0 and QC1
MR/OE
1
Outputs disabled (high-impedance state) and device is
reset. During reset/output disable the PLL feedback loop
is open and the internal VCO is tied to its lowest
frequency. The MPC97H73 requires reset after any loss
of PLL lock. Loss of PLL lock may occur when the
external feedback path is interrupted. The length of the
reset pulse should be greater than one reference clock
cycle (CCLKx). The device is reset by the internal
power–on reset (POR) circuitry during power–up.
Outputs enabled (active)
VCO_SEL, FSEL_A[0:1], FSEL_B[0:1], FSEL_C[0:1], FSEL_FB[0:2] control the operating PLL frequency range and input/output frequency
ratios. See Table 3 to Table 6 and the applications section for supported frequency ranges and output to input frequency ratios.
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MPC97H73
Table 3. Output Divider Bank A (NA)
Table 5. Output Divider Bank C (NC)
VCO_SEL
FSEL_A1
FSEL_A0
QA[0:3]
VCO_SEL
FSEL_C1
FSEL_C0
QC[0:3]
0
0
0
VCO÷8
0
0
0
VCO÷4
0
0
1
VCO÷12
0
0
1
VCO÷8
0
1
0
VCO÷16
0
1
0
VCO÷12
0
1
1
VCO÷24
0
1
1
VCO÷16
1
0
0
VCO÷4
1
0
0
VCO÷2
1
0
1
VCO÷6
1
0
1
VCO÷4
1
1
0
VCO÷8
1
1
0
VCO÷6
1
1
1
VCO÷12
1
1
1
VCO÷8
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
Table 4. Output Divider Bank B (NB)
VCO_SEL
FSEL_B1
FSEL_B0
0
0
0
QB[0:3]
VCO÷8
0
0
1
VCO÷12
0
1
0
VCO÷16
0
1
1
VCO÷20
1
0
0
VCO÷4
1
0
1
VCO÷6
1
1
0
VCO÷8
1
1
1
VCO÷10
Table 6. Output Divider PLL Feedback (M)
VCO_SEL
FSEL_FB2
FSEL_FB1
FSEL_FB0
0
0
0
0
VCO÷8
0
0
0
1
VCO÷12
0
0
1
0
VCO÷16
0
0
1
1
VCO÷20
0
1
0
0
VCO÷16
0
1
0
1
VCO÷24
0
1
1
0
VCO÷32
0
1
1
1
VCO÷40
1
0
0
0
VCO÷4
1
0
0
1
VCO÷6
1
0
1
0
VCO÷8
1
0
1
1
VCO÷10
1
1
0
0
VCO÷8
1
1
0
1
VCO÷12
1
1
1
0
VCO÷16
1
1
1
1
VCO÷20
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MPC97H73
Table 7. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
Symbol
Characteristics
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
VCC B 2
VTT
Output Termination Voltage
MM
ESD Protection (Machine Model)
200
HBM
Condition
V
V
ESD Protection (Human Body Model)
2000
V
LU
Latch–Up Immunity
200
mA
CPD
Power Dissipation Capacitance
12
pF
Per output
CIN
Input Capacitance
4.0
pF
Inputs
Table 8. ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGSa
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Symbol
Characteristics
Min
Max
Unit
VCC
Supply Voltage
-0.3
3.9
V
VIN
DC Input Voltage
-0.3
VCC+0.3
V
DC Output Voltage
-0.3
VCC+0.3
V
±20
mA
±50
mA
125
°C
VOUT
IIN
IOUT
TS
DC Input Current
DC Output Current
Storage Temperature
-65
Condition
a. Absolute maximum continuous ratings are those maximum values beyond which damage to the device may occur. Exposure to these conditions
or conditions beyond those indicated may adversely affect device reliability. Functional operation at absolute-maximum-rated conditions is not
implied.
Table 9. DC CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 3.3V ± 5%, TA = 0°C to 70°C)
Max
Unit
VCC_PLL
Symbol
PLL Supply Voltage
3.0
VCC
V
LVCMOS
VIH
Input High Voltage
2.0
VCC + 0.3
V
LVCMOS
VIL
Input Low Voltage
0.8
V
LVCMOS
VPP
Peak–to–peak Input Voltage PCLK, PCLK
250
mV
LVPECL
Common Mode Range
1.0
V
LVPECL
V
IOH=-24 mAb
0.55
0.30
V
V
IOL= 24 mA
IOL= 12 mA
±200
µA
VIN = VCC or GND
13.5
mA
VCC_PLL Pin
35
mA
All VCC Pins
VCMRa
VOH
Output High Voltage
VOL
Output Low Voltage
ZOUT
Output Impedance
IIN
ICC_PLL
ICCQ
a.
b.
c.
Characteristics
Min
PCLK, PCLK
Typ
VCC – 0.6
2.4
W
8 - 11
Input Currentc
Maximum PLL Supply Current
8.0
Maximum Quiescent Supply Current
Condition
VCMR (DC) is the crosspoint of the differential input signal. Functional operation is obtained when the crosspoint is within the VCMR range
and the input swing lies within the VPP (DC) specification.
The MPC97H73 is capable of driving 50Ω transmission lines on the incident edge. Each output drives one 50Ω parallel terminated
transmission line to a termination voltage of VTT. Alternatively, the device drives up to two 50Ω series terminated transmission lines.
Inputs have pull–down resistors affecting the input current.
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Table 10. AC CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 3.3V ± 5%, TA = 0°C to 70°C)a b
Symbol
fREF
Characteristics
Min
÷4 feedback
÷6 feedback
÷8 feedback
÷10 feedback
÷12 feedback
÷16 feedback
÷20 feedback
÷24 feedback
÷32 feedback
÷40 feedback
Input reference frequency
Typ
50.0
33.3
25.0
20.0
16.6
12.5
10.0
8.33
6.25
5.00
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
Input reference frequency in PLL bypass mode
fVCO
VCO frequency rangec
fMAX
Output Frequency
fSTOP_CLK
Serial interface clock frequency
VPP
Peak-to-peak input voltage
PCLK, PCLK
VCMRd
Common Mode Range
PCLK, PCLK
÷2 output
÷4 output
÷6 output
÷8 output
÷10 output
÷12 output
÷16 output
÷20 output
÷24 output
Widthd
tPW,MIN
Input Reference Pulse
tR, tF
CCLKx Input Rise/Fall Timee
t(∅)
Unit
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
PLL locked
PLL bypass
250
MHz
480
MHz
100.0
50.0
33.3
25.0
20.0
16.6
12.5
10.0
8.33
240.0
120.0
80.0
60.0
48.0
40.0
30.0
24.0
20.0
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
20
MHz
400
1000
mV
LVPECL
1.2
VCC-0.9
V
LVPECL
2.0
Propagation Delay (static phase
6.25 MHz < fREF < 65.0 MHz
65.0 MHz < fREF < 125 MHz
fREF=50 MHz and feedback=÷8
Output-to-output Skewg
DC
Output Duty Cycleh
tR, tF
Output Rise/Fall Time
tPLZ, HZ
Output Disable Time
tPZL, LZ
Output Enable Time
tJIT(CC)
Cycle-to-cycle jitteri
tJIT(PER)
Period
Jitterj
tJIT(∅)
I/O Phase Jitter RMS (1 σ)k
PLL locked
ns
1.0
ns
+3
+4
+166
°
°
ps
100
100
100
250
ps
ps
ps
ps
(T÷2) +200
ps
1.0
ns
8.0
ns
0.8 to 2.0V
PLL locked
-3
-4
-166
within QA outputs
within QB outputs
within QC outputs
all outputs
(T÷2) - 200
T÷2
0.1
150
÷4 feedback
÷6 feedback
÷8 feedback
÷10 feedback
÷12 feedback
÷16 feedback
÷20 feedback
÷24 feedback
÷32 feedback
÷40 feedback
6
Condition
200
offset)f
tSK(O)
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120.0
80.0
60.0
48.0
40.0
30.0
24.0
20.0
15.0
12.0
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8.0
ns
200
ps
150
ps
11
86
13
88
16
19
21
22
27
30
ps
ps
ps
ps
ps
ps
ps
ps
ps
ps
0.55 to 2.4V
(VCO=400 MHz)
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MPC97H73
Table 10. AC CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 3.3V ± 5%, TA = 0°C to 70°C)a b
Symbol
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
Characteristics
BW
PLL closed loop bandwidthl
tLOCK
Maximum PLL Lock Time
Min
÷4 feedback
÷6 feedback
÷8 feedback
÷10 feedback
÷12 feedback
÷16 feedback
÷20 feedback
÷24 feedback
÷32 feedback
÷40 feedback
Typ
Max
1.20 - 3.50
0.70 - 2.50
0.50 - 1.80
0.45 - 1.20
0.30 - 1.00
0.25 - 0.70
0.20 - 0.55
0.17 - 0.40
0.12 - 0.30
0.11 - 0.28
Unit
Condition
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
10
ms
AC characteristics apply for parallel output termination of 50Ω to VTT.
The input reference frequency must match the VCO lock range divided by the feedback divider ratio: fREF= fVCO ÷ (M ⋅ VCO_SEL).
VCMR (AC) is the crosspoint of the differential input signal. Normal AC operation is obtained when the crosspoint is within the VCMR range
and the input swing lies within the VPP (AC) specification. Violation of VCMR or VPP impacts static phase offset t(∅).
Calculation of reference duty cycle limits: DCREF,MIN = tPW,MIN ⋅ fREF ⋅ 100% and DCREF,MAX = 100% - DCREF, MIN.
The MPC97H73 will operate with input rise/fall times up to 3.0 ns, but the A.C. characteristics, specifically t(∅), tPW,MIN, DC and fMAX can
only be guaranteed if tR, tF are within the specified range.
CCLKx or PCLK to FB_IN. Static phase offset depends on the reference frequency. t(∅) [s] = t(∅) [°] ÷ (fREF ⋅ 360°).
Excluding QSYNC output. See application section for part-to-part skew calculation.
Output duty cycle is DC = (0.5 ± 200 ps ⋅ fOUT) ⋅ 100%. E.g. the DC range at fOUT=100MHz is 48%**?@.61A
MPC97H73 example configuration (feedback of
QFB = 33.3 MHz, fVCO=400 MHz, VCO_SEL=÷1,
M=12, NA=12, NB=4, NC=2).
MPC97H73 example configuration (feedback of
QFB = 25 MHz, fVCO=250 MHz, VCO_SEL=÷1,
M=10, NA=4, NB=4, NC=2).
Frequency range
Min
Max
Frequency range
Min
Max
Input
16.6 MHz
40 MHz
Input
20 MHz
48 MHz
QA outputs
16.6 MHz
40 MHz
QA outputs
50 MHz
120 MHz
QB outputs
50 MHz
120 MHz
QB outputs
50 MHz
120 MHz
QC outputs
100 MHz
240 MHz
QC outputs
100 MHz
240 MHz
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MPC97H73 Individual Output Disable (Clock Stop)
Circuitry
MPC97H73
writing logic ‘0’ to the respective stop enable bit. Likewise, the
user may programmably enable an output clock by writing
logic ‘1’ to the respective enable bit. The clock stop logic
enables or disables clock outputs during the time when the
output would be in normally in logic low state, eliminating the
possibility of short or ‘runt’ clock pulses.
The user can write to the serial input register through the
STOP_DATA input by supplying a logic ‘0’ start bit followed
serially by 12 NRZ disable/enable bits. The period of each
STOP_DATA bit equals the period of the free–running
STOP_CLK signal. The STOP_DATA serial transmission
should be timed so the MPC97H73 can sample each
STOP_DATA bit with the rising edge of the free–running
STOP_CLK signal. (see Figure 5. )
The individual clock stop (output enable) control of the
MPC97H73 allows designers, under software control, to
implement power management into the clock distribution
design. A simple serial interface and a clock stop control logic
provides a mechanism through which the MPC97H73 clock
outputs can be individually stopped in the logic ‘0’ state: The
clock stop mechanism allows serial loading of a 12–bit serial
input register. This register contains one programmable clock
stop bit for 12 of the 14 output clocks. The QC0 and QFB
outputs cannot be stopped (disabled) with the serial port.
The user can program an output clock to stop (disable) by
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Figure 5. Clock Stop Circuit Programming
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SYNC Output Description
The MPC97H73 has a system synchronization pulse
output QSYNC. In configurations with the output frequency
relationships are not integer multiples of each other QSYNC
provides a signal for system synchronization purposes. The
MPC97H73 monitors the relationship between the A bank
and the B bank of outputs. The QSYNC output is asserted
(logic low) one period in duration and one period prior to the
coincident rising edges of the QA and QC outputs. The
duration and the placement of the pulse is dependent QA and
QC output frequencies: the QSYNC pulse width is equal to
the period of the higher of the QA and QC output frequencies.
Figure 6. shows various waveforms for the QSYNC output.
The QSYNC output is defined for all possible combinations of
the bank A and bank C outputs.
0
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>÷A
>÷A
>÷A
>÷A
>÷A
>÷A
>÷A
>÷A
>÷A
>÷A
Figure 6. QSYNC Timing Diagram
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MPC97H73
Power Supply Filtering
Using the MPC97H73 in zero–delay applications
The MPC97H73 is a mixed analog/digital product. Its
analog circuitry is naturally susceptible to random noise,
especially if this noise is seen on the power supply pins.
Random noise on the VCC_PLL power supply impacts the
device characteristics, for instance I/O jitter. The MPC97H73
provides separate power supplies for the output buffers (VCC)
and the phase-locked loop (VCC_PLL) of the device. The
purpose of this design technique is to isolate the high
switching noise digital outputs from the relatively sensitive
internal analog phase-locked loop. In a digital system
environment where it is more difficult to minimize noise on the
power supplies a second level of isolation may be required.
The simple but effective form of isolation is a power supply
filter on the VCCA_PLL pin for the MPC97H73. Figure 7.
illustrates a typical power supply filter scheme. The
MPC97H73 frequency and phase stability is most
susceptible to noise with spectral content in the 100kHz to
20MHz range. Therefore the filter should be designed to
target this range. The key parameter that needs to be met in
the final filter design is the DC voltage drop across the series
filter resistor RF. From the data sheet the ICC_PLL current (the
current sourced through the VCC_PLL pin) is typically 8 mA
(13.5 mA maximum), assuming that a minimum of 3.0V must
be maintained on the VCC_PLL pin. The resistor RF shown in
Figure 7. “VCC_PLL Power Supply Filter” must have a
resistance of 5-10W to meet the voltage drop criteria.
Nested clock trees are typical applications for the
MPC97H73. Designs using the MPC97H73 as LVCMOS PLL
fanout buffer with zero insertion delay will show significantly
lower clock skew than clock distributions developed from
CMOS fanout buffers. The external feedback option of the
MPC97H73 clock driver allows for its use as a zero delay
buffer. The PLL aligns the feedback clock output edge with
the clock input reference edge resulting a near zero delay
through the device (the propagation delay through the device
is virtually eliminated). The maximum insertion delay of the
device in zero-delay applications is measured between the
reference clock input and any output. This effective delay
consists of the static phase offset, I/O jitter (phase or
long-term jitter), feedback path delay and the output-to-output
skew error relative to the feedback output.
< 7Ω
The MPC97H73 zero delay buffer supports applications
where critical clock signal timing can be maintained across
several devices. If the reference clock inputs of two or more
MPC97H73 are connected together, the maximum overall
timing uncertainty from the common CCLKx input to any
output is:
tSK(PP) = t( ∅) + tSK(O) + tPD, LINE(FB) + tJIT( ∅) CF
< µ
Calculation of part-to-part skew
This maximum timing uncertainty consist of 4
components: static phase offset, output skew, feedback
board trace delay and I/O (phase) jitter:
%
=== %
,GG,%
Figure 7. VCC_PLL Power Supply Filter
*/$6*
The minimum values for RF and the filter capacitor CF are
defined by the required filter characteristics: the RC filter
should provide an attenuation greater than 40 dB for noise
whose spectral content is above 100 kHz. In the example RC
filter shown in Figure 7. “VCC_PLL Power Supply Filter”, the
filter cut-off frequency is around 4.5 kHz and the noise
attenuation at 100 kHz is better than 42 dB.
(B>∅A
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As the noise frequency crosses the series resonant point
of an individual capacitor its overall impedance begins to look
inductive and thus increases with increasing frequency. The
parallel capacitor combination shown ensures that a low
impedance path to ground exists for frequencies well above
the bandwidth of the PLL. Although the MPC97H73 has
several design features to minimize the susceptibility to
power supply noise (isolated power and grounds and fully
differential PLL) there still may be applications in which
overall performance is being degraded due to system power
supply noise. The power supply filter schemes discussed in
this section should be adequate to eliminate power supply
noise related problems in most designs.
TIMING SOLUTIONS
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Figure 8. MPC97H73 max. device-to-device skew
Due to the statistical nature of I/O jitter a RMS value (1 s) is
specified. I/O jitter numbers for other confidence factors (CF)
can be derived from Table 12.
11
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MPC97H73
Table 12. Confidence Facter CF
CF
Probability of clock edge within the distribution
± 1s
0.68268948
± 2s
0.95449988
± 3s
0.99730007
± 4s
0.99993663
± 5s
0.99999943
± 6s
0.99999999
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MOTOROLA
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TIMING SOLUTIONS
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
MPC97H73
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
NOTES
TIMING SOLUTIONS
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MPC97H73
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
NOTES
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TIMING SOLUTIONS
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
MPC97H73
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
NOTES
TIMING SOLUTIONS
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MPC97H73
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
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MPC97H73/D
TIMING
SOLUTIONS