DC2506A

LTC3894 150V Low IQ Step-Down DC/DC Controller with 100% Duty Cycle Capability FEATURES DESCRIPTION Wide Operating VIN Range: 4.5V to 150V n Wide V OUT Range: 0.8V to 60V n 9μA I when Regulating 48V to 3.3V Q IN OUT n 16μA I when Regulating 12V to 3.3V Q IN OUT n Very Low Dropout Operation: 100% Duty Cycle n Adjustable Input Overvoltage Lockout n Programmable PGOOD Undervoltage Monitor n R SENSE or Inductor DCR Current Sensing n Selectable High Efficiency Burst Mode® Operation or Pulse-Skipping Mode at Light Loads n Programmable Fixed Frequency: 50kHz to 850kHz n Phase-Lockable Frequency: 75kHz to 800kHz n Internal Fixed Soft-Start and External Programmable Soft-Start or Voltage Tracking n Strong MOSFET Gate Driver with Selectable Undervoltage Lockout Thresholds n Optional External NMOS for Gate Driver Bias in High Power Applications The LTC®3894 is a high voltage step-down DC/DC switching regulator controller. It drives a P-channel power MOSFET switch allowing 100% duty cycle operation. It enables a low part count, simple, and robust solution for high reliability, high voltage applications. n The LTC3894 operates over a wide input voltage range from 4.5V to 150V and can regulate output voltages from 0.8V to 60V. It offers excellent light load efficiency, drawing only 9μA quiescent current while regulating the output voltage with no load. Its peak current mode, constant frequency architecture provides for good control of switching frequency and output current limit. The switching frequency can be programmed from 50kHz to 850kHz with an external resistor and can be synchronized to an external clock from 75kHz to 800kHz. The LTC3894 offers programmable output voltage softstart or tracking. Safety features include overvoltage, overcurrent and overtemperature protection with a power good output monitor with adjustable threshold. APPLICATIONS The LTC3894 is available in a thermally enhanced 20-Pin TSSOP package with leads removed to accommodate high voltage creepage and clearance requirements. Automotive and Industrial Power Systems n Telecommunication Power Systems n Distributed Power Systems n All registered trademarks and trademarks are the property of their respective owners. TYPICAL APPLICATION Efficiency and Power Loss vs Load Current High Efficiency 150V to 5V Step-Down Regulator 22µH VIN 6V to 150V 1nF 12µF ×2 3.3nF 5.76k CAP OVLO DRVUV/EXTG EXTS ITH GND FREQ 47pF LTC3894 EFFICIENCY (%) PGOOD 100k 422k PGUV VFB 0.1µF 1k 70 EFFICIENCY 60 100 50 10 40 POWER LOSS 30 20 0 0.0001 80.6k 1 VIN = 12V VIN = 24V 10 TRACK/SS PLLIN/MODE 36.5k Burst Mode OPERATION 80 SENSE+ SENSE– GATE 90 10µF ×2 330µF 10k 100 VOUT 5V, 3A 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1 POWER LOSS (mW) 0.47µF RUN VIN 20mΩ 3 0.1 3894 TA01b 3894 TA01a Rev. A Document Feedback For more information www.analog.com 1 LTC3894 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS PIN CONFIGURATION (Note 1) Input Supply Voltage (VIN), RUN............... –0.3V to 150V SENSE+, SENSE–, PGOOD Voltage.............. –0.3V to 65V VIN-VCAP Voltage......................................... –0.3V to 10V VFB, PLLIN/MODE, PGUV, OVLO, EXTS Voltages.............................................. –0.3V to 6V TRACK/SS Voltage (Note 11)..................... –0.3V to 2.8V ITH, FREQ Voltage........................................ –0.3V to 5V DRVUV/EXTG Voltage................................... –0.3V to 9V Operating Junction Temperature Range (Notes 2, 3) LTC3894E, LTC3894I.......................... –40°C to 125°C LTC3894H........................................... –55°C to 150°C Storage Temperature Range................... –65°C to 150°C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec).................... 300°C TOP VIEW GATE 1 20 VIN RUN 3 18 CAP SENSE+ 5 SENSE– 6 ITH 7 14 OVLO PGUV 8 13 FREQ VFB 9 12 PGOOD 21 GND TRACK/SS 10 16 DRVUV/EXTG 15 EXTS 11 PLLIN/MODE FE PACKAGE 20(16)-LEAD PLASTIC TSSOP TJMAX = 150°C, θJA = 38°C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 21) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB FOR RATED ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS ORDER INFORMATION LEAD FREE FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING* PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LTC3894EFE#PBF LTC3894EFE#TRPBF LTC3894FE 20(16)-Lead Plastic TSSOP –40°C to 125°C LTC3894IFE#PBF LTC3894IFE#TRPBF LTC3894FE 20(16)-Lead Plastic TSSOP –40°C to 125°C LTC3894HFE#PBF LTC3894HFE#TRPBF LTC3894FE 20(16)-Lead Plastic TSSOP –40°C to 150°C Contact the factory for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. *The temperature grade is identified by a label on the shipping container. Tape and reel specifications. Some packages are available in 500 unit reels through designated sales channels with #TRMPBF suffix. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating The junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VIN = 12V, unless otherwise noted. (Note 2) SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN VIN Input Voltage Operating Range (Note 4) DRVUV = 0V VOUT Regulated Output Voltage Set Point IQ No Load DC Supply Current (Note 5) TYP MAX UNITS 4.5 150 V 0.8 60 V Input Supply 2 Shutdown VIN Pin Current RUN = 0V 7 11 µA Sleep Mode VIN Pin Current VSENSE– = 2.5V, VFB = 0.83V 27 40 µA VSENSE– ≥ 3.2V, VFB = 0.83V 7 10 µA Sleep Mode SENSE– Pin Current (Note 6) VSENSE– ≥ 3.2V, VFB = 0.83V 21 30 µA Pulse-Skipping Mode VIN Pin Current VFB = 0.83V VSENSE– = 0V VSENSE– = 3.3V VSENSE– = 5V 1.8 1.5 0.8 mA mA mA Rev. A For more information www.analog.com LTC3894 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VIN = 12V, unless otherwise noted. (Note 2) SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS IQ(VINR) Total Input Supply Current in Regulation at VIN = 12V No Load in Burst Mode (Note 7) Figure 14 Circuit, VOUT = 3.3V Figure 12 Circuit, VOUT = 5V 16 22 µA µA VIN = 48V Figure 14 Circuit, VOUT = 3.3V Figure 12 Circuit, VOUT = 5V 9 11 µA µA Output Sensing VFB Regulated Feedback Voltage VITH = 1.2V (Note 8) 0.800 0.812 V Feedback Voltage Line Regulation Feedback Voltage Load Regulation VIN = 4.5V to 150V (Note 8) ±0.002 0.015 %/V VITH = 0.6V to 1.8V (Note 8) 0.03 0.15 % gm(EA) Error Amplifier Transconductance VITH = 1.2V, ∆IITH = ±5µA (Note 8) IFB Feedback Input Bias Current l 0.788 2 mS –10 ±50 nA 100 112 mV Current Sensing VSENSE(MAX) Maximum Current Sense Threshold (VSENSE+ – VSENSE–) VFB = 0.7V, VSENSE– = 3.3V ISENSE+ SENSE+ Pin Input Current VSENSE+ = 3.3V 0.1 1 µA ISENSE– SENSE– Pin Input Current in Non-Sleep VSENSE– = 3.3V VSENSE– = 5V 200 880 300 1260 µA µA 1.24 1.34 V Mode (Note 6) l 88 Start-Up and Shutdown VRUN RUN Pin Enable Threshold VRUN Rising VRUNHYS RUN Pin Hysteresis ISS Soft-Start Pin Charging Current VSS = 0V or 0V to 0.8V VOVLO Overvoltage Lockout Threshold VOVLO Rising Up Hysteresis l 1.14 125 mV 8 11 14 µA l 0.77 0.8 30 0.82 V mV DRVUV = 0 (VIN-VCAP) Ramping Up Threshold (VIN-VCAP) Ramping Down Threshold Hysteresis l l 3.4 3.25 3.75 3.50 0.25 4.3 3.75 V V V DRVUV = Floating (VIN-VCAP) Ramping Up Threshold (VIN-VCAP) Ramping Down Threshold Hysteresis l l 5.5 5.2 6.0 5.55 0.45 6.55 5.85 V V V ICAP = 0mA, 9V ≤ VIN ≤ 150V (Note 9) l 7.5 8.0 8.5 V 4.1 4.4 V –2.8 Gate Driver and VIN-Cap LDO VUVLO Undervoltage Lockout VCAP Gate Bias LDO Output Voltage (VIN-VCAP) VCAPDROP Gate Bias LDO Dropout Voltage (VIN-VCAP) VIN = 5V, ICAP = 15mA (Note 9) ∆VCAP(LOAD) Gate Bias LDO Load Regulation ICAP = 0mA to 20mA –1.3 % RUP Gate Pull-Up Resistance Gate High 2 Ω RDN Gate Pull-Down Resistance Gate Low 0.9 Ω tON(MIN) Gate Minimum On-Time (Note 10) 125 ns Switching Frequency and Clock Synchronization f Programmable Switching Frequency RFREQ = 25kΩ RFREQ = 64.9kΩ RFREQ = 105kΩ 375 100 440 810 505 kHz kHz kHz Rev. A For more information www.analog.com 3 LTC3894 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VIN = 12V, unless otherwise noted. (Note 2) SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS fLO Low Switching Frequency FREQ = 0V 320 350 380 kHz fHI High Switching Frequency FREQ = Open 470 530 590 kHz fSYNC Synchronization Frequency l 75 800 kHz VCLK(HI) Clock Input High Level into PLLIN/MODE l 2 VCLK(LO) Clock Input Low Level into PLLIN/MODE l V 0.5 V 0.35 V 1 µA 13 % PGOOD Output VPGL PGOOD Voltage Low IPGOOD = 2mA 0.2 IPG PGOOD Leakage Current VPGOOD = 65V VPGOV PGOOD Overvoltage Trip Threshold VFB Ramping Positive with Respect to Set Regulated Voltage Hysteresis 7 10 2.5 VPGUV PGOOD Undervoltage Trip Threshold VPGUV Ramping Negative Hysteresis tPGDL PGOOD Delay PGOOD High to Low PGOOD Low to High 100 100 µs µs VFBOV VFB Overvoltage Lockout Threshold VFB Ramping Positive with Respect to Set Regulated Voltage Hysteresis 10 % 2.5 % Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: The LTC3894 is tested under pulsed load conditions such that TJ ≈ TA. The LTC3894E is guaranteed to meet performance specifications from 0°C to 85°C. Specifications over the –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls. The LTC3894I is guaranteed over the –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range and the LTC3894H is guaranteed over the –40°C to 150°C operating junction temperature range. Note that the maximum ambient temperature consistent with these specifications is determined by specific operating conditions in conjunction with board layout, the rated package thermal impedance and other environmental factors. High temperatures degrade operating lifetimes; operating lifetime is derated for junction temperatures greater than 125ºC. The junction temperature (TJ, in °C) is calculated from the ambient temperature (TA, in °C) and power dissipation (PD, in Watts) according to the formula: TJ = TA + (PD • θJA) where θJA = 38°C/W for the TSSOP package. Note 3: This IC includes overtemperature protection that is intended to protect the device during momentary overload conditions. The maximum rated junction temperature will be exceeded when this protection is active. Continuous operation above the specified absolute maximum operating 4 700 720 2.5 % 740 mV % junction temperature may impair device reliability or permanently damage the device. Note 4: The minimum input supply operating range is dependent on the UVLO thresholds as determined by the DRVUV/EXTG pin setting. Note 5: The DC supply current is measured when the LTC3894 is not switching. Dynamic supply current is higher due to the gate charge being delivered at the switching frequency. Note 6: SENSE1– bias current is reflected to the input supply by the formula IVIN = ISENSE1– • VOUT/(VIN • η), where η is the efficiency. Note 7: The total input supply current in Burst Mode is the total current drawn from input supply as measured in the Typical Application circuit on page 1 and Figure 14 on page 32 with no load current. The specification is not tested in production. Note 8: The LTC3894 is tested in a feedback loop that servos the error amplifier output voltage (on ITH pin) to a specified voltage and measures the resultant VFB voltage. Note 9: Positive ICAP current flows into the CAP pin and discharges the capacitor between the VIN and CAP pins. Note 10: The minimum on-time condition is specified for an inductor peak-to-peak ripple current > 40% of IMAX. Note 11: The absolute maximum rating for TRACK/SS pin is 2.8V when the pin is driven externally. When the pin is not driven, it may be pulled higher by the IC, typically to 4.7V. Rev. A For more information www.analog.com LTC3894 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Pulse-Skipping Mode Operation Waveforms VOUT 50mV/DIV TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. Burst Mode Operation Waveforms Transient Response: Pulse-Skipping Mode Operation VOUT 50mV/DIV IL 2A/DIV VSW 10V/DIV VSW 10V/DIV ILOAD 2A/DIV VOUT 100mV/DIV IL 500mA/DIV IL 500mA/DIV 2µs/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 5V ILOAD = 100mA FIGURE 11 CIRCUIT 3894 G01 20µs/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 5V ILOAD = 100mA FIGURE 11 CIRCUIT Transient Response: Burst Mode Operation 3894 G02 100µs/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 5V LOAD STEP = 100mA TO 2A FIGURE 11 CIRCUIT Dropout Behavior (100% Duty Cycle) 3894 G03 Low VIN Operation VIN 2V/DIV IL 2A/DIV ILOAD 2A/DIV VIN 2V/DIV VOUT = VIN VOUT 2V/DIV VOUT 100mV/DIV GATE 10V/DIV 100µs/DIV 3894 G04 VOUT 2V/DIV SW 10V/DIV DROPOUT 100ms/DIV 3894 G05 20ms/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 5V LOAD STEP = 100mA TO 2A FIGURE 11 CIRCUIT VIN TRANSIENT 12V TO 4V AND BACK TO 12V VOUT = 12V, ILOAD = 100mA FIGURE 14 CIRCUIT VIN = 0V TO 7.8V AND BACK TO 0V VOUT = 5V, ILOAD = 100mA FIGURE 11 CIRCUIT Normal Soft Start-Up Soft Start-Up into a Prebiased Output Output Tracking 3894 G06 RUN 5V/DIV VIN 5V/DIV VOUT PREBIASED TO 2.6V VOUT 1V/DIV TRACKSS 200mV/DIV TRACK/SS 200mV/DIV TRACK/SS 500mV/DIV VOUT 1V/DIV 1ms/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 5V ILOAD = 100mA FIGURE 11 CIRCUIT 3894 G07 VOUT 2V/DIV 2ms/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 5V ILOAD = 500mA FIGURE 11 CIRCUIT 3894 G08 20ms/DIV 3894 G09 VIN = 12V VOUT = 5V ILOAD = 500mA FIGURE 11 CIRCUIT Rev. A For more information www.analog.com 5 LTC3894 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 5.0 VOUT = 5V ILOAD = 0A FIGURE 11 CIRCUIT 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0 0 25 50 75 100 VIN (V) 125 3.4 2.5 1.7 3894 G10 Free Running Frequency Over Temperature 0.010 550 NORMALIZED ∆VOUT (%) 0.006 F (kHz) 500 450 400 300 –75 –50 –25 OPEN FREQ PIN GND FREQ PIN 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) 3894 G13 60 90 VIN (V) 120 25 50 3894 G11 75 100 VIN (V) 125 150 3894 G12 Output Regulation vs Temperature 1.0 VIN = 12V VOUT = 5V ILOAD NORMALIZED AT ILOAD = 1A FIGURE 11 CIRCUIT 0.8 0.6 –0.002 –0.006 Burst Mode OPERATION PULSE–SKIPPING 0.4 VIN = 12V VOUT = 5V ILOAD = 200mA VOUT NORMALIZED TO TA = 25°C FIGURE 11 CIRCUIT 0.2 0.0 –0.2 –0.4 –0.6 Burst Mode OPERATION PULSE-SKIPPING –0.8 –0.010 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 ILOAD (A) –1.0 –75 –25 25 75 TEMPERATURE (°C) 3894 G14 VOUT 5V/DIV 125 150 3894 G15 VIN Line Transient Behavior SOFT RECOVERY IL 2A/DIV VOUT 2V/DIV VIN 20V/DIV GATE 20V/DIV VOUT 20mV/DIV VOUT DROOPS IN CURRENT LIMIT 6 0 SHORT-CIRCUIT REGION IL 2A/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 5V FIGURE 11 CIRCUIT 5.0 TRIGGER 1A 10ms/DIV 6.0 4.0 150 FIGURE 11 CIRCUIT 7.0 Short-Circuit Protection 4A 1A 30 0.002 Overcurrent Protection ILOAD 2A/DIV 0 8.0 Output Regulation vs Load Current 600 350 VOUT = 5V ILOAD = 0A FIGURE 11 CIRCUIT 4.2 0.9 150 Shutdown Input Current vs Input Voltage NORMALIZED ∆VOUT (%) 25.0 TOTAL INPUT SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) TOTAL INPUT SUPPLY CURRENT (µA) 30.0 Pulse-Skipping Mode Input Current vs Input Voltage TOTAL INPUT SUPPLY CURRENT (µA) Burst Mode Input Current Over Input Voltage (No Load) TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. 3894 G16 500µs/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 5V ILOAD = 500mA FIGURE 11 CIRCUIT 3894 G17 5ms/DIV VIN = 12V, SURGE TO 100V VOUT = 5V ILOAD = 2A FIGURE 11 CIRCUIT 3894 G18 Rev. A For more information www.analog.com LTC3894 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Maximum Current Sense Threshold vs ITH Voltage 60 40 20 0 MAXIMUM CURRENT SENSE/ITH = 90mV/V –20 0 0.3 0.6 1.0 ITH (V) 1.3 120.000 MAXIMUM CURRENT SENSE THRESHOLD (mV) PULSE SKIPPING MODE Burst Mode OPERATION 80 100.000 80.000 60.000 40.000 20.000 PGUV < 0.72V 0 1.6 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (mV) 80 60 40 VOUT = 0V VOUT = 0.5V VOUT = 1.0V VOUT = 2.0V 4 20.0 0 4.25 4.50 VIN (V) 4.75 30.000 25.000 25.000 20.000 15.000 10.000 0 5 3894 G22 2.000 1.750 1.750 1.500 1.500 0.750 0.500 0.250 3894 G25 75 90 VIN RISING SENSE– RISING SENSE– FALLING VIN FALLING 10.000 0 2.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 VSENSE– (V) (ZOOMED IN VSENSE–) 3 3.5 4 4.5 VSENSE– (V) 5 5.5 3894 G24 ISENSE+ vs VSENSE+ 100.000 0 1.250 IVIN RISING ISENSE– RISING ISENSE– FALLING IVIN FALLING 1.000 0.750 –100.000 –200.000 –300.000 0.500 –400.000 0.250 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 VSENSE– (V) 30 45 60 DUTY CYCLE (%) 15.000 3894 G23 2.000 1.000 15 20.000 IVIN and ISENSE– vs VSENSE– (Pulse-Skipping Mode) 1.250 0 5.000 5.000 IVIN AND ISENSE– (mA) IVIN AND ISENSE– (mA) 40.0 30.000 IVIN and ISENSE– vs VSENSE– (Pulse-Skipping Mode) 0 60.0 IVIN and ISENSE– vs VSENSE– (Burst Mode Operation) ISENSE+ (nA) 3.75 80.0 3894 G21 IVIN AND ISENSE+ (µA) IVIN AND ISENSE+ (µA) MAXIMUM CURRENT SENSE THRESHOLD (mV) 100 0 3.50 100.0 IVIN and ISENSE– vs VSENSE– (Burst Mode Operation) CLC vs VIN at 150°C 20 120.0 3894 G20 3894 G19 120 Maximum Current Sense Threshold vs Duty Cycle Buck Foldback Current Limit MAXIMUM CURRENT SENSE THRESHOLD (mV) CURRENT SENSE THRESHOLD (mV) 100 TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. 0 2.5 (ZOOMED IN VSENSE–) 3 3.5 4 VSENSE– (V) 4.5 5 5.5 3894 G26 –500.000 0 1 2 3 VSENSE+ (V) 4 5 3894 G27 Rev. A For more information www.analog.com 7 LTC3894 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 0.00 (VIN –VCAP) REGULATION (%) RUN PIN VOLTAGE (V) 1.250 1.200 1.150 1.100 1.050 RUN RISING RUN FALLING 1.000 –75 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) GATE Bias LDO (VIN - VCAP) Load Regulation –0.60 –1.20 –1.80 –2.40 125°C 25°C –55°C –3.00 –3.60 7.00 VIN = 12V (VIN -VCAP) REGULATION (V) 1.300 Shutdown (RUN) Threshold vs Temperature TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. 0 4 8 12 IGATE (mA) 16 20 3894 G29 3894 G28 GATE Bias LDO (VIN - VCAP) Dropout Regulation VIN = 7V 6.88 6.75 6.63 6.50 125°C 25°C –55°C 6.38 6.25 0 4 8 12 IGATE (mA) 16 20 3894 G30 PIN FUNCTIONS GATE (Pin 1): Gate Drive Output for External P-Channel MOSFET. The voltage swing on this pin is between CAP and VIN. The GATE driver output is held low at VCAP to turn on the P-channel MOSFET and held high at VIN to turn off the MOSFET. The gate driver output is held high when (VIN-VCAP) is less than VUVLO. and SENSE– pins across the sense resistor. For DCR sensing, Kelvin connect SENSE+ and SENSE– pins across the filter capacitor. When SENSE– is greater than 3.2V, the SENSE– pin supplies power to internal circuitry. To reduce sensing errors, minimize the impedance in series with the SENSE– pin. RUN (Pin 3): Run Control High Impedance Input. A RUN voltage above the 1.26V threshold enables normal operation, while forcing this pin below 1.12V shuts down the controller. Forcing this pin below 0.7V shuts down the entire LTC3894, reducing quiescent current to approximately 7µA. This pin can be tied to VIN directly or pulled up by a resistor. Do not float this pin. ITH (Pin 7): Error Amplifier Output and Switching Regulator Compensation Point. The voltage on this pin sets the current sense threshold. SENSE+ (Pin 5): Differential Current Sensing (+) Input. For RSENSE current sensing, Kelvin (4-wire) connect SENSE+ and SENSE– pins across the sense resistor. For DCR sensing, Kelvin connect SENSE+ and SENSE– pins across the sense filter capacitor. SENSE– (Pin 6): Differential Current Sensing (–) Input. For RSENSE current sensing, Kelvin (4-wire) connect SENSE+ 8 PGUV (Pin 8): Pgood Undervoltage (UV) Comparator High Impedance Input. Connect the PGUV pin to the output through a resistor feedback divider or connect directly to VFB pin to program the output PGOOD UV threshold. When the PGUV pin voltage falls below 0.72V (0.8V – 10%) or lower, the PGOOD pin is asserted low after a 100µs blanking period. VFB (Pin 9): Output Feedback Sense Input. A resistor divider from the output to this pin sets the regulated output voltage. The LTC3894 will nominally regulate VFB to the internal reference value of 0.8V. Rev. A For more information www.analog.com LTC3894 PIN FUNCTIONS TRACK/SS (Pin 10): Soft-Start and External Tracking Input. The LTC3894 regulates the VFB voltage to the smaller of 0.8V or the voltage on the SS pin. An internal 10μA pull-up current source is connected to this pin. A capacitor to ground at this pin sets the ramp time to the final regulated output voltage. Alternatively, another voltage supply connected through a resistor divider to this pin allows the output to track the other supply during start-up. PLLIN/MODE (Pin 11): External Reference Clock Input and Burst Mode Enable/Disable. When an external clock is applied to this pin, the internal phase-locked loop will synchronize the turn-on edge of the gate drive signal with the rising edge of the external clock. When no external clock is applied, this input determines the mode of operation during light loading. Floating this pin selects low IQ Burst Mode operation. Pulling to ground selects pulseskipping mode operation. PGOOD (Pin 12): Power Good Monitor Output. This open drain logic output is pulled to ground when the VFB pin is 10% above its regulation point (OV) or when the PGUV pin voltage is below the PGOOD undervoltage (UV) threshold VPGUV. There is a 100µs delay before PGOOD changes state in response to either an OV or a UV event. FREQ (Pin 13): Switching Frequency Setpoint Input. The switching frequency is programmed between 75kHz and 850 kHz by an external setpoint resistor RFREQ connected between the FREQ pin and SGND. An internal 20µA current source creates a voltage across the external setpoint resistor to set the internal oscillator frequency. Alternatively, this pin can be driven directly by a DC voltage to set the oscillator frequency. Grounding selects a fixed operating frequency of 350kHz. Floating selects a fixed operating frequency of 535kHz. OVLO (Pin 14): Overvoltage Lockout High Impedance Input. For an adjustable VIN overvoltage protection, connect this pin through a resistor divider to VIN. When the voltage on this pin is greater than the 0.8V lockout threshold, ,the external P-channel MOSFET is turned off immediately and the TRACK/SS pin is discharged to GND to ensure a graceful recovery. Connect this pin to GND when the OVLO function is not used. EXTS (Pin 15): Source Terminal Connection for the Optional External N-Channel MOSFET. When an optional external N-channel MOSFET is used to provide bias to the gate driver, connect this pin to the MOSFET source terminal and connect a 0.1µF bypass capacitor next to the the pin to ensure stable operation (see Applications Information section on page 21). When not in use, connect this pin to ground. Do not float this pin. DRVUV/EXTG (Pin 16): Driver Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) Select Pin and External N-Channel Gate Connection. This is a dual function pin. Grounding this pin selects a UVLO threshold of 3.75V between VIN and CAP. Floating or connecting it to a voltage greater than 400mV selects a UVLO threshold of 6V. When an external N-channel MOSFET is used for the gate driver bias, connect its gate terminal to the pin through a 1k resistor. This selects the 6V UVLO threshold by default. CAP (Pin 18): Lower Supply Rail for Gate Driver Bias. VIN is the higher supply rail. The gate driver bias supply voltage (VIN-VCAP) is regulated to 8V when VIN is greater than 8V. A low ESR ceramic bypass capacitor of at least 0.47μF is required from VIN to CAP pin to maintain stable voltage regulation. The capacitor value needs to increase to a minimum of 2.2µF if an external N-channel MOSFET is used for gate driver bias. To ensure stable low noise operation, the bypass capacitor should be placed adjacent to the VIN and CAP pins and connected using the same PCB metal layer. VIN (Pin 20): Chip Power Supply. A minimum bypass capacitor of 1µF is required from the VIN pin to GND. For best performance use a low ESR ceramic capacitor and place the capacitor near the VIN pin and GND pin to minimize the size of the high current loop. GND (Exposed Pad Pin 21): Chip Ground. The exposed pad must be soldered to the circuit board for electrical contact and for rated electrical and thermal performance of the package. Rev. A For more information www.analog.com 9 LTC3894 FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM ROVLO1 ROVLO2 VIN CIN 20µA DRVUV/EXTG 1.26V VIN + – + CEXTG EXT NMOS UVLO + – REXTG OVLO 0.8V + – 8V CAP CAP DRUV – SHDN GATE DRIVER LDO EXTS CEXTS OPTIONAL VIN LOGIC CONTROL RUN CLOCK PLLIN/MODE 20µA FREQ S L – MODE/CLOCK DETECT VCO R Burst Mode OPERATION + O.425V – PLL SYSTEM – ICMP CCAP LDO OUT VIN – 8V + – OV DELAY 100µs + 0.8V CSS SHDN VFB RFB2 RFB1 + – O.72V ITH PGUV RPGUV2 RITH CITH1 10 SENSE– TRACK/SS EA (gm = 2mS) O.88V – UV D1 SENSE+ 10µA + + – SLOPE COMPENSATION PGOOD CAP + GND VOUT VOUT COUT IN + RFREQ RPGD MP Q + 1.26V GATE GATE DRIVER 3894 FD RPGUV1 Rev. A For more information www.analog.com LTC3894 OPERATION Main Control Loop (Refer to Functional Diagram) The LTC3894 uses a constant frequency peak currentmode control architecture to regulate the output voltage in an nonsynchronous step-down DC/DC switching regulator. The VFB input is compared to an internal reference by a transconductance error amplifier (EA). The internal reference can be either a fixed 0.8V reference VREF or the voltage input on the TRACK/SS pin. In normal operation VFB regulates to the internal 0.8V reference voltage. In soft-start or tracking mode, when the TRACK/SS pin voltage is less than the internal 0.8V reference voltage, VFB will regulate to the TRACK/SS pin voltage. The error amplifier output connects to the ITH pin. The voltage level on the ITH pin is then summed with a slope compensation ramp to create the peak inductor current set point. The peak inductor current is measured through a sense resistor RSENSE placed across the SENSE+ and SENSE– pins. The resultant differential voltage from SENSE+ to SENSE– is proportional to the inductor current and is compared to the peak inductor current set point. During normal operation the P-channel power MOSFET is turned on when the clock leading edge sets the SR latch through the S input. The P-channel MOSFET is turned off through the SR latch R input when the differential voltage of VSENSE+ – VSENSE– is greater than the peak inductor current set point and the current comparator, ICMP, trips high. After the MOSFET is turned off, an external Schottky diode carries inductor current until it reaches zero or the beginning of the next clock cycle. Gate Driver Bias(VIN–CAP) and Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) Power for the P-channel MOSFET gate driver is derived from the VIN and CAP pins. The CAP pin is regulated to 8V below VIN by an internal low dropout linear regulator(LDO).A minimum capacitance of 0.47μF (low ESR ceramic) is required between VIN and CAP to assure stability. The internal VIN-CAP LDO can generate significant on-chip heat when using a P-channel MOSFET with large gate capacitance at high VIN and high switching frequency. An external N-channel MOSFET bias path can be used to move the heat off chip and its connections are shown on page 10. When the external N-channel MOSFET is used, a minimum capacitance of 2.2µF (low ESR ceramic) is recommended between VIN and CAP. For VIN ≤8V, the LDO will be in dropout and the CAP voltage will be near ground (the VIN-CAP differential voltage will nearly equal VIN). If VIN-CAP is less than VUVLO, the LTC3894 enters a UVLO state where the external P-channel MOSFET is turned off and most internal circuitry is shut down. In order to exit UVLO, the VIN-CAP voltage must exceed either 3.75V or 6V depending on the DRVUV /EXTG voltage setting. When an external N-channel MOSFET bias path is used, a UVLO threshold of 6V is selected by default. Shutdown and Soft-Start When the RUN pin is below 0.7V, the controller and most internal circuits are disabled. In this micropower shutdown state, the LTC3894 draws only 7μA. The RUN pin voltage must rise above 1.24V to enable the controller. The RUN pin can be tied to or pulled up to an external supply of up to 150V or it can be driven directly by a logic gate. The start-up of the output voltage VOUT is controlled by the voltage on the TRACK/SS pin. When the voltage on the TRACK/SS pin is less than the 0.8V internal reference, the VFB pin is regulated to the voltage on the TRACK/SS pin. This allows the TRACK/SS pin to be used to program a soft-start by connecting an external capacitor from the TRACK/SS pin to signal ground. An internal 10μA pull-up current charges this capacitor, creating a voltage ramp on the TRACK/SS pin. As the TRACK/SS voltage rises from 0V to 0.8V, the output voltage VOUT rises smoothly from zero to its final value. Alternatively, the TRACK/SS pin can be used to cause the startup of VOUT to track that of another supply. Typically, this requires connecting the TRACK/SS pin to an external resistor divider from the other supply to ground. (See Applications Information section.) During a shutdown, input overvoltage, and input undervoltage, or overtemperature event, the TRACK/SS pin is discharged to ground to ensure smooth restart. If the slew rate of the TRACK/SS pin is greater than 0.6V/ms, the output will track an internal soft-start ramp instead of the TRACK/SS pin. The internal soft-start offers Rev. A For more information www.analog.com 11 LTC3894 OPERATION a smooth start-up of the output in the case of a shortcircuit recovery where the output voltage will recover from near ground. Light Load Current Operation (Burst Mode Operation or Pulse-Skipping Mode) At light loads, the LTC3894 operates in either pulse-skipping mode or high efficiency Burst mode. To select pulseskipping operation, tie the PLLIN/MODE pin to ground. To select Burst Mode operation, float the PLLIN/MODE pin. In Burst Mode operation, if the VFB is higher than the reference voltage, the error amplifier will decrease the voltage on the ITH pin. When the ITH voltage drops below 0.425V, the internal sleep signal goes high, enabling sleep mode. In sleep mode, much of the internal circuitry is turned off, reducing the quiescent current the LTC3894 draws to 30µA. When the SENSE– pin voltage is greater than 3.2V, the majority of this current (25µA) is drawn by SENSE– and only 6µA is drawn by the VIN pin. For output voltages greater than 3.2V, this dramatically reduces the total quiescent current drawn from the input supply in sleep mode. When referred back to the input supply, the quiescent current is reduced by the DC/DC voltage conversion ratio and the incremental efficiency from VOUT to VIN. Therefore, for the typical application on the first page with Burst Mode selected, the total input supply current at no load in regulation can be estimated using: IQ(VINR) = 6µA + ⎛ 0.8V ⎞ VOUT =⎜ + 22µA ⎟ 0.9 • VIN ⎝ RFB1 ⎠ where RFB1 is the lower feedback divider resistor. As the output voltage and hence the feedback voltage decreases, the error amplifier’s output will rise. When the output voltage drops enough, the ITH pin is reconnected to the output of the error amplifier, and the controller resumes normal operation by turning on the external P-channel MOSFET on the next cycle of the internal oscillator. In Burst Mode operation, the peak inductor current has to reach at least 25% of current limit for the current comparator, ICMP, to trip and turn the P-MOSFET back off, 12 even though the ITH voltage may indicate a lower current setpoint value. When the PLLIN/MODE pin is connected to ground for pulse-skipping mode, the LTC3894 will skip pulses during light loads. In this mode, ICMP may remain tripped for several cycles and force the external P-channel MOSFET to stay off, thereby skipping pulses. This mode offers the benefits of smaller output ripple, lower audible noise, and reduced RF interference, at the expense of lower efficiency when compared to Burst Mode operation. Frequency Selection and Clock Synchronization The switching frequency of the LTC3894 can be selected using the FREQ pin. If the PLLIN/MODE pin is not being driven by an external clock source, the FREQ pin can be tied to signal ground, floated, or programmed through an external resistor. Tying the FREQ pin to signal ground selects 350kHz, while floating selects 535kHz. Placing a resistor between the FREQ pin and signal ground allows the frequency to be programmed between 50kHz and 850kHz. The phase-locked loop (PLL) on the LTC3894 will synchronize the internal oscillator to an external clock source when connected to the PLLIN/MODE pin. The PLL forces the turn-on edge of the external P-channel MOSFET to be aligned with the rising edge of the synchronizing signal. The oscillator’s default frequency is based on the operating frequency set by the FREQ pin. If the oscillator’s default frequency is near the external clock frequency, only slight adjustments are needed for the PLL to synchronize the external P-channel MOSFET’s turn-on edge to the rising edge of the external clock. This allows the PLL to lock rapidly without deviating far from the desired frequency. The PLL is guaranteed from 75kHz to 750kHz. The clock input levels should be greater than 2V for logic high and less than 0.5V for logic low. Power Good The PGOOD pin connects to the open-drain output of an internal N-channel MOSFET. The MOSFET pulls the PGOOD pin low when either the VFB pin voltage is overvoltage at 10% or more above or the PGUV pin is undervoltage Rev. A For more information www.analog.com LTC3894 OPERATION at 10% or more below the 0.8V internal voltage reference. The PGOOD pin is also pulled low during an overtemperature, RUN pin shutdown, VIN overvoltage or VIN undervoltage lockout event. When the VFB pin voltage is less than 0.88V (0.8V + 10%) and PGUV is above 0.72V (0.8V – 10%), the internal N-channel MOSFET is turned off and the PGOOD pin is allowed to be pulled up by an external resistor to VOUT or another source no greater than 60V. The PGOOD open-drain output has a 100μs delay before it can transition states. When the VFB voltage is higher than 0.88V (0.8V + 10%) nominal, this is considered an overvoltage condition and the external P-MOSFET is immediately turned off and remains turned off until VFB falls below 0.88V with builtin hysteresis of 20mV. Current Limit Foldback In the event of an output short-circuit or overcurrent condition that causes the output voltage to fall to less than 72% of its nominal regulated level and the PGUV pin voltage is less than 0.72V, current limit foldback is activated, progressively lowering the peak current limit in proportion to the drop of VOUT until reaching a minimum current limit of about 36% of full current limit. Current limit foldback reduces the power dissipation in the Schottky diode and assures robust operation during a continuous short-circuit fault. Current limit foldback is disabled during soft-start (as long as the VFB voltage is keeping up with the TRACK/SS voltage). Note that the LTC3894 continuously monitors the inductor current and prevents current runaway under all conditions. LTC3894 has an internal overtemperature protection circuit that shuts off the controller and the external P-channel MOSFET when internal die temperature exceeds 180°C. The circuit also discharges the TRACK/SS pin to GND to ensure a smooth restart. Input Supply Overvoltage Lockout (OVLO Pin) The LTC3894 implements a protection feature that inhibits switching when the input voltage rises above a programmable operating range. By using a resistor divider from the input supply to ground, the OVLO pin serves as a precise input supply voltage monitor. Switching is disabled when the OVLO pin rises above 0.8V, which can be configured to limit switching to a specific range of input supply voltage. An input supply overvoltage event triggers a TRACK/SS reset, which results in a graceful recovery from an input supply transient. APPLICATIONS INFORMATION The LTC3894 is a current mode, constant frequency nonsynchronous step-down DC/DC controller with a P-channel power MOSFET acting as the main switch and a Schottky power diode acting as the commutating (catch) diode. The input range extends from 4.5V to 150V. The output range can be programmed from 0.8V to 60V. The LTC3894 can transition from regulation to 100% duty cycle when the input voltage drops below the programmed output voltage. Additionally, the LTC3894 offers Burst Mode operation with a very low quiescent current, delivering outstanding efficiency in light load operation not typically found in a controller. The LTC3894 is a low pin-count, robust and easy to use solution in applications which require high efficiency and operate with widely varying high voltage inputs. The typical application on the front page is a basic LTC3894 application circuit where the inductor current is sensed using a low value sense resistor, RSENSE, placed between the power inductor and VOUT. Once the required output voltage and operating frequency have been determined, external component selection is driven by load requirements, and begins with the selection of inductor and RSENSE. Next, the power MOSFET and catch diode are selected. Finally, input and output capacitors are selected. Output Voltage Programming The output voltage is programmed by connecting a feedback resistor divider from the output to the VFB pin as shown in Figure 1. The output voltage in steady state Rev. A For more information www.analog.com 13 LTC3894 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION operation is set by the feedback resistors according to the equation: 900.0 800.0 ⎛ R ⎞ VOUT = 0.8V • ⎜ 1+ FB2 ⎟ ⎝ R FB1 ⎠ To improve the transient response, a feedforward capacitor CFF may be used. Great care should be taken to route the VFB line away from noise sources, such as the inductor or the GATE signal that drives the external P-MOSFET. FREQUENCY (kHz) 1000.0 700.0 600.0 500.0 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 0 VOUT LTC3894 RFB2 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 FREQ PIN RESISTOR (kΩ) 3894 F02 CFF VFB Figure 2. Switching Frequency vs Resistor on FREQ Pin RFB1 The free-running switching frequency can be programmed from 50kHz to 850kHz by connecting a resistor from FREQ pin to signal ground. The resulting switching frequency as a function of resistance on FREQ pin is shown in Figure 2. 3894 F01 Figure 1. Setting the Output Voltage Switching Frequency and Clock Synchronization The choice of operating frequency is a trade-off between efficiency and component size. Lowering the operating frequency improves efficiency by reducing MOSFET switching losses but requires larger inductance and/ or capacitance to maintain low output ripple voltage. Conversely, raising the operating frequency degrades efficiency but reduces component size. The LTC3894 can free run at a user programmed switching frequency, or it can synchronize to an external clock. When a clock signal is applied to the PLLIN/MODE pin, the turn-on of the external P-channel MOSFET is coincidental with the rising edge of the applied clock. The switching frequency of the LTC3894 is programmed with the FREQ pin, and the external clock is applied at the PLLIN/MODE pin. Table 1 highlights the different states in which the FREQ pin can be used in conjunction with the PLLIN/MODE pin. Table 1 FREQ PIN PLLIN/MODE PIN FREQUENCY 0V DC Voltage 350kHz Floating DC Voltage 535kHz Resistor to GND DC Voltage 50kHz to 850kHz Any of the Above External Clock Phase Locked to External Clock 14 Set the free-running frequency to the desired synchronization frequency using the FREQ pin so that the internal oscillator is prebiased to approximately the synchronization frequency. While it is not required that the freerunning frequency be near the external clock frequency, doing so will minimize synchronization time. Inductor Selection The operating frequency and inductor selection are interrelated in that higher operating frequencies allow the use of smaller inductor and capacitor values. A higher frequency generally results in lower efficiency because of MOSFET gate charge and transition losses. In addition to this basic trade-off, the effect of inductor value on ripple current and low current operation must also be considered. The inductor value has a direct effect on ripple current. The inductor ripple current, ∆IL, decreases with higher inductance or higher frequency and increases with higher VIN. Given the desired input and output voltages, the inductor value and operation frequency determine the ripple current: ⎛ V ⎞⎛ V ⎞ ΔIL = ⎜ OUT ⎟ ⎜ 1– OUT ⎟ ⎝ f •L ⎠ ⎝ VIN ⎠ Rev. A For more information www.analog.com LTC3894 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Lower ripple current reduces core losses in the inductor, ESR losses in the output capacitors and results in lower output ripple. The highest efficiency operation can be obtained at low frequency with small ripple current. However, achieving this requires a large inductor. There is a trade-off between component size, efficiency, and operating frequency. A reasonable starting point for ripple current is 40% of IOUT(MAX). The largest ripple current occurs at the highest VIN. To guarantee that the ripple current does not exceed a specified maximum, the inductance should be chosen according to: V ⎛ VOUT ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ L=⎜ 1– OUT ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎝ f • ΔIL(MAX) ⎠ ⎝ VIN(MAX) ⎠ VIN VIN GATE RSENSE CAP VOUT LTC3894 SENSE+ C1* SENSE– GND 3894 F03a (3a) Using a Resistor to Sense Current VIN VIN INDUCTOR GATE The inductor value also has secondary effects. The transition to Burst Mode operation begins when the average inductor current required results in a peak current below 25% of the current limit determined by RSENSE. Lower inductor values (higher ∆IL) will cause this to occur at lower load currents, which can cause a dip in efficiency in the upper range of low current operation. In Burst Mode operation, lower inductance values will cause the burst frequency to decrease. L CAP DCR VOUT LTC3894 R1 SENSE+ C1* R2 SENSE– GND *PLACE C1 NEAR SENSE PINS (R1||R2) • C1 = L/DCR RSENSE(EQ) = DCR(R2/(R1+R2)) 3894 F03b (3b) Using the Inductor DCR to Sense Current Figure 3. Current Sensing Methods Inductor Core Selection Inductor Current Sensing Once the inductance value has been determined, the type of inductor must be selected. Core loss is independent of core size for a given inductor value, but it is very dependent on the inductance selected. As inductance increases, core losses decrease. Unfortunately, increased inductance requires more turns of wire and therefore copper losses will increase. LTC3894 can be configured to use either low value series resistor sensing (Figure 3a) or DCR (inductor resistance) sensing (Figure 3b). The choice between the two current sensing schemes is largely a design trade-off between cost, power consumption and accuracy. DCR sensing is becoming popular because it saves expensive current sensing resistors and is more power efficient, especially in high current applications. However, current sensing resistors provide the most accurate current limits for the controller. Ferrite designs have very low core loss and are preferred for high switching frequencies, so design goals can concentrate on copper loss and preventing saturation. Ferrite core material saturates hard, which means that inductance collapses abruptly when the peak design current is exceeded. This results in an abrupt increase in inductor ripple current and consequent output voltage ripple. Do not allow the core to saturate! SENSE+ and SENSE– Pins The SENSE+ and SENSE– pins are the inputs to the differential current comparator. The common mode voltage range on these pins is 0V to 65V (absolute maximum), enabling the LTC3894 to regulate an output voltage up Rev. A For more information www.analog.com 15 LTC3894 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION to a nominal 60V (allowing margin for tolerances and transients). The SENSE+ pin is high impedance. This high impedance allows the current comparators to be used in inductor DCR sensing. The impedance of the SENSE– pin changes depending on the common mode voltage. When SENSE– is less than 2.9V, it is high impedance, drawing less than 1µA. When SENSE– is above 3.2V, pin current increases considerably and can be as high as 1.2mA. Any voltage drop caused by the current along the SENSE– PCB board trace directly translates into errors in current sensing. The impedance of the SENSE– board layout trace need to be minimized to maintain high sensing accuracy. Optional filter component C1, mutual to the sense lines, should be placed close to the LTC3894, and the sense lines should run close together to a 4-wire Kelvin connection underneath the current sense element (shown in Figure 4). Sensing current elsewhere can effectively add parasitic inductance and capacitance to the current sense element, degrading the information at the sense terminals and making the programmed current limit unpredictable. If DCR sensing is used (Figure 3b), R1 should be placed close to the switching node, to prevent noise from coupling into sensitive small-signal nodes. TO SENSE FILTER NEXT TO THE CONTROLLER COUT CURRENT FLOW SWITCHING NODE INDUCTOR OR RSENSE 3894 F04 Figure 4. Sense Lines Placement with Inductor or Sense Resistor Low Value Resistor Current Sensing A typical sensing circuit using a discrete resistor is shown in Figure 3a. RSENSE is chosen based on the required output current. The voltage across the resistor, VSENSE, is proportional to inductor current. The LTC3894 current comparator has a fixed maximum current sense threshold VSENSE(MAX) of 100mV (typical). The current comparator threshold voltage sets the peak of the inductor current, yielding a maximum average output current, IOUT(MAX), equal to the peak value less half the 16 peak-to-peak ripple current, ∆IL. To calculate the sense resistor value, use the equation: RSENSE = VSENSE(MAX) ΔI IOUT(MAX) + L 2 Choose a sense resistor with low parasitic inductance to improve sensing accuracy. To ensure that the application will deliver full load current over the full operating temperature range, choose the minimum value (88mV) for the VSENSE(MAX) threshold in the Electrical Characteristics table and take into account inductance tolerance as listed in inductor manufacturer’s data sheet (typically ±20%). When using the controller in high duty cycle conditions, the maximum output current level will be reduced due to the internal compensation required to meet the stability criterion for buck regulators operating at greater than 50% duty factor. A curve is provided in the Typical Performance Characteristics section to estimate this reduction in peak inductor current depending upon the operating duty factor. (See Maximum Current Sense Threshold vs Duty Cycle curve on page 7). Inductor DCR Sensing For applications requiring the highest possible efficiency at high load currents, the LTC3894 is capable of sensing the voltage drop across the inductor DCR, as shown in Figure 3b. The DCR of the inductor represents the small amount of DC winding resistance of the copper, which can be less than 1mΩ for today’s low value, high current inductors. In a high current application requiring such an inductor, power loss through a sense resistor would cost several points of efficiency compared to inductor DCR sensing. If the external (R1||R2) • C1 time constant is chosen to be exactly equal to the L/DCR time constant, the voltage drop across the external capacitor is equal to the drop across the inductor DCR multiplied by R2/(R1 + R2). R2 scales the voltage across the sense terminals for applications where the DCR is greater than the target sense resistor value. To properly dimension the external filter For more information www.analog.com Rev. A LTC3894 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION components, the DCR of the inductor must be known. It can be measured using a good RLC meter, but the DCR tolerance is not always the same and varies with temperature; consult the manufacturers’ data sheets for detailed information. The maximum power loss in R1 is related to duty cycle, and will occur in continuous mode at the maximum input voltage: Using the inductor ripple current value from the Inductor Value Calculation section, the target sense resistor value is: RSENSE(EQUIV) = VSENSE(MAX) ΔI IOUT(MAX) + L 2 To ensure that the application will deliver full load current over the full operating temperature range, choose the minimum value (88mV) for the VSENSE(MAX) threshold in the Electrical Characteristics table. Next, determine the DCR of the inductor. When provided, use the manufacturer’s maximum value, usually given at 20°C. Increase this value to account for the temperature coefficient of copper resistance, which is approximately 0.4%/°C. A conservative value for TL(MAX) is 100°C. To scale the maximum inductor DCR to the desired sense resistor value, use the divider ratio RD: RD = R SENSE(EQUIV ) DCR M AX at TL(M AX) C1 is usually selected to be in the range of 0.1μF to 0.47μF. This forces R1|| R2 to around 2k, reducing error that might have been caused by the SENSE+ pin’s ±1μA current. The equivalent resistance R1||R2 is scaled to the room temperature inductance and maximum DCR: R1!R2 = L (DCR at 20°C)•C1 The sense resistor values are: R1= R1!R2 R1•RD R1!R2 ; R2 = = RD 1−RD 1−RD PLOSS R1= ( VIN(MAX) − VOUT ) • VOUT R1 Ensure that R1 has a power rating higher than this value. If high efficiency is necessary at light loads, consider this power loss when deciding whether to use DCR sensing or sense resistors. Light load power loss can be modestly higher with a DCR network than with a sense resistor, due to the extra switching losses incurred through R1. However, DCR sensing eliminates a sense resistor, reduces conduction losses and provides higher efficiency at heavy loads. Peak efficiency is about the same with either method. Power MOSFET Selection The LTC3894 drives a P-channel power MOSFET that serves as the main switch for the asynchronous stepdown converter. Important P-channel power MOSFET parameters include drain-to-source breakdown voltage VBR(DSS), threshold voltage VGS(TH), on-resistance RDS(ON), gate charge QG, and the MOSFET’s thermal resistance θJC(MOSFET) and θJA(MOSFET). A partial list of P-channel MOSFET devices suitable for a 150V high current LTC3894 application includes FDMS86263P (Fairchild), SIR873DP (Vishay), IRF6218S (Infineon), FDMC86259P (Fairchild), and Si7439DP (Vishay). The gate driver bias voltage VIN-VCAP is set by an internal LDO regulator. In normal operation, the CAP pin will be regulated to 8V below VIN. A minimum 0.47µF capacitor is required between the VIN and CAP pins to ensure LDO stability. If required, additional capacitance can be added to accommodate higher gate currents. The capacitance should be increased to a minimum of 2.2µF when the external N-channel MOSFET is used. In shutdown and Burst Mode operation, the CAP LDO is turned off. In the event of CAP leakage to ground, the CAP voltage is limited to 9V by a weak internal clamp from VIN to CAP. As a result, a minimum 10V VGS rated MOSFET is required. Rev. A For more information www.analog.com 17 LTC3894 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION The power dissipated by the P-channel MOSFET when the LTC3894 is in continuous conduction mode is given by: PMOSFET ≅ D •IOUT 2 • ρτ •RDS(ON) + ⎛I ⎞ VIN2 • ⎜ OUT ⎟ • (CMILLER ) • ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎡ RUP ⎤ RDN + ⎢ ⎥•f ⎣ ( VIN – VCAP ) – VMILLER VMILLER ⎦ where D is duty factor, RDS(ON) is on-resistance of P-MOSFET, ρt is temperature coefficient of on-resistance, RDN is the pull-down driver resistance specified at 0.9Ω typical and RUP is the pull-up driver resistance specified at 2Ω typical. VMILLER is the Miller effective VGS voltage and is taken graphically from the power MOSFET data sheet. The power MOSFET input capacitance CMILLER is the most important selection criteria for determining the transition loss term in the P-channel MOSFET but is not directly specified on MOSFET data sheets. CMILLER is a combination of several components, but it can be derived from the typical gate charge curve included on most data sheets (Figure 5). The curve is generated by forcing a constant current out of the gate of a common-source connected P-MOSFET that is loaded with a resistor, and then plotting the gate voltage versus time. The initial slope is the effect of the gate-to-source and gate-to-drain capacitances. The flat portion of the curve is the result of the Miller multiplication effect of the drainto-gate capacitance as the drain voltage rises across the resistor load. The Miller charge (the increase in coulombs on the horizontal axis from a to b while the curve is flat) is MILLER EFFECT VSG G b IGATE + RLOAD – VSD(TEST) QIN CMILLER = (QB – QA)/VSD(TEST) (a) 3894 F05 (b) Figure 5. (a) Typical P-MOSFET Gate Charge Characteristics and (b) Test Set-Up to Generate Gate Charge Curve 18 CMILLER ≅ Q GD VSD(TEST) The term with CMILLER accounts for transition loss, which is highest at high input voltages. For VIN < 20V, the high-current efficiency generally improves with larger MOSFETs, while for VIN > 20V, the transition losses rapidly increase to the point that the use of a higher RDS(ON) device with lower CMILLER actually provides higher efficiency. When an application is intended for use at low VIN, care must be taken to select a P-channel MOSFET with threshold voltage VGS(TH) low enough to operate at low VIN. Schottky Diode Selection When the P-MOSFET is turned off, a power Schottky diode is required to function as a commutating diode to carry the inductor current. The average diode current is therefore dependent on the P-MOSFET’s duty factor. The worst case condition for diode conduction is a short-circuit condition where the Schottky must handle the maximum current as its duty factor approaches 100% (and the P-channel MOSFET’s duty factor approaches 0%). The diode therefore must be chosen carefully to meet worst case voltage and current requirements. The equation below describes the continuous or average forward diode current rating required, where D is the regulator duty factor. S D a specified for a given VSD test voltage, but can be adjusted for different VSD voltages by multiplying by the ratio of the adjusted VSD to the curve specified VSD value. A way to estimate the CMILLER term is to take the change in gate charge from points a and b (or the parameter QGD on a manufacturer’s data sheet) and dividing it by the specified VSD test voltage, VSD(TEST). IF(AVG) ≅ I OUT(MAX) • (1–D) Once the average forward diode current is calculated, the power dissipation can be determined. Refer to the Schottky diode data sheet for the power dissipation PDIODE as a function of average forward current IF(AVG). PDIODE can also be iteratively determined by the two equations below, where VF(IOUT,TJ) is a function of both IF(AVG) and junction temperature TJ. Note that the thermal Rev. A For more information www.analog.com LTC3894 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION resistance θJA(DIODE) given in the data sheet is typical and can be highly layout dependent. It is therefore important to make sure that the Schottky diode has adequate heat sinking. T J ≅ P DIODE • θ J A(DIODE) + T A P DIODE ≅ I F( AVG) • V F(IOUT,TJ ) The Schottky diode forward voltage is a function of both IOUT and TJ, so several iterations may be required to satisfy both equations. The Schottky forward voltage VF should be taken from the Schottky diode data sheet curve showing Instantaneous Forward Voltage. The forward voltage will decrease as a function of TJ and increase as a function of IF. The nominal forward voltage will also tend to increase as the reverse breakdown voltage increases. It is therefore advantageous to select a Schottky diode appropriate to the input voltage requirements. CIN and COUT Selection The input capacitance CIN is required to filter the square wave current through the P-channel MOSFET. Use a low ESR capacitor sized to handle the maximum RMS current. V VIN ICIN(RMS) ≅ IOUT(MAX) • OUT • –1 VIN VOUT The formula has a maximum at VIN = 2VOUT, where ICIN(RMS) = IOUT(MAX)/2. This simple worst-case condition is commonly used for design because even significant deviations do not offer much relief. Note that ripple current ratings from capacitor manufacturers are often based on only 2000 hours of life, which makes it advisable to derate the capacitor. The selection of COUT is primarily determined by the ESR required to minimize voltage ripple and load step transients. The ∆VOUT is approximately bounded by: ⎛ ⎞ 1 ΔVOUT ≤ ΔIL ⎜ ESR+ 8 • f •COUT ⎟⎠ ⎝ ESR requirement is satisfied, the capacitance is adequate for filtering and has the necessary RMS current rating. Multiple capacitors placed in parallel may be needed to meet the ESR and RMS current handling requirements. Dry tantalum, specialty polymer, aluminum electrolytic and ceramic capacitors are all available in surface mount packages. Specialty polymer capacitors offer very low ESR but have lower specific capacitance than other types. Tantalum capacitors have the highest specific capacitance, but it is important to only use types that have been surge tested for use in switching power supplies. Aluminum electrolytic capacitors have significantly higher ESR, but can be used in cost-sensitive applications provided that consideration is given to ripple current ratings and longterm reliability. Ceramic capacitors have excellent low ESR characteristics but can have a high voltage coefficient and audible piezoelectric effects. The high Q of ceramic capacitors with trace inductance can also lead to significant ringing. When used as input capacitors, care must be taken to ensure that ringing from inrush currents and switching does not pose an overvoltage hazard to the power switch and controller. To dampen input voltage transients, add a small 5μF to 40μF aluminum electrolytic capacitor with an ESR in the range of 0.5Ω to 2Ω. High performance through-hole capacitors may also be used, but an additional ceramic capacitor in parallel is recommended to reduce the effect of lead inductance. Discontinuous and Continuous Operation The LTC3894 operates in discontinuous conduction (DCM) until the load current is high enough for the inductor current to be positive at the end of the switching cycle. The output load current at the continuous/discontinuous boundary IOUT(CDB) is given by the following equation: Since ∆IL increases with input voltage, the output ripple is highest at maximum input voltage. Typically, once the I OUT(CDB) ≅ (VIN – VOUT)( VOUT+ VF ) 2 • L • f •(VIN + VF ) The continuous/discontinuous boundary is inversely proportional to the inductor value. Therefore, if required, IOUT(CDB) can be reduced by increasing the inductor value. Rev. A For more information www.analog.com 19 LTC3894 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION RUN Pin and VIN Overvoltage/Undervoltage Lockout The LTC3894 is enabled using the RUN pin. It has a rising threshold of 1.24V with 100mV of hysteresis. Pulling the RUN pin below 1.12V shuts down the main control loop. Pulling it below 0.8V disables the controller and most internal circuits. In this state the LTC3894 draws only 7μA of quiescent current. The RUN pin is high impedance and must be externally pulled up/down or driven directly by logic. The RUN pin can tolerate up to 150V (absolute maximum), so it can be conveniently tied to VIN in always-on applications where the controller is enabled continuously and never shut down. The RUN and OVLO pins can alternatively be configured as adjustable undervoltage (UVLO) and overvoltage (OVLO) lockouts on the VIN supply with a resistor divider from VIN to ground. A simple resistor divider can be used as shown in Figure 6 to meet specific VIN voltage requirements. The current that flows through the R3-R4-R5 divider will directly add to the shutdown, sleep, and active current of the LTC3894, and care should be taken to minimize the impact of this current on the overall efficiency of the application circuit. Resistor values in the megaohm range may be required to keep the impact on quiescent shutdown and sleep currents low. To pick resistor values, the sum total of R3 + R4 + R5 (RTOTAL) should be chosen first based on the allowable DC current that can be drawn from VIN. The individual values of R3, R4 and R5 can be calculated from the following equations: R5 = R TOTAL • 0.8V RISING VIN OVLO THRESHOLD R4 = R TOTAL • 1.24V –R5 RISING VIN UVLO THRESHOLD R3 = R TOTAL –R5 –R4 For applications that do not require an OVLO, the OVLO pin can be tied directly to ground. The RUN pin in this type of application can be used as an external UVLO using the previous equations with R5 = 0Ω. 20 VIN R3 RUN R4 LTC3894 OVLO R5 3894 F06 Figure 6. Adjustable UV and OV Lockout Similarly, for applications that do not require an adjustable UVLO, the RUN pin can be tied to VIN. In this configuration, the UVLO threshold is limited to the internal VIN-CAP UVLO thresholds (VUVLO) as shown in the Electrical Characteristics table. The resistor values for the OVLO can be computed using the previous equations with R3 = 0Ω. PGOOD Programming in Dropout Applications (PGUV Pin) The PGUV or Power Good Undervoltage pin is included to give greater flexibility in defining a normal range of operating VOUT for the LTC3894. In a conventional DC/DC controller, the OV and UV comparators monitor the VFB pin and define a fixed ± power good window about a regulation point for VOUT. In the LTC3894, the OV comparator monitors the VFB pin and the UV comparator monitors the PGUV pin. For a typical application that does not operate in dropout, the PGUV pin can be tied to the VFB pin to establish a conventional ±10% PGOOD window around the regulation point, outside of which VOUT enters UV and OV condition respectively. Because the LTC3894 is a 100% duty cycle controller, it can be used in applications where dropout or operating VOUT below regulation is part of normal operation. For those applications, the PGUV pin can be used to establish a lower limit for PGOOD independent of the VFB pin. A good example of defining power good in both regulation and dropout is a 12V battery output preregulator with a wide ranging VIN and VOUT regulation point set at 12V. If the defined operating output range is 12V to 9V a conventional power good cannot be used because 9V is under the VFB UV threshold (12V – 10% or 10.8V). In this example, the PGOOD window is defined between 10% above 12V Rev. A For more information www.analog.com LTC3894 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION and 10% below 9V. The Output Voltage OV (VOUTOV) is 13.2V and Output Voltage UV (VOUTUV) is 8.1V. To set PGUV to trigger at 9V minus 10% or 8.1V use a resistor divider as seen in Figure 7. The resistors RUV1 and RUV2 set the divided output to the PGUV pin. VOUTUV is defined as the voltage where the divided output on the RFB1 and RFB2 can be calculated as follows: RUV2 RUV1 3894 F07 Figure 7. Programmable Power Good UV PGUV pin is 0.72V (0.8V – 10%). The resistor divider may be calculated as follows: RUV(1,2) is chosen based on IQ current requirements. R UV(1,2) = R UV1 + R UV2 = Assume 500k R UV1 = 500k • 0.72V VOUTUV 0.72V = 44k 8.1 R UV2 = R UV(1,2) – R UV1 = 500k – 44k = 456k , use 453k To reduce IQ and component counts, the above resistor divider can be combined with the feedback resistors as shown here and in Figure 13. VOUT RFB3 PGUV LTC3894 RFB2 VFB 3894 F08 RFB2 = 0.72V •RFB3 –R = 3.8k, use 3.74k VOUTUV – 0.72V FB1 The final selection of RFB3  =  1MΩ, RFB2  =  13.7k and RFB1 = 3.74k results in VOUT(REGULATION) = 59.4V and VOUTUV = 42V. PGUV R UV1 = R UV(1,2) • 0.8V • VOUTUV •RFB3 = 13.6k VOUT(REGULATION) • ( VOUTUV – 0.72V ) Select RFB1 to be the 1% standard value of 13.7k. VOUT LTC3894 RFB1 = RFB1 Figure 8. External N-Channel MOSFET Bias Path for the Gate Driver (DRVUV/EXTG Pin and EXTS Pin) The LTC3894 has an internal LDO to regulate the gate driver bias voltage (VIN-CAP) to a nominal 8V and provide the gate drive current. The amount of the gate current depends on the external P-channel MOSFET gate capacitance and switching frequency. Charging and discharging the gate of the external P-channel MOSFET will result in an effective gate drive current and power loss inside the chip. For applications where a large gate drive current and high VIN generate excessively high internal power dissipation, the LTC3894 offers an option to bypass the internal LDO with an external N-channel MOSFET. This option will move the power dissipation off chip and lower the internal chip temperature. To effectively keep the chip and board temperature low, sufficient heat sink is required for the N-channel MOSFET. The connections for the N-channel MOSFET are shown in the Functional Diagram on page 10. Connecting the N-channel MOSFET automatically select the UVLO threshold of 6V. External buffer resistor REXTG (1k) and ceramic bypass capacitors CEXTS and CEXTG (0.1µF each, 20V rated) are required and need to be placed as close as practical to the N-channel MOSFET source terminal and EXTG pin respectively to ensure stable operation. With the following design specifications: VOUT(REGULATION) = 60V, VOUTUV = 42V and choose RFB3 = 1MΩ, Rev. A For more information www.analog.com 21 LTC3894 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION External N-Channel MOSFET Selection External Soft-Start and Output Tracking When selecting an external NMOS device for the external gate driver charge path, threshold VGS(TH) ,maximum VDS rating, and maximum power rating need to be considered for the maximum VIN used in an application . A NMOS with VGS(TH) less than 5V should be used. During operation, the maximum continuous voltage drop across the external N-channel MOSFET VDS can be calculated as: Start-up characteristics are controlled by the voltage on the TRACK/SS pin. When the voltage on the TRACK/SS pin is less than the internal 0.8V reference, the LTC3894 regulates the VFB pin voltage to the voltage on the TRACK/ SS pin. When the TRACK/SS pin is greater than the internal 0.8V reference, the VFB pin voltage regulates to the 0.8V internal reference. The TRACK/SS pin can be used to program an external soft-start function or to allow VOUT to track another supply during start-up. VDS(EXT.NMOS) = VIN – 8V The average current flowing through the NMOS can be calculated as: IAVG_NMOS = QG(ext. PFET) • f where QG(ext. PFET) is the total Gate charge needed to turn on the external PFET in a switching cycle, f is the switching frequency. Soft-start is enabled by connecting a capacitor from the TRACK/SS pin to ground. An internal 10µA current source charges the capacitor, providing a linear ramping voltage at the TRACK/SS pin that causes VOUT to rise smoothly from 0V to its final regulated value. The total soft-start time will be approximately: Total power dissipation in the N-channel MOSFET is: PNMOS = VDS(EXT.NMOS) • IAVG_NMOS = (VIN – 8V) • QG(ext. PFET) • f As it can be seen, the maximum power dissipation occurs at maximum VIN of 150V. For example , in an application where VIN = 150V, QG(ext. PFET) = 30nC, f = 350kHz, PNMOS = 142V • 30nC • 350kHz = 142V • 10.5mA = 1.49W Sufficient heat sink is needed to remove the heat generated. tSS = C SS • 0.8V 10µA When the LTC3894 is configured to track another supply, a voltage divider can be used from the tracking supply to the TRACK/SS pin to scale the ramp rate appropriately. Two common implementations of tracking as shown in Figure 9a are coincident and ratiometric. For coincident tracking, make the divider ratio from the external supply the same as the divider ratio for the feedback voltage. Ratiometric tracking could be achieved by using a different ratio than the feedback (Figure 9b). Note that the constant TRACK/SS pin current produces a small offset error to the resistive divider tracking. Account for the error or minimize it by selecting small tracking resistor values. 22 Rev. A For more information www.analog.com LTC3894 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION EXTERNAL SUPPLY VOLTAGE VOLTAGE EXTERNAL SUPPLY VOUT VOUT TIME TIME Coincident Tracking Ratiometric Tracking 3894 F08a Figure 9(a). Two Different Modes of Output Tracking EXT. V VOUT RFB2 R1 TO VFB TRACK/SS RFB1 VOUT EXT. V RFB2 TRACK/SS RFB1 R2 0.8V ≥ R1+ R2 EXT. V R2 RFB2 TO VFB RFB1 3894 F08b Coincident Tracking Setup Ratiometric Tracking Setup Figure 9(b): Setup for Ratiometric and Coincident Tracking Short-Circuit Faults: Current Limit and Foldback In the LTC3894, the maximum inductor current is inherently limited by the current mode controller by the maximum current sense threshold voltage VSENSE(MAX). LTC3894 also includes current foldback to help limit load current when the output is shorted to ground. When the output feedback VFB voltage is less than 72% of the 0.8V internal reference (560mV), and PGUV is less than 0.72V, current limiting foldback is activated. The current limit will continue to drop as VFB drops until reaching a minimum foldback current of about 36% of the the full operational current limit. Under short-circuit conditions with very low duty cycles, cycle skipping will begin in order to limit the short-circuit current, thus preventing current limit runaway. In this situation, the power Schottky diode will be dissipating most of the power that is considerably reduced by the current limit foldback. The short-circuit ripple current is determined by the minimum on-time, tON(MIN), the input voltage and inductor value: ⎛V ⎞ ΔI L(SC)= tON(MIN) ⎜ IN ⎟ ⎝ L ⎠ The resulting average short-circuit current is: 1 ISC = 45% •ILIM(MAX) – ΔIL(SC) 2 Rev. A For more information www.analog.com 23 LTC3894 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Short-Circuit Recovery and Internal Soft-Start An internal soft-start feature guarantees a maximum positive output voltage slew rate in all operational cases. In a short-circuit recovery condition for example, the output recovery rate is limited by the internal soft-start so that output voltage overshoot and excessive inductor current buildup is prevented. The internal soft-start voltage and the external TRACK/SS pin operate independently. The output will track the lower of the two voltages. The slew rate of the internal soft-start voltage is roughly 0.6V/ms, which translates to a total soft-start time of 1.3ms. If the slew rate of the TRACK/SS pin is greater than 0.6V/ms the output will track the internal soft-start ramp. To assure robust fault recovery, the internal soft-start feature is active in all operational cases. VIN VOLTAGE VOUT INTERNAL SOFT-START INDUCED START-UP (NO EXTERNAL SOFT-START CAPACITOR) ~ 650µs TIME (a) VOLTAGE INTERNAL SOFT-START INDUCED RECOVERY VOLTAGE VIN VIN DROPOUT VOUT Table 2 INTERNAL SOFT-START INDUCED RECOVERY TYPICAL UVLO EXT RISING THRESHOLD NMOS TIME (c) 3894 F09 Figure 10. Internal Soft-Start (a) Allows Soft Start-Up without an External Soft-Start Capacitor and Allows Soft Recovery from (b) a Short-Circuit or (c) a VIN Dropout 24 At higher temperatures, or in cases where the internal power dissipation causes excessive self heating on chip, the overtemperature shutdown circuitry will shut down the LTC3894. When the junction temperature exceeds approximately 180°C, the overtemperature circuitry shuts down most of the LTC3894 chip including the external P-channel MOSFET and discharges TRACK/SS to ground. Once the junction temperature drops back to the approximately 165°C, the chip turns back on and restarts with a soft-start ramp. Long term overstress (TJ > 125°C) should be avoided as it can degrade the performance or shorten the life of the part. Table 2 summarizes the values of UVLO threshold selected for different EXTG and EXTS pin configurations. Note that when the external N-channel MOSFET is used, the 6V UVLO is selected by default. (b) VOUT Fault Conditions: Overtemperature Protection The DRVUV/EXTG pin can be used to select one of the two Undervoltage Lockout thresholds (UVLO) for the Gate drive bias voltage(VIN-CAP). When the pin is grounded, the gate drive UVLO threshold is set to 3.75V. When DRVUV/EXTG is floated, the UVLO is set to 6V. TIME VIN The internal soft-start assures a clean soft ramp-up from any fault condition that causes the output to droop, guaranteeing a maximum ramp rate in soft-start, short-circuit fault release, or output recovery from drop out. Figure 10 illustrates how internal soft-start controls the output ramp-up rate under varying scenarios. UVLO Selection (DRVUV/EXTG Pin) VOUT SHORT-CIRCUIT If a short-circuit condition occurs which causes the output to drop significantly, the internal soft-start will assure a soft recovery when the fault condition is removed. DRVUV/EXTG EXTS 3.75V No GND GND 6V No FLOAT GND 6V Yes* Connected to Connected to External N-Channel External N-Channel MOSFET GATE MOSFET SOURCE *(Connect the external N-channel MOSFET drain to the CAP pin.) Rev. A For more information www.analog.com LTC3894 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION With the user selectable UVLO threshold, The LTC3894 is designed to accommodate applications requiring widely varying input voltages from 4.5V to 150V. There is a built-in hysteresis between UVLO rising and UVLO falling thresholds and its implication must be carefully considered in low VIN operation. When DRVUV/EXTG pin is grounded, the nominal UVLO threshold with VIN rising is 3.75V and the nominal UVLO falling is 3.5V. For the low UVLO threshold selection, the operating input voltage range of the LTC3894 is guaranteed to be 3.75V to 150V over temperature, but the initial VIN ramp must exceed 3.75V to guarantee a start-up. When the DRVUV/EXTG pin is greater than 300mV, the nominal UVLO threshold rising is 6V and nominal UVLO falling is 5.55V. For this high UVLO threshold selection, the operating input voltage range of the LTC3894 is guaranteed to be 5.55V to 150V over temperature, but the initial VIN ramp must exceed 6V to guarantee a start-up. An automotive battery droops during a cold crank condition. The typical automotive battery voltage is 12V to 14.4V, which has more than enough headroom for the LTC3894 to start up. Onboard electronics which are powered by a DC/DC regulator require a minimum supply voltage for seamless operation during the cold crank condition, and the battery may droop close to these minimum supply requirements during a cold crank. The DC/DC regulator should not exacerbate the situation by having excessive voltage drop between the already suppressed battery voltage input and the output of the regulator which powers these electronics. As seen in Figure 11, the LTC3894’s 100% duty cycle capability allows low dropout from the battery to the output. The drop from VIN to VOUT is determined by the output Load current multiplied by the total series resistance in dropout mode. The guaranteed UVLO falling thresholds of 3.5V and 5.55V assure sufficient margin for continuous, uninterrupted operation in extreme cold crank battery drooping conditions. However, additional input capacitance or slower soft-start time may be required at low VIN in order to limit VIN droop caused by inrush currents, especially if the input source has a sufficiently large output impedance. VBATTERY 12V VOLTAGE VIN Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) VOUT 5V LTC3894’s 100% DUTY CYCLE CAPABILITY ALLOWS VOUT TO RIDE VIN WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT DROP-OUT TIME 3894 F10 Figure 11. Typical Automotive Cold Crank Minimum On-Time Considerations The minimum on-time, tON(MIN), is the smallest time duration that the LTC3894 is capable of turning on an external P-channel MOSFET, and is typically 125ns. It is determined by internal timing delays and the gate charge required to turn on the MOSFET. Low-duty-cycle applications may approach this minimum on-time limit, so care should be taken to ensure that: t ON(MIN) < V OUT V IN(MAX ) • f If the duty cycle falls below what can be accommodated by the minimum on-time, the controller will skip cycles. However, the output voltage will continue to regulate, but the voltage and current ripple will increase. Efficiency Considerations The percent efficiency of a switching regulator is equal to the output power divided by the input power times 100%. It is often useful to analyze individual losses to determine the dominant contributors and therefore where efficiency improvements can be made. Percent efficiency can be expressed as: % Efficiency = 100% – (L1 + L2 + L3 + …) where L1, L2, L3, etc., are the individual losses as a percentage of input power. Rev. A For more information www.analog.com 25 LTC3894 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Although all dissipative elements in the circuit produce losses, four main sources account for most of the losses in LTC3894 application circuits. 1. I2R Loss: I2R losses result from the P-channel MOSFET resistance, inductor resistance, the current sense resistor, and input and output capacitor ESR. In continuous mode operation the average output current flows through L but is chopped between the P-channel MOSFET and the bottom side Schottky diode. The following equation may be used to determine the total I2R loss: ⎡RDCR +RSENSE +D • •⎢ ⎠ ⎢⎣ RDS(ON) +RESR(CIN) ⎛ I2OUT + ΔI2L ⎞ 2 PL R ≈ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 12 ( ) ⎤ ⎥+ ⎥⎦ ΔI2L •RESR(COUT) 12 2. Transition Loss: Transition loss of the P-channel MOSFET becomes significant only when operating at high input voltages (typically 20V or greater.) The P-channel transition losses (PPMOSTRL) can be determined from the following equation: ⎛I ⎞ PPMOSTRL = VIN2 • ⎜ OUT ⎟ • (CMILLER ) • ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎡ RUP ⎤ RDN + ⎢ ⎥•f ⎣ ( VIN − VCAP ) – VMILLER VMILLER ⎦ 3. Gate Charging Loss: Charging and discharging the gate of the MOSFET will result in an effective gate charging current. Each time the P-channel MOSFET gate is switched from low to high and low again, a packet of charge dQ moves from the capacitor across VIN-VCAP and is then replenished from VIN by the internal VCAP regulator. The resulting dQ/dt current is a current out of VIN flowing to ground. The total power loss in the controller including gate charging loss is determined by the following equation: PCNTRL = VIN • (IQ + f •QG(PMOSFET)) 26 4. Schottky Loss: The Schottky diode loss is most significant at low duty factors (high step down ratios). The critical component is the Schottky forward voltage as a function of junction temperature and current. The Schottky power loss is given by the following equation. PDIODE ≅ (1–D)•IOUT • VF(IOUT,TJ) When making adjustments to improve efficiency, the input current is the best indicator of changes in efficiency. If changes cause the input current to decrease, then the efficiency has increased. If there is no change in input current, there is no change in efficiency. OPTI-LOOP® Compensation OPTI-LOOP compensation, through the availability of the ITH pin, allows the transient response to be optimized for a wide range of loads and output capacitors. The ITH pin not only allows optimization of the control loop behavior but also provides a test point for the stepdown regulator ’s DC-coupled and AC-filtered closed-loop response. The DC step, rise time and settling at this test point truly reflects the closed-loop response. Assuming a predominantly second order system, phase margin and/ or damping factor can be estimated using the percentage of overshoot seen at this pin. The bandwidth can also be estimated by examining the rise time at this pin. The ITH series RITH-CITH1 filter sets the dominant polezero loop compensation. Additionally, a small capacitor placed from the ITH pin to signal ground, CITH2, may be required to attenuate high frequency noise. The values can be modified to optimize transient response once the final PCB layout is done and the particular output capacitor type and value have been determined. The output capacitors need to be selected because their various types and values determine the loop feedback factor gain and phase. An output current pulse of 20% to 100% of full load current having a rise time of 1μs to 10μs will produce output voltage and ITH pin waveforms that will give a sense of the overall loop stability without breaking the feedback loop. The general goal of OPTI-LOOP compensation is to realize a fast but stable ITH response with minimal output Rev. A For more information www.analog.com LTC3894 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION droop due to the load step. For a detailed explanation of OPTI-LOOP compensation, refer to Application Note 76. Switching regulators take several cycles to respond to a step in load current. When a load step occurs, VOUT immediately shifts by an amount equal to ∆ILOAD • ESR, where ESR is the effective series resistance of COUT . ∆ILOAD also begins to charge or discharge COUT , generating a feedback error signal used by the regulator to return VOUT to its steady-state value. During this recovery time, VOUT can be monitored for overshoot or ringing that would indicate a stability problem. Connecting a resistive load in series with a power MOSFET, then placing the two directly across the output capacitor and driving the gate with an appropriate signal generator is a practical way to produce a realistic load-step condition. The initial output voltage step resulting from the step change in output current may not be within the bandwidth of the feedback loop, so this signal cannot be used to determine phase margin. This is why it is better to look at the ITH pin signal which is in the feedback loop and is the filtered and compensated feedback loop response. The gain of the loop increases with RITH and the bandwidth of the loop increases with decreasing CITH1. If RITH is increased by the same factor that CITH1 is decreased, the zero frequency will be kept the same, thereby keeping the phase the same in the most critical frequency range of the feedback loop. In addition, a feedforward capacitor, CFF , can be added to improve the high frequency response, as shown in Figure 1. Capacitor CFF provides phase lead by creating a high frequency zero with RFB2 which improves the phase margin. The output voltage settling behavior is related to the stability of the closed-loop system and will demonstrate overall performance of the step-down regulator. In some applications, a more severe transient can be caused by switching in loads with large (>10μF) input capacitors. If the switch connecting the load has low resistance and is driven quickly, then the discharged input capacitors are effectively put in parallel with COUT , causing a rapid drop in VOUT . No regulator can deliver enough current to prevent this problem. The solution is to limit the turn-on speed of the load switch driver. A hot swap controller is designed specifically for this purpose and usually incorporates current limiting, short-circuit protection and soft starting. Design Example Consider a step-down regulator with the following specifications (Figure 12): VIN = 6V to 150V, VOUT = 5V, IOUT(MAX) = 3A, and f = 200kHz The output voltage is programmed according to: ⎛V ⎞ RFB2 = RFB1 • ⎜ OUT • –1⎟ ⎝ 0.8V ⎠ Select a 1% standard value resistor RFB1 = 80.6k, then calculate and choose RFB2 = 422k. A 36.5kΩ between the FREQ pin and signal ground programs the switching frequency to 200kHz. The smallest on-time Ton occurs at 150V VIN and can be calculated as: TON = 5V ≈ 182ns 200kHz •150V This on-time TON is larger than LTC3894’s minimum on-time of 125ns with sufficient margin to prevent cycle skipping. Next, set the inductor value to give 37% worst case ripple at maximum VIN = 150V: L= 5V 5V ⎞ ⎛ ⎜⎝ 1– ⎟ ≈ 21.7µH 0.37 • 3A • 200kHz 150V ⎠ Select a standard inductor of 22μH. The resulting maximum inductor ripple current is: ∆IL = 5V 5V ⎞ ⎛ ⎜⎝ 1– ⎟ ≈ 1.1A 22µH• 200kHz 150V ⎠ Next, set the RSENSE resistor value to ensure that the converter can deliver the maximum load current of 3A with sufficient margin to account for component variations and worst-case operating conditions. Using a 20% margin Rev. A For more information www.analog.com 27 LTC3894 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION factor and the minimum value for the maximum current sense threshold (88mV), RSENSE can be calculated to be: These power dissipation calculations show that careful attention to heat sinking will be necessary. 88mV = 20.6mΩ 1.1A ⎞ ⎛ 1.2 • 3A + ⎝ 2 ⎠ An output short-circuit to ground will result in an output current limit foldback of: RSENSE = ISC = 36mV 1 ⎛ 125ns – 150V ⎞ – ⎟⎠ = 1.37A 20mV 2 ⎜⎝ 22µH Select RSENSE to be the standard value of 20mΩ with sufficient power rating. The maximum value of the peak inductor current limit can be calculated using the maximum value for the maximum current sense threshold (112mV): PDIODE ≈ 1.37A • 0.57V = 0.78W IL(PEAK ) = 112mV = 5.6A 20mΩ Choose an inductor that has rated saturation current higher than 5.6A with sufficient margin. The nominal output current limit can be calculated as: ILIMIT = 100mV 1.1A – = 4.45A 20mΩ 2 5V 2 2 3A • ( 3A ) •1.4 • 4.5mΩ + (150V ) • 150V 2 2Ω ⎞ ⎛ 0.9Ω •⎜ + • 90pF • 200kHz ⎝ 8V – 3.9V 3.9V ⎟⎠ ≈ 18.9mW + 445mW PPMOS = = 464mW Next choose an appropriate Schottky diode that will handle the power requirements. The Diodes Inc. PDS4150 Schottky diode is selected (VF(4A,125°C)  =  0.57V, VR = 150V, θJA = 90°C/W) for this application. The power dissipation at full load = 3A can be calculated as: 5V ⎞ ⎛ PDIODE = 3A • ⎜ 1– • 0.57V = 1.65W ⎝ 150V ⎟⎠ 28 The power dissipated in Schottky diode in short circuit foldback is less than when under full-load conditions. Choose low ESR ceramic capacitors as the input bypass capacitors that can handle the maximum RMS current of 1.5A over temperature. COUT is chosen with an ESR of 0.02Ω for low output ripple. The output ripple in continuous mode will be highest at the maximum input voltage. The output voltage ripple due to ESR is approximately: VORIPPLE = RESR • ΔIL = 0.02Ω • 1.1A = 22mVP-P Next choose a P-channel MOSFET with the appropriate BVDSS and ID rating. In this example, a good choice is the FAIRCHILD FDMS86263P (BVDSS = 150V, ID = –4.4A, RDS(ON) = 45mΩ, θJA = 50°C/W, ρT = 1.4 at 75°C). The power dissipation on the P-MOSFET can be estimated for VIN of 150V with T (estimated) = 75°C as follows: The resulting power dissipated in the Schottky diode is: A soft-start time of 8ms can be programmed through a 0.1μF capacitor on the SS pin: CSS = 8ms •10µA = 0.1µF 0.8V PC Board Layout Checklist When laying out the printed circuit board, the following checklist should be used to ensure proper operation of the LTC3894. 1. Multilayer boards with dedicated ground layers are preferable for reduced noise and for heat sinking purposes. Use wide rails and/or entire planes for VIN, VOUT and GND for good filtering and minimal copper loss. If a ground layer is used, then it should be immediately below (and/or above) the routing layer for the power train components which consist of CIN, sense resistor, P-MOSFET, Schottky diode, inductor, and COUT. Flood unused areas of all layers with copper for better heat sinking. Rev. A For more information www.analog.com LTC3894 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION 2. Keep signal and power grounds separate except at the point where they are shorted together. Short signal and power ground together only at a single point with a narrow PCB trace (or single via in a multilayer board). All power train components should be referenced to power ground and all small signal components (e.g., CITH1, RFB1, RFB2, RFREQ, CSS etc.) should be referenced to signal ground. 3. Place CIN, CCAP, the Schottky diode, the P-channel MOSFET, inductor, and primary COUT capacitors close together in one compact area. The junction connecting the drain of P-MOSFET, cathode of Schottky, and (+) terminal of inductor (this junction is commonly referred to as the switch or phase node) should be compact but large enough to handle the inductor currents without large copper losses. Place the source of P-channel MOSFET as close as possible to the (+) plate of CIN capacitor(s) that provides the bulk of the AC current (these are normally the ceramic capacitors), and connect the anode of the Schottky diode as close as possible to the (–) terminal of the same CIN capacitor(s). The high dI/dt loop formed by CIN, the MOSFET, and the Schottky diode should have short leads and PCB trace lengths to minimize high frequency EMI and voltage stress from inductive ringing. The (–) terminal of the primary COUT capacitor(s) which filters the bulk of the inductor ripple current (these are normally the ceramic capacitors) should also be connected close to the (–) terminal of CIN. 4. Keep high dV/dt signals on the GATE and the switch nodes away from sensitive small signal traces and components. All of these nodes have very large and fast moving signals and therefore should be kept on the output side of the LTC3894 and occupy minimum PC trace area. 5. The SENSE– and SENSE+ leads should be routed together as a differential pair with minimum PC trace spacing. The optional filter capacitor between SENSE+ and SENSE– should be as close as possible to the IC. Ensure accurate current sensing with Kelvin connections at the SENSE resistor. DCR sensing resistor R1 should be placed close to the switch node. Current through the SENSE– trace can be 1mA or higher and IR drop along the trace can adversely affect current sensing accuracy. Care must be taken to reduce SENSE– board trace impedance. 6. Place the resistive feedback divider RFB1/2 as close as possible to the VFB pin and connect it between the (+) terminal of COUT or the output regulation point and signal ground. The divider shall not share a common path with SENSE– connection and should be away from any noisy power train path and components. 7. Place the ceramic CCAP capacitor as close as possible to VIN and CAP pins. This capacitor provides the gate charging current for the power P-channel MOSFET. 8. Place small signal components as close to their respective pins as possible. This minimizes the possibility of PCB noise coupling into these pins. Give priority to VFB, ITH, and FREQ pins. Use sufficient isolation when routing a clock signal into PLLIN /MODE pin so that the clock does not couple into sensitive small signal pins. 9. Minimize the length of board connection between the Gate pin and gate terminal of the external P-channel MOSFET and the connection between the CAP pin and the drain terminal of the external N-channel MOSFET when it is used. Rev. A For more information www.analog.com 29 LTC3894 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS L1 22µH MP1 VIN 6V TO 150V CIN2 0.22µF 200V ×2 + CIN1 12µF 160V ×2 RUN CVIN1 0.1µF 200V CCAP 0.47µF CITH1 3.3nF RITH1 5.76k RSENSE 20mΩ D1 CSNS 1nF COUT2 330µF 6.3V SENSE+ SENSE– GATE PGOOD VIN CAP OVLO DRVUV/EXTG EXTS ITH GND CITH2 47pF TRACK/SS RFREQ 36.5k VOUT 5V 3A COUT1 10µF 50V ×2 RPG 100k RFB2 422k PGUV VFB LTC3894 FREQ + CVIN1: 0.1µF 200V MURATA GRM31CR72D104KW03L CCAP: 0.47µF 16V MURATA GCM188R71C474KA55L CIN1:12µF 160V ILLINOIS CAPACTOR 126AVG160MGBJ CIN2: 0.22µF 200V MURATA GRM32DR72D224KW01 RSENSE : 20mΩ SUSUMU KRL3216E-M-R020-F-T1 L1: 22µH WURTH ELEKTRONIK 7447709220 OR 7447704220 MP1: FAIRCHILD FDMS86263P D1: DIODES PDS4150 COUT2: 330µF 6.3V AVS TPSD337M006R0050 COUT1: 10µF 50V MURATA GRM31CR61H106MA12L RFB1 80.6k PLLIN/MODE CSS1 0.1µF 3894 TA02a Efficiency vs Load Current 100 90 Power Loss vs Load Current 10k Burst Mode OPERATION 1k 70 POWER LOSS (mW) EFFICIENCY (%) 80 60 50 40 VIN = 12V VIN = 24V VIN = 48V VIN = 100V VIN = 150V 30 20 10 0 0.0001 Burst Mode OPERATION 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1 100 10 VIN = 12V VIN = 24V VIN = 48V VIN = 100V VIN = 150V 1 3 0.1 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 3894 TA02b 1 3 3894 TA02c Figure 12. High Efficiency 150V to 5V/3A, 200kHz Step-Down Regulator 30 Rev. A For more information www.analog.com LTC3894 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS VIN 30V TO 120V* CIN2 1µF 250V ×3 + CIN1 12µF 160V ×2 ROV3 953k ROV2 33.2k ROV1 6.65k CITH1 330pF RITH1 48.7k CCAP 0.47µF RSENSE 33mΩ COUT2 100µF 63V RSP 10Ω D1 + SENSE+ SENSE– RPG 100k PGOOD VIN CAP OVLO RFB3 1M PGUV LTC3894 RFB2 3.74k DRVUV/EXTG EXTS ITH VFB GND CITH2 10pF VOUT 60V** 2A COUT1 4.7µF 100V ×3 CSNS 1nF GATE RUN FREQ RFREQ 64.9k TRACK/SS RFB1 13.7k PLLIN/MODE CSS1 0.1µF 450kHz EXTERNAL CLOCK * SURGES TO 150V, OVLO STOPS SWITCHING WHEN VIN > 120V. REGULATOR SHUTS DOWN WHEN VIN < 30V. CIN1: 12µF 160V ILLINOIS CAP 126AVG160MGBJ CIN2: 1µF 250V TDK CGA8P3X7T2E105KS COUT1: 4.7µF 100V TDK CGA6M3X7S2A475K COUT2: 100µF 63V UNITED CHEMI-CON EMVH630ARA101MKE0S L1: 60µH WURTH ELEKTRONIK 7447709680 MP1: FAIRCHILD FDMC86259P D1: ST MICRO STPS10150CG 3894 TA03a ** VOUT FOLLOWS VIN WHEN VIN < 60V. PGOOD UNDERVOLTAGE = 42V Efficiency and Power Loss vs Load Current 100 90 80 10 PULSE–SKIPPING MODE VIN = 75V VOUT = 60V 70 60 1 50 40 POWER LOSS 30 20 POWER LOSS (mW) EFFICIENCY (%) CVIN1 0.1µF L1 68µH MP1 EFFICIENCY 10 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1 3 0.1 3894 TA03b Figure 13. High Efficiency 120V Input to 60V Step-Down Regulator with Surge Protection to 150V Rev. A For more information www.analog.com 31 LTC3894 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS VIN 6V TO 150V L1 15µH MP1 CIN2 1µF 250V ×3 + RUN CCAP 0.47µF CVIN1 0.1µF 200V CITH1 4.7nF RITH1 7.5k RDCR1 D1 16.9k CIN1 12µF 160V ×3 RDCR2 63.4k + SENSE+ GATE VOUT 3.3V 3A COUT1 10µF 50V ×2 CDCR 47nF RPG 100k SENSE– PGOOD VIN RFB3 1M CAP PGUV VFB LTC3894 OVLO DRVUV/EXTG EXTS ITH GND CITH2 47pF COUT2 220µF 6.3V FREQ RFREQ 32.4k TRACK/SS RFB1 316k PLLIN/MODE CSS1 0.1µF CIN1: 12µF 160V ILLINOIS CAP 126AVG160MGBJ CIN2: 1µF 250V TDK CGA8P3X7T2E105KS COUT1: 10µF 50V MURATA GRM31CR61H106MA12L COUT2: 220µF 6.3V KEMET T520B227M006ATE045 L1: 15µH WURTH ELEKTRONIK 744771115 MP1: FAIRCHILD FDMS86263P D1: ST MICRO STPS10150CG 3894 TA04a Efficiency and Power Loss vs Load Current 100 90 1 70 0.1 60 50 EFFICIENCY POWER LOSS 40 0.01 30 POWER LOSS (mW) EFFICIENCY (%) 80 10 Burst Mode OPERATION VIN = 28V VOUT = 3.3V 0.001 20 10 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1 3 0.0001 3894 TA04b Figure 14. 6V to 150V Input, 3.3V/3A Output, 175kHz Step-Down Regulator 32 Rev. A For more information www.analog.com LTC3894 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS VIN 6V TO 100V L1 39µH MP1 CIN2 4.7µF 100V + RUN CVIN1 0.1µF CITH1 150pF RITH1 280k D1 CSNS 1nF COUT1 330µF 16V + VIN RPG 100k PGOOD CAP RFB3 1M LTC3894 OVLO DRVUV/EXTG EXTS ITH GND VOUT 12V** 2A COUT2 22µF 16V ×2 SENSE+ SENSE– GATE PGUV CFB2 10pF VFB FREQ TRACK/SS RFB1 71.5k PLLIN/MODE CSS1 0.1µF CITH2 47pF ** VOUT FOLLOWS VIN WHEN VIN < 12V CIN1: 100µF 100V PANASONIC EEE-FK2A101AM CIN2: 4.7µF 100V TDK CGA6M3X7S2A475K COUT1: 330µF 16V AVX TCJE337M016R0050 COUT2: 22µF 16V TDK C3225X5R1C226MT L1: 39µH WURTH ELEKTRONIK 7447709390 MP1: FAIRCHILD FDMS86163P D1: VISHAY V12P10 3894 TA05a Efficiency and Power Loss vs Load Current 100 90 80 100k Burst Mode OPERATION VIN = 48V VOUT = 12V 10k 70 1k 60 50 EFFICIENCY 100 40 30 POWER LOSS 20 POWER LOSS (mW) EFFICIENCY (%) CCAP 0.47µF CIN1 100µF 100V RSENSE 33mΩ 10 10 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1 2 1 3894 TA05b Figure 15. 6V to 100V Input, 12V/2A Output, 350kHz Step-Down Regulator Rev. A For more information www.analog.com 33 LTC3894 PACKAGE DESCRIPTION FE Package Variation: FE20(16) 20-Lead Plastic TSSOP (4.4mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1924 Rev Ø) Exposed Pad Variation CB 6.40 – 6.60* (.252 – .260) 3.86 (.152) 3.86 (.152) 20 6.60 ±0.10 18 16 15 14 13 12 11 2.74 (.108) 4.50 ±0.10 6.40 2.74 (.252) (.108) BSC SEE NOTE 4 0.45 ±0.05 1.05 ±0.10 0.65 BSC 1 RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT 4.30 – 4.50* (.169 – .177) 0.09 – 0.20 (.0035 – .0079) 0.25 REF 0.50 – 0.75 (.020 – .030) NOTE: 1. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETERS MILLIMETERS 2. DIMENSIONS ARE IN (INCHES) 3. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 34 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 1.20 (.047) MAX 0° – 8° 0.65 (.0256) BSC 0.195 – 0.30 (.0077 – .0118) TYP 0.05 – 0.15 (.002 – .006) FE20(16) (CB) TSSOP REV 0 0512 4. RECOMMENDED MINIMUM PCB METAL SIZE FOR EXPOSED PAD ATTACHMENT *DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.150mm (.006") PER SIDE Rev. A For more information www.analog.com LTC3894 REVISION HISTORY REV DATE DESCRIPTION A 12/18 Added H-grade information PAGE NUMBER 1–4 Rev. A Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications subject to change without notice. No license For is granted implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. more by information www.analog.com 35 LTC3894 TYPICAL APPLICATION High Efficiency 6V to 80V Input, 5V/3A Output, Step-Down Regulator CIN2 4.7µF 100V + COUT2 22µF CVIN1 0.1µF CCAP 0.47µF CITH1 3.3nF RITH1 7.5k D1 SENSE+ SENSE– GATE PGOOD VIN CAP OVLO DRVUV/EXTG EXTS ITH GND CITH2 82pF COUT1 10µF 50V ×2 CSNS 820pF + COUT2 220µF 6.3V VOUT 5V 3A RPG 100k PGUV TRACK/SS RFREQ 60.4k RFB1 187k CSS1 0.1µF COUT2: 220µF 6.3V KEMET T520B227M006ATE045 L1: 15µH COILCRAFT SER1390-153MLB MP1: FAIRCHILD FDMS86163P D1: DIODES INC SBR3U100LP7 1k 70 60 100 EFFICIENCY 50 10 40 30 20 PLLIN/MODE 10k Burst Mode OPERATION 80 VFB FREQ 100 90 RFB3 1M LTC3894 Efficiency and Power Loss vs Load Current 10 0 0.0001 POWER LOSS 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (mA) POWER LOSS (mW) RUN RSENSE 22mΩ EFFICIENCY (%) L1 15µH MP1 VIN 6V TO 80V 1 VIN = 12V VIN = 24V 1 5 0.1 3894 TA06b 3894 TA06a RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION LTC3895/ LTC7801 150V Low IQ, Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controller with 4V ≤ VIN ≤ 140V, 150V Abs Max, PLL Fixed Frequency 50kHz to 900kHz, 100% Duty Cycle 0.8V ≤ VOUT ≤ 60V, Adjustable 5V to 10V Gate Drive, IQ = 40μA, 4mm × 5mm QFN-24, TSSOP-24, TSSOP-38(31) LTC3871 Bidirectional PolyPhase® Synchronous Buck or Boost Controller VHIGH Up to 100V, VLOW Up to 30V, High Power Buck or Boost on Demand LTC3639 High Efficiency, 150V 100mA Synchronous Step-Down Regulator Integrated Power MOSFETs, 4V ≤ VIN ≤ 150V, 0.8V ≤ VOUT ≤ VIN, IQ = 12µA, MSOP-16(12) LTC3638 High Efficiency, 140V 250mA Synchronous Step-Down Regulator Integrated Power MOSFETs, 4V ≤ VIN ≤ 140V, 0.8V ≤ VOUT ≤ VIN, IQ = 12µA, MSOP-16(12) LTC7138 High Efficiency, 140V 400mA Synchronous Step-Down Regulator Integrated Power MOSFETs, 4V ≤ VIN ≤ 140V, 0.8V ≤ VOUT ≤ VIN, IQ = 12µA, MSOP-16(12) LTC7860 High Efficiency Switching Surge Stopper 3.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 60V, Expandable to 200V+, Adjustable VOUT Clamp and Current Limit, Power Inductor Improves EMI, MSOP-12 LT8631 100V, 1A Synchronous Micropower Step-Down Regulator Integrated Power MOSFETs, 3V ≤ VIN ≤ 100V, 0.8V ≤ VOUT ≤ 60V, IQ = 7µA, TSSOP-20(16) LTC3896 150V Low IQ, Synchronous Inverting DC/DC Controller 4V ≤ VIN ≤ 140V, 150VP-P, –60V ≤ VOUT ≤ –0.8V, Ground Reference Interface Pins, Adjustable 5V to 10V Gate Drive, IQ = 40µA LTC7103 105V, 2.3A Low EMI Synchronous Step-Down Regulator 4.4V ≤ VIN ≤ 105V, 1V ≤ VOUT ≤ VIN, IQ = 2μA Fixed Frequency 200kHz to 2MHz, 5mm × 6mm QFN LTC7810 150V, Low IQ, Dual, 2-Phase Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controller 4.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 150V, 1V ≤ VOUT ≤ 60V, Low 16µA IQ, Adjustable Gate Drive, Spread Spectrum, 7mm × 7mm EQFP 36 COMMENTS Rev. A D16856-0-12/18(A) For more information www.analog.com www.analog.com  ANALOG DEVICES, INC. 2018