LTC3118HFE#TRPBF

LTC3118 18V, 2A Buck-Boost DC/DC Converter with Low Loss Dual Input PowerPath Description Features Integrated High Efficiency Dual Input PowerPath™ Plus Buck-Boost DC/DC Converter nn Ideal Diode or Priority V Select Modes IN nn V IN1 and VIN2 Range: 2.2V to 18V nn V OUT Range: 2V to 18V nn Either V Can Be Above, Below or Equal to V IN OUT nn Generates 5V at 2A for V > 6V IN nn 1.2MHz Low Noise Fixed Frequency Operation nn Current Mode Control nn All Internal N-Channel MOSFETs nn Pin-Selectable PWM or Burst Mode® Operation nn Accurate, Independent RUN Pin Thresholds nn Up to 94% Efficiency nn V and V IN OUT Power Good Indicators nn I of 50µA in Sleep, 2µA in Shutdown Q nn 4mm × 5mm 24-Lead QFN or 28-Lead TSSOP Packages nn Applications Systems with Multiple Input Sources Back Up Power Systems nn Wall Adapter or Li-Ion(s) Input to 5V OUT nn Battery or Super Capacitor Input for Reserve Power nn Replace Diode-OR Designs with Higher Efficiency, Flexibility and Performance nn nn The LTC®3118 is a dual-input, wide voltage range synchronous buck-boost DC/DC converter with an intelligent, integrated, low loss PowerPath control. The unique power switch architecture provides efficient operation from either input source to a programmable output voltage above, below or equal to the input. Voltage capability of up to 18V provides flexibility and voltage margin for a wide variety of applications and power sources. The LTC3118 uses a low noise, current mode architecture with a fixed 1.2MHz PWM mode frequency that minimizes the solution footprint. For high efficiency at light loads, automatic Burst Mode operation can be selected consuming only 50µA of quiescent current in sleep. System level features include ideal diode or VIN priority modes, VIN and VOUT power good indicators, accurate RUN comparators to program independent UVLO thresholds, and output disconnect in shutdown. Other features include 2µA shutdown current, short-circuit protection, soft-start, current limit and thermal overload protection. The LTC3118 is offered in thermally enhanced 24-lead 4mm × 5mm QFN and 28-lead TSSOP packages. L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology, the Linear logo and Burst Mode are registered trademarks and PowerPath and ThinSOT are trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Protected by U.S. Patents, including 7709976. Typical Application 3.3µH 0.1µF VIN1 22µF 47nF VIN1 BST1 SW2 BST2 VOUT SW1 400k CM1 10nF 10nF VIN2 FB CN1 CN2 VOUT 5V 100µF 5VOUT AC-COUPLED 500mV/DIV VIN1 = 5V, VIN2 = 12V, VOUT = 5V AT 1A 100k LTC3118 VC CP2 CM2 47nF 22pF CP1 VIN2 22µF Input Switchover Response 0.1µF PGND VCC GND 4.7µF V1GD V2GD PGD MODE SEL RUN1 RUN2 40.2k 1.8nF INDICATORS CONTROL SIGNALS SW1 10V/DIV SEL 5V/DIV SELECT VIN2 SELECT VIN1 100µs/DIV 3118 TA01b 3118 TA01a 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 1 LTC3118 Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1) VIN1, VIN2 Voltage........................................ –0.3V to 20V VOUT Voltage............................................... –0.3V to 20V SW1 DC Voltage (Note 4)................–0.3V to (VIN1 + 0.3V) or (VIN2 + 0.3V) SW2 DC Voltage (Note 4).............–0.3V to (VOUT + 0.3V) BST1 Voltage...................... (SW1 – 0.3V) to (SW1 + 6V) BST2 Voltage .....................(SW2 – 0.3V) to (SW2 + 6V) RUN1, RUN2 Voltage................................... –0.3V to 20V PGD, V1GD, V2GD Voltage.......................... –0.3V to 20V CM1, CM2 Voltage........................................ –0.3 to 20V CP1 Voltage......................... (VIN1 – 0.3V) to (VIN1 + 6V) CP2 Voltage......................... (VIN2 – 0.3V) to (VIN2 + 6V) VCC, CN1, CN2 Voltage.................................... –0.3 to 6V MODE, SEL, FB, VC Voltage............................ –0.3 to 6V Operating Junction Temperature Range (Notes 2, 3) LTC3118E/LTC3118I............................ –40°C to 125°C LTC3118H........................................... –40°C to 150°C LTC3118MP......................................... –55°C to 150°C Storage Temperature Range................... –65°C to 150°C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec) TSSOP....... 300°C Pin Configuration CN2 27 CN2 24 23 22 21 20 CP1 3 26 PGND CM2 2 CN1 28 CM2 CN1 CP1 TOP VIEW 1 CM1 TOP VIEW CM1 SEL 1 19 CP2 SEL 4 25 CP2 VIN1 2 18 VIN2 VIN1 5 24 VIN2 RUN1 3 17 SW1 RUN1 6 16 BST1 RUN2 7 VCC 8 21 BST2 MODE 9 20 SW2 GND 10 19 VOUT GND 11 18 PGND VC 12 17 PGND FB 13 16 PGD 25 PGND RUN2 4 VCC 5 15 BST2 14 SW2 MODE 6 13 VOUT PGD V2GD V1GD 9 10 11 12 FB 8 VC GND 7 UFD PACKAGE 24-LEAD (4mm × 5mm) PLASTIC QFN 29 PGND V1GD 14 TJMAX = 150°C, θJC = 3.4°C/W, θJA = 43°C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 25) IS PGND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB 23 SW1 22 BST1 15 V2GD FE PACKAGE 28-LEAD PLASTIC TSSOP TJMAX = 150°C, θJC = 5°C/W, θJA = 30°C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 29) IS PGND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB Order Information LEAD FREE FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING* PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LTC3118EUFD#PBF LTC3118IUFD#PBF LTC3118HUFD#PBF LTC3118MPUFD#PBF LTC3118EFE#PBF LTC3118IFE#PBF LTC3118HFE#PBF LTC3118MPFE#PBF LTC3118EUFD#TRPBF LTC3118IUFD#TRPBF LTC3118HUFD#TRPBF LTC3118MPUFD#TRPBF LTC3118EFE#TRPBF LTC3118IFE#TRPBF LTC3118HFE#TRPBF LTC3118MPFE#TRPBF 3118 3118 3118 3118 3118FE 3118FE 3118FE 3118FE 24-Lead (4mm × 5mm) Plastic QFN 24-Lead (4mm × 5mm) Plastic QFN 24-Lead (4mm × 5mm) Plastic QFN 24-Lead (4mm × 5mm) Plastic QFN 28-Lead Plastic TSSOP 28-Lead Plastic TSSOP 28-Lead Plastic TSSOP 28-Lead Plastic TSSOP –40°C to 125°C –40°C to 125°C –40°C to 150°C –55°C to 150°C –40°C to 125°C –40°C to 125°C –40°C to 150°C –55°C to 150°C Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. *The temperature grade is identified by a label on the shipping container. For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/ 2 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 3118fa LTC3118 Electrical Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TJ ≈ TA = 25°C (Note 2). Unless otherwise noted, VIN1 or VIN2 = 5V, VOUT = 5V. PARAMETER CONDITIONS Input Operating Voltage Range VIN1 or VIN2, VCC ≥ 2.5V Output Operating Voltage MIN TYP MAX UNITS l 2.2 18 V l 2 18 V 2.2 2.35 2.5 V 2.2 2.5 2.65 V Undervoltage Lockout Threshold on VCC VCC Rising, VIN = 2.5V l Minimum VIN Start-Up Voltage VCC Powered from VIN1 or VIN2 (IVCC = 10mA) l Input Quiescent Current in Shutdown RUN1 and RUN2 < 0.2V 2 µA Input Quiescent Current in Burst Mode Operation Active VIN1 or VIN2, FB = 1.2V 50 µA Inactive VIN1 or VIN2, FB = 1.2V 5 µA Active VIN1 or VIN2, FB = 0.8V 12 mA 1 µA Input Quiescent Current in PWM Mode Operation Output Quiescent Current in Burst Mode Operation Oscillator Frequency Oscillator Frequency Variation l 1000 Active VIN = 3V to 18V Feedback Voltage 1200 1400 0.1 l 0.98 1.0 kHz %/ V 1.02 V Feedback Voltage Line Regulation Active VIN = 3V to 18V 0.2 % Error Amplifier Transconductance VC Current = ±4µA 80 µS Feedback Pin Input Current FB = 1V 0 50 nA VC Source Current VC = 0.5V, FB = 0.8V –14 µA VC Sink Current VC = 0.5V, FB = 1.2V 14 µA RUN Pin Threshold: Accurate RUN1 or RUN2 Rising RUN Pin Hysteresis: Accurate Accurate RUN (Rising – Falling) RUN Pin Logic Threshold for VCC Enable/Shutdown RUN Pin Leakage Current RUN1 or RUN2 = 4V VCC Output Voltage IVCC = 1mA l 1.17 1.22 1.27 170 V mV l 0.2 0.65 1.15 V 0.2 µA l 3.5 3.8 4.1 V VCC Load Regulation IVCC = 1mA to 10mA –1 % VCC Line Regulation IVCC = 1mA, VIN = 5V to 18V 0.5 % VCC Current Limit VIN > 6V 60 mA Average Inductor Current Limit (Note 5) l Overload Current Limit (Note 5) Current from VIN1 or VIN2 Reverse Inductor Current Limit (Note 5) PWM Mode Maximum Duty Cycle 3.0 3.6 5.2 6 A A –200 mA 90 95 % 83 88 % Percentage of Period SW2 Is Low in Boost Mode l Percentage of Period SW1 Is High in Boost Mode l Minimum Duty Cycle Percentage of Period SW1 Is High in Buck Mode l SW1 and SW2 Forced Low Time BST1 or BST2 Capacitor Charge Time 100 ns N-Channel Switch Resistance Switch A1 (From VIN1 to SW1) 80 mΩ Switch A2 (From VIN2 to SW1) 120 mΩ Switch B (From SW1 to PGND) 80 mΩ N-Channel Switch Leakage 0 Switch C (From SW2 to PGND) 80 mΩ Switch D (From PVOUT to SW2) 80 mΩ VIN2, VIN2 or VOUT = 18V 0.1 Soft-Start Time 10 1 MODE and SEL Threshold Voltage MODE and SEL Leakage % l Pin = 5V 0.3 µA ms 0.75 1.2 V 0 0.5 µA 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 3 LTC3118 Electrical Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TJ ≈ TA = 25°C (Note 2). Unless otherwise noted, VIN1 or VIN2 = 5V, VOUT = 5V. PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX VIN1 Becomes Active Input in Ideal Diode Mode VIN2 = SEL = 5V Rising Falling 5 4.2 5.4 4.6 5.8 5 V V PGD Threshold Percent of FB Voltage Rising 90 94 98 % PGD Hysteresis Percent of FB Voltage Falling –2 V1GD, V2GD, PGD Low Voltage ISINK = 5mA 300 V1GD, V2GD, PGD Leakage Pin = 18V Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: The LTC3118 is tested under pulsed load conditions such that TJ ≈ TA. The LTC3112E is guaranteed to meet specifications from 0°C to 85°C junction temperature. Specifications over the –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls. The LTC3118I is guaranteed to meet specifications over the –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature, the LTC3118H is guaranteed to meet specifications over the –40°C to 150°C operating junction temperature range and the LTC3118MP is guaranteed and tested to meet specifications over the full –55°C to 150°C operating junction temperature range. High junction temperatures degrade operating lifetimes; operating lifetime is derated for temperatures greater than 125°C. The maximum ambient temperature is determined by specific operating conditions in conjunction with board layout, the rated package thermal UNITS % mV 1 µA resistance and other environmental factors. The junction temperature (TJ in °C) is calculated from the ambient temperature (TA in °C) and power dissipation (PD in Watts) according to the following formula: TJ = TA + (PD • θJA) where θJA is the thermal impedance of the package. Note 3: This IC includes overtemperature protection that is intended to protect the device during momentary overload conditions. Junction temperature will exceed 150°C when overtemperature protection is active. Continuous operation above the specified maximum operating junction temperature may impair device reliability. Note 4: Voltage transients on the switch pins beyond the DC limit specified in the Absolute Maximum Ratings, are non disruptive to normal operation when using good layout practices, as shown on the demo board or described in the data sheet and application notes. Note 5: Current measurements are performed when the LTC3118 is not switching. The current limit values measured in operation will be somewhat higher, while the reverse current thresholds may be lower due to the propagation delay of the comparators and inductor value. 3118fa 4 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 LTC3118 Typical Performance Characteristics 100 2 30 70 50 10 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1 2 5VIN 12VIN 18VIN 30 20 10 0 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 3 PWM 20 2 10 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1 4 70 PWM 60 50 40 2 3.6VIN 5VIN 12VIN 20 10 10 3 30 1 LOSS 0 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1 70 2.7VIN 5VIN 3 12VIN 40 2 30 PWM 20 1 LOSS 10 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1 3118 G07 0 70 VIN1, LOAD = 500mA VIN2, LOAD = 500mA VIN1, LOAD = 1A VIN2, LOAD = 1A 2 4 6 10 12 14 8 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 0 16 18 3118 G06 3.3VOUT Efficiency vs VIN1 or VIN2 Voltage with 500mA and 1A Load Current 100 5 4 70 60 3 2.7VIN 5VIN 12VIN 50 40 2 30 20 1 PWM 10 10 80 BURST 80 EFFICIENCY (%) 4 18 85 75 0 0.0001 LOSS 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1 10 3118 G08 0 95 PWM POWER LOSS (W) 80 PWM POWER LOSS (W) EFFICIENCY (%) 90 50 10 100 5 16 90 VOUT = 3.3V Efficiency and Power Loss vs Load Current from VIN2 BURST 60 10 12 14 8 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 3118 G05 VOUT = 3.3V Efficiency and Power Loss vs Load Current from VIN1 90 6 95 1 LOSS 3118 G04 100 4 100 5 80 EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) 60 2 3118 G03 PWM POWER LOSS (W) 70 PWM POWER LOSS (W) 4 3.6VIN 5VIN 12VIN 70 BURST 90 80 VIN1, LOAD = 500mA VIN2, LOAD = 500mA VIN1, LOAD = 1A VIN2, LOAD = 1A 5VOUT Efficiency vs VIN1 or VIN2 Voltage with 500mA and 1A Load Current 100 5 BURST 30 80 VOUT = 5V, Efficiency and Power Loss vs Load Current from VIN2 100 40 85 3118 G02 VOUT = 5V, Efficiency and Power Loss vs Load Current from VIN1 50 90 75 0 10 1 3118 G01 90 1 LOSS 10 LOSS 0 0.0001 PWM 40 1 20 3 60 95 EFFICIENCY (%) 40 4 EFFICIENCY (%) 50 3 80 EFFICIENCY (%) 5VIN 12VIN 18VIN PWM 100 PWM POWER LOSS (W) 70 PWM POWER LOSS (W) 4 60 5 BURST 90 80 EFFICIENCY (%) 100 5 BURST 90 12VOUT Efficiency vs VIN1 or VIN2 Voltage with 500mA and 1A Load Current VOUT = 12V, Efficiency and Power Loss vs Load Current from VIN2 EFFICIENCY (%) VOUT = 12V, Efficiency and Power Loss vs Load Current from VIN1 TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. 90 85 80 VIN1, LOAD = 500mA VIN2, LOAD = 500mA VIN1, LOAD = 1A VIN2, LOAD = 1A 75 70 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 16 18 3118 G09 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 5 LTC3118 Typical Performance Characteristics Die Temperature Rise vs Load Current, VOUT = 5V, 4-Layer LTC3118 Demo Board 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 VIN = 5V VIN = 12V VIN = 18V 10 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 LOAD CURRENT (A) 2.5 2 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 VIN = 3.6V VIN = 5V VIN = 12V 10 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 LOAD CURRENT (A) 2 70 60 50 40 30 20 0 280 12VOUT L = 6.8µH 210 140 70 4 6 8 10 12 14 VIN1 OR VIN2 VOLTAGE (V) 16 2.5 12VOUT L = 6.8µH 1.5 1.0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 VIN1 OR VIN2 VOLTAGE (V) 1 3 6 9 12 15 STAND-OFF VOLTAGE (V) 18 3118 G16 1 REVERSE 3118 G15 Normalized N-MOSFET Resistance vs VCC Normalized N-Channel MOSFET Resistance vs Die Temperature 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0 2 –1 –50 –30 –10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) 18 16 NORMALIZED RESISTANCE 10 3 3118 G14 NORMALIZED RESISTANCE 100 125°C 150°C 175°C AVERAGE 4 0 3118 G13 25°C 50°C 75°C 100°C 2.5 2 OVERLOAD 5 5VOUT L = 3.3µH 2.0 N-Channel MOSFET Leakage vs Die Temperature and Stand-Off Voltage 1000 1 1.5 LOAD CURRENT (A) 6 DIODE FROM VOUT = 5V TO VCC 3.0 0 18 0.5 3118 G12 0.5 2 0 Inductor Overload, Average and Reverse Current Limits vs Temperature INDUCTOR CURRENT (A) 350 VIN = 2.7V VIN = 5V VIN = 12V 10 3.5 5VOUT L = 3.3µH MAXIMUM LOAD CURRENT (A) PWM TO BURST THRESHOLD (mA) 80 Maximum Load Current vs VIN in PWM Mode 420 LEAKAGE CURRENT (µA) 90 3118 G11 PWM to Burst Mode Thresholds vs VIN 0 100 2.5 3118 G10 0 Die Temperature Rise vs Load Current, VOUT = 3.3V, 4-Layer LTC3118 Demo Board DIE TEMPERATURE RISE FROM AMBIENT (°C) 100 DIE TEMPERATURE RISE FROM AMBIENT (°C) DIE TEMPERATURE RISE FROM AMBIENT (°C) Die Temperature Rise vs Load Current, VOUT = 12V, 4-Layer LTC3118 Demo Board 0.6 2.5 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 3 3.5 4 4.5 VCC VOLTAGE (V) 5 5.5 3118 G17 0.6 –50 0 50 100 TEMPERATURE (°C) 150 3118 G18 3118fa 6 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 LTC3118 Typical Performance Characteristics FB Program Voltage vs Temperature 1.025 3.9 1.020 3.7 1.015 3.9 3.8 1.005 1.000 0.995 0.990 VCC VOLTAGE (V) 3.5 1.010 VCC VOLTAGE (V) FB VOLTAGE (V) VCC vs Supply Current (VIN > 5V) Showing Current Limit VCC vs Active VIN 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.7 0.985 0.975 –50 3.5 0 50 100 TEMPERATURE (°C) 2.3 150 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 ACTIVE VIN VOLTAGE (V) 3.4 18 16 3118 G19 250 MODE and SEL Logic Thresholds 24 1.4 150 125 VOUT = 12V 100 75 VOUT = 5V 50 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 ACTIVE VIN VOLTAGE (V) 16 VOUT = 12V 16 VOUT = 5V 12 8 DIODE FROM VOUT = 5V TO VCC 4 DIODE FROM VOUT = 5V TO VCC 25 1.2 20 0 18 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 ACTIVE VIN VOLTAGE (V) 16 THRESHOLD VOLTAGE (V) VIN2 ACTIVE 8 6 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 VIN2 VOLTAGE (V) 16 18 3118 G25 50 100 TEMPERATURE (°C) VIN UVLO RISING 4.5 VIN UVLO FALLING 4.0 1.0 0.8 VCC ON 0.6 VCC OFF 0.4 0 –50 150 RUN1 and RUN2 Current vs Voltage 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.2 SEL = VCC 0 5.0 1.2 4 0.4 3118 G24 RUN CURRENT (µA) 16 10 FALLING 0 –50 18 1.4 VIN1 ACTIVE RISING 0.6 RUN1 and RUN2 Thresholds for VIN UVLO and VCC Enable 18 12 0.8 3118 G23 Active VIN in Ideal Diode Mode with Hysteresis 14 1.0 0.2 3118 G22 VIN1 VOLTAGE (V) THRESHOLD VOLTAGE (V) QUIESCENT CURRENT (mA) QUIESCENT CURRENT (µA) 225 175 80 20 40 60 VCC SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 3118 G21 No-Load Active VIN Current in PWM 200 0 3118 G20 No-Load Active VIN Current in Burst Mode 2 3.6 2.5 0.980 0 3.7 0.5 0 50 100 TEMPERATURE (°C) 150 3118 G26 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 RUN VOLTAGE (V) 14 16 18 3118 G27 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 7 LTC3118 Typical Performance Characteristics 12VOUT RIPPLE 100mV/DIV MINIMUM LOW TIME (ns) 160 12VOUT AC-COUPLED 500mV/DIV IL 1A/DIV 140 120 IL 1A/DIV SEL 5V/DIV SW1 5V/DIV SW1 10V/DIV SW2 5V/DIV 100 3118 G29 200ns/DIV 80 2.5 12VIN2 to 5VIN1 Switchover Waveforms, VOUT = 12V 500mA Load Switch and VOUT Waveforms (12VIN, 12VOUT) SW1, SW2 Minimum Low Time vs VCC 3 3.5 4 4.5 VCC VOLTAGE (V) 5 L = 6.8µH COUT = 100µF 500µs/DIV 3118 G30 5.5 3118 G28 100mA to 1A Load Step PWM Mode (12VIN, 12VOUT) 5VIN Burst Mode Waveforms 12VOUT, 50mA 12VOUT RIPPLE 100mV/DIV 12VOUT AC-COUPLED 500mV/DIV IL 0.5A/DIV IL 1A/DIV INDUCTOR 1A/DIV SW2 10V/DIV VC 200mV/DIV SW1 10V/DIV L = 6.8µH COUT = 100µF 3118 G31 500µs/DIV L = 6.8µH COUT = 100µF 12VIN Burst Mode Waveforms 12VOUT, 100mA 12VOUT RIPPLE 100mV/DIV IL 0.5A/DIV IL 0.5A/DIV SW2 10V/DIV SW2 10V/DIV SW1 10V/DIV SW1 10V/DIV 5µs/DIV 3118 G32 18VIN Burst Mode Waveforms 12VOUT, 100mA 12VOUT RIPPLE 100mV/DIV L = 6.8µH COUT = 100µF 5µs/DIV 3118 G33 L = 6.8µH COUT = 100µF 5µs/DIV 3118 G34 3118fa 8 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 LTC3118 Typical Performance Characteristics VOUT Short-Circuit Waveforms Response and Recovery (12VIN, 12VOUT) Soft-Start Waveforms with 500mA Load (12VIN, 12VOUT) RL = 24Ω VOUT 5V/DIV IL 1A/DIV VOUT 10V/DIV VOUT 5V/DIV IL 2A/DIV VC 500mV/DIV RUN1 OR RUN2 5V/DIV VC 500mV/DIV 200µs/DIV 3118 G35 VCC Short-Circuit Waveforms Response and Recovery (12VIN, 12VOUT, 500mA Load) SHORT RELEASED VOUT SHORTED 1ms/DIV 3118 G36 IL 1A/DIV VCC 5V/DIV VCC SHORTED SHORT RELEASED 2ms/DIV 3118 G37 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 9 LTC3118 Pin Functions (QFN/TSSOP) SEL (Pin 1/Pin 4): Input Select Pin. MODE (Pin 6/Pin 9): PWM or Auto Burst Mode Select Pin. SEL = Logic Low (ground): VIN1 priority mode, the converter will operate from VIN1 if RUN1 and VIN1 voltages are above their respective thresholds. If these conditions are not met, the converter will operate from VIN2 as long as RUN2 and VIN2 voltages are above their thresholds. MODE = Logic Low (ground): Enables automatic Burst Mode operation. SEL = Logic High (connect to VCC): Ideal diode mode, the converter will operate from the higher voltage of VIN1 or VIN2. VIN1 (Pin 2/Pin 5): The first input voltage source for the converter. Connect a minimum of 22µF ceramic decoupling capacitor from this pin to ground, as close to the IC as possible. In ideal diode mode (SEL = 1), this input will be selected if VIN1 > VIN2, VIN1 is above its internal UVLO threshold, and RUN1 > 1.22V. In priority mode (SEL = 0), this input will be selected if VIN1 is above its internal UVLO threshold and RUN1 > 1.22V. Since this input has lower RDS(ON) MOSFETs between VIN1 and SW1, it should be considered for use with the source where high efficiency is more critical. RUN1 (Pin 3/Pin 6): Input to enable and disable the IC and program the UVLO threshold for VIN1. Pull RUN1 above 1.22V to enable the converter. Connecting this pin to a resistor divider from VIN1 to ground allows programming of VIN1’s UVLO threshold above 2.2V. Pulling both RUN1 and RUN2 to logic low states will put the IC in a low current shutdown state. RUN2 (Pin 4/Pin 7): Input to enable and disable the IC and program the UVLO threshold for VIN2. Pull RUN2 above 1.22V to enable the converter. Connecting this pin to a resistor divider from VIN2 to ground allows programming of VIN2’s UVLO threshold above 2.2V. Pulling both RUN1 and RUN2 to logic low states will put the IC in a low current shutdown state. VCC (Pin 5/Pin 8): Output voltage of the internal VCC regulator. This is the supply pin for the internal driver circuitry. Bypass this output with a 4.7µF ceramic capacitor. This pin may be back driven by an external supply, up to 5.5V. VCC will be generated from either VIN1 or VIN2 depending upon which input the converter is operating from. MODE = Logic High (connect to VCC): Forces PWM mode operation. GND (Pin 7/Pins 10, 11): Signal Ground for the IC. Provide a short direct PCB path from this pin to the ground plane. VC (Pin 8/Pin 12): Output of the voltage error amplifier used to program average inductor current. An RC from this pin to ground sets the voltage loop compensation. The average current loop is internally compensated. FB (Pin 9/Pin 13): Feedback input to the voltage error amplifier. Connect to a resistor divider from VOUT to ground. The output voltage can be adjusted from 2V to 18V by: VOUT = 1 + (R1/R2). V1GD (Pin 10/Pin 14): Open-drain indicator that pulls to ground when both VIN1 and RUN1 are above their respective thresholds. Connect a pull-up resistor from this pin to a positive supply. V2GD (Pin 11/Pin 15): Open-drain indicator that pulls to ground when both VIN2 and RUN2 are above their respective thresholds. Connect a pull-up resistor from this pin to a positive supply. PGD (Pin 12/Pin 16): Open-drain output that pulls to ground when VOUT is greater than 92% of the programmed output voltage. Connect a pull-up resistor from this pin to a positive supply. VOUT (Pin 13/Pin 19): Regulated Output Voltage. Connect a minimum of 47µF ceramic or low ESR decoupling capacitor from this pin to ground. The capacitor should be placed as close to the IC as possible with short, wide traces to VOUT and GND. SW2 (Pin 14/Pin 20): Switch Pin. Connect to the other side of the inductor. Keep PCB trace lengths as short and wide as possible to reduce EMI. BST2 (Pin 15/Pin 21): Bootstrapped floating supply for high side N-channel MOSFET gate drive. Connect to SW2 through a 0.1µF capacitor, as close to the part as possible. 3118fa 10 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 LTC3118 Pin Functions (QFN/TSSOP) BST1 (Pin 16/Pin 22): Bootstrapped floating supply for high side N-channel MOSFET gate drive for VIN1 or VIN2. Connect to SW1 through a 0.1µF capacitor, as close to the part as possible. This capacitor provides gate drive for the N-channel MOSFETs connected between SW1 and either VIN1 or VIN2. SW1 (Pin 17/Pin 23): Switch Pin. Connect to one side of the inductor. Keep PCB trace lengths as short and wide as possible to reduce EMI. VIN2 (Pin 18/Pin 24): The second input voltage source for the converter. Connect a minimum of 22µF ceramic decoupling capacitor from this pin to ground, as close to the IC as possible. In ideal diode mode (SEL = 1), this input will be selected if VIN2 > VIN1, VIN2 is above its internal UVLO threshold, and RUN2 > 1.22V. In priority mode (SEL = 0), this input will only be selected if VIN1 is below its internal UVLO threshold or RUN1 < 1.05V. Since this input has the higher RDS(ON) MOSFETs between VIN2 and SW1, it should be considered for use with the source where slightly lower conversion efficiency is acceptable. CP2 (Pin 19/Pin 25): Positive pin for the VIN2 top N-channel MOSFET charge-pump capacitor. This pin toggles between VIN2 and VIN2 + VCC when VIN2 is active. CN2 (Pin 20/Pin 27): Negative pin for the VIN2 top N-channel MOSFET charge-pump capacitor. This pin is driven between VCC and GND when VIN2 is active. Connect a 10nF ceramic capacitor between CN2 and CP2. This pin can be monitored to indicate operation from VIN2. CM2 (Pin 21/Pin 28): Filter pin for the common connection of VIN2 to SW1 N-channel MOSFETs. Connect a 47nF capacitor from this pin to the ground plane. CM1 (Pin 22/Pin 1): Filter pin for the common connection of VIN1 to SW1 N-channel MOSFETs. Connect a 47nF capacitor from this pin to the ground plane. CN1 (Pin 23/Pin 2): Negative pin for the VIN1 top N-channel MOSFET charge-pump capacitor. This pin is driven between VCC and GND when VIN1 is active. Connect a 10nF ceramic capacitor between CN1 and CP1. This pin can be monitored to indicate operation from VIN1. CP1 (Pin 24/Pin 3): Positive pin for the VIN1 top N-channel MOSFET charge-pump capacitor. This pin toggles between VIN1 and VIN1 + VCC when VIN1 is active. PGND (Exposed Pad Pin 25/Pins 17, 18, 26, Exposed Pad Pin 29): Power Ground for the IC. The exposed pad must be soldered to the PCB ground plane. It serves as the power ground connection, and as a means of conducting heat away from the die. 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 11 LTC3118 Block Diagram 2.2V TO 18V VIN2 VOUT 2V TO 18V L 2.2V TO 18V VIN2 VIN1 BST1 SW1 SW2 VOUT BST2 ISENSE VCC VCC A FETs AND DRIVERS R1 AVERAGE CURRENT AMPLIFIER + – CM2 RCS + – VIN1 gm + – COUT 1V SOFT-START RAMP VC 1.2MHz RAMPS/ OSCILLATOR CM1 FB R2 PWM COMPARATOR D ISWA CP1 CP2 DDRV 3.8V REGULATOR 1.22V REFERENCE VIN1 VIN2 VCC VCC ISWB FB B BDRV C CDRV 0.92V PGD + – VSELECT CP2 ADRV BDRV SEL2 CP1 VIN1 PMP1 VIN1 CLK + –IREV ISENSE VCC CDRV DDRV DRIVERS –200mA PMP2 VIN1GOOD V2GD VIN1GOO2 VIN2 VCC CN1 UP TO 18V V1GD PGND CN2 VCC SEL1 CLK ISWA ISWB ISENSE 6A + IPEAK – VIN2 SWITCH COMMANDS UVLO BURST RUN 2V + – IDEAL DIODE MODE + – VIN1GOOD + – VIN2GOOD V1PRIORITY MODE 2.35V VCC SEL RUN/SD + – RUN1 + – RUN2 1.22V MODE GND 3118 BD 3118fa 12 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 LTC3118 Operation Introduction The LTC3118 is a dual-input, current mode, monolithic buck-boost DC/DC converter that can operate over a wide input voltage range of 2.2V to 18V. The output voltage can be programmed between 2V to 18V and deliver more than 2A of load current. The LTC3118 operates from either VIN1 or VIN2 depending on the state of the SEL pin. If SEL is commanded to be a logic high, VOUT will be powered from the highest valid input voltage. If SEL is a logic low, VOUT will be powered from VIN1 (priority mode) assuming sufficient input voltage is present. Internal, low RDS(ON) N-channel power switches reduce the solution complexity and maximize efficiency. A proprietary switch algorithm allows the buck-boost converter to maintain output voltage regulation with input voltages that are above, below or equal to the output voltage. Transitions between the step-up or step-down operating modes are seamless and free of transients and subharmonic switching, making this product ideal for noise sensitive applications. The LTC3118 operates at a fixed nominal switching frequency of 1.2MHz, which provides an ideal trade-off between small solution size and high efficiency. Current mode control provides inherent input line voltage rejection, simplified compensation and rapid response to load transients. Burst Mode operation capability is also included in the LTC3118 and is user-selected via the MODE input pin. In Burst Mode operation, the LTC3118 provides exceptional efficiency at light output loads by operating the converter only when necessary to maintain voltage regulation. At higher loads, the LTC3118 automatically transitions to fixed frequency PWM mode when Burst Mode operation is selected. For 5V VOUT applications, the input quiescent currents in Burst Mode operation can be reduced with the internal LDO regulator bootstrapped to the output voltage. If the application requires extremely low noise, continuous PWM operation can also be selected via the MODE pin. The LTC3118 also features accurate, resistor programmable RUN comparator thresholds with hysteresis for each VIN. This allows the buck-boost DC/DC converter to turn on and off at user-selected voltage thresholds depending on the power source for each VIN. With a wide voltage range and high efficiency, the LTC3118 is well suited for many demanding power systems. Power Stage Topology Figure 1 shows the topology of the dual-input LTC3118 power stage switches and their associated gate drivers. The LTC3118 integrates independent switch paths from VIN1 to SW1 and VIN2 to SW1 to provide isolation between the selected input and the inactive input. This configuration allows conversion from either input source, regardless of their respective voltage levels, enabling ideal diode or VIN1 priority modes (see SEL pin description). BST1 A1ON PUMP1 CM1 VIN1 VOUT A1 BST1 BST2 D A2ON PUMP2 VIN2 CM2 SW1 L DON SW2 A2 VCC BON VCC B CON C 3118 F01 PGND Figure 1. LTC3118 Dual-Input Power Stage 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 13 LTC3118 Operation If operation from VIN1 is selected, PUMP1 connects the low RDSON static switch between VIN1 and CM1 as shown. Switch A1 is then driven on for a portion of each switching cycle, as commanded by the PWM circuitry and powered by the flying capacitor between BST1 and SW1. When operating from VIN1, PUMP2 and A2 are disabled. Operation from VIN2 is accomplished in a similar manner, except that PUMP2 connects VIN2 to CM2 and A2 is commanded on by the PWM. With operation from VIN2, PUMP1 and A1 are disabled providing isolation from VIN1. PWM Mode Operation If the MODE pin is high, or if the load current on the converter is high enough to force PWM mode operation, the LTC3118 operates at a fixed 1.2MHz frequency using a current mode control loop. PWM mode minimizes output voltage ripple and yields a low noise switching frequency spectrum. A proprietary switching algorithm provides seamless transitions between operating modes and eliminates discontinuities in the average inductor current, inductor ripple current and loop transfer function throughout all modes of operation. These advantages result in increased efficiency, improved loop stability and lower output voltage ripple. In PWM mode operation, both SW1 and SW2 transition on every cycle independent of the input and output voltages. In response to the internal control loop command, an internal pulse width modulator generates the appropriate switch duty cycle to maintain regulation of the output voltage. When stepping down from a high input voltage to a lower output voltage, the converter operates in buck mode and switch D remains on for the entire switching cycle except for a minimum SW2 low duration (typically 100ns). During the switch low duration, switch C is turned on which forces SW2 low and charges the flying capacitor between BST2 and SW2. This ensures that the switch D gate driver power supply rail on BST2 is maintained. The duty cycle of switch A1 (or A2) and switch B are adjusted by the PWM circuit to maintain output voltage regulation in buck mode. If the input voltage is lower than the output voltage, the converter operates in boost mode. Switch A1 (or A2) remains on for the entire switching cycle except for the minimum switch low duration (typically 100ns). During the switch low duration, switch B is turned on which forces SW1 low and charges the flying capacitor between BST1 and SW1. This ensures that switch A1 (or A2) gate driver power supply rail on BST1 is maintained. The duty cycle of switch C and switch D are adjusted by the PWM circuit to maintain output voltage regulation in boost mode. Oscillator The LTC3118 operates from an internal oscillator with a nominal fixed frequency of 1.2MHz. This allows the DC/DC converter efficiency to be maximized while still using small external components. Input Select Logic and VIN Power Good Indicators A simplified schematic diagram of the LTC3118’s input select circuitry is shown in Figure 2. UVLO comparators on VIN1, VIN2 and VCC set minimum operating voltages to ensure proper operation. VCC must be greater than 2.35V before operation is allowed from either input. Once VCC is valid, one of the inputs must be greater than 2V typical before the LTC3118 enables switching. Finally, the RUN pin voltage for the particular input must be greater than 1.22V to enable operation. This condition will be met if the appropriate RUN pin is connected to its own VIN, RUN1 to VIN1 for example, but may not be met if a resistor divider is used to program the accurate RUN pin higher than the VIN UVLO minimum. Detailed discussions of VCC, VIN and RUN pin UVLOs are presented in later sections. Once the UVLO conditions are satisfied, internal VIN1GOOD and/or VIN2GOOD will assert and the LTC3118 is allowed to operate. The state of each VINGOOD signal and the SEL pin are decoded in logic to determine which input source is selected, as shown on the table in Figure 2. Open-drain indicator pins V1GD and V2GD are driven by their respective internal VINGOOD signals and can be used to alert the system of undervoltage conditions on the inputs. External pull-up resistors can be connected between these pins and any supply voltage up to 18V. Since these pins pull low with valid input voltages, even in Burst Mode operation, high value resistors are recommended for applications where minimal no-load quiescent current is critical. 3118fa 14 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 LTC3118 Operation UVLO COMPARATORS V2GD VIN2 + 2V RUN2 2.35V + – 1 IDEAL DIODE MODE VIN2GOOD VCCGOOD – VIN1GOOD RUN1 VIN1 SEL PIN + 1.22V VCC INPUT VOLTAGE SELECT LOGIC – + 1.22V – 0 PRIORITY MODE V1GD + 2V VIN1GOOD VIN2GOOD SELECTED VIN 1 1 Highest VIN 1 0 VIN1 0 1 VIN2 0 0 No Switching 1 1 VIN1 1 0 VIN1 0 1 VIN2 0 0 No Switching – 3118 F02 Figure 2. Simplified Input Select Logic and VIN Power Good Indicators If SEL is a logic low, the LTC3118 operates in VIN1 priority mode where VIN1 is selected for operation if conditions are met for VIN1GOOD to be high. If VIN1GOOD is low in priority mode, the LTC3118 will revert to VIN2 operation if VIN2(GOOD) is asserted, keeping VOUT powered. If SEL is a logic high, the LTC3118 operates in ideal diode mode, where VOUT is powered from the highest input voltage source with a high VINGOOD signal. An internal comparator with 400mV hysteresis monitors the input voltages to determine which is higher. If the state of this comparator changes during PWM operation, switching will be suspended for six clock cycles before resuming from the other input source. An approximate 250µs filter/ time constant prevents rapid transitions between inputs. As with priority mode, if one of the VINGOOD signals is low the LTC3118 will operate from the other input in order to keep the output powered. If both VINGOOD signals are low in either mode, the LTC3118 will not deliver power to VOUT. VOUT Power Good Indicator The VOUT power good indicator is an open-drain output pin similar to the V1GD and V2GD pins shown in Figure 2. PGD is driven by an internal comparator that monitors the FB pin. If FB is below 0.92V (VOUT is 8% low) PGD will open circuit, allowing an external resistor to pull high indicating the output voltage is not in regulation. The power good comparator has internal filtering for glitch suppression. 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 15 LTC3118 Operation Current Mode Control resistor RA1 and to its output (ICOMP) through an internal frequency compensation network comprised of RA2 and CA. The average current amplifier’s output provides the cycle-by-cycle duty cycle command into the buck-boost PWM circuitry. The LTC3118 utilizes average current mode control for the pulse width modulator, as shown in Figure 3. Current mode control, both average and the better known peak method, enjoy some benefits compared to other control methods, including: simplified loop compensation, rapid response to load transients and inherent line voltage rejection. The non-inverting reference level input to the average current amplifier is VC and the feedback or inverting input is driven from the inductor current sensing circuitry. The inductor current sensing circuitry alternately measures the current through switches A1 (or A2) and B. The output of the sensing circuitry produces a voltage across resistor RCS that resembles the inductor current waveform transformed to a voltage. If there is an increase in the power converter load on VOUT, the instantaneous level of VOUT will drop slightly, which will increase the voltage level on VC by the inverting action of the voltage error amplifier. When the increase on VC first occurs, the output of the current averaging amplifier, ICOMP, will increase momentarily to command a larger duty cycle. This duty cycle increase will result in a higher inductor current level, ultimately raising the average voltage across RCS. Once the average Referring to Figure 3, an internal high gain transconductance error amplifier, labeled VAMP, monitors VOUT through a voltage divider connected to the FB pin and provides an output, VC, used by the current mode control loop to command the appropriate inductor current level. To ensure stability, external frequency compensation components (RZ, CP1 and CP2) must be installed between VC and GND. The procedure for determining these components is provided in the Applications Information section of this data sheet. VC is internally connected to the noninverting input of a high gain, integrating, operational amplifier, referred to in Figure 3 as IAMP. The inverting input of the average current amplifier is connected to the inductor current sense resistor RCS through a gain-setting INDUCTOR CURRENT SENSE IL SW1 RA1 VOUT R1 R2 RCS FB 1V VAMP – + SW2 IAVG CA RA2 – + IAMP VC PWM ICOMP TO SWITCHES 1.2MHz RAMPS/ OSCILLATOR DRIVE LOGIC 3118 F03 RZ CP2 CP1 Figure 3. Average Current Mode Control Loop 3118fa 16 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 LTC3118 Operation value of the voltage on RCS is equivalent to the VC level, the voltage on ICOMP will revert very closely to its previous level into the PWM, and force the correct duty cycle to maintain voltage regulation at this new higher inductor current level. The average current amplifier is configured as an integrator, so in steady state, the average value of the voltage applied to its inverting input (voltage across RCS) will be equivalent to the voltage on its noninverting input VC. As a result, the average value of the inductor current is controlled in order to maintain voltage regulation. The entire current amplifier and PWM can be simplified as a voltage controlled current source, with the driving voltage coming from VC. VC is commonly referred to as the current command for this reason, and the voltage on VC is directly proportional to average inductor current, which can prove useful for many applications. The voltage error amplifier monitors VOUT through a voltage divider and makes adjustments to the current command as necessary to maintain regulation. The voltage error amplifier therefore controls the outer voltage regulation loop. The average current amplifier makes adjustments to the inductor current as directed by the voltage error amplifier output via VC and is commonly referred to as the inner current loop amplifier. The average current mode control technique is similar to peak current mode control except that the average current amplifier, by virtue of its configuration as an integrator, controls average current instead of the peak current. This difference eliminates the peak-to-average current error inherent to peak current mode control, while maintaining most of the advantages inherent to peak current mode control. Average current mode control requires appropriate compensation for the inner current loop, unlike peak current mode control. The compensation network must have high DC gain to minimize VOUT regulation errors and high bandwidth to quickly change the commanded current level following transient load steps. The inner loop compensation components are fixed internally on the LTC3118. External compensation of the voltage loop is detailed in the Applications Information section and is similar to techniques used for peak current mode control. Inductor Current Sense and Maximum Output Current As part of the current control loop, the LTC3118 has current sense circuitry that measures the inductor current of the buck-boost converter, as shown in Figure 3. This circuitry measures the current through switches A1 (or A2) and B separately and produces proportional output currents that are summed at the current sense resistor RCS. Sensed A and B switch currents form a voltage replica of the inductor current at RCS, which is used by the average current amplifier, as described in the previous section. The voltage amplifier output, VC, is internally clamped to a nominal value of 1V. Since the average inductor current is proportional to VC, the 1V clamp sets the maximum average inductor current that can be programmed by the inner current loop. Taking into account the current sense amplifier’s gain, and the value of RCS, the maximum average inductor current is 3.6A typical. In buck mode, the output current is approximately equal to the inductor current IL. IOUT(BUCK) ≈ IL • 0.85 The 100ns SW1/SW2 forced low time on each switching cycle briefly disconnects the inductor from VOUT and VIN, resulting in slightly less output current in either buck or boost mode for a given inductor current. In boost mode, the output current is related to average inductor current and duty cycle by: IOUT(BOOST) ≈ IL • (1 – D) where D is the converter duty cycle. Since the output current in boost mode is reduced by the duty cycle (D), the output current rating in buck mode is always greater than in boost mode. Also, because boost mode operation requires a higher inductor current for a given output current compared to buck mode, the efficiency in boost mode will be lower due to higher conduction (IL² • RDS(ON)) losses in the power switches. This will further reduce the output current capability in boost mode. In either operating mode, however, the inductor peak-to-peak ripple current does not play a major role in determining the output current capability. 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 17 LTC3118 Operation The maximum load current capability in PWM mode curves in the Typical Performance Characteristics section show the relationship of input voltage and the ability to deliver load current at VOUT = 5V and 12V. When the input voltage is a volt or more above VOUT in buck mode, the LTC3118 is capable of providing more than 2A of load current. In boost mode, the output current capability is further reduced by the boost ratio or duty cycle (D) as described in the preceding equation. Overload Current Limit and Reverse Current Comparators The internal current sense waveforms are used by the peak overload current (IPEAK) and reverse current (IREV) comparators. The IPEAK current comparator monitors ISENSE and interrupts normal PWM operation if the inductor current level exceeds its maximum internal threshold. This threshold is approximately 60% above the maximum average current level of the current control loop. If the internal current sense waveform rises above this level, the LTC3118 will disconnect the inductor from VIN by shutting off switch A1 (or A2) to prevent higher current in the inductor. The IPEAK circuitry is reset by the oscillator clock at the end of each switching cycle. In the event that the overload comparator is tripped as the result of an output short-circuit condition, where VOUT is discharged below approximately 1V, the LTC3118 will initiate a soft-start event keeping the on-chip power dissipation to low levels. Once the short circuit is removed, the LTC3118 will restart in the normal fashion. If the average current loop is able to prevent inductor current from reaching IPEAK during a short-circuit event, soft-start will not be initiated, but the maximum current capability of the current loop will be reduced by 40% to reduce power dissipation. The LTC3118 contains a reverse current comparator set to a nominal value of –200mA. If the internal current sense waveform transitions below the internally set reverse current threshold, the LTC3118 will disconnect the inductor from VOUT by shutting off switch D, to prevent rapid discharge of the output capacitor. The IREV circuitry is reset by the oscillator clock at the end of the switching cycle. Burst Mode Operation When the MODE pin is held low, the LTC3118 is configured for automatic Burst Mode operation. As a result, the buckboost DC/DC converter will operate with normal continuous PWM switching above a predetermined average inductor current and will automatically transition to power saving Burst Mode operation below this level. Refer to the Typical Performance Characteristics section of this data sheet to determine the Burst Mode transition threshold for various combinations of VIN and VOUT. With MODE held low at light output loads, the LTC3118 will go into a standby or sleep state when the output voltage achieves its nominal regulation level. The sleep state halts PWM switching and powers down all nonessential functions of the IC, significantly reducing the quiescent current of the LTC3118. This greatly improves overall power conversion efficiency when the output load is light. Since the converter does not operate in sleep, the output voltage will slowly decay at a rate determined by the output load resistance and the output capacitor value. When the output voltage has decayed by a small amount, the LTC3118 will wake up and resume normal PWM switching operation until the voltage on VOUT is restored to the previous level. If the load is very light, the LTC3118 may only need to switch for a few cycles to restore VOUT, and may sleep for extended periods of time, significantly improving conversion efficiency. 3118fa 18 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 LTC3118 Operation Soft-Start Undervoltage Lockouts The LTC3118 soft-start circuit minimizes inrush current and output voltage overshoot on initial power up. The required timing components for soft-start are internal to the LTC3118 and produce typical soft-start durations of approximately 1ms. The internal soft-start circuit slowly ramps the error amplifier output at VC. In doing so, the current command of the IC is slowly increased, starting from zero. After initial power-up, soft-start can be reset by UVLO on VCC, both VIN1GOOD and VIN2GOOD de-asserting, thermal shutdown, or a VOUT short circuit. The LTC3118 undervoltage lockout (UVLO) circuits disable operation of the internal power switches if both VIN1 and VIN2 or the VCC voltages are below their respective UVLO thresholds (see Figure 2). There are three UVLO circuits, one for each VIN and another that monitors VCC. The VIN UVLO comparators have a falling voltage threshold of 1.8V (typical at room temperature). If both input voltages fall below this level, switching is disabled until one VIN rises above 2V, as long as VCC is above its UVLO threshold. The VCC UVLO has a falling voltage threshold of 2.2V (typical). If VCC falls below this threshold, IC operation is disabled until VCC rises above 2.35V as long as one VIN is above its UVLO threshold level. VCC Regulator An internal low dropout regulator (LDO) generates a nominal 3.8V rail from the active input VIN1 or VIN2. The VCC rail powers the internal control circuitry and power device gate drivers of the LTC3118, including the BST pin capacitors. The VCC regulator is disabled in shutdown to reduce quiescent current and is enabled by forcing one RUN pin above its logic threshold. The VCC regulator includes current-limit protection to safeguard against accidental short-circuiting of the LDO rail. In 5V VOUT applications, VCC can be powered by VOUT through an external Schottky diode. This technique is commonly referred to as bootstrapping. Bootstrapping can provide a significant efficiency improvement, particularly when the active VIN is high, and also allows operation to the minimum rated input voltage of 2V. For more information see Bootstrapping the VCC Regulator with 5V VOUT or External Supply, in the Applications Information section. Depending on the particular application, any of these UVLO thresholds could be the limiting factor affecting the minimum input voltage required for operation. The LTC3118 VCC regulator uses VIN1 or VIN2 for its power input, whichever is active (see the Input Select Logic and VIN Power Good Indicators section). If VCC is not bootstrapped, there exists a voltage drop between the active VIN and VCC. The dropout voltage is proportional to the loading on VCC due to the gate charge to the internal power switches. The Typical Performance Characteristics section of this data sheet provides information on the dropout voltage between VIN1 (or VIN2) and VCC. In applications where VCC is bootstrapped (powered by VOUT through a Schottky diode or auxiliary power rail), the minimum input voltage for operation (after start-up) will be limited only by the VIN UVLO thresholds (1.8V typical). Please note: If the bootstrap voltage is derived from the LTC3118 VOUT and not an independent power rail, then the minimum input voltages required for initial start-up are still limited by the minimum VCC voltage (2.35V typical). 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 19 LTC3118 Operation RUN1 and RUN2 Pin Comparators Forcing both RUN1 and RUN2 to a logic low places the LTC3118 in a low current shutdown state. When the voltage on either pin is brought above a 0.65V logic threshold, certain IC functions are enabled as shown in Figure 4a. The RUN1 and RUN2 pins also include accurate internal comparators that allow them to be used to set custom rising and falling ON/OFF thresholds for VIN1 and VIN2, respectively, with the addition of external resistor dividers. If either RUN pin voltage is increased to exceed its accurate comparator threshold (1.22V nominal), all functions of the buck-boost converter will be enabled and switching will commence, assuming the respective VIN and VCC UVLO circuits are cleared (see Figure 2). If both RUN1 and RUN2 are brought below the accurate comparator threshold, the buck-boost converter will inhibit switching, but the VCC regulator and control circuitry will remain powered unless both RUN pins are brought below the logic threshold. Therefore, in order to completely shut down the IC and reduce the VIN currents to < 2µA (typical), it is necessary to ensure that both RUN pins are brought below the worst-case low logic threshold of 0.2V. RUN1 and RUN2 are high voltage capable inputs but must be connected to their respective VIN1 and VIN2 supplies through a high value resistor greater than 200k to prevent a potential latch condition at the pin. The RUN pins can be driven above VIN or VOUT within their specified voltage ratings. If either RUN pin is forced above 5V, it will sink a small current, as given by the following equation: IRUN ≈ VRUN − 5V 3MΩ With the addition of optional resistor divider(s), as shown in Figure 4a, the RUN pin(s) can be used to establish a user-programmable turn-on and turn-off threshold. The buck-boost converter is enabled when the voltage on either RUN pin reaches 1.22V. Therefore, the turn-on voltage threshold on VIN is given by:  R  VTURNON = 1.22V 1+ T   RB  VIN2 VIN1 LOGIC SIGNAL LTC3118 VIN ACCURATE THRESHOLD RUN1 OR RUN2 RT RB 1.22V 0.65V – + ENABLE SWITCHING – + ENABLE LDO AND CONTROL CIRCUITS RUN1 VIN1 ACTIVE 1M 1M 100pF VIN2 VIN1 LOGIC SIGNAL CN1 RUN2 100pF CN2 VIN2 ACTIVE 1M 100pF 1M 100pF LOGIC THRESHOLD (a) 3118 F04c 3118 F04b 3118 F04a (b) (c) Figure 4. (a) Accurate RUN1 or RUN2 Pin Comparators, (b) Manual VIN Select with Overlap Timing, (c) Active VIN Indicators 3118fa 20 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 LTC3118 Operation The RUN comparators include a built-in hysteresis of approximately 170mV, so that the turn-off threshold will be approximately 15% lower than the turn-on threshold. Put another way, the internal threshold levels for the RUN comparators to disable switching from a particular input is 1.05V. VTURNOFF  R  = 1.05V 1+ T   RB  The RUN comparator is relatively noise insensitive, but there may be cases due to PCB layout, very large value resistors for RT and RB (Figure 4a), or proximity to noisy components where noise pickup is unavoidable and may cause the turn-on or turn-off levels to be intermittent. In these cases, a small value filter capacitor can be added across RB to ensure proper operation. Selecting Priority or Ideal Diode Mode Operation Priority Mode (SEL=0) Priority mode operation is suggested for most applications, since powering from one of the sources is typically preferred. In priority mode, the primary input is connected to VIN1 and the auxiliary input is connected to VIN2. The LTC3118 will maintain operation from VIN1 until either the RUN1 or minimum VIN1 UVLO circuits transition the LTC3118 to VIN2 operation if valid. It is important that the RUN1 turn-off threshold programs the minimum VIN1 above 2.5V in Priority Mode unless VCC is back-fed and held above 2.5V. This prevents an unintended soft-start cycle from occurring if VCC hits its UVLO threshold when the VIN1 source is removed, before transitioning to VIN2 operation. Depending on the maximum load current of the application, the RUN1 and RUN2 minimum VIN turn-off thresholds may need to set well above 2.5V to prevent VOUT from losing regulation, especially in step-up mode. Please refer to Maximum Load Current vs VIN curves found in the Typical Performance Characteristics. Maximum load current capability when VIN1 or VIN2 is less than 3.8V can be improved if VCC is boot-strapped to 5V as shown in Figure 7. Ideal Diode Mode (SEL=1) Ideal Diode mode operation is available on the LTC3118 for systems with low ESR sources or where the programmed operating range of the two inputs can be separated as will be discussed. In Ideal Diode mode, an internal comparator monitors the voltage on both VIN1 and VIN2 to determine which input is higher. The comparator has approximately 800mV of hysteresis to help prevent the part from switching between the two inputs if the source voltages are equal. The comparator has an approximate 250µs filter delay to prevent rapid switching between inputs and erratic operation. When the LTC3118 switches between inputs, current supplied from one source is suspended before transitioning to the other source. Depending on the impedance of each source and the amount of input current required to support the load on VOUT, it is possible for the voltage ripple on one or both inputs to exceed this comparator’s hysteresis. As an example, if both input sources have 300mΩ of impedance and 2A of current is being drawn from the active source, a 600mV step will occur on the inputs during switchover, approaching the comparator’s 800mV of typical hysteresis. When the input voltages are equal, the LTC3118 could toggle between VIN1 and VIN2 operation at high load currents. For such systems, operation in Priority mode is recommended, unless the RUN pins can be programmed such that the minimum operating voltage of one input is set above the maximum source voltage of the other input. As with priority mode, the minimum VIN operating voltages should be set by their RUN pins above VCC UVLO and higher if needed to support maximum load current. Low ESR 100µF to 220µF aluminum electrolytic capacitors close to both input pins help to reduce resonant ringing during VIN switchover, due to cable inductances found in some applications and bench evaluation set-ups. 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 21 LTC3118 Operation Manual VIN Select Circuits The SEL pin can be used to manually switch between VIN1 and VIN2, if VIN2 is connected to a voltage greater than VIN1. In this case, both RUN pins must remain asserted above their 1.22V thresholds. The LTC3118 will run off VIN1 when SEL is low and the higher VIN2 source when SEL is high. For systems requiring manual VIN selection where the relative voltages are unknown, the RUN pins can be used with a few precautions. Each RUN pin contains internal filtering to reduce the chance of unintended turn-on or turn-off due to noise events. The turn-on delay is typically 50µs in order to manage inductive ringing during supply plug in. Accordingly, a >100µs overlap time of asserted RUN1 and RUN2 signals is recommended to prevent a momentary shutdown of the IC and a subsequent softstart cycle. If this overlap timing cannot be provided by the system micro-controller, an external circuit similar to Figure 4b can be added to each RUN pin. With the added circuit, VIN1 and VIN2 can be driven alternately off and on as shown. The diode provides a faster turn-on path, where the RC delay to GND is set to ~100µs in order to prevent VOUT from drooping during switch-over. Active VIN Indicator The V1GD and V2GD indicators can be monitored to determine if VIN1 or VIN2 have sufficient voltage based on internal UVLO circuits and the RUN pin divider networks as previously discussed. Some applications may require an additional indication of which VIN is active and which is inactive. This indication can be implemented with the CN1 and CN2 charge-pump pins and an external circuit similar to Figure 4c. The diode and RC network provide peak detection and filtering of the active CN pin which is switching in PWM mode and held high in sleep. The CN pin for the inactive VIN is held low. Applications Information Thermal Considerations The power switches of the LTC3118 are designed to operate continuously with currents up to the internal current limit thresholds. However, when operating at high current levels, there may be significant heat generated within the IC. In addition, the VCC regulator can generate a significant amount of heat when the active VIN is high. This adds to the total power dissipation of the IC. As described elsewhere in this data sheet, bootstrapping of VCC for 5V output applications can essentially eliminate this power dissipation term and significantly improve efficiency. Careful consideration must be given to the thermal environment of the IC in order to provide a means to remove heat from the IC and ensure that the LTC3118 is able to provide its full rated output current. Specifically, the exposed die attach pad of both the QFN and FE packages must be soldered to a copper layer on the PCB to maximize the conduction of heat out of the IC package. This can be accomplished by utilizing multiple vias from the die attach pad connection underneath the IC package to other PCB layer(s) containing large copper planes. A recommended board layout incorporating these concepts is shown in Figure 5. Typical temperature rise versus load current curves using the PCB in Figure 5 are given in the Typical Performance Characteristics section. If the IC die temperature exceeds approximately 165°C, thermal shutdown will be invoked and all switching will be inhibited. The part will remain disabled until the die temperature cools by approximately 10°C, at which time a soft-start is initiated to provide a smooth recovery. 3118fa 22 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 LTC3118 Applications Information Top Layer 2nd Layer 3rd Layer Bottom Layer (Top View) Figure 5. Typical 4-Layer PC Board Layout 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 23 LTC3118 Applications Information Inactive VIN Leakage Currents The inactive input (VIN1 or VIN2) consumes a small amount of bias current and will exhibit some amount of leakage current, through the disabled switches, depending on the temperature of the die and the average DC voltage between the inactive VIN and SW1 (stand-off voltage). Please refer to the Die Temperature Rise and N-Channel MOSFET leakage curves in the Typical Performance Characteristics of the data sheet. The stand-off voltage can be positive or negative depending on the VIN1 and VIN2 voltages and varies with SW1 duty cycle. Figure 6 shows typical currents into the inactive input as a function of its voltage at various levels of inductor current as the LTC3118 operates in PWM mode from an active 12V input and 12V output. Higher inductor currents generally translate to higher leakage currents due to power dissipation, resulting in a die temperature rise. CURRENT INTO INACTIVE INPUT (µA) 100 Referring to the curves in Figure 6, leakage currents are generally supplied from the inactive source into its respective VIN pin above a few volts. At lower voltages, it is possible to get reverse current back-fed into the source, causing a depleted battery or unplugged input to slowly charge. In some cases, a dummy load resistor across the inactive input may be needed to prevent that input from rising above its UVLO causing a momentary turn-on. A good thermal design will help to reduce unwanted leakage currents into or out of the inactive input, especially at high switch currents where die temperatures increase. A tight board layout near the VIN1/CM1 and VIN2/CM2 pins to ground is advised to reduce leakage that may occur due to SW1 edge rates and parasitic inductances in the traces. IL = 0A IL = 0.5A IL = 1A IL = 2A 80 60 40 20 0 –20 0 3 6 12 15 9 INACTIVE INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 18 3118 F06 Figure 6. Inactive VIN Current vs Voltage and Inductor Current (IL) Active VIN = VOUT = 12V in PWM Mode 3118fa 24 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 LTC3118 Applications Information A standard application circuit for the LTC3118 is shown on the front page of this data sheet. The appropriate selection of external components is dependent upon the required performance of the IC in each particular application, given considerations and trade-offs such as PCB area, input and output voltage range, output voltage ripple, required efficiency, thermal considerations and cost. This section of the data sheet provides some basic guidelines and considerations to aid in the selection of external components and the design of the applications circuit. VCC Capacitor Selection VCC is generated by a low dropout linear regulator from either VIN1 or VIN2, whichever is selected. Both VCC regulators have been designed for stable operation with a wide range of output capacitors. For most applications, a low ESR capacitor of 4.7µF should be used. The capacitor should be located as close to VCC as possible and connected to ground through the shortest trace possible. If the connecting trace cannot be made short, an additional 0.1µF bypass capacitor should be connected between VCC and ground, as close to the package pins as possible. Bootstrapping the VCC Regulator with 5V VOUT or External Supply The high and low side gate drivers are powered by VCC, which is generated from the selected VIN through an internal linear regulator. In some applications, especially at high input voltages, the power dissipation in the linear regulator can become a significant contributor to thermal heating of the IC. The Typical Performance Characteristics section of this data sheet provides data on VCC current in PWM operation, which is supplied by VIN. A significant performance advantage can be attained in applications where VOUT is programmed to 5V, if VCC is powered by VOUT rather than the selected VIN. This can be done by connecting a Schottky diode from VOUT to VCC, as shown in Figure 7. With the bootstrap diode installed, the gate driver currents are supplied by the buck-boost converter at high efficiency rather than through the less efficient internal linear regulator. The internal linear regulator contains reverse blocking circuitry that allows VCC to be driven slightly above their nominal regulation level with only a slight amount of reverse current. Please note that the bootstrapping supply (either VOUT or a separate regulator) must limit VCC to less than 6V. BST, Charge Pump and CM Capacitor Selection Small ceramic capacitors are needed to provide a sufficient amount of charge to the high side switches. As shown in the applications circuits and the front page of this data sheet, small capacitors are required from BST1 to SW1, BST2 to SW2, CN1 to CP1, CN2 to CP2, CM1 to GND and CM2 to GND. Recommended initial values for the BST to SW capacitors are 0.1µF with > 5V rating, CN to CP capacitors are 10nF with > 20V rating, and CM to GND capacitors are 47nF with > 20V rating. Inductor Selection The choice of inductor used in LTC3118 applications influences the maximum deliverable output current, the converter bandwidth, the magnitude of the inductor current ripple and the overall converter efficiency. The inductor must have a low DC series resistance and high output VOUT VOUT LTC3118 VCC 4.7µF 3118 F07 Figure 7. Bootstrapping VCC 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 25 LTC3118 Applications Information current capability or efficiency will be compromised. Larger inductor values reduce inductor current ripple, but will not increase output current capability as is the case with peak current mode control, as described in the Inductor Current Sense and Maximum Output Current section of this data sheet. Larger value inductors also tend to have a higher DC series resistance for a given case size, which will have a negative impact on efficiency. Larger values of inductance also lower the right half plane (RHP) zero frequency when operating in boost mode, requiring the converter bandwidth to be set lower in frequency, thereby slowing the converter’s load transient response. Most LTC3118 application circuits deliver the best performance with an inductor value between 3.3µH and 10µH. In general, a 3.3µH inductor is recommended for VOUT up to 5V, 6.8µH for VOUT = 12V and 10µH for VOUT = 18V. Inductor values for other output voltages can be scaled accordingly. Regardless of inductor value, the saturation current rating should be such that it is greater than the worst-case average inductor current plus half of the ripple current. The peak-to-peak inductor current ripple for each operational mode can be calculated from the following formula, where f is the switching frequency (1.2MHz), L is the inductance in µH, and tLOW is the switch pin minimum low time in µs. The switch pin minimum low time is typically 0.1µs. ∆IL(P-P)BUCK =  VOUT  VIN − VOUT   1    − tLOW  Amps  L  VIN  f Buck = 600mA peak-to-peak Boost = 200mA peak-to-peak One-half of this inductor ripple current must be added to the highest expected average inductor current in order to select the proper saturation current rating for the inductor (about 4A). In addition to its influence on power conversion efficiency, the inductor DC resistance can also impact the maximum output current capability of the buck-boost converter particularly at low input voltages. In buck mode, the output current of the buck-boost converter is primarily limited by the inductor current reaching the average current limit threshold defined by VC. However, in boost mode, especially at large step-up ratios, the output current capability can also be limited by the total resistive losses in the power stage. These losses include switch resistances, inductor DC resistance and PCB trace resistance. Avoid inductors with a high DC resistance (DCR), as they can degrade the maximum output current capability from what is shown in the Typical Performance Characteristics section. As a guideline, the inductor DCR should be significantly less than the typical power switch resistance of 100mΩ. The only exceptions are applications that have a maximum output current much less than what the LTC3118 is capable of delivering. Different inductor core materials and styles have an impact on the size and price of an inductor at any given current rating. Shielded construction is generally preferred as it minimizes the chances of interference with other circuitry. The choice of inductor style depends upon the price, sizing and EMI requirements of a particular application. Table 1 provides a small sampling of inductors that are well suited to many LTC3118 applications. ∆IL(P-P)BOOST = ripples at the voltage extremes (18V VIN for buck and 2.7V VIN for boost) are:  VIN  VOUT − VIN   1    − tLOW  Amps  L  VOUT   f It should be noted that the worst-case inductor peak-topeak inductor ripple current occurs when the duty cycle in buck mode is maximum (highest VIN), and in boost mode when the duty cycle is 50% (VOUT = 2 • VIN). As an example, if VIN (minimum) = 2.7V and VIN (maximum) = 18V, VOUT = 5V and L = 3.3µH, the peak-to-peak inductor Output Capacitor Selection A low effective series resistance (ESR) output capacitor should be connected at the output of the buck-boost converter in order to minimize output voltage ripple. Multilayer ceramic capacitors are an excellent option as they have low ESR and are available in small footprints. The capacitor 3118fa 26 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 LTC3118 Applications Information Table 1. Representative Buck-Boost Surface Mount Inductors VALUE (µH) DCR (mΩ) MAX DC CURRENT (A) SIZE (W × L × H) mm MSS7341T XAL7030 3.3 6.8 18 42 3.7 4.4 7×7×4 8×8×3 Coilcraft www.coilcraft.com SD8328 3.3 4.7 14 19 4.0 3.6 8×8×3 8×8×3 Coiltronics www.coiltronics.com LQH88PN LQH88PN LQH88PN 3.3 4.7 6.8 16 22 28 5 4.2 3.8 8×8×4 8×8×4 8×8×4 Murata www.murata.com CDRH8D28NP 3.3 4.7 18 25 4 3.4 8×8×3 8×8×3 Sumida www.sumida.com VLP840 3.3 6.8 15 24 5.2 3.6 8×8×4 8×8×4 TDK Electronics www.tdk.co.jp FDSD0603 3.3 6.8 23 51 5.6 3.7 7×7×3 7×7×3 Toko www.toko.co.jp 7447789003 7447789004 7447779006 3.3 4.7 6.8 30 35 35 4.2 3.9 3.3 7×7×3 7×7×3 7 × 7 × 4.5 PART NUMBER value should be chosen large enough to reduce the output voltage ripple to acceptable levels. Neglecting the capacitor’s ESR and ESL, the peak-to-peak output voltage ripple can be calculated by the following formula, where f is the frequency in MHz (1.2MHz), COUT is the capacitance in µF, tLOW is the switch pin minimum low time in µs (0.1µs) and ILOAD is the output current in Amps. ∆VP-P(BUCK) = ILOAD tLOW Volts COUT Würth Elektronik www.we-online.com In addition to the output voltage ripple generated across the output capacitance, there is also output voltage ripple produced across the internal resistance of the output capacitor. The ESR-generated output voltage ripple is proportional to the series resistance of the output capacitor, and is given by the following expressions where RESR is the series resistance of the output capacitor and all other terms as previously defined. ∆VP-P(BUCK) = ∆VP-P(BOOST) = ILOAD RESR ≅ ILOAD RESR Volts 1− tLOW f ∆VP-P(BOOST) = I LOAD  VOUT − VIN + tLOW fVIN    Volts fC V   OUT OUT Examining the previous equations reveals that the output voltage ripple increases with load current and is generally higher in boost mode than in buck mode. Note that these equations only take into account the voltage ripple that occurs from the inductor current to the output being discontinuous. They provide a good approximation to the ripple at any significant load current but underestimate the output voltage ripple at very light loads where the output voltage ripple is dominated by the inductor current ripple. MANUFACTURER V  ILOAD RESR VOUT ≅ ILOAD RESR  OUT  Volts VIN (1− tLOW f )  VIN  In most LTC3118 applications, an output capacitor between 47µF and 100µF will work well. Input Capacitor Selection The VIN1 or VIN2 pin carries the full inductor current and provides power to internal control circuits in the IC. To minimize input voltage ripple and ensure proper operation of the IC, a low ESR bypass capacitor with a value of at least 10µF should be located as close to the pin as possible. 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 27 LTC3118 Applications Information capacitor types that are well suited to these applications including multilayer ceramic, low ESR tantalum, OS-CON and POSCAP technologies. In addition, there are certain types of electrolytic capacitors, such as solid aluminum organic polymer capacitors, that are designed for low ESR and high AC currents and these are also well suited to some LTC3118 applications. Table 2 provides a partial listing of appropriate capacitors to use. The choice of capacitor technology is primarily dictated by a trade-off between size, leakage current and cost. In backup power applications, the input or output capacitor might be a super or ultra capacitor with a capacitance value measuring in the Farad range. The selection criteria in these applications are generally similar except that voltage ripple is generally not a concern. Some capacitors exhibit a high DC leakage current which may preclude their consideration for applications that require a very low quiescent current in Burst Mode operation. The traces connecting this capacitor to VIN1 or VIN2 and the ground plane should be made as short as possible. When powered through long leads or from a high ESR power source, a larger value bulk input capacitor may be required. In such applications, a 47µF to 100µF electrolytic capacitor in parallel with a 1µF ceramic capacitor generally yields a high performance, low cost solution. In ideal diode mode, the voltage ripple on each input must be kept below the VIN comparator’s 800mV hysteresis to prevent repetitive switching between VIN1 and VIN2 operation when the input voltages are similar. Recommended Input and Output Capacitors The capacitors used to filter the input and output of the LTC3118 must have low ESR and must be rated to handle the large AC currents generated by the switching converters. This is important to maintain proper functioning of the IC and to reduce output voltage ripple. There are many Table 2. Representative Bypass and Output Capacitors VALUE (µF) VOLTAGE (V) CAPACITOR TYPE ESR (mΩ) SIZE (W × L × H) mm 12103D226MAT2A 22 25 X5R Ceramic 3.2 × 2.5 × 2.8 AVX www. avx.com C2220X226K3RACTU A700D226M016ATE030 22 22 25 16 X7R Ceramic, Aluminum Polymer 30mΩ 5.7 × 5 × 2.4 7.3 × 4.3 × 2.8 Kemet www.kemet.com GRM32ER71E226KE15L 22 25 X7R Ceramic 3.2 × 2.5 × 2.5 Murata www.murata.com PLV1E121MDL1 82 25 Aluminum Polymer, 25mΩ 8×8×3 Nichicon www.nichicon.com ECJ-4YB1E226M 22 25 X5R Ceramic 3.2 × 2.5 × 2.5 Panasonic www.panasonic.com 25TQC22MV 16TQC100M 25SVPF47M 22 100 47 25 16 25 POSCAP, 50mΩ POSCAP, 45mΩ OS-CON, 30mΩ 7.3 × 4.3 × 1.9 7.3 × 4.3 × 3.1 6.6 × 6.6 × 5.9 Sanyo www.sanyo.com TMK325BJ226MM-T 22 25 X5R Ceramic 3.2 × 2.5 × 2.5 Taiyo Yuden www.t-yuden.com CKG57NX5R1E476M 47 25 X5R Ceramic 6.5 × 5.5 × 5.5 TDK www.tdk.com PART NUMBER MANUFACTURER 3118fa 28 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 LTC3118 Applications Information Ceramic capacitors are often utilized in switching converter applications due to their small size, low ESR and low leakage currents. However, many ceramic capacitors intended for power applications experience a significant loss in capacitance from their rated value as the DC bias voltage on the capacitor increases. It is not uncommon for a small surface mount capacitor to lose more than 50% of its rated capacitance when operated near its maximum rated voltage. This effect is generally reduced as the case size is increased for the same nominal value capacitor. As a result, it is often necessary to use a larger value capacitance or a higher voltage rated capacitor than would ordinarily be required to actually realize the intended capacitance at the operating voltage of the application. X5R and X7R dielectric types are recommended as they exhibit the best performance over the wide operating range and temperature of the LTC3118. To verify that the intended capacitance is achieved in the application circuit, be sure to consult the capacitor vendor’s curve of capacitance versus DC bias voltage. Compensation of the Buck-Boost Converter The LTC3118 utilizes an average current architecture to regulate the output voltage. Average current mode control has two loops that require frequency compensation, the inner average current loop and the outer voltage loop. The compensation for the inner average current loop is fixed within the LTC3118 to simplify the loop design and provide the highest possible bandwidth over a wide operating range. The outer voltage loop does require external compensation components, allowing the overall loop characteristics to be customized for the application. The average current mode control used in the LTC3118 can be conceptualized as a voltage-controlled current source (VCCS), driving the output load formed primarily by RLOAD and COUT, as shown in Figure 8. The voltage error amplifier output (VC), provides a command input to the VCCS. The full-scale range of VC is 0.6V (200mV to 800mV). With a full-scale command on VC, VOUT = 5V VOLTAGE CONTROLLED CURRENT SOURCE + – VOLTAGE ERROR AMP – + gm FB R1 400k R2 100k 1V COUT 47µF RCOESR 0.01Ω RLOAD 5Ω VC gm = 3.6A/0.6V RZ 800mV GND CP2 CP1 3118 F08 Figure 8. Simplified Representation of Average Current Mode Control Loop 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 29 LTC3118 Applications Information the LTC3118 buck-boost converter will generate an average 3.6A of inductor current (typical) from the converter making the transconductance gain 6A /V. As with peak current mode control, the inner average current control loop effectively turns the inductor into a current source over the frequency range of interest, resulting in a frequency response from the power stage that exhibits a single pole (–20dB / decade) roll-off. The output capacitor (COUT) and load resistance (RLOAD) form a dominant low frequency pole, where the effective series resistance of the output capacitor and its capacitance form a zero, usually at a high enough frequency to be ignored. A potentially troublesome right half plane zero (RHPZ) is also encountered if the converter is operated in boost mode. The RHPZ causes an increase in gain, like a zero, but a decrease in phase, like a pole. This can ultimately limit the maximum converter bandwidth that can be achieved with the LTC3118. The RHPZ is not present when operating in buck mode. The overall open loop gain at DC is the product of the following terms: Voltage Error Amp Gain: gm • REA = 80µS • 5MΩ = 400V (fixed) V Voltage Divider Gain: VFB 1V = VOUT VOUT Load Resistance: V RLOAD = OUT ILOAD The frequency dependent terms that affect the loop gain include: Output Load Pole (P1): 1 (application dependent) 2π • RLOAD • COUT Right Half Plane Zero (RHPZ): VIN 2 • RL (application dependent) 2 VOUT • 2π • L Voltage Error Amplifier Compensation: 2 poles and 1 zero (application dependent) The voltage amplifier’s frequency response is designed to optimize the response for the overall loop. Measurement of the power stage gain over line, load, component variation and frequency is strongly recommended prior to loop design. The design parameters for compensation design will focus on the series resistor and capacitors connected from VC to ground (RZ, CP1 and CP2). Being a buck-boost converter, the target loop crossover frequency for the compensation design will be dictated by the highest boost ratio and load current that is expected, as this will result in the lowest RHPZ frequency. The general goal is to set the crossover frequency and provide sufficient phase boost using the external compensation network. Current Loop Transconductance: 6A gc = (fixed) V 3118fa 30 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 LTC3118 Applications Information Compensation Example This section will demonstrate how to derive and select the compensation components for a typical LTC3118 application. Designing compensation for other applications is a matter of substituting different values in the equations provided based on the power stage bode plots. Since the compensation design procedure uses a simplified model of the LTC3118, the results from the following compensation design should always be verified with time domain step load response tests to validate the effectiveness of the compensation design. It is assumed that the value and type of output capacitor will be selected based on the guidelines provided elsewhere in this data sheet. Particular attention needs to be paid to the voltage bias effect on ceramic capacitors typically used for output bypassing. Similarly, it is assumed that the inductor value and current rating has been selected as well, based on the application requirements. In order to account for internal IC component variations, it is a good practice to set the converter bandwidth, or crossover frequency, at least 4 to 5 times lower than the RHPZ frequency, to avoid excessive phase loss from the RHPZ when operating in boost mode. In some instances such as higher output voltage applications, an even greater separation between the loop crossover frequency and the RHPZ frequency may be necessary. In this example design, we’ll plan to achieve a loop bandwidth (fCC) of 20kHz, well below the RHPZ frequency. The 5V, 1A design example bode plots are shown in Figure 9. The top curve set shows the power stage gain (and phase) in buck (> 5VIN) and 3VIN boost mode operation. The DC gain in buck mode is simply the current loop transconductance (6A/V) multiplied by the load resistance (5Ω). The VOUT resistor divider will be accounted for in voltage amplifier network. Buck DC Gain: Example Application Details: 20log ( 6A/V•5Ω ) = 29dB VIN = 3V to 15V In boost mode the gain is reduced by VIN / VOUT. VOUT = 5V Boost DC Gain at 3VIN: Maximum IOUT (boost mode) = 1A, RLOAD = 5Ω  6A/V • 3V • 5Ω  20log   = 25dB   5V Maximum IOUT (buck mode) = 1A, RLOAD = 5Ω (could supply 2A if VIN > 5V) COUT = 100µF but use 66µF in calculations to account for DC voltage bias effects. L = 3.3µH Since this application includes boost mode operation, the first step is to calculate the worst-case RHPZ frequency as this will dictate the maximum loop bandwidth for the converter. RHPZ(f) = VIN2 • RLOAD VOUT2 • 2π • L 3V 2 • 5Ω 2 5V • 2π • 3.3µH The output load pole will move depending on the output load resistance. The power stage poles at full load are shown in the top set of curves in Figure 9. Output Load Pole: 1 1 = = 480Hz 2π • R • C 2π • 5Ω • 66µF LOAD OUT = = 87kHz 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 31 LTC3118 Applications Information 30 18 BOOST MODE 60 0 6 0 –60 –6 –12 –120 –18 –24 36 30 24 18 12 6 0 –6 –12 –18 –24 –30 –36 10Hz –180 100Hz 1kHz 10kHz FREQUENCY 100kHz 1MHz –VC/ VOUTA 0 –20 –40 –60 –80 –100 GAIN PHASE 100Hz 1kHz 10kHz FREQUENCY 100kHz –120 1MHz VOUT / VOUTA BUCK MODE 210 180 120 60 BOOST MODE 0 –60 –120 GAIN PHASE MARGIN 100Hz PHASE MARGIN (DEG) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 10Hz GAIN PHASE PHASE (DEG) VOLTAGE LOOP GAIN (dB) 120 12 –30 –36 10Hz TOTAL LOOP GAIN (dB) VOUT / VC BUCK MODE PHASE (DEG) POWER STAGE GAIN (dB) 24 1kHz 10kHz FREQUENCY 100kHz –180 1MHz 3118 F08 Figure 9. Bode Plot Showing Power Stage Gain (Top), VA Loop (Center), and Total Loop Gain vs Frequency These values were verified in the top set of curves in Figure 9. The resulting power stage crossover frequency is around 40kHz in buck mode (VIN > 5V), 20kHz in boost mode at 3.5VIN. The uncompensated power stage crossover frequency is higher than the goal of 20kHz. More importantly, the uncompensated power stage DC gain is low, especially in boost mode. A pole-zero-pole network will now be added to the voltage amplifier to increase the DC gain, reduce the crossover frequency and reduce the overall gain at high frequencies: VA Pole 1 = 1 2π REA CP1 3118fa 32 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 LTC3118 Applications Information this pole is close to DC, REA = Voltage Error Amp output resistance, which is approximately 5MΩ. This pole is mentioned for completeness, but has no effect on the overall loop design: VA Zero 1 = 1 2π R Z CP1 CP1 = this zero is placed below the crossover frequency to flatten the VA gain at the crossover to improve phase margin: VA Pole 2 = As shown, a 40kΩ value for RZ will provide –4db of gain at crossover. With RZ selected, CP1’s value is determined by setting the Zero 1 frequency at one-tenth the crossover frequency, or 2kHz. 1 2π R Z CP2 This pole is placed above the crossover frequency to reduce the gain to suppress noise and mitigate any RHPZ effects. Referring to the power stage gain curves in Figure 9, the loop gain needs to be reduced by 4dB to achieve a total loop crossover frequency of 20kHz. Assuming Zero 1 is placed well below the crossover frequency and Pole 2 is placed well above the crossover frequency, the voltage amplifiers gain at crossover is given by: VA gain at crossover: V • g •R  20log  FB m Z  = VOUT    1V • 80µA/V • 40k  20log   = − 4dB   5V Where gm is the VA transconductance, VFB / VOUT is the feedback divider gain, and RZ is the external zero resistor. 1 = 2π • R Z • f ZERO1 1 ≅ 1.8nF 2π • 40kΩ • 2kHz Finally, the high frequency Pole 2 is set at 10 times the crossover frequency to provide a high frequency pole at 200kHz. CP2 = 1 = 2π • R Z • f POLE2 1 ≅ 22pF 2π • 40kΩ • 200kHz The second set of curves in Figure 9 show the resulting VA response to the selected values. Notice that the separation between Zero 1 and Pole 2 provides 60 degrees phase bump near the crossover frequency. Combining the power stage and VA frequency responses, the measured overall loop gains are shown in the bottom set of curves of Figure 9. As shown, the crossover frequency was reduced to 20kHz in buck mode, 10kHz in boost. The phase margin at crossover is around 70 degrees. The VA design provided the additional benefits of high gain (>50dB) at DC and gain attenuation above the crossover frequency to prevent RHPZ issues. 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 33 LTC3118 Typical Applications System Power (Priority) or 3-Cell Li-Ion to 5V VOUT Regulator with Automatic Burst Mode Operation 3.3µH 0.1µF 4V TO 5.5V VIN1 + 0.1µF BST1 SW1 SW2 BST2 5V UP TO 1.5A, VIN > 4.5V VOUT 232k SYSTEM POWER 402k RUN1 22µF 100µF FB PGND 100k 100k PGND GND 22pF CM1 CM2 CP1 CP2 47nF 47nF 10nF 10nF 7.5V TO 12.6V + + + 22µF V1GD V2GD PGD VCC VIN2 SEL 1.8nF 40.2k VC CN2 CN1 POWER GOOD INDICATORS 4.7µF BAT-54 SCHOTTKY DIODE MODE 523k Li-Ion LTC3118 RUN2 100k PGND 3118 TA02a Efficiency vs Load Current: VIN1 = 5V, VIN2 = 10.8V, VOUT = 5V 100 90 5VOUT TRANSIENT 200mV/DIV BURST EFFICIENCY (%) 80 70 60 INDUCTOR CURRENT 1A/DIV PWM 50 LOAD CURRENT 1A/DIV VC 200mV/DIV 40 30 20 100µs/DIV VIN1 VIN2 10 0 0.0001 100mA to 1A Load Step, VIN1 = 5V, VOUT = 5V, Auto Burst Mode 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1 3118 TA02c 10 3118 TA02b 3118fa 34 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 LTC3118 Typical Applications 12V Wall Adapter (When Present) or 2-Cell Li-Ion to 12V VOUT Regulator with Automatic Burst Mode Operation 6.8µH 0.1µF 6V TO 8.2V + + VIN1 0.1µF BST1 SW1 SW2 BST2 Li-Ion 1100k RUN1 22µF FB 100k 100k 10nF LTC3118 VC V1GD V2GD PGD 10nF CN2 CN1 10V TO 14V SEL MODE 750k 100µF 12V WALL ADAPTER 60.4k 1.2nF POWER GOOD INDICATORS VCC VIN2 + PGND 22pF CM1 CM2 CP1 CP2 47nF 100µF GND PGND 47nF 12V AT 800mA VOUT 402k 4.7µF RUN2 100k PGND 3118 TA03a Efficiency vs Load Current: VIN1 = 7V, VIN2 = 12V, VOUT = 12V 100 90 EFFICIENCY (%) 80 70 INDUCTOR CURRENT 1A/DIV 60 50 PWM 2A 1A VIN1 5V/DIV SW1 10V/DIV 40 30 VIN1 VIN2 10 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1 VOUT = 12V VIN2 = 12V VIN1 = 6V SWITCHOVER TO VIN2 INDUCTOR CURRENT 2A/DIV SEL 20 12VIN2 Inductive Cable Insertion with VOUT = 12V and 800mA Load 12VOUT TRANSIENT 500mV/DIV VIN2 CABLE 5V/DIV INSERTION 12VOUT TRANSIENT 500mV/DIV BURST 0 0.0001 12VIN2 to 6VIN1 SEL Pin Switchover with VOUT = 12V and 800mA Load 500µs/DIV 3118 TA03c 100µs/DIV 3118 TA03d 10 3118 TA03b 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 35 LTC3118 Typical Applications Dual Battery System to 3.3V VOUT, Runs from Lead Acid (Priority) When Present Automatic Burst Mode Operation 3.3µH 0.1µF 10.5V TO 14.5V VIN1 + 0.1µF BST1 SW1 SW2 BST2 VOUT 232k 768k LEAD ACID BATTERY 22µF RUN1 PGND 100k GND PGND CM1 CM2 CP1 CP2 47nF 10nF 47pF LTC3118 VC V1GD V2GD PGD 10nF CN2 CN1 3V TO 16.5V VCC 18.2k 3.9nF POWER GOOD INDICATORS 4.7µF SEL VIN2 MODE 301k STACK OF 3-10 NiMH OR ALKALINE BATTERIES 100µF FB 100k 47nF 3.3V UP TO 2.5A, VIN > 4.5V 22µF RUN2 200k – PGND 3118 TA04a Efficiency vs Load Current: VIN1 = 5V, VIN2 = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V 100 90 3.3VOUT TRANSIENT 200mV/DIV BURST EFFICIENCY (%) 80 70 INDUCTOR CURRENT 1A/DIV 60 50 40 LOAD CURRENT 1A/DIV PWM VC 200mV/DIV 30 20 100µs/DIV VIN1 VIN2 10 0 0.0001 100mA to 1A Load Step, VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, Auto Burst Mode 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1 3118 TA04c 10 3118 TA04b 3118fa 36 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 LTC3118 Package Description Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings. UFD Package 24-Lead Plastic QFN (4mm × 5mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1696 Rev A) 0.70 ±0.05 4.50 ±0.05 3.10 ±0.05 2.00 REF 2.65 ±0.05 3.65 ±0.05 PACKAGE OUTLINE 0.25 ±0.05 0.50 BSC 3.00 REF 4.10 ±0.05 5.50 ±0.05 RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS APPLY SOLDER MASK TO AREAS THAT ARE NOT SOLDERED 4.00 ±0.10 (2 SIDES) R = 0.05 TYP 2.00 REF R = 0.115 TYP 23 0.75 ±0.05 PIN 1 NOTCH R = 0.20 OR C = 0.35 24 0.40 ±0.10 PIN 1 TOP MARK (NOTE 6) 1 2 5.00 ±0.10 (2 SIDES) 3.00 REF 3.65 ±0.10 2.65 ±0.10 (UFD24) QFN 0506 REV A 0.200 REF 0.00 – 0.05 0.25 ±0.05 0.50 BSC BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD NOTE: 1. DRAWING PROPOSED TO BE MADE A JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE MO-220 VARIATION (WXXX-X). 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS 4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE 5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED 6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE 3118fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 37 LTC3118 Package Description Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings. FE Package 28-Lead Plastic TSSOP (4.4mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1663 Rev K) Exposed Pad Variation EB 9.60 – 9.80* (.378 – .386) 4.75 (.187) 4.75 (.187) 28 27 26 2524 23 22 21 20 1918 17 16 15 6.60 ±0.10 4.50 ±0.10 2.74 (.108) SEE NOTE 4 0.45 ±0.05 EXPOSED PAD HEAT SINK ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE 6.40 2.74 (.252) (.108) BSC 1.05 ±0.10 0.65 BSC RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT 4.30 – 4.50* (.169 – .177) 0.09 – 0.20 (.0035 – .0079) 0.50 – 0.75 (.020 – .030) NOTE: 1. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETERS 2. DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS (INCHES) 3. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 0.25 REF 1.20 (.047) MAX 0° – 8° 0.65 (.0256) BSC 0.195 – 0.30 (.0077 – .0118) TYP 0.05 – 0.15 (.002 – .006) FE28 (EB) TSSOP REV K 0913 4. RECOMMENDED MINIMUM PCB METAL SIZE FOR EXPOSED PAD ATTACHMENT *DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.150mm (.006") PER SIDE 3118fa 38 For more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 LTC3118 Revision History REV DATE DESCRIPTION A 09/15 Text clarification PAGE NUMBER 1 Pin name corrections for SW1, SW2, BST1 and BST2 34, 35 3118fa Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representaFor more information www.linear.com/LTC3118 tion that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. 39 LTC3118 Typical Application 12V VIN to 5V VOUT Converter with Capacitor Backup Runs from VIN1 (Priority) in Normal Mode, VIN2 During Backup Event 3.3µH 0.1µF BST1 SW1 10.5V TO 14.5V SW2 BST2 768k LEAD ACID BATTERY OR 12V SYSTEM POWER 402k RUN1 22µF 100k PGND CM1 CM2 CP1 CP2 47nF 10nF GND LTC3118 CAPACITOR BACKUP CN2 CN1 VIN2 + VCC 22µF VIN1 10V/DIV PGND 22pF 40.2k 1.8nF VIN2 10V/DIV VCC BACK FED FROM VOUT FOR LOW VIN OPERATION POWER GOOD INDICATORS BAT-54 SCHOTTKY DIODE VOUT 5V/DIV INDUCTOR CURRENT 1A/DIV 200ms/DIV 3118 TA05b 4.7µF SEL 2M 10mF VC V1GD V2GD PGD 10nF 18V MAX, RUNS DOWN TO 2.2V 47µF FB 100k 47nF 5V VOUT VIN1 + 10mF, 18V Back-Up Capacitor Supports 200mA Load for >1 Second 0.1µF MODE RUN2 PGND 40.2k 3118 TA05a 40.2k CAN’T RUN FROM VIN2 UNTIL VOUT STARTS UP Related Parts PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LTC3111 1.5A (IOUT), 15V Synchronous Buck-Boost DC/DC Converter VIN = 2.5V to 15V, VOUT = 2.5V to 15V, IQ = 49µA, ISD < 1µA, DFN and MSOP Packages LTC3112 2.5A (IOUT), 15V Synchronous Buck-Boost DC/DC Converter VIN = 2.7V to 15V, VOUT = 2.5V to 14V, IQ = 40μA, ISD < 1μA, DFN and TSSOP Packages LTC3113 3A (IOUT), 5V Synchronous Buck-Boost DC/DC Converter VIN = 1.8V to 5.5V, VOUT = 1.8V to 5.25V, IQ = 30μA, ISD < 1μA, DFN and TSSOP Packages LTC3114-1 1A (IOUT), 40V Synchronous Buck-Boost DC/DC Converter VIN = 2.2V to 40V, VOUT = 2.7V to 15V, IQ = 30µA, ISD < 3µA, DFN and TSSOP Packages LTC3115-1 2A (IOUT), 40V Synchronous Buck-Boost DC/DC Converter VIN = 2.7V to 40V, VOUT = 2.7V to 40V, IQ = 30μA, ISD < 3μA, DFN and TSSOP Packages LTC3122 Operating Range VIN = 1.8V to 5.5V (500mV After Start-Up), VOUT = Up 2.5A ISW, 3MHz, Synchronous Step-Up DC/DC Converter with Output Disconnect, Burst Mode Operation, Up to 95% Efficiency to 15V, IQ = 25μA, ISD