Nonvolatile Memory, Quad
64-Position Digital Potentiometer
AD5233
FEATURES
APPLICATIONS
Mechanical potentiometer replacement
Instrumentation: gain, offset adjustment
Programmable voltage-to-current conversion
Programmable filters, delays, time constants
Programmable power supply
Sensor calibration
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
CS
ADDR
DECODE
AD5233
RDAC1
REGISTER
A1
W1
CLK
SDI
SDO
WP
RDY
O1
O2
SDI SERIAL
INTERFACE
SDO
EEMEM
CONTROL
EEMEM1
VDD
B1
RDAC1
RDAC2
REGISTER
A2
W2
B2
11 BYTES
USER EEMEM
EEMEM2
DIGITAL
OUTPUT
BUFFER
2
RDAC3
REGISTER
RDAC2
A3
W3
B3
EEMEM3
RDAC3
DIGITAL 5
REGISTER
RDAC4
REGISTER
PR
A4
W4
B4
GND
EEMEM5
EEMEM4
RDAC4
VSS
02794-001
Nonvolatile memory stores wiper setting
4-channel independent programmable
64-position resolution
Power-on refreshed with EEMEM settings
EEMEM restore time: 140 μs typical
Full monotonic operation
10 kΩ, 50 kΩ, and 100 kΩ terminal resistance
Permanent memory write protection
Wiper setting readback
Predefined linear increment/decrement instructions
Predefined ±6 dB/step log taper increment/decrement
instructions
SPI-compatible serial interface with readback function
2.7 V to 5.5 V single supply or ±2.5 V dual supply
11 bytes extra nonvolatile memory for user-defined data
100-year typical data retention, TA = 55°C
Figure 1.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The AD5233 is a quad-channel nonvolatile memory,1 digitally
controlled potentiometer2 with a 64-step resolution. The device
performs the same electronic adjustment function as a mechanical
potentiometer with enhanced resolution, solid-state reliability,
and remote controllability. The AD5233 has versatile programming using a serial peripheral interface (SPI) for 16 modes of
operation and adjustment, including scratchpad programming,
memory storing and restoring, increment/decrement, ±6 dB/step
log taper adjustment, wiper setting readback, and extra EEMEM
for user-defined information such as memory data for other
components, look-up tables, or system identification
information.
1
2
The terms nonvolatile memory and EEMEM are used interchangeably.
The terms digital potentiometer and RDAC are used interchangeably.
In the scratchpad programming mode, a specific setting can
be programmed directly to the RDAC register, which sets the
resistance between Terminal W to Terminal A and Terminal W
to Terminal B. This setting can be stored into the EEMEM and
is transferred automatically to the RDAC register during system
power-on.
The EEMEM content can be restored dynamically or through
external PR strobing. A WP function protects EEMEM contents.
To simplify the programming, independent or simultaneous
increment or decrement commands can be used to move the
RDAC wiper up or down, one step at a time. For logarithmic
±6 dB step changes in wiper settings, the left or right bit shift
command can be used to double or halve the RDAC wiper
setting.
The AD5233 is available in a thin 24-lead TSSOP package. The
part is guaranteed to operate over the extended industrial
temperature range of −40°C to +85°C.
Rev. B
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no
responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other
rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications subject to change without notice. No
license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.
Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
Tel: 781.329.4700
www.analog.com
Fax: 781.461.3113 ©2002–2008 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
AD5233
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Features .............................................................................................. 1
RDAC Structure.......................................................................... 20
Applications ....................................................................................... 1
Programming the Variable Resistor ......................................... 20
Functional Block Diagram .............................................................. 1
Programming the Potentiometer Divider ............................... 21
General Description ......................................................................... 1
Programming Examples ............................................................ 21
Revision History ............................................................................... 2
Flash/EEMEM Reliability.......................................................... 22
Specifications..................................................................................... 3
Applications Information .............................................................. 23
Electrical Characteristics—10 kΩ, 50 kΩ, and 100 kΩ
Versions.......................................................................................... 3
Bipolar Operation from Dual Supplies.................................... 23
Timing Characteristics ................................................................ 5
High Voltage Operation ............................................................ 23
Absolute Maximum Ratings............................................................ 7
DAC.............................................................................................. 23
ESD Caution .................................................................................. 7
Bipolar Programmable Gain Amplifier ................................... 24
Pin Configuration and Function Descriptions ............................. 8
Programmable Low-Pass Filter ................................................ 24
Typical Performance Characteristics ............................................. 9
Programmable State-Variable Filter......................................... 25
Test Circuits ..................................................................................... 13
Programmable Oscillator .......................................................... 26
Theory of Operation ...................................................................... 15
Programmable Voltage Source with Boosted Output ........... 26
Scratchpad and EEMEM Programming .................................. 15
Programmable Current Source ................................................ 27
Basic Operation .......................................................................... 15
Programmable Bidirectional Current Source ......................... 27
EEMEM Protection .................................................................... 16
Resistance Scaling ...................................................................... 27
Digital Input/Output Configuration ........................................ 16
Doubling the Resolution ........................................................... 28
Serial Data Interface ................................................................... 16
Daisy-Chain Operation ............................................................. 17
Resistance Tolerance, Drift, and Temperature Mismatch
Considerations ............................................................................ 28
Terminal Voltage Operation Range ......................................... 17
RDAC Circuit Simulation Model ............................................. 28
Power-Up Sequence ................................................................... 17
Outline Dimensions ....................................................................... 29
Latched Digital Outputs ............................................................ 17
Ordering Guide .......................................................................... 29
Gain Control Compensation .................................................... 23
Advanced Control Modes ......................................................... 19
REVISION HISTORY
5/08—Rev. A to Rev. B
Changes to Features........................................................................... 1
Changes to Table 1 ............................................................................. 3
Changes Figure 3 ............................................................................... 6
Changes to Absolute Maximum Ratings Section .......................... 7
Changes to Figure 17 and Figure 18 ..............................................11
Changes to Programmable Oscillator Section .............................26
Changes to Ordering Guide ...........................................................29
7/04—Rev. 0 to Rev. A
Format updated .................................................................. Universal
Changes to Features, General Description, and Block
Diagram .............................................................................................. 1
Changes to Specifications ................................................................. 3
Replaced Timing Diagrams.............................................................. 6
Changes to Absolute Maximum Ratings ........................................ 7
Changes to Pin Function Descriptions ........................................... 8
Replaced Figure 11 ............................................................................ 9
Added Test Circuit (Figure 36) ...................................................... 13
Changes to Theory of Operation................................................... 14
Changes to Applications ................................................................. 22
Updated Outline Dimensions ........................................................ 28
Changes to Ordering Guide ........................................................... 28
3/02—Revision 0: Initial Version
Rev. B | Page 2 of 32
AD5233
SPECIFICATIONS
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—10 kΩ, 50 kΩ, AND 100 kΩ VERSIONS
VDD = 3 V ± 10% or 5 V ± 10%, VSS = 0 V, VA = VDD, VB = 0 V, −40°C < TA < +85°C, unless otherwise noted.
Table 1.
Parameter
DC CHARACTERISTICS,
RHEOSTAT MODE
Resistor Differential Nonlinearity 2
Resistor Integral Nonlinearity2
Nominal Resistor Tolerance
Resistance Temperature Coefficient
Wiper Resistance
DC CHARACTERISTICS,
POTENTIOMETER DIVIDER MODE
Resolution
Differential Nonlinearity 3
Integral Nonlinearity3
Voltage Divider Temperature
Coefficient
Full-Scale Error
Zero-Scale Error
RESISTOR TERMINALS
Terminal Voltage Range 4
Capacitance A, Capacitance B 5
Capacitance W5
Common-Mode Leakage Current5, 6
DIGITAL INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
Input Logic High
Symbol
Conditions
Min
Typ 1
Max
Unit
R-DNL
R-INL
∆RAB/RAB
(∆RWB/RWB)/∆T × 106
RW
RWB, VA = NC, monotonic
RWB, VA = NC
D = 0x3F
−0.5
−0.5
−40
±0.1
±0.1
+0.5
+0.5
+20
LSB
LSB
%
ppm/°C
Ω
N
DNL
INL
(∆VW/VW)/∆T × 106
VWFSE
VWZSE
VA, VB, VW
CA, CB
CW
ICM
VIH
Input Logic Low
VIL
Output Logic High (SDO, RDY)
VOH
Output Logic Low
VOL
Input Current
Input Capacitance5
Output Current5
IIL
CIL
IO1, IO2
600
15
IW = 100 μA, code = half scale
Monotonic
−0.5
−0.5
Code = half scale
Code = full scale
Code = zero scale
6
+0.5
+0.5
Bits
LSB
LSB
ppm/°C
0
1.5
% FS
% FS
VDD
35
V
pF
35
pF
+0.1
+0.1
15
−1.5
0
VSS
f = 1 MHz, measured to GND,
code = half scale
f = 1 MHz, measured to GND,
code = half scale
VW = VDD/2
With respect to GND, VDD = 5 V
With respect to GND, VDD = 3 V
With respect to GND,
VDD = 2.5 V, VSS = −2.5 V
With respect to GND, VDD = 5 V
With respect to GND, VDD = 3 V
With respect to GND,
VDD = 2.5 V, VSS = −2.5 V
RPULL-UP = 2.2 kΩ to 5 V
(see Figure 35)
IOL = 1.6 mA, VLOGIC = 5 V
(see Figure 35)
VIN = 0 V or VDD
VDD = 5 V, VSS = 0 V, TA = 25°C,
sourcing only
VDD = 2.5 V, VSS = 0 V, TA = 25°C,
sourcing only
Rev. B | Page 3 of 32
100
0.015
1
2.4
2.1
2.0
μA
V
V
V
0.8
0.6
0.5
4.9
V
V
V
V
0.4
V
±2.5
4
50
μA
pF
mA
7
mA
AD5233
Parameter
POWER SUPPLIES
Single-Supply Power Range
Dual-Supply Power Range
Positive Supply Current
Negative Supply Current
Symbol
Conditions
Min
VDD
VDD/VSS
IDD
ISS
VSS = 0 V
2.7
±2.5
EEMEM Store Mode Current
IDD (store)
EEMEM Restore Mode Current 7
ISS (store)
IDD (restore)
Power Dissipation 8
Power Supply Sensitivity5
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS5, 9
Bandwidth
Total Harmonic Distortion
ISS (restore)
PDISS
PSS
BW
THDW
VW Settling Time
tS
Resistor Noise Voltage
Crosstalk (CW1/CW2)
eN_WB
CT
Analog Crosstalk (CW1/CW2)
CTA
VIH = VDD or VIL = GND
VIH = VDD or VIL = GND,
VDD = 2.5 V, VSS = −2.5 V
VIH = VDD or VIL = GND,
VSS = 0, ISS ≈ 0
VDD = 2.5 V, VSS = −2.5 V
VIH = VDD or VIL = GND,
VSS = GND, ISS ≈ 0
VDD = 2.5 V, VSS = −2.5 V
VIH = VDD or VIL = GND
∆VDD = 5 V ± 10%
−3 dB, RAB = 10 kΩ/50 kΩ/100 kΩ
VA = 1 V rms, VB = 0 V, f = 1 kHz,
RAB = 10 kΩ
VA = 1 V rms, VB = 0 V, f = 1 kHz,
RAB = 50 kΩ, 100 kΩ
VA = VDD, VB = 0 V,
VW = 0.50% error band,
Code 0x000 to Code 0x200
for RAB = 10 kΩ/50 kΩ/100 kΩ
RWB = 5 kΩ, f = 1 kHz
VA = VDD, VB = 0 V, measure VW
with adjacent RDAC making
the full-scale code change
VDD = VA1 = +2.5 V,
VSS = VB1 = −2.5 V,
measure VW1 with VW2 = 5 V p-p
@ f = 10 kHz, Code 1 = 0x20,
Code 2 = 0x3F, RAB = 10 kΩ/
50 kΩ/100 kΩ
1
Typ 1
Max
Unit
3.5
0.55
5.5
±2.75
10
10
V
V
μA
μA
40
0.3
−0.3
mA
−40
3
9
mA
mA
−3
0.018
0.002
−9
0.05
0.01
mA
mW
%/%
630/135/66
0.04
kHz
%
0.015
%
0.6/2.2/3.8
μs
9
−1
nV/√Hz
nV/sec
−86/−73/−68
dB
Typicals represent average readings at 25°C and VDD = 5 V.
Resistor position nonlinearity error (R-INL) is the deviation from an ideal value measured between the maximum resistance and the minimum resistance wiper
positions. R-DNL measures the relative step change from ideal between successive tap positions. IW > 50 μA @ VDD = 2.7 V for the RAB = 10 kΩ version, IW > 50 μA for the
RAB = 50 kΩ, and IW > 25 μA for the RAB = 100 kΩ version (see Figure 25).
3
INL and DNL are measured at VW with the RDAC configured as a potentiometer divider similar to a voltage output ADC. VA = VDD and VB = VSS. DNL specification limits of
−1 LSB minimum are guaranteed monotonic operating conditions (see Figure 26).
4
Resistor Terminal A, Resistor Terminal B, and Resistor Terminal W have no limitations on polarity with respect to each other. Dual-supply operation enables groundreferenced bipolar signal adjustment.
5
Guaranteed by design and not subject to production test.
6
Common-mode leakage current is a measure of the dc leakage from Terminal B and Terminal W to a common-mode bias level of VDD/2.
7
EEMEM restore mode current is not continuous. Current is consumed while EEMEM locations are read and transferred to the RDAC register (see Figure 22). To
minimize power dissipation, a NOP instruction should be issued immediately after Instruction 1 (0x1).
8
Power dissipation is calculated by PDISS = (IDD × VDD) + (ISS × VSS).
9
All dynamic characteristics use VDD = 2.5 V and VSS = −2.5 V.
2
Rev. B | Page 4 of 32
AD5233
TIMING CHARACTERISTICS
VDD = 3 V to 5.5 V, VSS = 0 V, and −40°C < TA < +85°C, unless otherwise noted.
Table 2.
Parameter
INTERFACE TIMING CHARACTERISTICS2, 3
Clock Cycle Time (tCYC)
CS Setup Time
CLK Shutdown Time to CS Rise
Input Clock Pulse Width
Data Setup Time
Data Hold Time
CS to SDO-SPI Line Acquire
CS to SDO-SPI Line Release
CLK to SDO Propagation Delay4
CLK to SDO Data Hold Time
CS High Pulse Width5
CS High to CS High5
RDY Rise to CS Fall
CS Rise to RDY Fall Time
Read/Store to Nonvolatile EEMEM6
Symbol
CS Rise to Clock Rise/Fall Setup
Preset Pulse Width (Asynchronous)
Preset Response Time to Wiper Setting
Power-On EEMEM Restore Time
FLASH/EE MEMORY RELIABILITY
Endurance7
Data Retention8
t17
tPRW
tPRESP
tEEMEM1
t1
t2
t3
t4, t5
t6
t7
t8
t9
t10
t11
t12
t13
t14
t15
t16
Conditions
Min
Clock level high or low
From positive CLK transition
From positive CLK transition
20
10
1
10
5
5
RPULL-UP = 2.2 kΩ, CL < 20 pF
RP = 2.2 kΩ, CL < 20 pF
0.1
25
10
50
Unit
40
50
50
ns
ns
tCYC
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
tCYC
ns
ms
ms
0.15
70
140
ns
ns
μs
μs
100
kCycles
Years
100
1
Max
0
10
4
0
Applies to Instruction 0x2, Instruction 0x3,
and Instruction 0x9
Not shown in timing diagram
PR pulsed low to refresh wiper positions
RAB = 10 kΩ
Typ1
Typicals represent average readings at 25°C and VDD = 5 V.
Guaranteed by design and not subject to production test.
See the timing diagrams (Figure 2 and Figure 3) for the location of the measured values. All input control voltages are specified with tR = tF = 2.5 ns (10% to 90% of 3 V)
and timed from a voltage level of 1.5 V. Switching characteristics are measured using both VDD = 3 V and VDD = 5 V.
4
Propagation delay depends on the value of VDD, RPULL-UP, and CL.
5
Valid for commands that do not activate the RDY pin.
6
The RDY pin is low only for Command 2, Command 3, Command 8, Command 9, Command 10, and the PR hardware pulse: CMD_8 > 1 ms; CMD_9, CMD_10 > 0.12 ms;
CMD_2, CMD_3 > 20 ms. Device operation at TA = −40°C and VDD < 3 V extends the save time to 35 ms.
7
Endurance is qualified to 100,000 cycles per JEDEC Standard 22, Method A117, and measured at −40°C, +25°C, and +85°C; typical endurance at 25°C is 700,000 cycles.
8
Retention lifetime equivalent at junction temperature (TJ) = 55°C per JEDEC Standard 22, Method A117. Retention lifetime based on an activation energy of 0.6 eV
derates with junction temperature, as shown in Figure 45 in the Flash/EEMEM Reliability section.
2
3
Rev. B | Page 5 of 32
AD5233
CPHA = 1
CS
t12
CLK
CPOL = 1
B15
t13
t17
B0
t4
t5
SDI
t3
t1
t2
t7
t6
HIGH OR
LOW
B15
(MSB)
t10
t8
SDO
t9
t11
B15
(MSB)
B16*
HIGH OR LOW
B0
(LSB)
B0
(LSB)
t15
t14
t16
02794-002
RDY
*EXTRA BIT THAT IS NOT DEFINED, BUT NORMALLY LSB OF CHARACTER PREVIOUSLY TRANSMITTED.
THE CPOL = 1 MICROCONTROLLER COMMAND ALIGNS THE INCOMING DATA TO THE POSITIVE EDGE OF THE CLOCK.
Figure 2. CPHA = 1 Timing Diagram
CPHA = 0
CS
t12
t1
t2
CLK
CPOL = 0
B15
t13
t3
t5
B0
t17
t4
SDI
t6
HIGH
OR LOW
B15
(MSB)
t8
t11
t10
B15
(MSB OUT)
SDO
HIGH
OR LOW
B0
(LSB)
B0
(LSB)
t9
*
t7
t14
t15
t16
* NOT DEFINED, BUT NORMALLY MSB OF CHARACTER PREVIOUSLY RECEIVED.
THE CPOL = 0 MICROCONTROLLER COMMAND ALIGNS THE INCOMING DATA TO THE POSITIVE EDGE OF THE CLOCK.
Figure 3. CPHA = 0 Timing Diagram
Rev. B | Page 6 of 32
02794-003
RDY
AD5233
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.
Table 3.
Parameter
VDD to GND
VSS to GND
VDD to VSS
VA, VB, VW to GND
IA, IB, IW
Pulsed1
Continuous
Digital Inputs and Output Voltage to GND
Operating Temperature Range2
Maximum Junction Temperature (TJ max)
Storage Temperature Range
Reflow Soldering
Peak Temperature
Time at Peak Temperature
Thermal Resistance Junction-to-Ambient, θJA3
Package Power Dissipation
Rating
–0.3 V to +7 V
+0.3 V to −7 V
7V
VSS − 0.3 V to VDD + 0.3 V
±20 mA
±2 mA
−0.3 V to VDD + 0.3 V
−40°C to +85°C
150°C
−65°C to +150°C
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress
rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any
other conditions above those indicated in the operational
section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute
maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect
device reliability.
ESD CAUTION
260°C
20 sec to 40 sec
50°C/W
(TJ max − TA)/θJA
1
Maximum terminal current is bounded by the maximum current handling of
the switches, maximum power dissipation of the package, and maximum
applied voltage across any two of the A, B, and W terminals at a given
resistance.
2
Includes programming of nonvolatile memory.
3
Thermal Resistance (JEDEC 4-layer (2S2P) board).
Rev. B | Page 7 of 32
AD5233
PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
O1 1
24 O2
CLK 2
23 RDY
SDI 3
22 CS
SDO 4
AD5233
GND 5
21 PR
VSS 6
A1 7
18 A4
W1 8
17 W4
B1 9
16 B4
A2 10
15 A3
W2 11
14 W3
B2 12
13 B3
02794-005
20 WP
TOP VIEW
(Not to Scale)
19 VDD
Figure 4. Pin Configuration
Table 4. Pin Function Descriptions
Pin No.
1
2
3
4
Mnemonic
O1
CLK
SDI
SDO
5
6
GND
VSS
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
A1
W1
B1
A2
W2
B2
B3
W3
A3
B4
W4
A4
VDD
WP
21
PR
22
23
CS
RDY
24
O2
Description
Nonvolatile Digital Output 1. Address (O1) = 0x4, the data bit position is D0; defaults to Logic 1 initially.
Serial Input Register Clock Pin. Shifts in one bit at a time on positive clock edges.
Serial Data Input Pin. Shifts in one bit at a time on positive CLK edges. MSB loaded first.
Serial Data Output Pin. Serves readback and daisy-chain functions.
Command 9 and Command 10 activate the SDO output for the readback function, delayed by 16 or 17 clock
pulses, depending on the clock polarity before and after the data-word (see Figure 2, Figure 3, and Table 7).
In other commands, the SDO shifts out the previously loaded SDI bit pattern, delayed by 16 or 17 clock pulses,
depending on the clock polarity (see Figure 2 and Figure 3). This previously shifted-out SDI can be used for daisychaining multiple devices.
Whenever SDO is used, a pull-up resistor in the range of 1 kΩ to 10 kΩ is needed.
Ground Pin, Logic Ground Reference.
Negative Supply. Connect to 0 V for single-supply applications. If VSS is used in dual supply, it must be able to sink
40 mA for 25 ms when storing data to EEMEM.
Terminal A of RDAC1.
Wiper Terminal of RDAC1, Address (RDAC1) = 0x0.
Terminal B of RDAC1.
Terminal A of RDAC2.
Wiper Terminal of RDAC2, Address (RDAC2) = 0x1.
Terminal B of RDAC2.
Terminal B of RDAC3.
Wiper Terminal of RDAC3, Address (RDAC3) = 0x2.
Terminal A of RDAC3.
Terminal B of RDAC4.
Wiper Terminal of RDAC4, Address (RDAC4) = 0x3.
Terminal A of RDAC4.
Positive Power Supply Pin.
Optional Write Protect Pin. When active low, WP prevents any changes to the present contents, except PR strobe
and Instruction 1 and Instruction 8, and refreshes the RDAC register from EEMEM. Execute a NOP instruction
before returning to WP high. Tie WP to VDD if not used.
Optional Hardware Override Preset Pin. Refreshes the scratchpad register with current contents of the EEMEM
register. Factory default loads midscale 0x20 until EEMEM is loaded with a new value by the user. PR is activated at
the Logic 1 transition. Tie PR to VDD if not used.
Serial Register Chip Select Active Low. Serial register operation takes place when CS returns to Logic 1.
Ready. Active-high open-drain output. Identifies completion of Software Instruction 2, Software Instruction 3,
Software Instruction 8, Software Instruction 9, Software Instruction 10, and Hardware Instruction PR.
Nonvolatile Digital Output 2. Address (O2) = 0x4, the data bit position is D1; defaults to Logic 1 initially.
Rev. B | Page 8 of 32
AD5233
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
0.20
TA = +25°C
TA = –40°C
TA = +85°C
0.10
R-DNL (LSB)
0
–0.05
–0.10
–0.10
–0.15
–0.15
16
32
48
64
CODE (Decimal)
–0.20
Figure 5. INL Error vs. Code, TA = −40°C, +25°C, +85°C Overlay, RAB = 10 kΩ
RHEOSTAT MODE TEMPCO (ppm/°C)
0.05
0
–0.05
–0.10
–0.15
16
32
48
64
CODE (Decimal)
VDD = 5V, VSS = 0V
TA = –40°C TO +85°C
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
VDD = 5V, VSS = 0V
R-INL (LSB)
0.05
0
–0.05
–0.10
–0.15
0
16
32
CODE (Decimal)
48
64
64
64
VDD = 5.5V, VSS = 0V
TA = –40°C TO +85°C
VA = 2V
VB = 0V
200
100
0
02794-008
–0.20
48
Figure 9. (∆RWB/RWB)/∆T × 106
POTENTIOMETER MODE TEMPCO (ppm/°C)
0.10
32
300
TA = +25°C
TA = –40°C
TA = +85°C
0.15
16
CODE (Decimal)
Figure 6. DNL Error vs. Code, TA = −40°C, +25°C, +85°C Overlay, RAB = 10 kΩ
0.20
64
2500
02794-007
0
48
32
3000
0.10
–0.20
16
Figure 8. R-DNL vs. Code, TA = −40°C, +25°C, +85°C Overlay, RAB = 10 kΩ
TA = +25°C
TA = –40°C
TA = +85°C
0.15
0
CODE (Decimal)
0.20
DNL ERROR (LSB)
0
–0.05
0
VDD = 5V, VSS = 0V
0.05
02794-010
0.05
02794-006
INL ERROR (LSB)
0.10
–0.20
TA = +25°C
TA = –40°C
TA = +85°C
0.15
02794-011
0.15
02794-009
0.20
Figure 7. R-INL vs. Code, TA = −40°C, +25°C, +85°C Overlay, RAB = 10 kΩ
Rev. B | Page 9 of 32
0
16
32
48
CODE (Decimal)
Figure 10. (∆VW/VW)/∆T × 106 vs. Code, RAB = 10 kΩ
AD5233
3
80
VDD @ VSS = ±2.5V
VA = 1V rms
D = MIDSCALE
VDD = 2.7V, VSS = 0V
TA = 25°C
0
60
f–3dB = 66kHz
GAIN (dB)
RW (Ω)
–3
40
20
f–3dB = 600kHz, RAB = 10kΩ
–6
–9
–12
16
0
32
48
64
CODE (Decimal)
02794-012
0
100k
1M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 11. Wiper On Resistance vs. Code
Figure 14. −3 dB Bandwidth vs. Resistance (Using the Circuit
Shown in Figure 31)
0.05
4
3
THD + NOISE (%)
1
RAB = 10kΩ
0.04
IDD @ VDD/VSS = 5V/0V
2
IDD (µA)
10k
1k
02794-015
f–3dB = 132kHz, RAB = 50kΩ
ISS @ VDD/VSS = 5V/0V
0.03
0.02
RAB = 50kΩ
RAB = 100kΩ
0.01
0
0
–20
0
20
40
80
60
100
TEMPERATURE (°C)
02794-013
–1
–40
VDD/VSS = ±2.5V
VA = 1V rms
ISS @ VDD/VSS = 2.7V/0V
10
100
100k
10k
Figure 15. Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise vs. Frequency
Figure 12. IDD vs. Temperature, RAB = 10 kΩ
0
0.30
VDD = 5V
VSS = 5V
CODE 0x20
FULL SCALE
–6
0.25
0x10
–12
0.20
GAIN (dB)
0x08
MIDSCALE
ZERO SCALE
0.15
–18
0x04
–24
0x02
0.10
–30
0.05
0
2
4
6
8
10
CLOCK FREQUENCY (MHz)
12
–42
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 16. Gain vs. Frequency vs. Code, RAB = 10 Ω ( Figure 31)
Figure 13. IDD vs. Clock Frequency, RAB = 10 kΩ
Rev. B | Page 10 of 32
02794-017
0
0x01
–36
02794-014
IDD (mA)
1k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
02794-016
IDD @ VDD/VSS = 2.7V/0V
AD5233
0
CODE 0x20
–6
VDD = 5V
VA = 2.25V
VB = 0V
0x10
–12
VA
GAIN (dB)
0x08
–18
VW
0x04
–24
EXPECTED
VALUE
0x02
–30
MIDSCALE
0.5V/
DIV
0x01
–36
10k
100k
1M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
02794-018
1k
02794-021
100µs/DIV
–42
100
Figure 20. Power-On Reset, VA = 2.25 V, VB = 0 V,
Code = 101010
Figure 17. Gain vs. Frequency vs. Code, RAB = 50 kΩ (Figure 31)
2.60
0
CODE 0x20
2.58
VDD = VA = 5V
VSS = VB = 0V
2.56
CODE = 0x20 TO 0x1F
–6
0x10
–12
2.54
VOUT (V)
GAIN (dB)
0x08
–18
0x04
–24
2.52
2.50
2.48
0x02
2.46
–30
0x01
2.44
–36
1k
10k
100k
1M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
2.40
02794-019
–42
100
Figure 18. Gain vs. Frequency vs. Code, RAB = 100 kΩ ( Figure 31)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
511
TIME (µs)
02794-022
2.42
Figure 21. Midscale Glitch Energy, Code 0x20 to Code 0x1F
80
RAB = 100kΩ
70
5V/DIV
RAB = 50kΩ
60
CS
RAB = 10kΩ
40
5V/DIV
CLK
30
10
0
100
5V/DIV
SDI
VDD = 5V ±100mV AC
VSS = 0V, VA = 5V, VB = 0V
MEASURED AT VW WITH CODE = 0x200
1k
10k
100k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1M
10M
Figure 19. PSRR vs. Frequency
IDD
20mA/
DIV
4ms/DIV
Figure 22. IDD vs. Time When Storing Data to EEMEM
Rev. B | Page 11 of 32
02794-023
20
02794-020
PSRR (dB)
50
AD5233
100
5V/DIV
VA = VB = OPEN
TA = 25°C
THEORETICAL, IWB_MAX (mA)
CS
CLK
5V/DIV
SDI
5V/DIV
IDD*
2mA/DIV
10
RAB = 10kΩ
1
RAB = 50kΩ
0.1
RAB = 100kΩ
Figure 23. IDD vs. Time When Reading Data from EEMEM
0.01
0
8
16
24
32
40
CODE (Decimal)
Figure 24. IWB_MAX vs. Code
Rev. B | Page 12 of 32
48
56
64
02794-025
02794-024
4ms/DIV
*SUPPLY CURRENT RETURNS TO MINIMUM POWER
CONSUMPTION, IF INSTRUCTION 0 (NOP) IS EXECUTED
IMMEDIATELY AFTER INSTRUCTION 1 (READ EEMEM).
AD5233
TEST CIRCUITS
Figure 25 to Figure 35 define the test conditions used in the specifications.
NC
A
IW
DUT B
5V
W
VIN
B
02794-026
NC = NO CONNECT
VOUT
OP279
OFFSET
GND
VMS
02794-030
DUT
A
W
OFFSET BIAS
Figure 25. Resistor Position Nonlinearity Error
(Rheostat Operation; R-INL, R-DNL)
Figure 29. Inverting Gain
5V
OFFSET
GND
A
W
VIN
VW
DUT
B
VMS1
RW = [VMS1 – VMS2]/IW
2.5V
0.1V
ISW
CODE = 0x00
W
V+ = VDD ±10%
B
VMS
PSS (%/%) =
ΔVMS
( )
ΔVMS%
B
ΔVDD
ΔVDD%
02794-029
V+
PSRR (dB) = 20 log
W
–15V
RSW =
DUT
VA
A
VOUT
Figure 31. Gain vs. Frequency
Figure 27. Wiper Resistance
VDD
OP42
B
OFFSET
GND
02794-032
IW
02794-028
W
+15V
A
DUT
A
B
Figure 30. Noninverting Gain
Figure 26. Potentiometer Divider Nonlinearity Error (INL, DNL)
VMS2
DUT
OFFSET BIAS
A = NC
+
ISW
–
VBIAS
0.1V
02794-033
VMS
02794-031
W
B
VOUT
W
02794-027
A
V+
OP279
VIN
V+ = VDD
1LSB = V+/2N
DUT
Figure 32. Incremental On Resistance
Figure 28. Power Supply Sensitivity (PSS, PSRR)
Rev. B | Page 13 of 32
AD5233
NC
VSS GND
B
W
ICM
TO OUTPUT
PIN
VCM
NC
NC = NO CONNECT
NC
B1
B2
NC = NO CONNECT
VSS
CTA = 20 log
VOUT
VOUT
( )
VIN
02794-035
VIN
A2
RDAC2
W2
IOH
Figure 35. Load Circuit for Measuring VOH and VOL; the Diode Bridge Test
Circuit Is Equivalent to the Application Circuit with RPULL-UP of 2.2 kΩ
VDD
RDAC1
W1
VOH (MIN)
OR
VOL (MAX)
CL
50pF
200µA
Figure 33. Common-Mode Leakage Current
A1
IOL
02794-036
A
02794-034
VDD
DUT
200µA
Figure 34. Analog Crosstalk
Rev. B | Page 14 of 32
AD5233
THEORY OF OPERATION
The AD5233 digital potentiometer is designed to operate as a
true variable resistor replacement device for analog signals that
remain within the terminal voltage range of VSS < VTERM < VDD.
The basic voltage range is limited to VDD − VSS < 5.5 V. The
digital potentiometer wiper position is determined by the
RDAC register contents.
The RDAC register acts as a scratchpad register, allowing as
many value changes as necessary to place the potentiometer
wiper in the correct position. The scratchpad register can be
programmed with any position value using the standard SPI
serial interface mode by loading the complete representative
data-word. Once a desirable position is found, this value can be
stored in an EEMEM register. Thereafter, the wiper position is
always restored to that position for subsequent power-up.
The EEMEM data storing process takes approximately 25 ms;
during this time, the shift register is locked, preventing any
changes from taking place. The RDY pin pulses low to indicate
the completion of this EEMEM storage.
The following instructions facilitate the user’s programming
needs (see Table 7 for details):
0 = Do nothing.
SCRATCHPAD AND EEMEM PROGRAMMING
The scratchpad RDAC register directly controls the position of
the digital potentiometer wiper. For example, when the scratchpad
register is loaded with all 0, the wiper is connected to Terminal
B of the variable resistor. The scratchpad register is a standard
logic register with no restriction on the number of changes
allowed, but the EEMEM registers have a program erase/write
cycle limitation (see the Flash/EEMEM Reliability section).
BASIC OPERATION
The basic mode of setting the variable resistor wiper position
(programming the scratchpad register) is accomplished by
loading the serial data input register with Instruction 11,
Address A1, Address A0, and the desired wiper position
data. When the proper wiper position is determined, the
user can load the serial data input register with Instruction 2,
which stores the wiper position data in the EEMEM register.
After 25 ms, the wiper position is permanently stored in the
nonvolatile memory location. Table 5 provides a programming
example listing the sequence of serial data input (SDI) words
with the serial data output appearing at the SDO pin in
hexadecimal format.
1 = Restore EEMEM contents to RDAC.
Table 5. Set and Store RDAC Data to EEMEM Register
2 = Store RDAC setting to EEMEM.
SDI
0xB010
SDO
0xXXXX
0x20XX
0xB010
3 = Store RDAC setting or user data to EEMEM.
4 = Decrement 6 dB.
5 = Decrement all 6 dB.
6 = Decrement one step.
7 = Decrement all one step.
8 = Reset EEMEM contents to RDACs.
9 = Read EEMEM contents from SDO.
10 = Read RDAC wiper setting from SDO.
11 = Write data to RDAC.
12 = Increment 6 dB.
13 = Increment all 6 dB.
14 = Increment one step.
15 = Increment all one step.
Action
Writes Data 0x10 to the RDAC1 register,
Wiper W1 moves to ¼ full-scale position.
Stores RDAC1 register content into the
EEMEM1 register.
At system power-on, the scratchpad register is automatically
refreshed with the value previously stored in the EEMEM
register. The factory-preset EEMEM value is midscale, but it
can be changed by the user thereafter.
During operation, the scratchpad (RDAC) register can be
refreshed with the EEMEM register data with Instruction 1 or
Instruction 8. The RDAC register can also be refreshed with the
EEMEM register data under hardware control by pulsing the PR
pin. The PR pulse first sets the wiper at midscale when brought
to Logic 0, and then, on the positive transition to Logic 1, it
reloads the RDAC wiper register with the contents of EEMEM.
Many additional advanced programming commands are
available to simplify the variable resistor adjustment process
(see Table 7). For example, the wiper position can be changed
one step at a time using the increment/decrement instruction or
by 6 dB with the shift left/right instruction. Once an increment,
decrement, or shift instruction has been loaded into the shift
register, subsequent CS strobes can repeat this command.
A serial data output SDO pin is available for daisy-chaining and
for readout of the internal register contents.
Rev. B | Page 15 of 32
AD5233
PR
EEMEM PROTECTION
DIGITAL INPUT/OUTPUT CONFIGURATION
VALID
COMMAND
COUNTER
CLK
The SDO and RDY pins are open-drain digital outputs that
need pull-up resistors only if these functions are used. Use a
resistor in the range of 1 kΩ to 10 kΩ to balance the power
and switching speed trade-off.
5V
RPULL-UP
(FOR DAISY
CHAIN ONLY)
SERIAL
REGISTER
SDO
CS
GND
AD5233
SDI
All digital inputs are ESD-protected, high input impedance
that can be driven directly from most digital sources. Active at
Logic 0, PR and WP must be tied to VDD if they are not used.
No internal pull-up resistors are present on any digital input
pins. Because the device can be detached from the driving
source once it is programmed, adding pull-up resistance on
the digital input pins is a good way to avoid falsely triggering
the floating pins in a noisy environment.
COMMAND
PROCESSOR
AND ADDRESS
DECODE
02794-037
The write protect (WP) pin disables any changes to the
scratchpad register contents, except for the EEMEM setting,
which can still be restored using Instruction 1, Instruction 8,
and the PR pulse. Therefore, WP can be used to provide a
hardware EEMEM protection feature. To disable WP, it is
recommended to execute a NOP instruction before returning
WP to Logic 1.
WP
Figure 36. Equivalent Digital Input-Output Logic
The equivalent serial data input and output logic is shown in
Figure 36. The open-drain output SDO is disabled whenever
chip select (CS) is in Logic 1. The SPI interface can be used
in two slave modes: CPHA = 1, CPOL = 1 and CPHA = 0,
CPOL = 0. CPHA and CPOL refer to the control bits that
dictate SPI timing in the following MicroConverters® and
microprocessors: ADuC812, ADuC824, M68HC11, and
MC68HC16R1/MC68HC916R1. ESD protection of the
digital inputs is shown in Figure 37 and Figure 38.
VDD
SERIAL DATA INTERFACE
The AD5233 has an internal counter that counts a multiple
of 16 bits (a frame) for proper operation. For example, the
AD5233 works with a 32-bit word, but it cannot work properly
with a 15-bit or 17-bit word. In addition, the AD5233 has a
subtle feature that, if CS is pulsed without CLK and SDI, the
part repeats the previous command (except during power-up).
As a result, care must be taken to ensure that no excessive noise
exists in the CLK or CS line that might alter the effective numberof-bits pattern. Also, to prevent data from locking incorrectly
(due to noise, for example), the counter resets, if the count is
not a multiple of four when CS goes high.
Rev. B | Page 16 of 32
INPUT
300Ω
02794-038
LOGIC
PINS
GND
Figure 37. Equivalent ESD Digital Input Protection
VDD
WP
INPUT
300Ω
GND
02794-039
The AD5233 contains a 4-wire SPI-compatible digital interface
(SDI, SDO, CS, and CLK). It uses a 16-bit serial data-word
loaded MSB first. The format of the SPI-compatible word is
shown in Table 6. The chip-select CS pin must be held low until
the complete data-word is loaded into the SDI pin. When CS
returns high, the serial data-word is decoded according to the
instructions in Table 7. The command bits (Cx) control the
operation of the digital potentiometer. The address bits (Ax)
determine which register is activated. The data bits (Dx) are
the values that are loaded into the decoded register. To program
RDAC1 to RDAC4, only the 6 LSB data bits are used.
Figure 38. Equivalent WP Input Protection
AD5233
DAISY-CHAIN OPERATION
The serial data output (SDO) pin serves two purposes. It can
be used to read the contents of the wiper setting and EEMEM
values using Instruction 10 and Instruction 9, respectively.
The remaining instructions (0 to 8, 11 to 15) are valid for
daisy-chaining multiple devices in simultaneous operations.
Daisy-chaining minimizes the number of port pins required
from the controlling IC (Figure 39). The SDO pin contains an
open-drain N-channel FET that requires a pull-up resistor, if
this function is used. As shown in Figure 39, users need to tie
the SDO pin of one package to the SDI pin of the next package.
Users might need to increase the clock period, because the
pull-up resistor and the capacitive loading at the SDO to SDI
interface might require an additional time delay between
subsequent packages. When two AD5233s are daisy-chained,
32 bits of data is required. The first 16 bits go to U2 and the
second 16 bits go to U1. CS should be kept low until all 32 bits
are clocked into their respective serial registers. CS is then
pulled high to complete the operation.
+V
AD5233
MICROCONTROLLER
SDI
SDO
CLK
AD5233
SDI
CLK
CS
POWER-UP SEQUENCE
Because there are diodes to limit the voltage compliance at
Terminal A, Terminal B, and Terminal W (see Figure 40), it is
important to power on VDD/VSS first before applying any voltage
to Terminal A, Terminal B, and Terminal W. Otherwise, the
diode is forward-biased such that VDD/VSS are powered unintentionally. For example, applying 5 V across the A and B
terminals prior to VDD causes the VDD terminal to exhibit 4.3 V.
It is not destructive to the device, but it might affect the rest of
the system. The ideal power-up sequence is GND, VDD, VSS,
digital inputs, and VA/VB/VW. The order of powering VA, VB,
VW, and digital inputs is not important as long as they are
powered after VDD/VSS.
Regardless of the power-up sequence and the ramp rates of the
power supplies, once VDD/VSS are powered, the power-on preset
remains effective, which restores the EEMEM values to the
RDAC registers.
SDO
U2
02794-040
CS
U1
RP
2kΩ
The ground pin of the AD5233 device is used primarily as a
digital ground reference, which needs to be tied to the PCB’s
common ground. The digital input control signals to the
AD5233 must be referenced to the device ground pin (GND)
and satisfy the logic level defined in the Specifications section.
An internal level-shift circuit ensures that the common-mode
voltage range of the three terminals extends from VSS to VDD,
regardless of the digital input level.
LATCHED DIGITAL OUTPUTS
Figure 39. Daisy-Chain Configuration Using SDO
TERMINAL VOLTAGE OPERATION RANGE
The AD5233’s positive VDD and negative VSS power supplies
define the boundary conditions for proper 3-terminal digital
potentiometer operation. Supply signals present on Terminal A,
Terminal B, and Terminal W that exceed VDD or VSS are clamped
by the internal forward-biased diodes (see Figure 40).
A pair of digital outputs, O1 and O2, is available on the AD5233.
These outputs provide a nonvolatile Logic 0 or Logic 1 setting.
O1 and O2 are standard CMOS logic outputs, shown in Figure 41.
These outputs are ideal to replace the functions often provided
by DIP switches. In addition, they can be used to drive other
standard CMOS logic-controlled parts that need an occasional
setting change. Pin O1 and Pin O2 default to Logic 1, and they
can drive up to 50 mA of load at 5 V/25°C.
VDD
VDD
OUTPUTS
A
O1 AND O2
PINS
W
GND
02794-041
VSS
Figure 41. Logic Output O1 and Logic Output O2
Figure 40. Maximum Terminal Voltages Set by VDD and VSS
Rev. B | Page 17 of 32
02794-042
B
AD5233
In Table 6, C0 to C3 are command bits, A3 to A0 are address bits, D0 to D5 are data bits that are applicable to the RDAC wiper register,
and D0 to D7 are applicable to the EEMEM register.
Table 6. 16-Bit Serial Data-Word
MSB
RDAC
EEMEM
Instruction Byte
C3
C2
C1
C3
C2
C1
C0
C0
0
A3
0
A2
LSB
A0
A0
A1
A1
Data Byte
X
X
D7
D6
D5
D5
D4
D4
D3
D3
D2
D2
D1
D1
D0
D0
Command instruction codes are defined in Table 7.
Table 7. Instruction/Operation Truth Table1, 2, 3
Inst.
No.
0
Instruction Byte 0
B16
C3
C2
C1
C0
0
0
0
0
A1
X
B8
A0
X
Data Byte 0
B7
B6
B5
D7
D6
D5
X
X
X
A3
X
A2
X
B4
D4
X
B3
D3
X
B2
D2
X
B1
D1
X
B0
D0
X
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
A1
A0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
A1
A0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
34
0
0
1
1
A3
A2
A1
A0
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
45
0
1
0
0
0
0
A1
A0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
55
0
1
0
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
65
0
1
1
0
0
0
A1
A0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
75
0
1
1
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
8
1
0
0
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
9
1
0
0
1
A3
A2
A1
A0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
10
1
0
1
0
0
0
A1
A0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
11
1
0
1
1
0
0
A1
A0
X
X
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
125
1
1
0
0
0
0
A1
A0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
135
1
1
0
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
145
1
1
1
0
0
0
A1
A0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
155
1
1
1
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
Operation
NOP: Do nothing. See Table 14 for
programming example.
Restore EEMEM contents to the RDAC
register. This command leaves the device
in read program power state. To return
the part to the idle state, perform NOP
instruction 0. See Table 14.
Store wiper setting: Store RDAC (ADDR)
setting to EEMEM. See Table 13.
Store contents of Serial Register Data
Byte 0 (total eight bits) to EEMEM
(ADDR). See Table 16.
Decrement 6 dB: right-shift contents of
RDAC register, stop at all 0s.
Decrement all 6 dB: right-shift contents
of all RDAC registers, stop at all 0s.
Decrement content of RDAC register
by 1, stop at all 0s.
Decrement contents of all the RDAC
registers by 1, stop at all 0s.
Reset: refresh all RDACs with their
corresponding EEMEM previously
stored values.
Read content of EEMEM (ADDR) from
SDO output in the next frame. See
Table 17.
Read RDAC wiper setting from SDO
output in the next frame. See Table 18.
Write contents of Serial Register Data
Byte 0 (total six bits) to RDAC. See
Table 12.
Increment 6 dB: Left-shift contents of
RDAC register, stop at all 1s. See
Table 15.
Increment all 6 dB: left-shift contents of
RDAC registers, stop at all 1s.
Increment contents of the RDAC
register by 1, stop at all 1s. See
Table 13.
Increment contents of all RDAC
registers by 1, stop at all 1s.
The SDO output shifts out the last 16 bits of data clocked into the serial register for daisy-chain operation. Exception: for any instruction following Instruction 9 or
Instruction 10, see details of these instructions for proper usage.
2
The RDAC register is a volatile scratchpad register that is automatically refreshed at power-on from the corresponding nonvolatile EEMEM register.
3
Execution of these operations takes place when the CS strobe returns to Logic 1.
4
Instruction 3 writes one data byte (eight bits of data) to EEMEM. In the case of Address 0, Address 1, Address 2, and Address 3, only the last six bits are valid for wiper
position setting.
5
The increment, decrement, and shift instructions ignore the contents of the Shift Register Data Byte 0.
Rev. B | Page 18 of 32
AD5233
data in the RDAC register is automatically set to full scale. This
makes the left-shift function as ideal a logarithmic adjustment
as possible.
Key programming features include
•
•
•
•
•
Scratchpad programming to any desirable values
Nonvolatile memory storage of the scratchpad RDAC
register value in the EEMEM register
Increment and decrement instructions for the RDAC
wiper register
Left- and right-bit shift of the RDAC wiper register to
achieve ±6 dB level changes
Eleven extra bytes of user-addressable nonvolatile memory
Linear Increment and Decrement Instructions
The increment and decrement instructions (14, 15, 6, and 7)
are useful for linear step-adjustment applications. These commands simplify microcontroller software coding by allowing the
controller to send just an increment or decrement command to
the device.
For an increment command, executing Instruction 14 with
the proper address automatically moves the wiper to the next
resistance segment position. Instruction 15 performs the same
function, except that the address does not need to be specified.
All RDACs are changed at the same time.
Logarithmic Taper Mode Adjustment
Four programming instructions produce logarithmic taper
increment and decrement of the wiper. These settings are
activated by the 6 dB increment and 6 dB decrement instructions (12, 13, 4, and 5). For example, starting at zero scale,
executing the increment Instruction 12 seven times moves
the wiper in 6 dB per step from 0% to full scale, RAB. The 6 dB
increment instruction doubles the value of the RDAC register
contents each time the command is executed. When the wiper
position is near the maximum setting, the last 6 dB increment
instruction causes the wiper to go to the full-scale 6310 code
position. Further 6 dB per increment instructions do not
change the wiper position beyond its full scale.
The 6 dB step increments and 6 dB step decrements are achieved
by shifting the bit internally to the left or right, respectively.
The following information explains the nonideal ±6 dB step
adjustment under certain conditions. Table 8 illustrates the
operation of the shifting function on the RDAC register data
bits. Each table row represents a successive shift operation.
Note that the left-shift 12 and 13 instructions were modified
such that, if the data in the RDAC register is equal to zero and
the data is shifted left, the RDAC register is then set to Code 1.
Similarly, if the data in the RDAC register is greater than or
equal to midscale and the data is shifted left, then the
The right-shift 4 and 5 instructions are ideal only if the LSB is
0 (ideal logarithmic = no error). If the LSB is a 1, the right-shift
function generates a linear half-LSB error, which translates to
a number-of-bits-dependent logarithmic error, as shown in
Figure 42. The plot shows the error of the odd numbers of bits
for the AD5233.
Table 8. Detail Left-Shift and Right-Shift Functions for
6 dB Step Increment and Decrement
Left-Shift
(+6 dB/Step)
00 0000
00 0001
00 0010
00 0100
00 1000
01 0000
10 0000
11 1111
11 1111
Right-Shift
(–6 dB/Step)
11 1111
01 1111
00 1111
00 0111
00 0011
00 0001
00 0000
00 0000
00 0000
Actual conformance to a logarithmic curve between the data
contents in the RDAC register and the wiper position for each
right-shift 4 and 5 command execution contains an error only
for odd numbers of bits. Even numbers of bits are ideal. The
graph in Figure 42 shows plots of log error [20 × log10 (error/
code)] for the AD5233. For example, Code 3 log error = 20 ×
log10 (0.5/3) = −15.56 dB, which is the worst-case scenario. The
plot of log error is more significant at the lower codes.
0
–10
–20
–15.56dB @ CODE 3
–30
–40
–50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
CODE (Decimal)
45 50
55
60
65
02794-043
The AD5233 digital potentiometer includes a set of user
programming features to address the wide number of
applications for these universal adjustment devices.
ERROR (dB)
ADVANCED CONTROL MODES
Figure 42. Plot of Log Error Conformance for Odd Numbers of Bits Only (Even
Numbers of Bits are Ideal)
Rev. B | Page 19 of 32
AD5233
SWA
Using Additional Internal Nonvolatile EEMEM
A
The AD5233 contains additional user EEMEM registers for
storing any 8-bit data. Table 9 provides an address map of the
internal storage registers shown in the functional block diagram
as EEMEM1, EEMEM2, and 11 bytes of user EEMEM.
SW(2N – 1)
RDAC
WIPER
REGISTER
AND
DECODER
Table 9. EEMEM Address Map
EEMEM Content
RDAC11, 2
RDAC21, 2
RDAC31, 2
RDAC41, 2
O1 and O23
USER14
USER2
…
USER10
USER11
W
SW(2N – 2)
RS
SW(1)
RS
SW(0)
RS = RAB/2N
DIGITAL
CIRCUITRY
OMITTED FOR
CLARITY
SWB
B
02794-044
Figure 43. Equivalent RDAC Structure
PROGRAMMING THE VARIABLE RESISTOR
Rheostat Operation
1
RDAC data stored in the EEMEM location is transferred to the RDAC register
at power-on, or when Instruction 1, Instruction 8, and PR are executed.
2
Execution of Instruction 1 leaves the device in the read mode power
consumption state. After the last Instruction 1 is executed, the user
should perform a NOP, Instruction 0, to return the device to the low
power idling state.
3
O1 and O2 data stored in EEMEM locations is transferred to the corresponding
digital register at power-on, or when Instruction 1 and Instruction 8 are
executed.
4
USERx are internal nonvolatile EEMEM registers available to store and
retrieve constants and other 8-bit information using Instruction 3 and
Instruction 9, respectively.
RDAC STRUCTURE
The patent-pending RDAC contains multiple strings of equal
resistor segments, with an array of analog switches that act as
the wiper connection. The number of positions is the resolution
of the device. The AD5233 has 64 connection points, allowing it
to provide better than 1.5% set ability resolution. Figure 43
shows an equivalent structure of the connections between the
three terminals of the RDAC. The SWA and SWB are always on,
while the switches, SW(0) to SW(2N−1), are on, one at a time,
depending on the resistance position decoded from the data
bits. Because the switch is not ideal, there is a 15 Ω wiper
resistance, RW. Wiper resistance is a function of supply voltage
and temperature. The lower the supply voltage or the higher the
temperature, the higher the resulting wiper resistance. Users
should be aware of the wiper resistance dynamics if an accurate
prediction of the output resistance is needed.
The nominal resistance of the RDAC between Terminal A
and Terminal B, RAB, is available with 10 kΩ, 50 kΩ, and 100 kΩ
with 64 positions (6-bit resolution). The final digit(s) of the part
number determine the nominal resistance value, for example,
10 = 10 kΩ; 50 = 50 kΩ; 100 = 100 kΩ.
The 6-bit data-word in the RDAC latch is decoded to select
one of the 64 possible settings. The following discussion
describes the calculation of resistance (RWB) at different codes
of a 10 kΩ part. For VDD = 5 V, the wiper’s first connection
starts at Terminal B for Data 0x00. RWB(0) is 15 Ω because of
the wiper resistance and because it is independent of the nominal
resistance. The second connection is the first tap point, where
RWB(1) becomes 156 Ω + 15 Ω = 171 Ω for Data 0x01. The third
connection is the next tap point, representing RWB(2) = 321 Ω +
15 Ω = 327 Ω for Data 0x02, and so on. Each LSB data value
increase moves the wiper up the resistor ladder until the last
tap point is reached at RWB(63) = 9858 Ω. See Figure 43 for a
simplified diagram of the equivalent RDAC circuit. When RWB
is used, Terminal A can be left floating or tied to the wiper.
100
RWA
RWB
75
50
25
0
0
16
32
48
CODE (Decimal)
Figure 44. RWA(D) and RWB(D) vs. Decimal Code
Rev. B | Page 20 of 32
64
02794-045
Address
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
…
1110
1111
RWA (D), RWB (D) (% of Full-Scale RAB)
EEMEM Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
…
15
16
RS
AD5233
The general equation that determines the programmed output
resistance between W and B is
RWB (D) =
D
× R AB + RW
64
(1)
where:
D is the decimal equivalent of the data contained in the RDAC
register.
RAB is the nominal resistance between Terminal A and Terminal B.
RW is the wiper resistance.
For example, the output resistance values in Table 10 are set for
the given RDAC latch codes with VDD = 5 V (applies to RAB =
10 kΩ digital potentiometers).
Table 10. RWB(D) at Selected Codes for RAB = 10 kΩ
D (Decimal)
63
32
1
0
RWB(D) (Ω)
9858
5015
171
15
Output State
Full scale
Midscale
1 LSB
Zero scale (wiper contact resistor)
Note that in the zero-scale condition a finite wiper resistance of
15 Ω is present. Care should be taken to limit the current flow
between W and B in this state to no more than 20 mA to avoid
degradation or possible destruction of the internal switches.
Like the mechanical potentiometer that the RDAC replaces, the
AD5233 part is totally symmetrical. The resistance between
Wiper W and Terminal A also produces a digitally controlled
complementary resistance, RWA. Figure 44 shows the symmetrical
programmability of the various terminal connections. When
RWA is used, Terminal B can be left floating or tied to the wiper.
Setting the resistance value for RWA starts at a maximum value
of resistance and decreases as the data loaded in the latch is
increased in value.
64 − D
× R AB + RW
64
Voltage Output Operation
The digital potentiometer can be configured to generate an
output voltage at the wiper terminal that is proportional to
the input voltages applied to Terminal A and Terminal B. For
example, connecting Terminal A to 5 V and Terminal B to
ground produces an output voltage at the wiper that can be
any value from 0 V to 5 V. Each LSB of voltage is equal to the
voltage applied across Terminal A and Terminal B divided
by the 2N position resolution of the potentiometer divider.
Because AD5233 can also be supplied by dual supplies, the
general equation defining the output voltage at VW with respect
to ground for any given input voltages applied to the A and B
terminals is
VW (D) =
D
× V AB + V B
64
PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES
The following programming examples illustrate a typical
sequence of events for various features of the AD5233. See
Table 7 for the instructions and data-word format. The
instruction numbers, addresses, and data appearing at the
SDI and SDO pins are in hexadecimal format.
Table 12. Scratchpad Programming
SDO
0xXXXX
(2)
For example, the output resistance values in Table 11 are set for
the RDAC latch codes with VDD = 5 V (applies to RAB = 10 kΩ
digital potentiometers).
RWA(D) (Ω)
171
5015
9858
10015
Output State
Full scale
Midscale
1 LSB
Zero scale
Action
Writes Data 0x10 into RDAC register,
Wiper W1 moves to ¼ full-scale position.
Table 13. Incrementing RDAC1 Followed by Storing the
Wiper Setting to EEMEM1
SDI
0xB010
SDO
0xXXXX
0xE0XX
0xB010
0xE0XX
0xE0XX
0x20XX
0xXXXX
Table 11. RWA(D) at Selected Codes for RAB = 10 kΩ
D (Decimal)
63
32
1
0
(3)
Equation 3 assumes that VW is buffered so that the effect of
wiper resistance is minimized. Operation of the digital potentiometer in divider mode results in more accurate operation over
temperature. Here, the output voltage is dependent on the ratio
of the internal resistors and not the absolute value; therefore,
the drift improves to 15 ppm/°C. There is no voltage polarity
restriction among the A, B, and W terminals as long as the
terminal voltage (VTERM) stays within VSS < VTERM < VDD.
SDI
0xB010
The general transfer equation for this operation is
RWA (D ) =
PROGRAMMING THE POTENTIOMETER DIVIDER
Channel-to-channel RAB matching is better than 1%. The
change in RAB with temperature has a 600 ppm/°C temperature
coefficient.
Rev. B | Page 21 of 32
Action
Writes Data 0x10 into RDAC register,
Wiper W1 moves to ¼ full-scale
position.
Increments the RDAC register by one
to 0x11.
Increments the RDAC register by one
to 0x12. Continues until desired wiper
position is reached.
Stores the RDAC register data into
EEMEM1. Optionally tie WP to GND to
protect EEMEM values.
AD5233
The EEMEM1 value for RDAC1 can be restored by power-on,
by strobing the PR pin, or by programming, as shown in Table 14.
Table 14. Restoring the EEMEM1 Value to the
RDAC1 Register
SDI
0x10XX
SDO
0xXXXX
0x00XX
0x10XX
Action
Restores the EEMEM1 value to the
RDAC1 register.
NOP. Recommended step to minimize
power consumption.
Table 15. Using Left-Shift by One to Increment 6 dB Step
SDI
0xC0XX
SDO
0xXXXX
Action
Moves the wiper to double the present
data contained in the RDAC1 register.
Table 16. Storing Additional User Data in EEMEM
SDI
0x35AA
0x3655
SDO
0xXXXX
0x35AA
Action
Stores Data 0xAA in the extra EEMEM6
location, USER1. (Allowable to address
in 11 locations with a maximum of
eight bits of data.)
Stores Data 0x55 in the extra EEMEM7
location USER2. (Allowable to address
in 11 locations with a maximum of
eight bits of data.)
Table 17. Reading Back Data from Memory Locations
SDI
0x95XX
SDO
0xXXXX
0x00XX
0x95AA
Action
Prepares data read from USER1 EEMEM
location.
NOP Instruction 0 sends a 16-bit word
out of SDO, where the last eight bits
contain the contents of the USER1
location. The NOP command ensures
that the device returns to the idle
power dissipation state.
Endurance quantifies the ability of the Flash/EE memory to be
cycled through many program, read, and erase cycles. In real
terms, a single endurance cycle is composed of the following
four independent, sequential events:
•
•
•
•
Initial page erase sequence
Read/verify sequence
Byte program sequence
Second read/verify sequence
During reliability qualification, Flash/EE memory is cycled
from 0x00 to 0x3F until a first fail is recorded, signifying the
endurance limit of the on-chip Flash/EE memory.
As indicated in the Specifications section, the AD5233
Flash/EE memory endurance qualification has been carried
out in accordance with JEDEC Specification A117 over the
industrial temperature range of −40°C to +85°C. The results
allow the specification of a minimum endurance figure over
supply and temperature of 100,000 cycles, with an endurance
figure of 700,000 cycles being typical of operation at 25°C.
Retention quantifies the ability of the Flash/EE memory to
retain its programmed data over time. Again, the AD5233 has
been qualified in accordance with the formal JEDEC Retention
Lifetime Specification (A117) at a specific junction temperature
(TJ = 55°C). As part of this qualification procedure, the
Flash/EE memory is cycled to its specified endurance limit,
described previously, before data retention is characterized.
This means that the Flash/EE memory is guaranteed to retain
its data for its full specified retention lifetime every time the
Flash/EE memory is reprogrammed. It should also be noted
that retention lifetime, based on an activation energy of 0.6 eV,
derates with TJ as shown in Figure 45. For example, the data is
retained for 100 years at 55°C operation, but reduces to 15 years
at 85°C operation. Beyond these limits, the part must be
reprogrammed so that the data can be restored.
300
Table 18. Reading Back Wiper Settings
0xA0XX
0xC0XX
0xXXXX
0xA03F
Action
Writes RDAC1 to midscale.
Doubles RDAC1 from midscale to full scale
(left-shift instruction).
Prepares reading the wiper setting from the
RDAC1 register.
Reads back full-scale value from SDO.
250
FLASH/EEMEM RELIABILITY
200
150
ANALOG DEVICES
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE
AT TJ = 55°C
100
50
The Flash/EE memory array on the AD5233 is fully qualified
for two key Flash/EE memory characteristics, Flash/EE memory
cycling endurance, and Flash/EE memory data retention.
0
40
50
60
70
80
90
TJ JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
100
Figure 45. Flash/EE Memory Data Retention
Rev. B | Page 22 of 32
110
02794-046
SDO
0xXXXX
0xB020
RETENTION (Years)
SDI
0xB020
0xC0XX
AD5233
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
BIPOLAR OPERATION FROM DUAL SUPPLIES
The AD5233 can be operated from dual supplies ±2.5 V, which
enables control of ground-referenced ac signals or bipolar operation. AC signals as high as VDD/VSS can be applied directly
across Terminal A and Terminal B with output taken from
Terminal W. See Figure 46 for a typical circuit connection.
+2.5V
MICROCONVERTER MOSI
GND
Similarly, W and A terminal capacitances are connected to the
output (not shown); their effect at this node is less significant
and the compensation can be avoided in most cases.
VDD
CS
CLK
SDI
A
W
±1.25V p-p
±2.5V p-p
HIGH VOLTAGE OPERATION
B
GND
AD5233
VSS
D = MIDSCALE
–2.5V
Figure 46. Bipolar Operation from Dual Supplies
GAIN CONTROL COMPENSATION
A digital potentiometer is commonly used in gain control such
as the noninverting gain amplifier shown in Figure 47.
The digital potentiometer can be placed directly in the feedback
or input path of an op amp for gain control, provided that the
voltage across Terminal A and Terminal B, Terminal W and
Terminal A, or Terminal W and Terminal B does not exceed
|5 V|. When high voltage gain is needed, users should set a
fixed gain in an op amp operated at high voltage and let the
digital potentiometer control the adjustable input. Figure 48
shows a simple implementation.
C
C2
10pF
R
2R
R2
100kΩ
R1
33.2kΩ
15V
A
W
U1
Vi
–
A
VO
AD5233
02794-048
C1
35pF
5V
A2
W
+
V+
0 TO 15V
B
Figure 47. Typical Noninverting Gain Amplifier
VO
V–
02794-049
B
Figure 48. 5 V Voltage Span Control
When RDAC B terminal parasitic capacitance is connected
to the op amp noninverting node, it introduces a 0 for the
1/bO term with 20 dB/dec, while a typical op amp GBP has
−20 dB/dec characteristics. A large R2 and finite C1 can cause
this zero’s frequency to fall well below the crossover frequency.
Therefore, the rate of closure becomes 40 dB/dec, and the
system as a 0° phase margin at the crossover frequency. The
output can ring or oscillate if an input is a rectangular pulse or
step function. Similarly, it is also likely to ring when switching
between two gain values; this is equivalent to a stop change at
the input.
Similarly, a compensation capacitor, C, might be needed to
dampen the potential ringing when the digital potentiometer
changes steps. This effect is prominent when stray capacitance
at the inverted node is augmented by a large feedback resistor.
Usually, a capacitor (C) of a few picofarads, is adequate to combat
the problem.
DAC
Figure 49 shows a unipolar 8-bit DAC using the AD5233. The
buffer is needed to drive various loads.
Depending on the op amp GBP, reducing the feedback
resistor might extend the zero’s frequency far enough to
overcome the problem. A better approach is to include a
compensation capacitor, C2, to cancel the effect caused by
C1. Optimum compensation occurs when R1 × C1 = R2 ×
C2. This is not an option because of the variation of R2.
5V
1
AD5233
U1
VIN VOUT 3
B
GND
2
5V
A
W
V+
AD8601
V–
AD1582
A1
Figure 49. Unipolar 8-Bit DAC
Rev. B | Page 23 of 32
VO
02794-050
SS
SCLK
02794-047
VDD
As a result, one can use the previous relationship and scale C2
as if R2 were at its maximum value. Doing this might overcompensate and compromise the performance when R2 is
set at low values. On the other hand, it avoids the ringing or
oscillation at the worst case. For critical applications, C2 should
be found empirically to suit the need. In general, C2 in the
range of picofarads is usually adequate for the compensation.
AD5233
BIPOLAR PROGRAMMABLE GAIN AMPLIFIER
PROGRAMMABLE LOW-PASS FILTER
There are several ways to achieve bipolar gain. Figure 50 shows
one versatile implementation. Digital potentiometer, U1, sets
the adjustment range; therefore, the wiper voltage, VW2, can be
programmed between Vi and −KVi at a given U2 setting.
The AD5233 digital potentiometer can be used to construct a
second-order Sallen-Key low-pass filter, as shown in Figure 51.
C1
+2.5V
VDD
U2
AD5233
A1
B2
AD5233
A2
B1
W1
U1
R2
VDD
W
R
VO
V–
U1
C2
–2.5V
R1
GANGED
TOGETHER
Figure 51. Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter
VSS
The design equations are
VO
ωO 2
=
ω
Vi
S 2 + O S + ωO 2
Q
Configuring A2 as a noninverting amplifier yields a linear
transfer function:
VO ⎛
R2 ⎞ ⎛ D2
= ⎜1 +
× (1 + K ) − K ⎞⎟
⎟×⎜
Vi ⎝
R1 ⎠ ⎝ 64
⎠
Q=
(5)
Table 19 shows the result of adjusting D with A2 configured as a
unity gain, a gain of 2, and a gain of 10. The result is a bipolar
amplifier with linearly programmable gain and 64-step resolution.
1
1
+
R1 × C1 R2 × C2
(7)
(8)
To achieve maximal flat bandwidth where Q is 0.707, let C1
be twice the size of C2 and let R1 equal R2. Users can first
select convenient values for the capacitors and then gang and
move R1 and R2 together to adjust the −3 dB corner frequency.
Instruction 5, Instruction 7, Instruction 13, and Instruction 15
of the AD5233 make these changes simple to implement.
Table 19. Result of Bipolar Gain Amplifier
R1 = R2
−2
−1
0
1
1.937
1
R1 × R2 × C1 × C2
(6)
where:
Q is the Q factor.
VO is the resonant frequency.
R1 and R2 are RWB1 and RWB2, respectively.
In the simpler (and much more usual) case where K is 1, a
pair of matched resistors can replace U1. Equation 4 can be
simplified to
VO ⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 2D 2
⎞
= ⎜1 +
− 1⎟
⎟×⎜
Vi ⎝ R1 ⎠ ⎝ 64
⎠
ωO =
(4)
where:
K is the ratio of RWB/RWA that is set by U1.
D is the decimal equivalent of the input code.
R1 = ∞, R2 = 0
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
0.968
V+
AD8601
VSS
–KV i
Figure 50. Bipolar Programmable Gain Amplifier
D
0
16
32
48
63
B
A
W
R
C
V+
OP2177
V–
A1
B
A
Vi
VO
02794-051
A2
Vi
V+
OP2177
V–
W2
R2
02794-052
R1
R2 = 9 × R1
−10
−5
0
5
9.680
Rev. B | Page 24 of 32
AD5233
Figure 53 shows the measured filter response at the band-pass
output as a function of the RDAC2 and RDAC3 settings, which
produce a range of center frequencies from 2 kHz to 20 kHz.
The filter gain response at the band-pass output is shown in
Figure 54. At a center frequency of 2 kHz, the gain is adjusted
over the −20 dB to +20 dB range, determined by RDAC1.
Circuit Q is adjusted by RDAC4 and RDAC1. Suitable op amps
for this application are OP4177, AD8604, OP279, and AD824.
PROGRAMMABLE STATE-VARIABLE FILTER
One of the standard circuits used to generate a low-pass, highpass, or band-pass filter is the state-variable active filter. The
AD5233 digital potentiometer allows full programmability
of the frequency, the gain, and the Q of the filter outputs.
Figure 52 shows a filter circuit using a 2.5 V virtual ground,
which allows a ±2.5 V peak input and output swing. RDAC2
and RDAC3 set the low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass cutoff
and center frequencies, respectively. RDAC2 and RDAC3
should be programmed with the same data (as with ganged
potentiometers) to maintain the best Circuit Q.
0.01µF
0.01µF
RDAC1 A1
A2
B
RDAC2
A3
B
RDAC3
2.5V
A3
OP279 × 2
LOW-PASS
BAND-PASS
HIGH-PASS
0
*
–20
–40
–60
Figure 52. Programmable Stable-Variable Filter
–80
20
100
1k
The transfer function of the band-pass filter is
ω
AO O S
VBP
Q
=
ωO
2
Vi
S +
S + ωO 2
Q
20k
10k
100k 200k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
02794-054
B
R2
10kΩ
R1
10kΩ
02794-053
B
–16
20
AMPLITUDE (dB)
RDAC4
VIN
40
Figure 53. Programmed Center Frequency Band-Pass Response
(9)
40
–19.01
2.0k
20
For RWB2(D2) = RWB3(D3), R1 = R2, and C1 = C2:
1
RWB2 C1
R
AO = WB1
RWA1
Q=
RWA4 RWB1
×
RWB4
R1
(10)
0
–20
–40
(11)
–60
(12)
–80
20
100
1k
10k
100k 200k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 54. Programmed Amplitude Band-Pass Response
Rev. B | Page 25 of 32
02794-055
ωO =
AMPLITUDE (dB)
where AO is the gain.
AD5233
PROGRAMMABLE OSCILLATOR
In a classic Wien-bridge oscillator, shown in Figure 55, the
Wien network (R, R´, C, C´) provides positive feedback, while
R1 and R2 provide negative feedback. At the resonant frequency,
fO, the overall phase shift is zero, and the positive feedback
causes the circuit to oscillate. If the op amp is chosen with a
relatively high gain bandwidth product, the frequency response
of the op amp can be neglected.
FREQUENCY
ADJUSTMENT
B
R
10kΩ
A
R = 4.05kΩ
f = 17.6kHz
B
W
V+
U1
VO
Figure 56. Programmable Oscillation
V–
R = R' = R2B = 1/4 AD5233
D1 = D2 = 1N4148
In both circuits (shown in Figure 51 and Figure 55), the
frequency tuning requires that both RDACs be adjusted to
the same settings. Because the two channels might be adjusted
one at a time, an intermediate state occurs that might not be
acceptable for some applications. Of course, the increment/
decrement all instructions (5, 7, 13, and 15) can be used.
Different devices can also be used in daisy-chain mode so that
parts can be programmed to the same setting simultaneously.
–2.5V
R2A
2.1kΩ
R2B
10kΩ
B
W
A
D1
D2
AMPLITUDE
ADJUSTMENT
02794-056
VN
R1
1kΩ
Figure 55. Programmable Oscillator with Amplitude Control
With R = R´, C = C´, and R2 = R2A||(R2B + RDIODE), the
oscillation frequency is
ωO =
1
1
or f O =
RC
2πRC
PROGRAMMABLE VOLTAGE SOURCE WITH
BOOSTED OUTPUT
(13)
where R is equal to RWA such that
R=
R = 670Ω
f = 102kHz
1V/DIV
W
OP1177
1V/DIV
R'
10kΩ
A
+2.5V
R = 8.06kΩ
f = 8.8kHz
02794-057
C
2.2nF
1V/DIV
64 − D
R AB
64
For applications that require high current adjustment, such as a
laser diode driver or tunable laser, a boosted voltage source can
be considered (see Figure 57).
(14)
VIN
VOUT
AD5233
At resonance, setting
R2
=2
R1
A
(15)
2N7002
SIGNAL
U2
V+
AD8601
CC
IL
LD
V–
balances the bridge. In practice, R2/R1 should be set slightly
larger than 2 to ensure that the oscillation can start. On the
other hand, the alternate turn-on of the diodes, D1 and D2,
ensures that R1/R2 is smaller than 2 momentarily and,
therefore, stabilizes the oscillation.
Figure 57. Programmable Boosted Voltage Source
Once the frequency is set, the oscillation amplitude can be
turned on by R2B, because
2
VO = I D R2B + V D
3
B
W
RBIAS
02794-058
C'
2.2nF
VP
digital potentiometer, with R and R´ set to 8.06 kΩ, 4.05 kΩ,
and 670 Ω, oscillation occurs at 8.8 kHz, 17.6 kHz, and
102 kHz, respectively (see Figure 56).
(16)
where VO, ID, and VD are interdependent variables.
With proper selection of R2B, an equilibrium is reached such
that VO converges. R2B can be in series with a discrete resistor
to increase the amplitude, but the total resistance cannot be too
large or it saturates the output. In this configuration, R2B can be
adjusted from minimum to full scale with amplitude varied
from ±0.6 V to ±0.9 V. Using 2.2 nF for C and C´, 10 kΩ dual
In this circuit, the inverting input of the op amp forces the VOUT
to be equal to the wiper voltage set by the digital potentiometer.
The load current is then delivered by the supply via the Nchannel FET N1. N1 power handling must be adequate to
dissipate (Vi − VO) × IL power. This circuit can source a
maximum of 100 mA with a 5 V supply.
For precision applications, a voltage reference such as ADR421,
ADR03, or ADR370 can be applied at Terminal A of the digital
potentiometer.
Rev. B | Page 26 of 32
AD5233
PROGRAMMABLE CURRENT SOURCE
A programmable current source can be implemented with the
circuit shown in Figure 58.
+5V
U1
3
SLEEP OUTPUT
REF191
GND
6
R1
150kΩ
0 TO (2.048 + VL)
B
C1
1µF
W
+15V
RS
102Ω
A
4
+5V
V+
–
+2.5V
–
AD5233
OP1177
–5V
RL
100Ω
B W
IL
–2.5V
C1
10pF
V+
OP2177
+ V– A2
+15V
+
AD5233
VL
02794-059
V–
A
U2
+
–2.048V TO VL
R2
15kΩ
V+
–15V
OP2177
– V–
R1
150kΩ
R2A
14.95kΩ
A1
–15V
Figure 58. Programmable Current Source
REF191 is a unique low supply headroom precision reference
that can deliver the 20 mA needed at 2.048 V. The load current
is simply the voltage across Terminal B to Terminal W of the
digital potentiometer divided by RS.
The circuit is simple, but be aware that there are two issues.
First, dual-supply op amps are ideal, because the ground
potential of REF191 can swing from −2.048 V at zero scale
to VL at full scale of the potentiometer setting. Although the
circuit works under single supply, the programmable resolution
of the system is reduced. Second, the voltage compliance at VL
is limited to 2.5 V or equivalently a 125 Ω load. If higher voltage
compliance is needed, users can consider digital potentiometers
AD5260, AD5280, and AD7376. Figure 58 shows an alternative
circuit for high voltage compliance.
To achieve higher current, such as when driving a high power
LED, the user can replace the U1 with an LDO, reduce RS, and
add a resistor in series with the AD5233’s A terminal. This
limits the potentiometer’s current and enhances the current
adjustment resolution.
R2B
50Ω
VL
RL
500Ω
IL
02794-060
VS
For applications that require bidirectional current control or
higher voltage compliance, a Howland current pump can be
used (see Figure 59).
Figure 59. Programmable Bidirectional Current Source
If the resistors are matched, the load current is
(R2A + R2B )
IL =
R1
R2B
× VW
(17)
R2B, in theory, can be made as small as necessary to achieve the
current needed within the A2 output current-driving capability.
In this circuit, OP2177 delivers ±5 mA in both directions, and
the voltage compliance approaches 15 V. Without C1, it can be
shown that the output impedance is
ZO =
R1' × R2B (R1 + R2A)
(18)
R1 × R2'−R1' (R2A + R2B)
ZO can be infinite if the R1´ and R2´ resistors match precisely
with R1 and R2A + R2B, respectively. On the other hand, ZO can
be negative if the resistors are not matched. As a result, C1 in
the range of 1 pF to 10 pF is needed to prevent oscillation from
the negative impedance.
RESISTANCE SCALING
AD5233 offers 10 kΩ, 50 kΩ, and 100 kΩ nominal resistance.
Users who need lower resistance but want to maintain the
number of adjustment steps can parallel multiple devices. For
example, Figure 60 shows a simple scheme of paralleling two
AD5233 channels. To adjust half the resistance linearly per step,
users need to program both devices concurrently with the same
settings.
VDD
A2
A1
B1
LD
W1
B2
W2
02794-061
2
PROGRAMMABLE BIDIRECTIONAL CURRENT
SOURCE
Figure 60. Reduce Resistance by Half with Linear Adjustment Characteristics
Rev. B | Page 27 of 32
AD5233
VDD
R3
A
W
R1
B
02794-062
R2
0
Figure 61. Lowering the Nominal Resistance
The voltage can be found as follows:
(R AB || R 2 )
D
× × V DD
R 3 + R AB || R 2 64
(19)
In a rheostat mode operation such as gain control (see Figure 64),
the tolerance mismatch between the digital potentiometer and
the discrete resistor can cause repeatability issues among various
systems. Because of the inherent matching of the silicon process,
it is practical to apply the dual- or multiple-channel device in
this type of application. As such, R1 can be replaced by one of
the channels of the digital potentiometer and programmed to a
specific value. R2 can be used for the adjustable gain. Although
it adds cost, this approach minimizes the tolerance and
temperature coefficient mismatch between R1 and R2. This
approach also tracks the resistance drift over time. As a result,
all nonideal parameters become less sensitive to the system
variations.
B R2 A
W
Figure 60 and Figure 61 show that the digital potentiometer
steps change linearly. On the other hand, log taper adjustment
is usually preferred in applications such as audio control.
Figure 62 shows another type of resistance scaling. In this
configuration, the smaller the R2 with respect to R1, the
more the pseudo log taper characteristic of the circuit behaves.
AD8601
VO
W
U1
RDAC CIRCUIT SIMULATION MODEL
DOUBLING THE RESOLUTION
Borrowing from Analog Devices’ patented RDAC segmentation
technique, the user can configure three channels of AD5233, as
shown in Figure 63. By paralleling a discrete resistor, RP (RP =
RAB/64), with RDAC3, the user can double the resolution of
AD5233 from 6 bits to 12 bits. One might think that moving
RDAC1 and RDAC2 together would form the coarse 6-bit
resolution, and then moving RDAC3 would form the finer
6-bit resolution. As a result, the effective resolution would
become 12 bits. However, the precision of this circuit remains
only 6-bit accurate and the programming can be complicated.
The internal parasitic capacitances and the external load
dominate the ac characteristics of the RDACs. Configured as
a potentiometer divider, the −3 dB bandwidth of the AD5233
(10 kΩ resistor) measures 370 kHz at half scale. Figure 14
provides the large signal bode plot characteristics. A parasitic
simulation model is shown in Figure 65.
A
RDAC
10kΩ
B
CB
35pF
CA
35pF
CW
35pF
W
VA
Figure 65. RDAC Circuit Simulation Model for RDAC = 10 kΩ
A1
RDAC1
B1
The following code provides a macromodel net list for the
10 kΩ RDAC:
A3
RDAC3
W3
B3
02794-064
RP
A2
VO
Figure 64. Linear Gain Control with Tracking Resistance Tolerance
and Temperature Coefficient
R2
Figure 62. Resistor Scaling with Pseudo Log Adjustment Characteristics
RDAC2
B2
+
*REPLACED WITH ANOTHER
CHANNEL OF RDAC
02794-063
B
–
Vi
Vi
A
R1
C1
R1*
02794-066
VW (D) =
RESISTANCE TOLERANCE, DRIFT, AND
TEMPERATURE MISMATCH CONSIDERATIONS
02794-065
In voltage divider mode, by paralleling a discrete resistor as
shown in Figure 61, a proportionately lower voltage appears at
Terminal A to Terminal B. This translates into a finer degree of
precision because the step size at Terminal W is smaller.
Figure 63. Doubling AD5233 from 6 Bits to 12 Bits
Listing I. spice model net list
.PARAM D = 64, RDAC = 10E3
*
.SUBCKT DPOT (A, W, B)
*
CA
A
0
35E-12
RWA A
W
{(1-D/64)* RDAC + 15}
CW
W
0
35-12
RWB W
B
{D/64 * RDAC + 15}
CB
B
0
35E-12
*
.ENDS DPOT
Rev. B | Page 28 of 32
AD5233
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
7.90
7.80
7.70
24
13
4.50
4.40
4.30
1
6.40 BSC
12
PIN 1
0.65
BSC
1.20
MAX
0.15
0.05
0.30
0.19
SEATING
PLANE
0.10 COPLANARITY
0.20
0.09
8°
0°
0.75
0.60
0.45
COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MO-153-AD
Figure 66. 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP]
(RU-24)
Dimensions shown in millimeters
ORDERING GUIDE
Model
AD5233BRU10
AD5233BRU10-REEL7
AD5233BRUZ10 2
AD5233BRUZ10-R72
AD5233BRU50
AD5233BRU50-REEL7
AD5233BRUZ502
AD5233BRUZ50-R72
AD5233BRU100
AD5233BRU100-REEL7
AD5233BRUZ1002
AD5233BRUZ100-R72
No. of
Channels
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
RAB
(kΩ)
10
10
10
10
50
50
50
50
100
100
100
100
Temperature
Range
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
Package
Description
24-Lead TSSOP
24-Lead TSSOP
24-Lead TSSOP
24-Lead TSSOP
24-Lead TSSOP
24-Lead TSSOP
24-Lead TSSOP
24-Lead TSSOP
24-Lead TSSOP
24-Lead TSSOP
24-Lead TSSOP
24-Lead TSSOP
1
Package
Option
RU-24
RU-24
RU-24
RU-24
RU-24
RU-24
RU-24
RU-24
RU-24
RU-24
RU-24
RU-24
Ordering
Quantity
96
1,000
96
1,000
96
1,000
96
1,000
96
1,000
96
1,000
Branding 1
5233B10
5233B10
5233B10
5233B10
5233B50
5233B50
5233B50
5233B50
5233B100
5233B100
5233B100
5233B100
Line 1 contains the model number. Line 2 contains the Analog Devices logo followed by the end-to-end resistance value. Line 3 contains the date code, YWW or
#YWW, for RoHS compliant parts.
2
Z = RoHS Compliant Part.
Rev. B | Page 29 of 32
AD5233
NOTES
Rev. B | Page 30 of 32
AD5233
NOTES
Rev. B | Page 31 of 32
AD5233
NOTES
Purchase of licensed I²C components of Analog Devices or one of its sublicensed Associated Companies conveys a license for the purchaser under the Philips I²C Patent
Rights to use these components in an I²C system, provided that the system conforms to the I²C Standard Specification as defined by Philips.
©2002–2008 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and
registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
D02794-0-5/08(B)
Rev. B | Page 32 of 32
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