A8522KLPTR-T

A8522 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface FEATURES AND BENEFITS • AEC-Q100 qualified • Wide input voltage range of 4.5 to 36 V • Operates down to 3.9 V (VIN falling) for idle stop, and up to 40 V for load dump • Integrated boost converter with DMOS switch and OVP protection up to 39 V • 8 fully integrated LED current sinks, with individually programmable current up to 60 mA per channel • I2C™ interface for programming LED current, PWM dimming, and various protection thresholds per channel • Ability to drive multiple loads from a single IC • Extensive PWM dimming (up to 10,000:1 at 100 Hz), individually programmable for each channel • Extensive diagnostics and fault reporting • Thermal warning and derating of LED current at higher temperatures Continued on the next page… DESCRIPTION The A8522 is a programmable multi-output LED driver for LCD backlighting. It integrates a current-mode boost converter with internal power switch and 8 current sinks. The IC operates from 4.5 to 36 V, and is able to withstand up to 40 V load-dump conditions encountered in automotive systems. The control loop is optimized to eliminate night flash in display backlight applications. The I2C interface allows the user to set the LED currents individually, up to 60 mA per LED channel. Adjacent channels may be combined to drive higher-current LED strings. The PWM dimming duty cycle also is independently controlled for each LED channel. This flexibility makes the A8522 a single solution for a wide range of LED applications. Two-way communication allows fault status to be reported. Continued on the next page… APPLICATIONS: PACKAGE: Automotive: • Infotainment • Cluster • Center-stack lighting • Head-up display (HUD) • Daytime running lights (DRL) 28-pin TSSOP with exposed thermal pad (suffix LP) Not to scale VIN (4.5 to 36 V) L1 RSENSE A CQ1 Q1 A CIN GATE INS VIN EN VC RADDR A8522 ADDR SDA I2C Interface External Synchronization COUT SW SCL VC B R FSET FSET/SYNC PGND OVP LED1 VDD CVDD VOUT D1 PAD LED2 LED8 COMP GND FLAG GPO1 GPO2 AGND Status / Interrupt CP RZ CZ A Optional B External pull-up voltage, or connected to VDD Typical Application Drawing A8522-DS, Rev. 12 MCO-0000141 July 2, 2018 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 FEATURES AND BENEFITS (continued) • Buffered PWM dimming control for all channels to facilitate localized dimming applications • Polyphase PWM dimming: LED currents staggered to reduce light flickering and input ripple current • Synchronize boost switching frequency: 400 kHz to 2.3 MHz to allow operation below or above the AM band • Programmable frequency dithering to reduce EMI • Typical LED current accuracy of 0.7%, and LED-to-LED matching accuracy of 0.8% • Protection features □□ Open/shorted LED pin detection □□ Programmable LED string short detection □□ Open/shorted external components (including boost inductor, Schottky diode, FSET resistor and so forth) □□ Input overcurrent protection against output to GND short □□ Cycle-by-cycle switch current limit □□ Overtemperature, and output overvoltage and undervoltage protection DESCRIPTION (continued) PWM dimming duty cycle also is independently controlled for each LED channel. This flexibility makes the A8522 a single solution for a wide range of LED applications, in some cases offering the ability to replace two or more LED driver ICs with a single device. The A8522 detects and protects against a wide variety of fault conditions, and two-way communication allows fault status to be reported. It provides protection against output short and overvoltage, open or shorted diode, open or shorted LED pin, shorted boost switch or inductor, and IC overtemperature. A dual cycle-by-cycle current limit protects the internal switch against switch overcurrent. If required, the IC can drive an external PFET as an input-disconnect switch that is triggered by integrated current sense. SELECTION GUIDE Part Number Operating Ambient Temperature Range TA (°C) Package Packing [1] Leadframe Plating A8522KLPTR-T –40 to 125 28-pin TSSOP with exposed thermal pad 4000 pieces per 13-in. reel 100% matte tin [1] Contact Allegro™ for additional packing options. Features and Benefits 1 Description 1 Applications 1 Package 1 Typical Application Drawing 1 Selection Guide 2 Specifications 3 Absolute Maximum Ratings 3 Thermal Characteristics 3 Functional Block Diagram 4 Pinout Diagram and Terminal List Table 5 Electrical Characteristics 6 Characteristic Performance 9 Fault Handling 14 Input Overcurrent Protection 14 Switch Overcurrent Protection 15 LED String Open Fault Detection 15 Protection Against Open/Missing BOOST Diode 16 Functional Description 17 Enabling the IC 17 PWM Dimming 18 Output Current and Voltage 18 Boost Frequency Dithering 22 Table of Contents Polyphase Grouping 22 Boost Output Voltage Regulation 23 Output Hysteresis 24 Soft Start Timing 24 Input Disconnect Switch 24 System Failure Detection and Protection 26 Fault Handling 27 Application Information 30 Package Outline Design 37 Appendix A: Programming Information A-1 I2C Interface Description A-2 Timing Considerations A-2 I2C Command Write to the A8522 A-3 I2C Command Read from the A8522 A-4 Order of Reading and Writing Registers A-4 Dealing with Incomplete Transmission A-4 Register Map A-6 Register Field Reference A-8 Appendix B: Feedback Loop Calculations B-1 Power Stage Transfer Function B-1 Output to Control Transfer Function B-2 Stabilizing the Closed Loop System B-4 Measuring Feedback Loop Gain, Phase Margin B-6 Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 2 A8522 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface SPECIFICATIONS ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS [1] Characteristic LEDx Pins Symbol Notes Rating VLEDx ¯F ¯ ¯L¯ ¯ A¯ ¯ G¯ , GPO2, and OVP Pins EN, VIN, INS, and GATE Pins SW Pin VSW Unit –0.3 to 42 V –0.3 to 42 V INS and GATE pins should not exceed VIN by more than 0.4 V –0.3 to 40 V Continuous –0.6 to 42 V t < 50 ns –1.0 to 46 V –0.3 to 5.5 V VDD, FSET/SYNC, COMP, GPO1, SDA, SCL, and ADDR Pins Operating Ambient Temperature TA –40 to 125 °C Maximum Junction Temperature TJ(max) 150 °C Tstg –65 to 150 °C Storage Temperature K temperature range [1] Operation at levels beyond the ratings listed in this table may cause permanent damage to the device. The Absolute Maximum ratings are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the Electrical Characteristics table is not implied. Exposure to Absolute Maximumrated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS: May require derating at maximum conditions; see application information Characteristic Package Thermal Resistance [2] Additional Symbol RθJA Test Conditions [2] On 4-layer PCB based on JEDEC standard Value Unit 28 °C/W thermal information available on the Allegro website. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 3 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 FSET /SYNC SW Oscillator Internal VCC + COMP Current Sense OCP OCP – – INS – + Startup/ Shutdown COMP Diode Open + Sense Driver Circuit – PGND TSD + VREF Bandgap Reference OVP Sense AGND Internal VCC VDD SDA SCL – Regulator UVLO Fault Fault Status VOVP REG I2 C Interface 10 µA 8 PWM1 to PWM8 – + LED1 8 VREG 8 8 ISET1 to ISET8 EN Enable ... ADDR VOVP REG Open /Short LED Detect COMP Register OVP + VIN LED8 LED Driver 100 kΩ ` GPO1 GPO2 GATE Selector ` FLAG MUX PAD AGND Functional Block Diagram Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 4 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 28 SW GATE 1 INS 2 27 OVP VIN 3 26 PGND EN 4 25 ADDR 24 SCL FSET/SYNC 5 COMP 6 AGND 7 VDD 8 Terminal List Table Name PAD 23 SDA 22 GOP1 21 GPO2 FLAG 9 20 NC LED1 10 19 NC LED2 11 18 LED8 LED3 12 17 LED7 LED4 13 16 LED6 LED5 14 15 AGND Package LP, 28-Pin TSSOP Pinout Diagram Number Function ADDR 25 This pin has 4 levels that allow the user to set up to 4 physical IC addresses based on the voltage level. Connect a resistor to GND to set the voltage level. AGND 7, 15 Analog ground; connect all noise-sensitive components (especially for COMP) to this quiet ground, and connect to thermal pad. COMP 6 Output of error amplifier and compensation node; connect a type-2 feedback network from this pin to AGND for control loop compensation. EN 4 Enable for the A8522; IC stays in shutdown mode as long as EN = VEN(L) , enables the part when connected to VEN(H) or to VIN . ¯F¯ ¯L¯ ¯A¯ ¯G¯ 9 This active-low, open-drain pin is used to indicate that system attention is required, such as during startup or a fault condition. Connect a resistor with a value from 10 to 100 kΩ between this pin and the target logic level voltage. FSET/SYNC 5 Frequency/synchronization pin; a resistor, RFSET , from this pin to GND sets the switching frequency, and this pin can also be used to synchronize to an external switching frequency. GATE 1 Gate driver for optional external PMOS input disconnect switch, that in the event of a fault (such as output shorted to GND) is turned off by this pin being pulled high (turning off input supply); if not used, this pin should be left open. GPO1 22 General purpose open-drain output 1, programmable by internal register. GPO2 21 General purpose open-drain output 2, programmable by internal register. INS 2 Input current sense, used together with VIN pin to detect input overcurrent fault; if not used, this pin should be tied to VIN. LEDx 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 LED current sink channels 1 through 8. Up to 60 mA per channel. Any unused LEDx pin should be connected to GND through a 4.7 kΩ resistor. NC 19, 20 OVP 27 Connect this pin to output voltage VOUT to provide output Overvoltage Protection (OVP) and Undervoltage Protection (UVP). PAD – Exposed pad of the package providing enhanced thermal dissipation. This pad must be connected to the ground plane(s) of the PCB with at least 8 vias, directly in the pad, and AGND and PGND pins must be connected to this ground pad on the PCB. PGND 26 Power ground for internal NMOS switching device; connect this pin to ground terminal of output ceramic capacitor(s) and to thermal pad. SCL 24 I2C clock signal. SDA 23 I2C data signal. No connect. Terminate each pin to GND through a 4.7 kΩ resistor (do not short to GND directly). See page A-8 for important notes on initialization of register 0x00. SW 28 The drain of the internal NMOS switch of the boost converter. VDD 8 Output of internal LDO; connect a 0.47 µF decoupling capacitor between this pin and AGND. VIN 3 Input power to the A8522. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 5 A8522 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS [1]: Valid at VIN = 16 V , TA = 25°C, EN = VEN(H) , indicates specifications valid across the full operating temperature range with TA = TJ = –40°C to 125°C and with typical specifications at TA = 25°C; unless otherwise specified Characteristic Symbol Test Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit 4.5 − 36 V INPUT VOLTAGE Input Voltage Range VIN Measured at the VIN pin VIN Pin UVLO Start VINUV(ON) VIN rising − − 4.35 V VIN Pin UVLO Stop VINUV(OFF) VIN falling − − 3.90 V VIN Pin UVLO Hysteresis VINUV(HYS) − 400 − mV Measured at the VIN pin, EN = VEN(H) , fSW = 2 MHz no load − 15 − mA IQSLEEP Sum of VIN and INS pin currents, VIN = VINS = 16 V, VEN = 0 V − 3.5 10.0 µA EN Input Logic Level - Low VEN(L) 4.5 V < VIN < 36 V − − 0.4 V EN Input Logic Level - High VEN(H) 4.5 V < VIN < 36 V 1.5 − − V EN Internal Pull-Down Resistance RENPD − 100 − kΩ INPUT CURRENT Input Quiescent Current Input Sleep Supply Current IQ EN (ENABLE) PIN Error Amplifier Source Current IEA(SRC) VCOMP = 0.75 V, VLEDx = 0.3 V − –200 − µA Sink Current IEA(SINK) VCOMP = 0.75 V, VLEDx = 1.5  V − +200 − µA COMP Pin Internal Pull-Down Resistance RCOMPPD During startup and shutdown − 2000 − Ω OUTPUT OVERVOLTAGE AND UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION Overvoltage Threshold Overvoltage Step Size Undervoltage Threshold VOVPMIN OVP register = xxx0 0000 7.5 8 8.5 V VOVPMAX OVP register = xxx1 1111 38 39 40 V VOVPSTEP − 1.0 − V VUVPMIN OVP register = xxx0 0000 − 0.49 − V VUVPMAX OVP register = xxx1 1111 − 2.5 − V ROVP VOVP = 20 V, EN = VEN(H) − 800 − kΩ OVP Leakage Current IOVPLKG VOVP =16 V, EN = VEN(L) − 0.1 1 µA Secondary Overvoltage Protection VOVP(sec) Measured at SW pin − 44 − V RDS(ON) ISW = 0.750 A, VIN = 16 V − 220 350 mΩ ISWLKG VSW = 16 V, EN = VEN(L) , TA = TJ = –40°C to 85°C − 0.1 10 µA VSW = 16 V, EN = VEN(L) , TA = TJ = 125°C − 3 − µA 3.6 4.2 4.8 A 5.6 7.0 − A OVP Pin Input Impedance BOOST Switch Switch On-Resistance Switch Leakage Current Cycle-by-Cycle Switch Current Limit ISW(LIM) Higher than maximum ISW(LIM) at any condition (A8522 latches when detected) Secondary Switch Current Limit [2] ISWLIM(sec) Minimum Switch On-Time tSWONTIME RFSET = 10 kΩ − 85 120 ns Minimum Switch Off-Time tSWOFFTIME RFSET = 10 kΩ − 55 85 ns Continued on the next page… Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 6 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS [1] (continued): valid at VIN = 16 V , TA = 25°C, EN = VEN(H) , indicates specifications valid across the full operating temperature range with TA = TJ = –40°C to 125°C and with typical specifications at TA = 25°C; unless otherwise specified Characteristic Symbol Test Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit 1.8 2 2.2 MHz − 1 − MHz SWITCHING FREQUENCY RFSET = 10 kΩ Boost Stage Switching Frequency fSW RFSET = 20.1 kΩ RFSET = 40.6 kΩ − 500 − kHz − 1.00 − V fSW_SYNC 400 − 2300 kHz Synchronization Input Minimum Off‑Time tSYNCPWOFF 150 − − ns Synchronization Input Minimum On‑Time t SYNCPWON 150 − − ns Synchronization Input Logic – Low VSYNCON(L) − − 0.4 V Synchronization Input Logic – High VSYNCON(H) 2 − − V FSET/SYNC Pin Voltage VFSETSYNC RFSET = 10 kΩ SYNCHRONIZATION Synchronized Boost Stage Switching Frequency LED CURRENT SINKS LEDx Accuracy (Average) ErrLEDx Measured at ILEDMAX (maximum LED current) − 0.7 3 % LEDx Matching ΔILEDx Compared to average ILEDx , measured at ILEDMAX − 0.8 3 % VREG ISET register= xx11 1111 LEDx Regulation Voltage − 0.85 1.0 V ILEDx Step Size ISETSTEP Total 64 steps 0.9 1 1.1 mA Maximum LEDx Current (Average) ILEDMAX ISET register = xx11 1111 62 64 66 mA Minimum LEDx Current ILEDMIN ISET register = xx00 0000 − 1 − mA Short-Detect register = 000 − 12 − V Short-Detect register = 111 − 5 − V Pin Pull-Down Voltage Fault / Interrupt condition asserted, pull-up current = 0.5 mA − − 0.4 V Pin Leakage Current Fault / Interrupt condition cleared, pull-up to 3.6 V − − 1 µA 120 150 180 ns –2.5 – 2.5 % LEDx Short-Detect Threshold VLED_SD INTERRUPTS (FLAG, GPO1 AND GPO2 PINS) INTERNAL MASTER CLOCK Master Clock Period Master Clock Temperature TCLK Deviation [2] DTCLK TCLK change over temperature range Continued on the next page… Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 7 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS [1] (continued): valid at VIN = 16 V , TA = 25°C, EN = VEN(H) , indicates specifications valid across the full operating temperature range with TA = TJ = –40°C to 125°C and with typical specifications at TA = 25°C; unless otherwise specified Characteristic Symbol Test Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VGATE = VIN , no input overcurrent fault tripped − 115 − µA IGSOURCE VGATE = VIN – 5 V, input overcurrent fault tripped − –6 − mA VGSOFF EN = VEN(L) , or overcurrent fault occurred − VIN − V GATE Voltage at On VGSON Gate-to-source voltage when gate is on, measured as VIN – VGATE 5 − 8 V GATE Pin Leakage Current IGLKG EN = VEN(L) , VGATE = VIN − − 1 µA − 20 − µA INPUT DISCONNECT GATE Pin Sink Current GATE Pin Source Current GATE Voltage at Off IGSINK INS Pin Sink Current IINSSINK INS Trip Point VINSTRIP Measured between VIN and INS 90 105 120 mV INS Trip Detection Time [2] tINSTRIP Sensed voltage, VIN – VINS = 160 mV − 2 − µs 155 170 − °C − 20 − °C − 20 − °C Thermal Protection (TSD) Thermal Shutdown Threshold [2] Thermal Shutdown Hysteresis [2] Thermal Warning Threshold TSD Temperature rising TSDHYS TSDWARN Temperature rising, measured as difference from TSD I2C INTERFACE Logic Input (SDA, SCL) – Low VSCL(L) − − 0.8 V Logic Input (SDA, SCL) – High VSCL(H) 2.3 − − V Logic Input Hysteresis VI2CIHYS − 150 − mV Logic Input Current II2CI Output Voltage SDA VI2COut(L) Output Leakage SDA II2CLKG SCL Clock Frequency fCLK –1 − 1 µA SDA = low, pull-up current = 2.5 mA − − 0.4 V EN = low, pull-up to 5.5 V − − 1 µA − − 400 kHz 0 − 0.5 V ADDR PIN Voltage Level for Address 100,0000 VADDLEVEL1 ADDR connected to GND Voltage Level for Address 101,0000 VADDLEVEL2 RADDR = 110 kΩ from ADDR to GND 0.9 − 1.3 V Voltage Level for Address 110,0000 VADDLEVEL3 RADDR = 210 kΩ from ADDR to GND 1.75 − 2.45 V Voltage Level for Address 111,0000 VADDLEVEL4 ADDR connected to VDD pin or open ADDR Pull-Up Current IADDR VADDR = 1 V 3.2 − 3.6 V –8.5 –10 –11.5 µA − 3.6 − V INTERNAL REGULATOR Bias Supply Voltage VDD [1] For input and output current specifications, negative current is defined as coming out of the node or pin (sourcing), positive current is defined as going into the node or pin (sinking). [2] Ensured by design and characterization, not production tested. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 8 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 CHARACTERISTIC PERFORMANCE Efficiency versus Input Voltage Efficiency versus Output Current 7 series LEDs, 8 parallel strings at 60 mA each 95 fSW = 400 kHz 80 fSW = 2 MHz Efficiency, η (%) Efficiency, η (%) 100 90 70 fSW = 400 kHz 90 85 fSW = 2 MHz 80 75 60 8 10 12 14 VIN (V) 16 18 20 85 6 series LEDS 5 series LEDS 7 series LEDS 8 series LEDS 6 series LEDS 9 series LEDS fSW = 2 MHz 7 series LEDS 80 8 series LEDS 75 9 series LEDS 70 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 9 series LEDs, 8 parallel strings at 50 mA each, L1 = 47 µH Efficiency, η (%) 4 series LEDS 5 series LEDS 0.20 95 fSW = 400 kHz 4 series LEDS 0.15 Efficiency versus Switching Frequency 8 parallel strings at 60 mA each 90 0.10 Total LED Current (A) Efficiency versus Output Voltage 95 VIN = 12 V 70 0.05 50 Efficiency, η (%) 7 series LEDs, 8 parallel strings at 60 mA each 90 85 80 75 VIN = 12 V VIN = 12 V 70 65 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Output Voltage (V) 26 28 30 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 Switching Frequency (kHz)) Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 9 A8522 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface Startup Waveform at VIN = 12 V Dimming PWM Duty Cycle = 0.02% Startup Waveform at VIN = 12 V Dimming PWM Duty Cycle = 100% Test conditions: Scope traces: Test conditions: Scope traces: LED strings = 8 parallel, 60 mA each LEDs = 7 series each string LED VREG = 0.85 V VIN = 12 V VOUT hysteresis = 0.45 V Dimming PWM duty cycle = 100% Polyphase mode = on C1 (Yellow) = VOUT (5 V/div) C2 (Red) = VSW (20 V/div) C4 (Green) = ILED (200 mA/div) Time scale = 20 ms/div LED strings = 8 parallel, 60 mA each LEDs = 7 series each string LED VREG = 0.85 V VIN = 5.5 V VOUT hysteresis = 0.45 V Dimming PWM duty cycle = 0.02% at 200 Hz (5000:1) Polyphase mode = on C1 (Yellow) = VOUT (5 V/div) C2 (Red) = VSW (20 V/div) C4 (Green) = ILED (20 mA/div) Time scale = 20 ms/div A8522 evaluation PCB: L1 = 10 µH, COUT5 = 68 µF / 50 V polymer electrolytic, COUT4 = 2.2 µF /  50 V 1206 ceramic, RZ = 10 kΩ, CZ = 5.6 nF, CP = 120 pF Startup Waveform at VIN = 5.5 V Dimming PWM Duty Cycle = 100% A8522 evaluation PCB: L1 = 10 µH, COUT5 = 68 µF / 50 V polymer electrolytic, COUT4 = 2.2 µF /  50 V 1206 ceramic, RZ = 10 kΩ, CZ = 5.6 nF, CP = 120 pF Startup Waveform at VIN = 5.5 V Dimming PWM Duty Cycle = 0.02% Thermal derating chart for LED= Test conditions: Scope traces: Test conditions: Scope traces: LED strings = 8 parallel, 30 mA each LEDs = 7 series each string LED VREG = 0.85 V VIN = 12 V VOUT hysteresis = 0.45 V Dimming PWM duty cycle = 100% Polyphase mode = on C1 (Yellow) = VOUT (5 V/div) C2 (Red) = VSW (20 V/div) C4 (Green) = ILED (200 mA/div) Time scale = 20 ms/div LED strings = 8 parallel, 60 mA each LEDs = 7 series each string LED VREG = 0.85 V VIN = 5.5 V VOUT hysteresis = 0.45 V Dimming PWM duty cycle = 0.02% at 200 Hz (5000:1) Polyphase mode = on C1 (Yellow) = VOUT (5 V/div) C2 (Red) = VSW (20 V/div) C4 (Green) = ILED (20 mA/div) Time scale = 20 ms/div A8522 evaluation PCB: L1 = 10 µH, COUT5 = 68 µF / 50 V polymer electrolytic, COUT4 = 2.2 µF /  50 V 1206 ceramic, RZ = 10 kΩ, CZ = 5.6 nF, CP = 120 pF A8522 evaluation PCB: L1 = 10 µH, COUT5 = 68 µF / 50 V polymer electrolytic, COUT4 = 2.2 µF /  50 V 1206 ceramic, RZ = 10 kΩ, CZ = 5.6 nF, CP = 120 pF Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 10 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 e1 PWM Operation without Polyphase Period Ph as e8 e7 Ph as e6 Ph as e5 Ph as e4 Ph as e3 Ph as e2 as Ph as Ph Ph as e1 PWM Operation with Polyphase Period Period / 10 Test conditions: Scope traces: Test conditions: Scope traces: LED strings = 8 parallel, 60 mA each LEDs = 7 series each string LED VREG = 0.85 V VIN = 12 V VOUT hysteresis = 0.45 V Dimming PWM duty cycle = 2% at 200 Hz Polyphase mode = on (each on at assigned time slot) C1 (Yellow) = VOUT (5 V/div) C4 (Green) = ILED (200 mA/div) Time scale = 1 ms/div LED strings = 8 parallel, 60 mA each LEDs = 7 series each string VIN = 12 V Dimming PWM duty cycle = 2% at 200 Hz Polyphase mode = off (all simultaneously on) C1 (Yellow) = VOUT (5 V/div) C4 (Green) = ILED (200 mA/div) Time scale = 1 ms/div A8522 evaluation PCB: L1 = 10 µH, COUT5 = 68 µF / 50 V polymer electrolytic, COUT4 = 2.2 µF /  50 V 1206 ceramic, RZ = 10 kΩ, CZ = 5.6 nF, CP = 120 pF Transient Response to Step-Change In PWM Duty Cycle ( 2% to 0.02%) PWM at 2% PWM at 0.02% A8522 evaluation PCB: L1 = 10 µH, COUT5 = 68 µF / 50 V polymer electrolytic, COUT4 = 2.2 µF /  50 V 1206 ceramic, RZ = 10 kΩ, CZ = 5.6 nF, CP = 120 pF Transient Response to Step-Change In PWM Duty Cycle ( 0.02% to 2%) PWM at 0.02% PWM at 2% Thermal derating chart for LED= Test conditions: Scope traces: Test conditions: Scope traces: LED strings = 8 parallel, 60 mA each LEDs = 7 series each string VIN = 12 V Dimming PWM duty cycle = change from 2% to 0.02% at 200 Hz (PWM on‑time change from 100 µs to 1 µs) Polyphase mode = on C1 (Yellow) = VOUT (5 V/div) C3 (Blue) = I2C clock (5 V/div) C4 (Green) = ILED (20 mA/div) Time scale = 10 ms/div LED strings = 8 parallel, 60 mA each LEDs = 7 series each string VIN = 12 V Dimming PWM duty cycle = change from 0.02% to 2% at 200 Hz (PWM on‑time change from 1 µs to 100 µs) Polyphase mode = on C1 (Yellow) = VOUT (5 V/div) C3 (Blue) = I2C clock (5 V/div) C4 (Green) = ILED (20 mA/div) Time scale = 10 ms/div A8522 evaluation PCB: L1 = 10 µH, COUT5 = 68 µF / 50 V polymer electrolytic, COUT4 = 2.2 µF /  50 V 1206 ceramic, RZ = 10 kΩ, CZ = 5.6 nF, CP = 120 pF A8522 evaluation PCB: L1 = 10 µH, COUT5 = 68 µF / 50 V polymer electrolytic, COUT4 = 2.2 µF /  50 V 1206 ceramic, RZ = 10 kΩ, CZ = 5.6 nF, CP = 120 pF Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 11 A8522 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface Transient Response to Step-Change In  VIN (16 V to 8 V ) PWM Duty Cycle 0.02% Transient Response to Step-Change In  VIN (8 V to 16 V ) PWM Duty Cycle 0.02% Test conditions: Scope traces: Test conditions: Scope traces: LED strings = 8 parallel, 60 mA each LEDs = 7 series each string VIN = change from 16 V to 8 V Dimming PWM duty cycle = 0.02% at 200 Hz C1 (Yellow) = VOUT (5 V/div) C3 (Blue) = VIN (5 V/div) C4 (Green) = ILED (20 mA/div) Time scale = 10 ms/div LED strings = 8 parallel, 60 mA each LEDs = 7 series each string VIN = change from 8 V to 16 V Dimming PWM duty cycle = 0.02% at 200 Hz C1 (Yellow) = VOUT (5 V/div) C3 (Blue) = VIN (5 V/div) C4 (Green) = ILED (20 mA/div) Time scale = 10 ms/div A8522 evaluation PCB: L1 = 10 µH, COUT5 = 68 µF / 50 V polymer electrolytic, COUT4 = 2.2 µF /  50 V 1206 ceramic, RZ = 10 kΩ, CZ = 5.6 nF, CP = 120 pF Transient Response to Step-Change In  VIN (16 V to 8 V ) PWM Duty Cycle 100% A8522 evaluation PCB: L1 = 10 µH, COUT5 = 68 µF / 50 V polymer electrolytic, COUT4 = 2.2 µF /  50 V 1206 ceramic, RZ = 10 kΩ, CZ = 5.6 nF, CP = 120 pF Transient Response to Step-Change In  VIN (8 V to 16 V ) PWM Duty Cycle 100% Test conditions: Scope traces: Test conditions: Scope traces: LED strings = 8 parallel, 45 mA each LEDs = 7 series each string VIN = change from 16 V to 8 V Dimming PWM duty cycle = 100% C1 (Yellow) = VOUT (5 V/div) C3 (Blue) = VIN (5 V/div) C4 (Green) = ILED (20 mA/div) Time scale = 10 ms/div LED strings = 8 parallel, 45 mA each LEDs = 7 series each string VIN = change from 8 V to 16 V Dimming PWM duty cycle = 100% C1 (Yellow) = VOUT (5 V/div) C3 (Blue) = VIN (5 V/div) C4 (Green) = ILED (20 mA/div) Time scale = 10 ms/div A8522 evaluation PCB: A8522 evaluation PCB: L1 = 10 µH, COUT5 = 68 µF / 50 V polymer electrolytic, COUT4 = 2.2 µF /  50 V 1206 ceramic, RZ = 10 kΩ, CZ = 5.6 nF, CP = 120 pF L1 = 10 µH, COUT5 = 68 µF / 50 V polymer electrolytic, COUT4 = 2.2 µF /  50 V 1206 ceramic, RZ = 10 kΩ, CZ = 5.6 nF, CP = 120 pF Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 12 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 Switch Node, AC Output Voltage Ripple, And Inductor Current Test conditions: Scope traces: LED strings = 8 parallel, 60 mA each LEDs = 7 series each string LED VREG = 0.85 V VIN = 12 V VOUT hysteresis = 0.45 V Dimming PWM duty cycle = 20% Polyphase mode = on C1 (Yellow) = VOUT (500 mV, AC/div) C2 (Red) = VSW (10 V/div) C4 (Green) = IL (inductor current)(200 mA/ div) Time scale = 200 ns/div A8522 evaluation PCB: L1 = 10 µH, COUT5 = 68 µF / 50 V polymer electrolytic, COUT4 = 2.2 µF /  50 V 1206 ceramic, RZ = 10 kΩ, CZ = 5.6 nF, CP = 120 pF 60 mA each string 40 mA each string 30 mA each string Temperature Rise versus VIN 8 series LEDs in 8 parallel strings IC Case Temperature (°C) IC Case Temperature (°C) Temperature Rise versus VIN 7 series LEDs in 8 parallel strings 60 mA each string 40 mA each string 30 mA each string VIN (V) VIN (V) Test conditions: A8522 evaluation PCB: Test conditions: A8522 evaluation PCB: LED strings = 8 parallel LEDs = 7 series each string fSW = 2 MHz Dimming PWM duty cycle = 100% Polyphase mode = on L1 = 10 µH, COUT5 = 68 µF / 50 V polymer electrolytic, COUT4 = 2.2 µF /  50 V 1206 ceramic, RZ = 10 kΩ, CZ = 5.6 nF, CP = 120 pF LED strings = 8 parallel LEDs = 8 series each string fSW = 2 MHz Dimming PWM duty cycle = 100% Polyphase mode = on L1 = 10 µH, COUT5 = 68 µF / 50 V polymer electrolytic, COUT4 = 2.2 µF /  50 V 1206 ceramic, RZ = 10 kΩ, CZ = 5.6 nF, CP = 120 pF Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 13 A8522 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface FAULT HANDLING Input Overcurrent Protection Case 1: Normal startup when using input disconnect switch Test conditions: Q1 = AO4421 CGS = 10 nF VIN = 12 V RSENSE = 18 mΩ GATE is being slowly pulled down (from VIN to VIN – 6.8 V) to control the inrush current. Scope traces: C1 (Yellow) = VIN (2 V/div) C2 (Red) = VGATE (2 V/div) C3 (Blue) = VOUT (5 V/div) C4 (Green) = IIN (1 A/div) Time scale = 200 µs/div Case 2: Output-to-GND short fault occurred before startup Test conditions: Q1 = AO4421 CGS = 10 nF VIN = 12 V RSENSE = 18 mΩ Startup into a VOUT-to-GND short. GATE is pulled high as soon as the input current > 5.8 A, in order to turn off the input disconnect switch. Scope traces: C1 (Yellow) = VIN (2 V/div) C2 (Red) = VGATE (2 V/div) C3 (Blue) = VOUT (5 V/div) C4 (Green) = IIN (1 A/div) Time scale = 50 µs/div Case 3: Output-to-GND short occurred during normal operation Test conditions: Q1 = AO4421 CGS = 10 nF VIN = 12 V RSENSE = 18 mΩ Output shorted to GND during normal operation, causing a huge inrush current. GATE is pulled high, in order to turn off the input disconnect switch and prevent damage to the power supply. Scope traces: C1 (Yellow) = VIN (2 V/div) C2 (Red) = VGATE (2 V/div) C3 (Blue) = VOUT (5 V/div) C4 (Green) = IIN (5 A/div) Time scale = 10 µs/div Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 14 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 Switch Overcurrent Protection Cycle-by-cycle current limit, ISW(LIM) Switching Period Switching Period ton(max) ton(truncated) toff(min) Test conditions: LED strings = 8 parallel, 60 mA each LEDs = 7 series each string fSW = 1 MHz VIN = 6.5 V VIN intentionally lowered to the point where SW cycle-by-cycle current limit is tripped. SW operating at maximum on-time initially. Inductor current ramps up and trips cycle-by-cycle current limit (≈ 4.2 A). Present on-time is truncated immediately. Next switching cycle starts normally. Scope traces: C2 (Red) = VSW (10 V/div) C4 (Green) = IL (1 A/div) Time scale = 500 ns/div LED String Open Fault Detection One LED string disconnects; VOUT starts to ramp up OVP trips; IC stops switching and pulls FLAG low Test conditions: LED strings = 8 parallel, 60 mA each LEDs = 7 series each string fSW = 2 MHz VIN = 12 V One LED string is disconnected during normal operation. After output trips OVP, the offending LED string is removed from regulation, while other strings continue to function correctly. Scope traces: C1 (Yellow) = VFLAG (5 V/div) C2 (Red) = VSW (10 V/div) C3 (Blue) = VOUT (5 V/div) C4 (Green) = ILED (100 mA/div) Time scale = 200 µs/div FLAG cleared as VOUT drops lower Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 15 A8522 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface Protection Against Open/Missing BOOST Diode Case 1: BOOST diode becomes open during normal operation Test conditions: BOOST diode becomes open during normal operation. Energy stored in inductor causes a high voltage across SW. SW DMOS conducts at VSW > 75 V to discharge the energy safely. IC shuts off after detecting an overvoltage condition at the SW pin. Scope traces: C2 (Red) = VSW (20 V/div) C3 (Blue) = VFLAG (2 V/div) Time scale = 500 ns/div Case 2: BOOST diode missing during startup Test conditions: BOOST diode is missing during startup. Energy stored in inductor gradually builds up, causing higher and higher voltage across the SW pin. Eventually the IC shuts off after detecting an overvoltage fault at the SW pin (VSW > 50 V). Switching Period SW secondary OVP tripped at ≈ 46 V Scope traces: C2 (Red) = VSW (20 V/div) C3 (Blue) = VFLAG (2 V/div) Time scale = 200 ns/div Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 16 A8522 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION The A8522 is an I2C programmable, multi-channel LED driver for automotive lighting applications. It incorporates a currentmode boost controller with internal DMOS boost switch, and 8 integrated current sinks to regulate currents through up to 8 LED strings. Each LED string can be independently enabled or disabled, with its own LED current and PWM duty cycle programmed through I2C registers. Frequency Selection and Synchronization Enabling the IC The A8522 performs a detailed startup sequence, flow chart and timing diagram are shown in figures 4a to 4c. Before the LEDs are enabled, the device goes through a system check to determine if there are any possible fault conditions that might prevent the system from functioning correctly. Once the LEDs pass the “LED short during start up” test the FLAG pin will be pulled low for a short period of time. If no subsequent faults are detected during this startup sequence, the IC pulls down the GPO2 pin to signal to the system controller that the A8522 is ready to receive I2C commands. The system controller programs the A8522 internal registers through I2C Write commands, in order to configure individual LED strings before they can be turned on. On initial startup I2C should first send a clear command to bit 2 of register bank number 56, this ensures that an erroneous fault does not prevent the LEDs turning on. This command is only required on power up and/or enable (via EN pin) of the A8522. I2C can now communicate regularly with the A8522. Ensure I2C only enables populated LED’s. If I2C tries to enable unpopulated LED strings an illegal action is declared and no LEDs will turn on. In the event of a genuine fault during start up, the FLAG pin is pulled low, and the system controller can issue I2C Read commands to investigate the status of fault registers. In this instance I2C should not clear bit 2 of register bank number 56. The device enters into shutdown mode when the EN pin is pulled low, VEN(L) . fSW (MHz) = 19.9 / RFSET (kΩ) + 0.01 (1) Figure 1 illustrates how fSW varies with RFSET. 2.2 2.0 Switching Frequency, fSW (MHz) The IC turns on when a logic high signal, VEN(H) , is applied on the EN pin, and the input voltage present on the VIN pin is greater than the UVLO threshold, VINUV(ON) . The EN pin is rated for 40 V, so it can be tied directly to VIN for certain applications (see Application Information section). In addition, if the FSET/SYNC pin is pulled low, the IC does not power up. The internally-generated switching frequency of the boost converter, fSW , is set by the resistor RFSET , connected from the FSET/SYNC pin to GND. The frequency can be set in the range from 400 kHz to 2.3 MHz. The switching frequency is determined according to the following equation: 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 RFSET (kΩ) Figure 1: Switching Frequency versus Value of the RFSET Resistor Alternatively, the switching frequency can also be synchronized using an external clock signal on the FSET/SYNC pin. The external clock should be a logic signal between 400 kHz and 2.3 MHz. When an external clock is applied, the RFSET resistor is ignored. If the A8522 is started up with a valid external SYNC signal, but the SYNC signal is lost during normal operation, then one of the following happens: 1. If the external SYNC signal becomes high impedance (open), the A8522 waits for approximately 6 μs from the last edge detected, before it resumes normal operation at the switching frequency set by RFSET. No fault flag is generated. 2. If the external SYNC signal gets stuck low (shorted to ground), the A8522 will still attempt to operate at switching frequency set by RFSET. However, since RFSET is shorted to GND by the external SYNC signal, it will trip the FSET to GND short fault and shut down the output. The Fault Flag is pulled low in this case. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 17 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 To avoid the outcome of the second scenario above, the circuit shown in Figure 2 can be used. In this case, after the external SYNC signal goes low, the A8522 will continue to operate normally at the switching frequency set by RFSET. VIH Note 1: The SYNC signal is level shifted after the blocking capacitor. Make sure the logic High level at FSET pin is at least 2 V. VIL 0 -Vd External SYNC Signal + VREG + VHYST (3) where RFSET VLEDx  is the voltage drop across an LED string (only the enabled LED strings are considered), VREG is the regulation voltage of the LED current sink (0.85 V (typ)), and Note 2: D1 can be either Schottky Barrier or regular silicon diode. Schottky has the advantage of lower Vd, but it suffers from higher leakage current at hot. Figure 2: Low FSET_SYNC Signal Fault Counteraction Circuit PWM Dimming The PWM dimming period (hence the PWM frequency) is defined by the 13-bit PWM_Period register. It is programmable at any time through the I2C interface, in 1.5 µs increments, as: For optimal efficiency, the output of the boost stage is dynamically adjusted to the minimum voltage required for all active LED strings. This is expressed by the following equation: FSET/SYNC D1 The current through each LED string can be programmed through I2C registers to between 1 and 64 mA, in 1 mA steps. VOUT = MAX( VLED1 , VLED2 , … VLED8 ) A8522 220 pF Output Current and Voltage PWM_Period = (N + 1) × 1.5 (µs) (2) where N is the value contained in the register. The PWM on-time (hence the PWM duty cycle) for each LED string is defined by the corresponding 16-bit register. The PWM on-time can be adjusted in 0.15 µs increments. This is illustrated in Figure 4. The smallest PWM on-time is 1 µs. This corresponds to a 5000:1 ratio at a 200 Hz PWM frequency. VHYST is the hysteresis control voltage at the output (typically 0.25 V). The boost output voltage is protected by the OVP threshold, which can be programmed up to 39 V. This is sufficient for driving up to 10 white LEDs in series. 6.66 MHz 16-bit Counter Q B R PWM start LED1 PWM Register RB0 x 10 – 11 PWM Comparator A>B A LED1 = on SW Driver Circuit 16-bit register Figure 3: PWM On-time Comparator Circuit Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 18 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 1 EN = High Power Up No Internal LED_GROUP Enable Initiate Two Processes: 1. LED Ground Short Check 2. LED Population Check VIN > UVLO Yes Enable Internal LDO Enable Voltage, Current and Frequency References Inject 60 µA Current into Each LED Pin and Observe Each LED Pin Voltage FAULT10 - LED Shorted to GND During Startup. Specific LED Information is Recorded at RB-52, 53, 60, & 61 Enable Internal System No All VLEDx > 120 mV Yes FLAG Goes Low for Short Period COUNT = 0 Temperature < TSD Yes Enable Input Disconnect Switch LED Pin Shorted to GND FAULT11 Activated RB-48, 49, 56, & 57 Records the Fault No Yes Is COUNT >2 Set COUNT = COUNT + 1 No No Disconnect Switch Fully On Yes Wait -3072 Clock Cycle (Clock Freq. Based on FSET) Yes Any VLEDx < 120 mV No LED Pin - Not In Use (Channel not Populated by User) No All VLEDx > 270 mV Yes 1 2 Figure 4a: A8522 Startup and Fault 11 Detect Flow Chart Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 19 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 3 OVP = Logic High & At Least One VLEDx < Vled_regulation 2 FAULT11 Check Begins Yes Auto Restart? Disable Faulty LED Channel & Inject 60 µA Current Into the LED Pin No Signal IC Ready at GPO2 Output Wait -6144 Clock Cycle (Clock Freq. Based on FSET) I2C Master Sends Start Sequence I2C Master Writes to IC Registers LED Pin Open Disable the Faulty LED & Continue with Remaining LEDs No Yes LED Pin Shorted to GND Fault11 Activated RB-49=8, 49, 56, & 57 Records the Fault Set LED On-time Update Bit (Register 0x24) 1 Enable Boost and LED Driver 3 Any VLEDx < 120 mV No FAULT11 = Latch Yes Disable Boost & LED Figure 4b: A8522 Startup and Fault 11 Detect Flow Chart (Cont.) Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 20 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 EN Pin VDD Pin FSET Pin T1: VGATE ≈ (Vin – 4 V) GATE Pin T2: VOUT > UVP Threshold VOUT Pin Err_UVP* T3: T2 + Tens of FSET Cycles Enable LED Protection Scheme, LED Drivers are OFF LED_GROUP* T6: I2C Interface LED Pin 120 mV Err_LED_GND_STG@startup* 270 mV T4: There is no timeout. All 10 LEDs have to reach above 120 mV to qualify. (T4-T3) could be anything. 3072 FSET Cycles. Starts to Check Populated LEDs. GPO2 Pin LED_Ready* LED Drivers Remain OFF and All Internal Pull Downs are Removed T5: LED Block Makes Decision About LED Population Based on LEDx Pin Voltage FLAG I2C Interface A special case: if LED pin voltage passes LED GND STG @ startup but cannot reach above 270 mV in 3072 counts, controller will re-attempt two more times; after that, it will report the fault: LED GND STG @ normal operation. 3072 FSET Cycles. Starts 3072 FSET Cycles. Starts to Check Populated LEDs. to Check Populated LEDs. Err_LED_GND_STG@Normal* * = Internal signal Figure 4c: A8522 Startup Timing Diagram Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 21 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 Boost Frequency Dithering Polyphase Grouping The Boost Dithering function allows the user to randomize the main switching frequency within a certain frequency range. By shifting the main switching frequency of the regulator in a pseudo-random fashion around the main switching frequency, the overall system noise magnitude can be greatly reduced. Note that the frequency dithering function is not available when an external synchronization signal is used at the FSET/SYNC pin. During PWM operation, by default each of the ten LED channels starts at a separate time slot, or phase, (Figure 6, top panel) and with a specified on-time setting. If required, two or more adjacent LED channels can be grouped by programming to turn on and off simultaneously (Figure 6, bottom panel). By tying the corresponding pins together on the PCB, it is possible to combine several channels to drive higher-current LED strings (see Typical Application schematics). This spread spectrum functionality is achieved by a programmable register (0x05[BD1:BD0]. A non-zero number enables the boost dithering and sets the modulation index of 5%, 10%, or 15% of fSW. For example, if 10% dithering is selected, then the switching frequency will jump between a low of 1.8 MHz and a high of 2.2 MHz, as governed by the pseudo-random pattern. Every two switching cycles, the switching frequency may randomly jump between low and high levels. The random pattern repeats itself after 92 switching cycles. This is illustrated by the timing diagram in Figure 5. Each LED channel has an LED channel enable bit (register 0x01) and an LED PWM on-time setting register (0x10 to 0x1F). In normal PWM operation, any enabled LED channel is turned on starting at its own time slot, and remains on for the duration controlled by its own PWM on-time register. By staggering the time slots for LED channels, the input ripple current is reduced during PWM operation. If necessary, such as when more than 1 channel is required to drive an LED string at current higher than 60 mA, the user can group two or more adjacent LED channels together, so that they turn on/off simultaneously. Grouping is done by setting the corresponding bits in the Polyphase Grouping registers (0x08 and 0x09). 92 Switching Cycles per Pattern Repeat Frequency (MHz) 2.2 1.8 0 Time Figure 5: A8522 Dithering Scheme at 2 MHz ±10% (frequency jumps between 1.8 MHz and 2.2 MHz, as governed by a 46-bit pseudorandom pattern) Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 22 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 A grouped LED channel starts in the same time slot as the lowernumbered channel, and inherits the PWM Dimming On-Time of that lower-numbered channel (the original time slot of the grouped channel is not used). If more than one adjacent channels are grouped, the entire group starts at the time slot of the lowestnumbered channel in the group, and inherits that on-time setting. Boost Output Voltage Regulation For example, in Figure 6, LED1 and LED2 are grouped together, so they start at PWM slot 1 and follow the on-time of LED1. Similarly, LED3, LED4, and LED5 are grouped together, so they start at PWM slot 3 and follow the on-time of LED3. During operation, the LED string with the highest voltage drop is the dominant string, and it is used to determine the boost output voltage regulation. Because each LED string can be individually enabled/disabled dynamically, which string is dominant can shift at different times. If the first LED channel in a polyphase group is disabled through the LED enable register, then all the LEDs in this group are disabled. If any other LED channels in a group are disabled, all of the other LED channels in the group remain enabled, with the PWM on-time of the first LED channel in the group. Output from the boost stage is adaptively adjusted, based on the voltage required by all the enabled LED strings. This ensures minimum power loss at the LED current sinks, and reduces input power consumption. As an example, assume LED channels 1, 3, and 5 are currently enabled. Further assume that voltage drops across the LED strings are 21 V, 23 V, and 25 V respectively. The boost output voltage will be regulated to the highest LED string voltage (25 V) PWM Period Period /10 ILED6 ILED4 ILED8 Phase 8 Phase 7 Phase 5 Phase 4 Phase 3 Phase 2 ILED7 ILED5 ILED3 Phase 6 ILED1 ILED1 t Phase 1 ILED2 Phase 1 LED Current Polyphase PWM Operation without Grouping – Each LED channel turns-on at a separate, sequential, periodic time slot. The LED on-times are individually programmable, so any individual phase can overlap later time slots.The LED current for each channel is individually programmed. PWM Period ILED5 ILED4 ILED2 ILED1 t Phase 1 ILED8 Phase 8 Phase 6 Phase 5 Phase 3 Phase 2 ILED7 ILED6 ILED3 Phase 7 ILED1 Phase 1 Period /10 ILED2 Phase 4 LED Current Polyphase PWM Operation with Grouping – The starting time slot and the PWM on-time for each group is determined by the time slot and the on-time of the lowest-numbered channel within that group, so all LED channels in the same group turn-on and turn-off together. Each time slot is sequential and periodic, and unused time slots are maintained. Any individual phase can overlap later time slots. The LED current for each channel is individually programmed, regardless of grouping. Figure 6: Polyphase Operation Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 23 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 plus the regulation voltage required by the LED current sink (0.85 V typical): LED Channel # LED String Voltage Drop (V) 1 21 3 23 5 25 (dominant) Boost Output Voltage (V) LEDx Pin Voltage (V) 4.85 min 25.85 + Hysteresis 2.85 min 0.85 min For LED strings 1 and 3, the extra voltage is absorbed by their current sinks. When the LED string voltages are poorly balanced (as in this example), excessive power loss can build up at the current sinks. Consider adding ballast resistors to the LED strings with lower voltage drops, so that less heat is dissipated by the IC. Output Hysteresis The A8522 superposes a minimum output hysteresis of 0.25 V on top of the LED regulation voltage. The OVP pin provides output voltage feedback during hysteresis control mode. An example of output voltage is show in Figure 7. When the dominant LED is on, boost stage starts switching to keep the corresponding LEDx pin voltage regulated to VREG . After the dominant LED is turned off, the switching continues until boost output reaches VTH(+). The output is then regulated between VTH(–) and VTH(+) through hysteresis control, before the next time dominant LED is on again. Soft Start Timing The soft-start function performs the following sequence of opertion: 1. At startup, the boost stage initially switches at the minimum SW on-time continuously. This allows output voltage to build-up, even at the minimum PWM duty cycle. 2. The switch on-time increases as the COMP pin voltage starts to rise (the COMP voltage controls the boost stage switching duty cycle, which in turn controls the boost output voltage). 3. Soft start ramp duration is 100 ms, which allows the LED to cycle 10 times at a 100 Hz PWM frequency. 4. Soft start can finish earlier, either due to the LED current reaching regulation, or because output voltage reaches 90% of OVP. 5. To prevent output voltage from reaching 90% of OVP prematurely (while the COMP voltage is still too low), the design should ensure there is sufficient output capacitance, such that it takes longer to build up VOUT at the minimum SW on-time. 6. During soft start, the PWM on-time needs to be at least 1.5 µs to guarantee reliable detection once LED current reached regulation. If the startup on-time is set lower (at 1 µs, for example), soft start may be terminated later when output reached 90% OVP level. It is important not to set OVP level too much higher than the normal operating voltage of LED strings. In particular, make sure that: VLED + VREG < VOVP < VLED + VREG + VSD where VLED is the worst-case/highest voltage drop across LED strings. VREG is the LED pin regulation volatge (around 1 V). VSD is the LED string short-detect threshold (programmable between 5 and 12 V). For Boost configuration with 7 to 10 LEDs in series, OVP is typically set at ~5 V above the worst-case LED string voltage. For SEPIC configuration with lower number of LEDs in series, OVP may be set closer to the LED voltage. Input Disconnect Switch The A8522 has a gate driver for an external PMOS that can be used to provide an input disconnect protection function. During normal startup, the PMOS is turned on gradually to avoid large inrush current. In the event there is a direct short at the boost stage (either SW or VOUT shorted to GND), high input current will cause the PMOS to turn off. The input disconnect current threshold is calculated by: IINMAX = VINS(TH) / RINS (4) where VINS(TH) = 105 mV (typ). Under normal operation, the input current is protected by the cycle-by-cycle boost switch current limit. Only in case of a direct short at boost output or SW pin will the input disconnect switch be activated. Therefore the input disconnect current threshold is typically set slightly higher than the switch current limit. For example, choose RINS = 0.02 Ω to set IINMAX = 5.25 A approximately. During normal power-up sequence, as soon as EN goes high, the GATE pin will start to be pulled low by a 115 µA (typ) current. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 24 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 How quickly the external PMOS turns on depends on the gate capacitance, CGS, of the PMOS. If the gate capacitance is very low, the inrush current may still exceed 5 A momentarily and trip the input disconnect protection. In this case, an external CGS may be added to slow down the PMOS turn-on. A typical value of 10 nF should be sufficient in most cases. When selecting the external PMOS, check for the following parameters: • Drain-source breakdown voltage: BVDSS > –50 V PWM Period VOUT controlled by dominant LED string LED1 and LED2 on (dominant) VOUT under hysteresis control • Gate threshold voltage: ensure it is fully enhanced at VGS = –4 V, and cut-off at –1 V • RDS(on): ensure the on-resistance is rated at VGS = –4.5 V or similar, not at –10 V; derate it for higher temperatures The PMOS gate voltage is clamped by the A8522 such that VGS = VIN – VGATE ≤ 8 V. This is to prevent the gate-source of external PMOS from breaking down due to higher input voltage. In case of very low input voltage, however, VGS is limited by VIN. Therefore it is important to select a PMOS with a lower gate threshold voltage. Test conditions: LED1 and LED2 = 8 series (dominant LED string), LED4, LED5, LED6 = 7 series All other channels disabled 60 mA each enabled channel LED VREG = 0.85 V VIN = 12 V VOUT hysteresis = 0.25 V Scope traces: LED4, LED5, and LED6 on C1 (Yellow) = VGPO1 PWM period (5 V/div) C3 (Blue) = VOUT (1 V/div, offset = 24 V) C4 (Green) = Total ILEDx (50 mA/div) Time scale = 500 µs/div A8522 evaluation PCB: L1 = 10 µH, COUT5 = 68 µF / 50 V polymer electrolytic, COUT4 = 2.2 µF /  50 V 1206 ceramic, RZ = 10 kΩ, CZ = 5.6 nF, CP = 120 pF Figure 7: Output Hysteresis Waveform, LED1 and LED2 are the Dominant Sring Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 25 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 System Failure Detection and Protection The A8522 is designed to detect and protect against a multitude of system-level failures. Some of those possible faults are illustrated in Figure 8 and the A8522 is described in Table 1. Inductor open/short VIN L1 RSENSE Q1 CIN D1 CQ1 VOUT Output to GND short LED string open COUT GATE INS VIN Synchronization signal loss External Synchronization Diode open/short SW A8522 PGND LED short within string OVP LED1 FSET/SYNC LED2 GND LED8 RFSET FSET pin to GND short LEDx pin to GND short Figure 8: Examples of System Fault Modes Table 1: System Failure Mode Failure Mode Symptom Protected? A8522 Response Inductor open Output undervoltage fault detected at startup Yes Will not proceed with startup Inductor shorted Excessive current through SW pin during switching, secondary OCP tripped Yes Shuts down and will not retry Diode open Excessive voltage detected at SW pin, secondary OVP tripped Yes Shuts down and will not retry Diode shorted Excessive current through SW pin during switching Yes Shuts down and will not retry Output shorted to GND Input overcurrent protection tripped at startup Yes Shuts off input power via input disconnect switch LED string open or LEDx pin open IC unable to detect LED current, output ramps up and trips OVP Yes Disable offending LED string, other strings continue to operate LEDs shorted within one string Excessive voltage drop at LEDx pin Yes Disable offending LED string, other strings continue to operate LEDx pin to GND short at startup Detected LED pin to GND short during startup error check Yes Will not proceed until fault is removed LEDx pin to GND short during operation IC unable to detect LED current, output ramps up and trips OVP Yes Shuts down and rechecks for pin to GND short before restart FSET pin to GND short or FSET pin open IC unable to start switching Yes Will not restart until fault is removed External synchronization signal disconnected Unable to detect logic signal at FSET pin Yes Falls back to switching frequency determined by RFSET Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 26 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface The A8522 can detect and monitor 12 different fault modes internally. Some can be programmed for latching (flag set, system controller action required) or for auto restart after flag set and condition cleared. Faults are listed in Table 2. In the event of a fault, registers 0x38 and 0x39 hold the fault status to allow the master to read what type of fault (such as OCP, OVP, open LED, and so forth) has been detected. Internal State Monitoring There are two general-purpose output pins, GPO1 and GPO2, that can be programmed to monitor selected internal status bits directly. This allows those pins to be used as special IRQ (interrupt request) lines for the system. The system can also monitor non-critical fault occurrences (such as temperature warning or SW current limit) while the IC continues to run. GPO1 and GPO2 are open-drain outputs, and an external pull-up resistor is required at each pin to set the logic-high level required. LED Thermal Shutdown and Derating The A8522 TSD (Thermal Shutdown) threshold is set to 170°C (typ). If the die temperature reaches the TSD threshold, boost and LED drivers are disabled. The IC will restart after the die temperature has fallen to 20° C below the TSD threshold. The A8522 also has an optional thermal derating function controlled by a register bit. The LED derating bit enables or disables the Thermal Derating feature, which cuts-back on LED current when the die temperature gets too close to the thermal shutdown threshold. When enabled, the LED current starts decreasing as die temperature rises above 20°C from TSD. The Thermal Derating feature is disabled by default, which means the IC will continue to operate at full LED current until the TSD threshold is reached. Current derating is illustrated by Figure 9. LED Pin Short to GND Check Before Startup When the IC is enabled for the first time, it checks to determine if any LED pins are shorted to GND and/or are not used (LED string not populated). An internal 60 µA current source pulls all LED pin voltages high. Any LED pin with voltage below 120 mV is considered shorted to GND. Any LED pin with voltage above 270 mV is considered in use (see Figure 9). If any LED channel is unused, that LED pin must be connected to GND through a 4.7 kΩ resistor (note: there is an internal gated parallel resistor of 8 kΩ, so the combined sense resistance is 3 kΩ). The user can further disable any LED channel through I2C programming. All unused LED channels are taken out of regulation at this point and will not contribute to the boost regulation loop. If any LED pin is shorted to ground, the IC will not proceed with soft start until the short is removed for the LED pin. This prevents the A8522 from powering up and putting an uncontrolled amount of current through the LEDs. LED DC Current (%) Fault Handling 100 Thermal derating Restart Cool down 150 Temperature (°C) Thermal shutdown 170 Figure 9: Thermal Derating and Shutdown Protection Features LED Pin Voltage (mV) A8522 LED string in use (no fault) 270 120 LED string unpopulated LED pin shorted to GND fault Figure 10: A8522 LED Short-to-GND Check Before Startup Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 27 A8522 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface LED Pin Open/Short Fault During Normal Operation During startup and normal operation, all enabled LED channels are supposed to ramp up in current until each channel regulation target is reached. If any channel is below regulation, it will request the boost output voltage to rise, so the higher voltage can help more current to flow through its LED string. But in the event that an LED pin is either open or shorted to ground, there can be no current flowing through its LED driver. The boost voltage will continue to rise until the OVP fault is tripped. This function is used in conjunction with general fault 8 (overvoltage protection), so it can be monitored by the I2C master. When this bit is set to 0, the corresponding LED channel is within regulation and operating correctly (or the LED channel has been previously disabled). When the OVP fault is tripped the bit is set to 1. When the OVP fault is tripped, any enabled LED channel that is not in regulation is tested for ground-short again: • If an unregulated channel is shorted to ground, the boost stage is shutdown completely and will not attempt auto-restart. This is to prevent uncontrolled current from flowing through the LED string. Fault flag is set to signal an LED to GND short fault (#11). The corresponding bit in the LED Pin Shorted to GND status register is set. The user can then read this register to determine which LED channel is shorted. • If an unregulated channel is not shorted to ground, the IC will remove the offending channel from regulation, and resume ¯ pin (which normal operation for other channels. The ¯F¯  ¯L¯ ¯¯A¯¯G was previously set to signal an OVP fault) is then cleared. The corresponding bit in the Latched Status LEDs in Regulation registers (0x3A and 0x3B) is set. The user can then read this register to determine which LED channel is open. Note: If the OVP level is programmed too low in the OVP Threshold register for the LED string with highest forward voltage, the LED driver may not be able to reach regulation during startup. In this case, the IC will treat the LED pin as open. The offending LED pin is removed from regulation and the rest of the LED channels will resume normal operation. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 28 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 Table 2: Internal Fault Modes Number and Name Fault 1 Input Overcurrent Fault 2 Output Undervoltage Fault 3 Temperature Warning Fault 4 Overtemperature Protection Fault 5 FSET Short Protection Fault 6 SW Primary Current Limit Fault 7 SW Secondary Current Limit Default Action Programmable? Input Disconnect Switch Boost Switch LED Current ¯F ¯ ¯L ¯ ¯A¯ ¯G ¯ Set on Fault? Latched No Off Off Off Yes This fault is set when an input overcurrent has been detected (VIN – VINS > 100 mV). The input disconnect switch is disabled, as well as the boost stage and LED drivers. The fault flag is latched at low. To reenable the part, the EN pin must be cycled. Auto Restart Auto Restart Auto Restart Fault 10 LED Pin Shorted to GND During Startup Off Off Yes Yes On On Reduced No No On Off Off Yes Fault occurs when the die temperature exceeds the TSD (thermal shutdown) threshold, typically 170°C. Auto Restart Yes On Off Off Yes Fault occurs when the FSET/SYNC current exceeds approximately 180 µA (≈150% of maximum current). The boost will stop switching, and the IC will disable the LED sinks until the fault is removed. Auto Restart No On Truncated On No The device monitors its switch current on a cycle-by-cycle basis, and shuts the switch off for the existing cycle if the current exceeds ISW(LIM). Normal switching continues in the next cycle. This fault does not shut down the IC. Latched No Off Off Off Yes When the current through the boost SW pin exceeds secondary current limit (ISWLIM(sec) ), the part will immediately shut down the input disconnect switch, LED drivers, and boost. To restart the part, either cycle the power or toggle the EN pin. Yes On Off On Yes Fault occurs when the OVP pin exceeds the VOVP(th) threshold. Case 1. All enabled LED strings are in regulation. The IC will immediately stop boost switching. LED current sinks remain active to drain the output voltage. After the output voltage falls below approximately 94% of the OVP threshold, the IC will resume switching to regulate the output voltage. Case 2. One (or more) enabled LED string is not in regulation. See Fault 11. Latched Fault 9 Open Diode Protection On This is a warning that the IC is approaching thermal shutdown. Typically this fault is asserted at 20°C below TSD, and LED current is reduced. As soon as the IC cools down, the fault bit will reset. Auto Restart Fault 8 Overvoltage Protection Yes The IC monitors the output voltage on the OVP pin. If the voltage level drops below output undervoltage threshold, VUVP (such as in case of output shorted to GND), the fault will be registered. The boost SW and LED drivers are shut down. No Off Off Off Yes Secondary overvoltage protection at the SW pin is used for open diode detection. When diode D1 opens up, the SW pin voltage will increase until VOVP(sec) is reached. The input disconnect switch is disabled, as well as the boost stage and ¯ ¯L¯ ¯A¯ ¯G¯ pin is pulled low only while the overvoltage condition exists. To restart the part, either cycle the LED drivers. The ¯F power or toggle the EN pin. Auto Restart Yes On Off Off Yes The system at power-up checks if an LED pin is shorted to GND (see the LED Pin Short to GND Check before Startup section for details). If any pin is shorted, the system will not power up and the fault flag will be set. Latched Yes On Off Off Yes Fault 11 LED Pin Shorted to GND During Normal Operation This fault occurs when the LED pin is not in regulation and the output reaches OVP. At this time, the system removes LED from the regulation loop, allowing the high output voltage to fall. After this LED is disabled, the IC will determine whether the LED pin is shorted to GND or open (see the LED Pin Open/Short Fault during Normal Operation section for details). If the LED pin is open, the IC will continue to operate with the offending LED turned off. If LED pin is shorted to GND, the IC will shut down and latch off. To restart the part, either cycle the power or toggle the EN pin. Fault 12 LED String Short Detect This fault is set if any LED pin voltage goes above its LED Short-Detect Threshold (set by corresponding programmable register bits). The offending LED driver is disabled immediately. Other LED strings will continue to work as normal. At the next PWM cycle, the offending LED driver is checked again and may resume operation if the fault has been removed (unless the Auto-restart bit is turned off). Auto Restart Yes On On On* Yes *Only the offending LED driver is turned off. All other enabled LED drivers continue to work as normal. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 29 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 APPLICATION INFORMATION Typical Applications The A8522 is highly flexible and supports a wide range of application system configurations. Three example application configurations are described in this section: • Application A. Driving two high-current, balanced LED strings • Application B. Driving unbalanced LED strings • Application C. SEPIC converter VIN (6 to 18 V) L1 RSENSE CQ1 Q1 CIN GATE INS VIN EN VC I2C Interface VOUT (39 V maximum) COUT SW A8522 VDD CVDD RADDR External Sync D1 ADDR PAD SDA PGND OVP LED1 to 4 LED5 to 8 SCL VC FSET/SYNC RFSET COMP GND FLAG GPO1 GPO2 AGND CP 2 strings of 10 LEDs in series 240 mA maximum per string VOUT = 34 V nominal Status / Interrupt Application A: Circuit Diagram Showing the A8522 with Optional Input Disconnect Switch. LED current sinks are combined to drive two high-current LED strings. Unused LED pins are connected to GND through 4.7 kΩ resistors. As long as the two LED strings are well-balanced, the heat dissipation from the LED current sources (LED1 through LED4 and LED5 through LED8) can be minimized. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 30 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 VIN (12 V) L1 D1 CIN COUT SW GATE INS VIN EN CVDD RADDR OVP LED1 to 2 LED3 to 4 PAD ADDR FSET/SYNC RFSET Red LEDs up to 120 mA Green LEDs up to 120 mA LED7 to 8 SCL VC White LEDs up to 120 mA LED5 to 6 SDA I2C Interface PGND A8522 VDD VC External Sync VOUT (39 V maximum) Blue LEDs up to 120 mA COMP GND CP FLAG GPO1 GPO2 AGND Status / Interrupt Application B: Circuit Diagram Showing the A8522 Used to Drive Four Unbalanced LED Strings: Separate Strings for White, Red, Green, and Blue LEDs. The white LED string is assumed to have the greatest current and voltage drops across the LEDs. To reduce the power dissipation at other LED current sinks (LED3 through LED8), ballast resistors VIN (5 to 36 V) optional RSENSE CIN L2 Q1 L1 and L2 may be either discrete or integrated GATE INS VIN EN SW A8522 ADDR PAD SDA I2C Interface SCL VC FSET/SYNC RFSET COUT PGND OVP LED1 VDD CVDD RADDR External Sync VOUT (VIN + VOUT < 40 V) D1 L1 CQ1 VC may be inserted into the LED strings to dissipate part of the heat externally. LED channels for each string should be grouped by programming the Polyphase register. LED2 LED8 COMP GND FLAG GPO1 GPO2 AGND CP RZ A CZ Status / Interrupt A Optional Application C: The A8522 can be used in a SEPIC (Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter) Configuration. The main advantage of SEPIC is that output voltage can be either higher or lower than the input voltage. In contrast, the output voltage of a boost converter must be higher than the input. One limitation of SEPIC configurations is that the voltage stress across SW is higher than for boost converters: • For boost: VSW = VOUT • For SEPIC: VSW = VIN + VOUT Therefore care must be taken to ensure that VIN + VOUT < 40 V for a SEPIC configuration. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 31 A8522 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface Design Example Substituting into equation 6: This section provides a method for selecting component values when designing an application using the A8522. The results are diagrammed in the schematic shown in figure 10 at the end of this design example. The following requirements are considered for this design example: • VIN: 10 to 14 V • LED current per channel, ILED: 60 mA DMAX = 1 – tSWOFFTIME(max) × fSW , (7) DMAX = 1 – (0.085 (µs) × 2 (MHz)) = 0.83 . • LED voltage drop, Vf : 3 V at 60 mA Then the theoretical maximum voltage, VOUTMAX , is calculated as: • Boost diode forward voltage,Vd: 0.4 V • fSW : 2 MHz VOUTMAX = [VINMIN / (1– DMAX )] – Vd , • PWM dimming frequency: 200 Hz at 100% duty cycle • Polyphase feature is turned on • At 12 V and 60 mA/channel, the IC case temperature rise is measured to be 30°C. At lower VIN , the IC case and junction temperature rise will increase. Therefore, if proper cooling is not applied, output current derating would be required. STEP 1: Determining the output voltage. The output voltage is determined by the following equation: (5) The regulated VLED is 0.85 V. The fixed 0.45 V is related to the output-implemented voltage hysteresis control. During PWM dimming on-time, VLED is regulated to 0.85 V. During PWM dimming off-time, the output voltage hysteresis control is 0.45 V. Substituting into equation 5: VOUT = 7 × 3 (V) + 0.85 (V) + 0.45 (V) = 22.3 V . STEP 2: Determining the OVP threshold limit. This is the maximum voltage based on the LED requirements. The regulation voltage, VLED , of the A8522 is 0.85 V. A constant term, 5 V, is added to give some margin to the design: VOUT(OVP) = nsl × Vf + VLED + 0.45 (V) + 5 (V). STEP 3: At this point, a quick check should be done to determine if the conversion ratio is acceptable for the selected frequency. First, determine the maximum duty cycle: where tSWOFFTIME(max), 85 ns, is found in the datasheet. Substituting into equation 7: • Quantity of series LEDs per channel, nsl: 7 VOUT = nsl × Vf + VLED + 0.45 (V) . In the OVP Threshold register (0x04), set the OVP threshold to 28 V. • Quantity of LED channels (strings), n: 8 VOUT(OVP) = 7 × 3 (V) + 0.85 (V) + 0.45 (V) + 5 (V) = 27.3 V . (6) (8) where Vd is the boost diode forward voltage. Substituting into equation 8: VOUTMAX = [10 (V) / (1 – 0.83)] – 0.4 (V) = 58.42 V . The theoretical maximum voltage value must be greater than the value VOUT(OVP) . If this is not the case, the switching frequency of the boost converter must be reduced to meet the maximum duty cycle requirements. STEP 3: Selecting the inductor. The inductor must be chosen such that it can handle the necessary input current. In most applications due to stringent EMI requirements the system must operate in continuous conduction mode (CCM) at least throughout the normal selected input voltage range and nominal output current. STEP 3a: Determining the maximum operating duty cycle in CCM. The duty cycle is calculated as follows: DCCM(MAX) = 1 – VINMIN / (VOUT(OVP) + Vd ) , and substituting into equation 9: (9) DCCM(MAX) = 1 – 10(V) / (28 (V) + 0.4 (V)) = 0.65 . STEP 3b: Determining the maximum and minimum input current to the system. The minimum input current will dictate the inductor value. The maximum input current will dictate the current rating of the inductor. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 32 A8522 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface First, calculate the maximum input current. The input current is output-determined, so: IOUT = n × ILED , (10) given ILED = 60 mA, substituting into equation 10: IOUT can be used to calculate the maximum input current: For lower ripple current, smaller output capacitor, and higher efficiency, we selected the inductor value to be 10 µH. The ripple current when L = 10 µH is given by: (11) where η is the efficiency value, which can be obtained from efficiency curves in this datasheet (at fSW = 2 MHz). It is approximately 80% under these conditions. Substituting into equation 11: IINMAX = (28 (V) × 0.48 (A) ) / (10 (V) × 0.8) = 1.68 A . Similarly, calculate the minimum input current: IINMIN = (VOUT × IOUT ) / (VINMAX × η) , 0.90 > 0.34 A . STEP 3d: This step is used to verify that there is sufficient slope compensation for the chosen inductor. IOUT = 8 × 0.060 (A) = 0.48 (A) . IINMAX = (VOUT(OVP) × IOUT ) / (VINMIN × η) , IINMIN > (1/2) × ΔIL (12) where VOUT is determined by equation 5, and η is the efficiency value, which can be obtained from efficiency curves in this datasheet (at fSW = 2 MHz). It is approximately 85% under these conditions. Substituting into equation 12: ΔILused = (VINMIN × DCCM(MAX) ) / (Lused × fSW ) . Substituting into equation 15: ΔILused = (10 (V) × 0.65) / (10 (µH) × 2.0 (MHz)) = 0.325 A . The minimum required slope compensation is proportional to the switching frequency and it is given by: -6 ∆ILused × (∆s × 10 ) SE(MINREQ) = (16) 1 × ( 1 – DCCM(MAX) ) fSW where Δs is taken from Riddley’s formula: IINMIN = (22.3 (V) × 0.48 (A) ) / (14 (V) × 0.85) = 0.90 A . STEP 3c: Determining the inductor value. To ensure that the inductor operates in continuous conduction mode, the value of the inductor must be set such that the 1/2 inductor ripple current is not greater than the average minimum input current: ΔIL = IINMAX × kripple . ΔIL= 1.68 (A) × 0.4 = 0.67 A The inductor value can then be calculated as: L1 = VINMIN / (ΔIL × fSW ) × DCCM(MAX) . (14) where DCCM(MAX) is calculated as in equation 9. Substituting into equation 14: L1 = 10 (V) / (0.67 (A) × 2 (MHz)) × 0.65 = 4.85 µH Double-check to make sure that the 1/2 inductor ripple current is less than IINMIN , by applying equations 12 and 13: Δs = 1 – 0.18/DCCM(MAX) (17) = 1 – 0.18 / 0.65 = 0.723 . Substituting into equation 16: -6 SE(MINREQ) = (13) A practical starting point is to consider kripple to be 40% of the maximum inductor current. Substituting into equation 13: (15) 0.325 (A) × (0.723 × 10 ) 1 × ( 1 – 0.65) 2.0 (MHz) = 1.34 A /µs At 2 MHz switching frequency, 2.3A/µs slope compensation is implemented in the A8522 (programmable through the I2C interface). If the implemented value is less than the figure calculated using equation 16, then the inductor value must be increased. STEP 3e: Determining the inductor current rating. The minimum inductor current rating can be calculated as follows: ILMIN = IINMAX + 1/2 × ΔIL (18) = 1.68 (A) + 0.325 (A) / 2 = 1.84 A Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 33 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 The inductor current rating should be higher than 2.26 A. Because the converter must operate properly until OCP is triggered, it is recommended to select the inductor current rating to be same as the OCP limit, which is 3.8 A. An inductor current rating of 4 A is good. STEP 4: Selecting the switching frequency. The switching frequency is set by the resistor connected from the FSET/SYNC pin to GND. Using the component values from figure 2, to operate at a 2 MHz switching frequency RFSET should be 10 kΩ. STEP 5: Choosing the output boost Schottky diode. The Schottky diode must be chosen taking the following four characteristics into account when it is used in LED lighting circuitry: • Current rating • Reverse voltage • Leakage current • Reverse recovery charge Current Rating – The diode should be able to handle the same peak current as the inductor: Idp= IINMAX + ΔILused / 2 (19) = 1.68 (A) + 0.325 (A) / 2 = 1.84 A Reverse Voltage – The reverse voltage rating should be larger than the maximum output voltage. In this case, it is VOUT(OVP) . Leakage Current – The third major component in deciding the boost Schottky diode is the reverse leakage current characteristic. This characteristic is especially important when PWM dimming is implemented. During PWM off-time, the boost converter is not switching. This results in a slow bleeding off of the output voltage due to leakage currents. Leakage current can be a large contributor especially at high temperatures. For the diode that was selected in this design, the leakage current varies between 1 and 100 µA. Reverse Recovery Charge – For higher efficiency, the reverse recovery charge should be as small as possible. This charge and the boost switch output capacitor charge are the contributors for the boost turn-on loss. This turn-on loss at high output voltage and high switching frequency becomes significant. A Vishay Schottky diode SS2PH10 2A 100V is selected for this design. STEP 6: Choosing the output capacitors. The output capacitors must be chosen such that they can provide filtering for both the boost converter and for the PWM dimming function. In addition, the output capacitors should be big enough to hold and maintain the output voltage within acceptable voltage ripple range during PWM dimming off-time. The major contributor is the leakage current, ILK. This current is the combination of the OVP sense, as well as the leakage current of the Schottky diode. In this design, the PWM dimming frequency is 200 Hz and the minimum PWM dimming duty cycle is 0.02%. Typically, the voltage variation on the output during PWM dimming should be less than 0.5 V so that no audible hum can be heard. The selected diode leakage current at a 150°C junction temperature and 30 V output is 100 µA, and the leakage current through OVP pin is 30 µA. The total leakage current can be calculated as follows: Ilk = ILKG(diode) + ILKGOVP (20) = 100 µA + 30 µA = 130 µA To accommodate this, the output capacitance can be calculated as follows: COUT = = Ilk × (1 –DMIN ) fSW(PWM) × VCOUT 130 (µA) × (1 – 0.02 ) 200 (Hz) × 0.450 (V) (21) = 1.42 µF where DMIN is the minimum dimming duty cycle and fSW(PWM) is the PWM dimming frequency. A capacitor larger than 1.42 µF should be selected. It should be noted that the ceramic capacitor value is reduced with DC voltage bias. The capacitance value at 30 V output may drop by 40%. 4.7 µF and 2.2 µF, 50 V ceramic capacitors are good choice for Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 34 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 this design: 4.7 µF and 2.2 µF, 50 V ceramic capacitors are good choice for this design: Vendor Value Part number Murata 4.7 µF 50 V GRM32ER71H475KA88L Vendor Value Part number Murata 2.2 µF 50 V GRM31CR71H225KA88L Murata 4.7 µF 50 V GRM32ER71H475KA88L Murata 2.2 µF 50 V GRM31CR71H225KA88L It is also necessary to note that, if a high dimming ratio of 5000:1 must be maintained at lower input voltages, then larger output capacitors will be needed. The rms current through the capacitor is given by: COUTrms = IOUT × = 0.6 (A) × ΔILused DCCM(MAX) + IINMAX × 12 (22) 1 – DCCM(MAX) 1 – 0.65 The output capacitor must have a current rating of at least 0.826 A. The capacitors selected in this design have a combined current rating of 3 A. STEP 7: Selecting the input capacitor. The input capacitor must be selected such that it provides a good filtering of the input voltage waveform. A good rule of thumb is to set the input voltage ripple, ΔVIN , to be 1% of the minimum input voltage. To accommodate this, the input capacitance can be calculated as follows: ∆ILused CIN = 8 × fSW × ∆VIN 0.325 (A) 8 × 2 (MHz) × 0.1 (V) (23) = 0.203 µF 0.325 (A) 2.1 (A) = 0.6 (A) × (1 – 0.65) × 12 = 0.076 A RSENSE = VINSTRIP / ILIM (25) = 0.105 (V) / 5 (A) = 0.021 Ω A 18 mΩ / 0.5 W, 1206 resistor is selected. Therefore, the actual current limit is calculated by rearranging equation 25: ILIM = 0.105 V / 0.018 Ω = 5.8 A The AO4421 6.2 A / 60 V P-channel MOSFET is selected. STEP 9: Selecting the ADDR pin resistor value. Use a 0 Ω resistor to address 100 0000. STEP 10: Selecting the VDD pin capacitor value. To get proper high frequency noise attenuation, use a 1 µF / 10 V X7R ceramic capacitor. ¯ , GPO1, and GPO2 pull-up resisSTEP 11: Selecting the ¯F¯  ¯L¯ ¯¯A¯¯G tors. For each of these output pins, use a 10 kΩ resistor to VCC. The rms current through the capacitor is given by: ΔILused IINMAX CINrms = IOUT × (1 – DCCM(MAX) ) × 12 STEP 8: Choosing the input disconnect switch components. Choose a P-channel MOSFET disconnect switch with current rating the same or higher than the IC trip threshold current limit, Set the limit to be 5 A. The IC trip current limit, ILIM , can be set by the input current sense resistor. When the IC detects VINSTRIP , 150 mV (typ), across the input current sense resistor, it turns off the disconnect switch. The sense resistor value can be calculated as follows: 0.325 (A) 0.65 + 2.1 (A) × 12 = 0.826 A = If long wires are used for the input, it is necessary to use a much larger input capacitor. A larger input capacitor is also required to have stable input voltage during line transients. (24) STEP 12: Selecting the output LEDs. High power white 3000 K 85 CRI Duris E5 (LCW JDSHEC-EUFQ-5R8T-1) LEDs were selected. STEP 13: Selecting CQ1 , placed from the drain of Q1 to GND. The purpose of this capacitor is to absorb the negative spike generated by L1 when the input disconnect switch is turned off. Use a small value such as 1 μF / 50 V ceramic. A large value may trip OCP during startup or a fast VIN transient. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 35 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 VIN 10 to 14 V RSENSE 0.018 Ω A CIN 4.7 µF CVDD 1 µF RADDR 0Ω External Synchronization VC 10 kΩ Status / Interrupt 10 kΩ 10 kΩ D1 2 A / 100 V CQ1 1 µF A I2C Interface L1 10 µH Q1 –6.2 A /–60 V High Power LEDs COUT 4.7 µF SW GATE INS VIN EN VDD A8522 ADDR PAD SDA SCL FSET/SYNC RFSET 10 kΩ VOUT PGND OVP LED1 LED2 LED8 COMP GND FLAG GPO1 GPO2 AGND CP TBD R Z TBD CZ TBD A Optional Figure 11: Schematic Diagram Showing Calculated Components from the Above Design Example Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 36 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 PACKAGE OUTLINE DESIGN For Reference Only – Not for Tooling Use (Reference MO-153 AET) Dimensions in millimeters – NOT TO SCALE Dimensions exclusive of mold flash, gate burrs, and dambar protrusions Exact case and lead configuration at supplier discretion within limits shown 9.70 ±0.10 5.08 NOM 8º 0º 28 0.20 0.09 B 3 NOM 4.40±0.10 6.40±0.20 A 0.60 ±0.15 1.00 REF 1 2 Branded Face 0.25 BSC C 28X 1.20 MAX 0.10 C 0.30 0.19 SEATING PLANE SEATING PLANE GAUGE PLANE 0.65 BSC 0.15 0.00 0.65 0.45 28 1.65 A Terminal #1 mark area B Exposed thermal pad (bottom surface) 3.00 6.10 C Reference land pattern layout (reference IPC7351 SOP65P640X120-29CM); All pads a minimum of 0.20 mm from all adjacent pads; adjust as necessary to meet application process requirements and PCB layout tolerances; when mounting on a multilayer PCB, thermal vias at the exposed thermal pad land can improve thermal dissipation (reference EIA/JEDEC Standard JESD51-5) 1 2 5.00 C PCB Layout Reference View Figure 12: Package LP, 28-Pin TSSOP with Exposed Thermal Pad Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com 37 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 APPENDIX A: PROGRAMMING INFORMATION The I2C registers are setup in clusters. Each cluster has an 8-bit register in a group which is called register bank (RB). The I2C interface communicates with the system via separate read and write registers, as shown in Figure A-1. I2C Interface Write Registers Read Registers 0x00 (RB0) through 0x2F (RB47) 0x30 (RB48) through 0x43 (RB67) A8522 Operating Functions Figure A-1: I2C Interface Communication Structure LED Driver and Boost Running (Normal Operation) I2C Master Write? I2C Master Sends Start Sequence Yes No A8522 Continues with LED Current and on-time from Latch Registers I2C Master Reads Faults and Status from IC Registers I2C Master Writes to LED Current and On-Time Registers I2C Master Writes to Regsiter 0x24 I2C Master Sends Stop Sequence A8522 Updates LED Current and On-Time Registers LED Driver and Boost Running (Normal Operation) Figure A-2: I2C Interface During Normal Operation Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-1 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 I2C Interface Description The A8522 provides an I2C-compliant serial interface that exchanges commands and data between a system microcontroller (master) and the A8522 (slave). Two bus lines, SCL and SDA, provide access to the internal control registers. The clock input on the SCL pin is generated by the master, while the SDA line functions as either an input or an open drain output for the A8522, depending on the direction of the data flow. SDA SCL Start Condition The I2C input thresholds depend on the VDD voltage of the A8522. The threshold levels across the operating VDD range are compatible with 3 V logic. Stop Condition (A) Start and Stop Conditions TIMING CONSIDERATIONS I2C communication is composed of several steps, in the following sequence: 1. Start Condition. Defined by a negative edge on the SDA line, while SCL is high (see Figure A-3). SDA 2. Address Cycle. 7 bits of address, plus 1 bit to indicate write (0) or read (1), and an acknowledge bit (see Figure A-4). 3. Data Cycles. Reading or writing 8 bits of data followed by an acknowledge bit (see Figure A-4). SCL 4. Stop Condition. Defined by a positive edge on the SDA line, while SCL is high (see Figure A-3). Change of data allowed It is possible for the Start or Stop condition to occur at any time during a data transfer. The A8522 always responds by resetting the data transfer sequence. Except to indicate a Start or Stop condition, SDA must be stable while the clock is high (Figure A-3). SDA can only be changed while SCL is low. Start Condition (B) Clock and Data Bit Synchronization Figure A-3: Bit Transfer on the I2C Bus Read/Write Acknowledge Slave Device Address 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 SDA A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 SCL 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 SDA stable, data valid Acknowledge Register Address 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0 Acknowledge Data (MSB byte) 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 A0 R/W AK RA7 RA6 RA5 RA4 RA3 RA2 RA1 RA0 AK D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 D8 AK 8 9 Acknowledge Data (LSB byte) 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 SDA D7 D6 SCL 1 2 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 3 4 5 6 7 0 Stop Condition D0 AK 8 9 Figure A-4: Complete Data Transfer Pulse Train Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-2 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 The state of the Read/Write bit (R/¯W¯ ) is set low to indicate a Write cycle and set high to indicate a Read cycle. device must release the SDA line before the ninth clock cycle, in order to allow the handshaking to occur. The master monitors for an acknowledge bit to determine if the slave device is responding to the address byte sent to the A8522. When the A8522 decodes the 7-bit address field as a valid address, it acknowledges by pulling SDA low during the ninth clock cycle. I2C COMMAND WRITE TO THE A8522 The master controls the A8522 by programming it as a slave. To do so, the master transmits data bits to the SDA input of the A8522, synchronized with the clocking signal the master transmits simultaneously on the SCL input (Figure A-5). During a data write from the master, the A8522 pulls SDA low during the clock cycle that follows each data byte, in order to indicate that the data has been successfully received. A complete transmission begins with the master pulling SDA low (Start bit), and completes with the master releasing the SDA line (Stop bit). Between these points, the master transmits a pattern of address bits with a Write command bit (R/¯W¯ ), then the register After sending either an address byte or a data byte, the master Start Condition Write Slave Device Address 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 SDA A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 SCL 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 Slave Acknowledge 0 Register Address 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Slave Acknowledge Slave Acknowledge 0 0 A0 R/W AK RA7 RA6 RA5 RA4 RA3 RA2 RA1 RA0 AK 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Data 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Stop Condition D0 AK 8 9 Write to a single register Write to multiple registers Start Condition Write Slave Device Address 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 SDA A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 SCL 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 Slave Acknowledge Slave Acknowledge 0 Register N Address 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0 A0 R/W AK RA7 RA6 RA5 RA4 RA3 RA2 RA1 RA0 AK 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Slave Acknowledge Register N Data 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 D0 AK 8 9 Slave Acknowledge Register N+1 Data 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 SDA D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 SCL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 D0 AK [Wraps to Register N+1] 8 Register N+n Data 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 [Wraps to Register N+n] SDA D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 SCL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 Slave Acknowledge Stop 0 Condition D0 AK 8 9 Figure A-5: Writing to Single and to Multiple Registers Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-3 A8522 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface address, and finally the data. The address therefore consists of two bytes, comprised of the A8522 chip address, with the write enable bit, followed by the address of the individual register. After each byte, the slave A8522 acknowledges by transmitting a low to the master on the SDA line. After writing data to a register the master must provide a Stop bit if writing is completed. Otherwise, the master can continue sending data to the device and it will automatically increase the register value by one for additional data byte. This allows faster data entry but restricts the data entry to sequential registers. I2C COMMAND READ FROM THE A8522 The master can read back the register values of the A8522. The Read command is given in the R/¯W¯ bit of the address byte. To do so, the master transmits data bits to the SDA input of the A8522, synchronized with the clocking signal the master transmits simultaneously on the SCL input. The pulse train is shown in figure A-6. A complete transmission begins with the master pulling SDA low (Start bit), and completes with the master releasing the SDA pin (Stop bit). Between these points, the Master transmits ¯ = 1) and a pattern of chip address with the Read command (R/¯W then the address of the register to be read. Again, the address consists of two bytes, comprising the address of the A8522 (chip address) with the read enable bit, followed by the address of the individual register. The bus master then executes a Master Restart, reissues the slave address, then the A8522 exports the data byte for that register, synchronized with the clock pulse supplied by the master. The master must provide the clock pulses, as the A8522 slave does not have the capability to generate them. If the master does not send an non-acknowledge bit (AK = 1) after receiving the data, the A8522 will continue sending data from the sequential registers after the addressed one, as shown in figure A-5. After the master provides an non-acknowledge bit, the A8522 will stop sending the data. After that, if additional register reads are required, the process must start over again. Order of Reading and Writing Registers All I2C registers can be read back in any order, either one byte at a time or multiple bytes sequentially. As for writing, however, the following register pairs must be written sequentially as a 16-bit word (MSB/LSB): • Reg0x00-01 = LED channel enable • Reg0x02-03 = LED PWM period • Reg0x10-11 = LED1 PWM on-time • Reg0x12-13 = LED2 PWM on-time ... • Reg0x1E-1F = LED8 PWM on-time Dealing with Incomplete Transmission There is no restriction on how slow the I2C clock can be. Suppose the Master sent out part of a data byte and then paused, the Slave will wait for the rest of the byte indefinitely. The proper way for the Master to terminate an incomplete transmission is to send out either a STOP command or a new START command. The Slave will then discard the previously received incomplete data. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-4 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 Start Condition Write Slave Device Address 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 SDA A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 SCL 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 Slave Acknowledge 0 Register Address 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Slave Acknowledge 0 Master Restart A0 R/W AK RA7 RA6 RA5 RA4 RA3 RA2 RA1 RA0 AK 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Read Slave Device Address 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 SDA A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 SCL 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 9 Slave Acknowledge 0 A0 R/W AK 7 8 9 Register Data 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Master Non-Acknowledge 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 AK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Stop Condition Read from a single register Read from multiple registers continuously Start Condition Write Slave Device Address 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 SDA A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 SCL 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 Slave Acknowledge 0 Register Address 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Slave Acknowledge 0 Master Restart A0 R/W AK RA7 RA6 RA5 RA4 RA3 RA2 RA1 RA0 AK 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Read Slave Device Address 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 SDA A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 SCL 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 9 Slave Acknowledge 0 A0 R/W AK 7 8 9 Register Data 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Master Acknowledge 0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 AK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Master Acknowledge Register N+1 Data 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 SDA D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 SCL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 D0 AK [Wraps to Register N+1] 8 Register N+n Data 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 [Wraps to Register N+n] SDA D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 SCL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 Master Non-Acknowledge Stop 1 Condition D0 AK 8 9 Figure A-6: Reading from Single and to Multiple Registers Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-5 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 Register Map Table A-1: Register Banks and Bit Names RB# Address 0 0x00 1 0x01 2 0x02 3 0x03 Register Name Definition LED Enable Enable / disable each populated LED string Program the PWM period LED PWM Period for all LED strings Bit15 Bit14 Bit13 Bit12 Bit11 Bit10 Bit9 Bit8 Bit7 Bit6 Bit5 Bit4 Bit3 Bit2 Bit1 Bit0 Not Available Not Available Default Value Type* – – – – – – 0000 0011 R/W LED8EN LED7EN LED6EN LED5EN LED4EN LED3EN LED2EN LED1EN 1111 1111 R/W – – – PWM12 PWM11 PWM10 PWM9 PWM8 0000 1111 R/W PWM7 PWM6 PWM5 PWM4 PWM3 PWM2 PWM1 PWM0 1111 1111 R/W – – – OVP4 OVP3 OVP2 OVP1 OVP0 0001 1100 R/W – – – – – TD BD1 BD2 0000 0000 R/W 4 0x04 OVP Threshold Program the OVP threshold 5 0x05 Boost Dithering and Thermal Derating Program the boost dither and LED derating 6 0x06 Program the fault action type for general 12 faults – – – FAULT12 FAULT11 FAULT10 FAULT9 0000 1010 R/W 0x07 Fault Mode – 7 FAULT8 FAULT7 FAULT6 FAULT5 FAULT4 FAULT3 FAULT2 FAULT1 1011 1110 R/W 8 0x08 Reserved – – – – – – – – – 0000 0000 R/W 9 0x09 Polyphase Grouping Program the polyphase for LEDs 2 through 10 – LED8PPH LED7PPH LED6PPH LED5PPH LED4PPH LED3PPH LED2PPH 0000 0000 R/W 10 0x0A Program LED short detect threshold for LEDs 1-2 – SDT2_2 SDT2_1 SDT2_0 – SDT1_2 SDT1_1 SDT1_0 0000 0000 R/W 11 0x0B – SDT4_2 SDT4_1 SDT4_0 – SDT3_2 SDT3_1 SDT3_0 0000 0000 R/W 12 0x0C – SDT6_2 SDT6_1 SDT6_0 – SDT5_2 SDT5_1 SDT5_0 0000 0000 R/W 13 0x0D Program LED short detect threshold for LEDs 7-8 – SDT8_2 SDT8_1 SDT8_0 – SDT7_2 SDT7_1 SDT7_0 0000 0000 R/W 14 0x0E Reserved – – – – – – – – – 0000 0000 R/W GPO Control General-purpose output selection – – – GPO1S1 GPO1S0 – GPO2S1 GPO2S0 0000 0000 R/W Program PWM on-time for LED1 T1_15 T1_14 T1_13 T1_13 T1_12 T1_11 T1_10 T1_9 0000 0000 R/W T1_8 T1_7 T1_6 T1_5 T1_4 T1_3 T1_2 T1_1 0000 0000 R/W Program PWM on-time for LED2 T2_15 T2_14 T2_13 T2_13 T2_12 T2_11 T2_10 T2_9 0000 0000 R/W T2_8 T2_7 T2_6 T2_5 T2_4 T2_3 T2_2 T2_1 0000 0000 R/W Program PWM on-time for LED3 T3_15 T3_14 T3_13 T3_13 T3_12 T3_11 T3_10 T3_9 0000 0000 R/W T3_8 T3_7 T3_6 T3_5 T3_4 T3_3 T3_2 T3_1 0000 0000 R/W Program PWM on-time for LED4 T4_15 T4_14 T4_13 T4_13 T4_12 T4_11 T4_10 T4_9 0000 0000 R/W T4_8 T4_7 T4_6 T4_5 T4_4 T4_3 T4_2 T4_1 0000 0000 R/W Program PWM on-time for LED5 T5_15 T5_14 T5_13 T5_13 T5_12 T5_11 T5_10 T5_9 0000 0000 R/W T5_8 T5_7 T5_6 T5_5 T5_4 T5_3 T5_2 T5_1 0000 0000 R/W Program PWM on-time for LED6 T6_15 T6_14 T6_13 T6_13 T6_12 T6_11 T6_10 T6_9 0000 0000 R/W T6_8 T6_7 T6_6 T6_5 T6_4 T6_3 T6_2 T6_1 0000 0000 R/W Program PWM on-time for LED7 T7_15 T7_14 T7_13 T7_13 T7_12 T7_11 T7_10 T7_9 0000 0000 R/W T7_8 T7_7 T7_6 T7_5 T7_4 T7_3 T7_2 T7_1 0000 0000 R/W Program PWM on-time for LED8 T8_15 T8_14 T8_13 T8_13 T8_12 T8_11 T8_10 T8_9 0000 0000 R/W T8_8 T8_7 T8_6 T8_5 T8_4 T8_3 T8_2 T8_1 0000 0000 R/W – – – – – – – – – 0000 0000 R/W 15 0x0F 16 0x10 17 0x11 18 0x12 19 0x13 20 0x14 21 0x15 22 0x16 23 0x17 24 0x18 25 0x19 26 0x1A 27 0x1B 28 0x1C 29 0x1D 30 0x1E 31 0x1F 32 0x20 Program LED short detect threshold for LEDs 3-4 LED Short-Detect Threshold Program LED short detect threshold for LEDs 5-6 PWM Dimming On-Time Reserved 33 0x21 Reserved – – – – – – – – – 0000 0000 R/W 34 0x22 Reserved – – – – – – – – – 0000 0000 R/W 35 0x23 Reserved – – – – – – – – – 0000 0000 R/W 0x24 PWM On-Time Update Command loading all LED on-times – – – – – – – LOAD 0000 0000 W 36 Continued on the next page… Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-6 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 Table A-1: Register Banks and Bit Names (continued) RB# Address Register Name Definition Bit15 Bit14 Bit13 Bit12 Bit11 Bit10 Bit9 Bit8 Bit7 Bit6 Bit5 Bit4 Bit3 Bit2 Bit1 Bit0 Default Value Type* – – – LEDREG – OUTHYS SLOPE 0000 0000 R/W Program boost slope LED Regulation compensation, hysteresis, DUMMYLOAD Voltage and LED regulation voltage and Output Hysteresis Dummy Load 37 0x25 38 0x26 Program the DC current of LED1 – – DC1_5 DC1_4 DC1_3 DC1_2 DC1_1 DC1_0 0001 1111 R/W 39 0x27 Program the DC current of LED2 – – DC2_5 DC2_4 DC2_3 DC2_2 DC2_1 DC2_0 0001 1111 R/W 40 0x28 Program the DC current of LED3 – – DC3_5 DC3_4 DC3_3 DC3_2 DC3_1 DC3_0 0001 1111 R/W 41 0x29 Program the DC current of LED4 – – DC4_5 DC4_4 DC4_3 DC4_2 DC4_1 DC4_0 0001 1111 R/W LEDx DC current 42 0x2A Program the DC current of LED5 – – DC5_5 DC5_4 DC5_3 DC5_2 DC5_1 DC5_0 0001 1111 R/W 43 0x2B Program the DC current of LED6 – – DC6_5 DC6_4 DC6_3 DC6_2 DC6_1 DC6_0 0001 1111 R/W 44 0x2C Program the DC current of LED7 – – DC7_5 DC7_4 DC7_3 DC7_2 DC7_1 DC7_0 0001 1111 R/W 45 0x2D Program the DC current of LED8 – – DC8_5 DC8_4 DC8_3 DC8_2 DC8_1 DC8_0 0001 1111 R/W 46 0x2E Reserved – – – – – – – – – 0000 0000 R/W 47 0x2F Reserved – – – – – – – – – 0000 0000 R/W 48 0x30 – – FS12 FS11 FS10 FS9 XXXX XXXX R 0x31 Check the general 12 faults active fault status – 49 Fault Status – FS8 FS7 FS6 FS5 FS4 FS3 FS2 FS1 XXXX XXXX R 50 0x32 Reserved – – – – – – – – – XXXX XXXX R REG8 REG7 REG6 REG5 REG4 REG3 REG2 REG1 XXXX XXXX R Active LED In- Read the status of LEDs in regulation Status regulation 51 0x33 52 0x34 Reserved – – – – – – – – – XXXX XXXX R 53 0x35 LED Pin Shorted to GND Status Read the status of LED pin-to-GND shorts LGS8 LGS7 LGS6 LGS5 LGS4 LGS3 LGS2 LGS1 XXXX XXXX R 54 0x36 Reserved – – – – – – – – – XXXX XXXX R 55 0x37 LED String ShortDetect Status Read the status of LED string short detect LSD8 LSD7 LSD6 LSD5 LSD4 LSD3 LSD2 LSD1 XXXX XXXX R 56 0x38 XXXX XXXX R/COW 57 0x39 XXXX XXXX R/COW 58 0x3A 59 0x3B 60 0x3C 61 0x3D 62 0x3E 63 – – – – FAULTHST12 FAULTHST11 FAULTHST10 FAULTHST9 Check the general 12 faults hold fault status FAULTHST8 FAULTHST7 FAULTHST6 FAULTHST5 FAULTHST4 FAULTHST3 FAULTHST2 FAULTHST1 Reserved – Check the hold fault status LED8HREG of LEDs in regulation Reserved Latched Fault Status Read the hold fault status of LED GND shorts – – – – – – – – XXXX XXXX R/COW LED7HREG LED6HREG LED5HREG LED4HREG LED3HREG LED2HREG LED1HREG XXXX XXXX R/COW – – – – – – – XXXX XXXX R/COW LED4HGND LED3HGND XXXX XXXX R/COW LED8HGND LED7HGND LED6HGND LED5HGND LED2HGND LED1HGND Reserved – – – – – – – – XXXX XXXX R/COW 0x3F Read the hold fault status of LED string short detect LED8HOVP LED7HOVP LED6HOVP LED5HOVP LED4HOVP LED3HOVP LED2HOVP LED1HOVP XXXX XXXX R/COW 64 0x40 Reserved – – – – – – – – XXXX XXXX R 65 0x41 Read the status of LED Drive OK LED8VCC LED7VCC LED6VCC LED5VCC LED4VCC LED3VCC LED2VCC LED1VCC XXXX XXXX R 66 0x42 Reserved – – – – – – – – XXXX XXXX R/COW 67 0x43 Read the fault hold status of LED Drive OK LED8HVCC LED7HVCC LED6HVCC LED5HVCC LED4HVCC LED3HVCC LED2HVCC LED1HVCC XXXX XXXX R/COW * R/W = Read and Write, W = Write only, R = Read only, R/COW = Read and Clear-On-Write (by writing a ‘1’ to the bit field). Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-7 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 Register Field Reference LED Enable Address: 0x00:0x01 RB RB0 (0x00) RB1 (0x01) Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 Name – – – – – – – – R/W 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 LED Enable_L R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Reset 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MSB = Bit 9 LED Enable_L [7:0] Note 1: It is important that the user clear register 0x00, by writing 0s to every bit in that register, in order for strings LED1 through LED8 to operate correctly. LED Enable Settings (LSB Byte) Enables or disables LED strings 1 to 8. Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Value Description 0 Disable LED8 1 Enable LED8 (default) 0 Disable LED7 1 Enable LED7 (default) 0 Disable LED6 1 Enable LED6 (default) 0 Disable LED5 1 Enable LED5 (default) 0 Disable LED4 1 Enable LED4 (default) 0 Disable LED3 1 Enable LED3 (default) 0 Disable LED2 1 Enable LED2 (default) 0 Disable LED1 1 Enable LED1 (default) Note 2: If any LED is unpopulated (signalled by having a 4.7 kΩ resistor from the LEDx pin to GND) , but during startup it is incorrectly set to Enable in this register, the IC considers this an error and will not proceed with startup. This is summarized in the following table: LED String Hardware Status Register (RB0+1 Enable Status LED LIght Fault Flag Populated Disabled Off High (no fault) Enabled On High (no fault) Disabled Off High (no fault) Enabled Off Low (fault) Unpopulated (4.7 kΩ resistor to GND) Note 3: In case the Fault 11 flag is erroneously set in the Fault Status Hold register, clear it by writing 0x0400 to register bank 0x38-0x39. Do this only after the enable registers 0x00-0x01 have been correctly set. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-8 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 LED PWM Period Address: 0x02:0x03 RB RB2 (0x02) Bit 15 14 13 Name – – – R/W 12 11 RB3 (0x03) 10 9 8 7 6 PWM_Period_H 5 4 3 2 1 0 PWM_Period_L R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Value X X X Reset 0 0 0 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MSB = Bit 12 PWM_Period_H [12:8] PWM Dimming Period (MSB Byte) PWM_Period_L [7:0] PWM Dimming Period (LSB Byte) Bit Value Description 12:0 0/1 Absolute PWM period multiplier This register allows the user to set a wide variety of PWM dimming periods. Bit resolution is 1.5 µs. The actual PWM period is defined as (N+1) × 1.5 µs, where N is the combined value stored in these two register banks. A 13-bit total programming capability allows the user program up to approximately a 10 ms PWM period (a 100 Hz PWM frequency). The smallest recommended PWM period is 45 µs ( 22 kHz PWM frequency). The maximum recommended PWM period is 9.830 ms, which corresponds to a setting of XXX1 1001 1001 1000 (calculated as: (6552+1) × 1.5 µs = 9.8295 ms). It is possible for the user to program a longer PWM period, but doing so will not allow 100% PWM dimming because the LED on-time counter can be programmed only up to a maximum of 9.830 ms. So for example, if the user programs the maximum period (XXX1 1111 1111 1111), this gives a PWM period of (8191+1) × 1.5 µs = 12.288 ms, so all LEDs would be limited to an 80% PWM duty cycle. The reset setting is 0x0fff = 4095. This corresponds to a PWM period of (4095+1) × 1.5 µs = 6.144 ms (162.8 Hz PWM frequency). Example: To set the PWM frequency to 400 Hz: 1. PWM period = 1/400 = 2.5 ms 2. Number of steps = 2.5 ms / 1.5 µs = 1667 3. The required LED PWM_Period register value is then 1666 (XXX0 0110 1000 0010): RB2 = 0000 0110 (MSB) RB3 = 1000 0010 (LSB) Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-9 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 OVP Threshold Address: 0x04 RB RB4 (0x04) Bit 7 6 5 Name – – – R/W 4 3 2 1 0 OVP R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Value X X Reset 0 0 X 0 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 1 1 1 0 0 MSB = Bit 4 OVP [4:0] OVP Trip Point Sets the OVP trip point multiplier. Bit resolution is 1.0 V. The OVP trip point can be set anywhere from 8 V (00000) to 39 V (11111). Example: The reset value of 0x1C, 28 decimal, gives an OVP trip point of: 8 V + (1.0 V × 28) = 36 V. Bit Value Description 4:0 0/1 Sets the OVP threshold multiplier Boost Dithering and Thermal Derating Address: 0x05 RB RB5 (0x05) Bit Name R/W 7 6 5 4 3 – – – – – 2 1 0 TD BD1 BD0 R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Value X X X X X Reset 0 0 0 0 0 0/1 0/1 0/1 0 0 0 MSB = Bit 2 BDx [1:0] TD [2] Boost Dither Enable and Magnitude LED Derating Enable Enables the Thermal Derating function. Bit 2 Value Description 0 Disable Thermal Derating feature (default) 1 Enable Thermal Derating Enable and set the multiplier for the main switching frequency dithering feature. Not available when external synchronization signal is used (through FSET/SYNC pin). Example: Value of 11 sets ±15% (step size x number of steps = 5% × 3). If fSW = 600 kHz, ±90 kHz: lower frequency = 510 kHz, upper frequency = 690 kHz. Bit Description BD1 BD0 0 0 Disable dithering (default) 0 1 Frequency variation ±5% of nominal fSW 1 0 Frequency variation ±10% of nominal fSW 1 1 Frequency variation ±15% of nominal fSW Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-10 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 Fault Mode Address: 0x06:0x07 RB RB6 (0x06) Bit 15 14 13 12 Name – – – – R/W 11 RB7 (0x07) 10 9 R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Value X X X X Reset 0 0 0 0 8 7 6 FAULT CNTRL_M 0/1 0/1 0/1 1 0 1 5 4 3 2 1 0 FAULT CNTRL_L R R/W R R R/W R R/W R/W R 0 0/1 0 1 0/1 1 0/1 0/1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 MSB = Bit 11 FAULT CNTRL_M [11:8] FAULT CNTRL_L [7:0] Sets the fault handling behavior for faults 9 through 12. Certain bits are non-programmable (default value only) for safety reasons. Sets the fault handling behavior for faults 8 through 1. Certain bits are non-programmable (default value only) for safety reasons. Fault Control Mode Settings (MSB Byte) Bit 11 10 9 8 Fault Control Mode Settings (LSB Byte) Value Description 0 Fault 12 Latched (no auto restart) 1 Fault 12 Auto restart (default) 0 Fault 11 Latched (no auto restart) (default) 1 Fault 11 Auto restart 0 Fault 10 Latched (no auto restart) 1 Fault 10 Auto restart (default) 0 Fault 9 Latched (no auto restart) (default) Bit Value Description 0 Fault 8 Latched (no auto restart) 1 Fault 8 Auto restart (default) 6 0 Fault 7 Latched (no auto restart) (default) 5 1 Fault 6 Auto restart (default) 0 Fault 5 Latched (no auto restart) 1 Fault 5 Auto restart (default) 7 4 3 2 1 0 1 Fault 4 Auto restart (default) 0 Fault 3 Latched (no auto restart) 1 Fault 3 Auto restart (default) 0 Fault 2 Latched (no auto restart) 1 Fault 2 Auto restart (default) 0 Fault 1 Latched (no auto restart) (default) Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-11 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 Polyphase Grouping Address: 0x08:0x09 RB RB9 (0x09) Bit 7 Name – 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 POLYPHASE_L R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Value 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Reset 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MSB = Bit 6 POLYPHASE_L [6:0] LED String Grouping (LSB Byte) Enables grouping with LED8 through LED2. Note: LED1 is not included, because there is no lower-number LED channel, but it can be grouped by setting LED2. Bit 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Value Description 0 LED8 not grouped (default) 1 LED8 grouped 0 LED7 not grouped (default) 1 LED7 grouped 0 LED6 not grouped (default) 1 LED6 grouped 0 LED5 not grouped (default) 1 LED5 grouped 0 LED4 not grouped (default) 1 LED4 grouped 0 LED3 not grouped (default) 1 LED3 grouped 0 LED2 not grouped (default) 1 LED2 grouped An ungrouped LED channel starts PWM operation in a separate time slot, with duty cycle specified by the corresponding PWM Dimming On-Time register. A grouped LED channel starts in the same time slot as the next lower-numbered channel, and inherits the PWM Dimming OnTime of that lower-numbered channel (the original time slot of the grouped channel is not used). If more than one adjacent channels are grouped, the entire group starts at the time slot of the lowest-numbered channel in the group, and inherits that on-time setting. Example: Set bit 6 to group LED8 with LED7 (start and duty cycle according to LED7), also set bit 5 to group LED8 and LED7 with LED6 (start and duty cycle according to LED6). Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-12 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 LED Short-Detect Threshold Address: 0x0A: 0x0E RB RB10 (0x0A) to RB14 (0x0E) Bit 7 RB10 – SDT2_x – SDT1_x RB11 – SDT4_x – SDT3_x RB12 – SDT6_x – SDT5_x – SDT8_x – SDT7_x RB13 R/W 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Value X Reset 0 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MSB = Bit 6 and bit 2 SDTx_x [6:4], [2:0] LED String Short Detect Threshold Allows adjustment of the LED string short-detect threshold for each LED channel to prevent false tripping if the voltage drop across all LED strings varies by more than one LED Vf during normal operation. Bit 6 5 4 Description 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Threshold = 11 V 0 1 0 Threshold = 10 V Threshold = 12 V (default) 0 1 1 Threshold = 9 V 1 0 0 Threshold = 8 V 1 0 1 Threshold = 7 V 1 1 0 Threshold = 6 V 1 1 1 Threshold = 5 V Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-13 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 General Purpose Output Selection Address: 0x0F RB RB15 (0x0F) Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Name – – – GPO1 – GPO2 R/W 0 R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Value X Reset 0 X X 0 0 0/1 0/1 0 0 X 0 0/1 0/1 0 0 MSB = Bit 4, bit 1 GPO1 [4:3] GPO2 [1:0] Select data type to be output on the GPO1 pin. Select data type to be output on the GPO2 pin. General Purpose Output 1 Data Bit 4 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 General Purpose Output 2 Data Description Bit Description 1 0 0 0 Data: Master system clock / 4 Normal operation = approximately 1.65 MHz 0 1 0 Data: LED PWM frequency Normal operation = low approximately 300 ns each PWM period) Data: SW 1x Current Limit High = normal operation Low = current limit exceeded 1 0 1 Data: Thermal Warning High = normal operation Low = Thermal Derating active Data: Boost status High = Boost switching Low = No switching 1 1 Data: Boost soft start status (default) High = soft start in progress Low = soft start finished Data: IC and LED status (default) High = startup test not passed Low = LED startup test passed Reserved Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-14 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 PWM Dimming On-Time Address: 0x10:0x1F Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 RB RB16 (0x10) RB17 (0x11) Name LED1_TON_M LED1_TON_L RB RB18 (0x12) RB19 (0x13) Name LED2_TON_M LED2_TON_L RB RB20 (0x14) RB21 (0x15) Name LED3_TON_M LED3_TON_L RB RB22 (0x16) RB23 (0x17) Name LED4_TON_M LED4_TON_L RB25 (0x19) RB RB24 (0x18) Name LED5_TON_M LED5_TON_L RB RB26 (0x1A) RB27 (0x1B) Name LED6_TON_M LED6_TON_L RB RB28 (0x1C) RB29 (0x1D) Name LED7_TON_M LED7_TON_L RB RB30 (0x1E) RB31 (0x1F) Name LED8_TON_M LED8_TON_L R/W 2 1 0 LEDx_TON_M [15:8] LED PWM On-Time (MSB Byte) LEDx_TON_L [7:0] LED PWM On-Time (LSB Byte) R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Value X X X X X X X Reset 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bit Value Description 15:0 0/1 Absolute PWM on-time multiplier 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MSB = Bit 15 Set PWM dimming on-time multiplier for each LED channel. 16 bits are required for each channel. Bit resolution is 150 ns. Let T = LED PWM Period, and tON = PWM Dimming On-Time, then the PWM dimming percentage = tON / T. Although the minimum on-time that can be set by the register is 150 ns, in practice it is strongly advised to keep the on-time at 1 µs or above. This implies a maximum dimming ratio of 5000:1 at 200 Hz PWM frequency. Therefore, the minimum tON multiplier is 7 (0000 0000 0000 0111 in binary), which gives 150 ns × 7 = 1.05 µs. The default register value = 0x0000, which means all LED channels are off, even if they are enabled by RB0 and RB1. Therefore it is necessary to update the LED on-time registers first, in order to turn on LED strings. The registers must be written as MSB followed by LSB. Update is allowed only after LSB write is complete. All eight registers are buffered initially, until a Write operation is performed on register 0x24, at which time all 8 channels are updated together. The maximum tON multiplier is 65,535 (1111 1111 1111 1111 in binary), which gives 150 ns × 65,535 = 9.83 ms. When all 16 bits are 1, or when tON > T , the LEDs are on all the time. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-15 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 PWM On-Time Update Address: 0x24 RB RB36 (0x24) Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Name – – – – – – – LOAD W W W W W W W R/W R/W Value Reset 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0/1 0 MSB = Bit 0 LOAD [0] Enable Load PWM On-Time Update All PWM on-time registers are buffered and do not take effect until a Write operation is performed on register 0x24 (the actual data written does not matter). When the write operation is complete, all eight channel data are updated together. This feature is vital for applications that require synchronized update for all LED brightness, such as for localized dimming. Bit 0 Value Description 0 (default) 1 Upload current contents of PWM dimming ontime registers Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-16 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 LED Regulation Voltage and Output Hysteresis Address: 0x25 RB RB37 (0x25) Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Name DUMMYLOAD – – – LEDREG – OUTHYS SLOPE R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Value 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Reset 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MSB = Bit 7 DUMMYLOAD [7] OUTHYS [1] Enables a resistive load of approximately 4.3 kΩ connected to VOUT during startup process. The load is removed after startup is completed. The A8522 has a minimum output voltage hysteresis of 0.25 V. Lower hysteresis is generally preferred, because excessive ripple voltage may lead to audible noises from output ceramic capacitors. But larger ripple may be required to reduce the frequency of the hysteresis control loop. The correct value should be determined through experimentation. Enable Startup Output Load Resistance Bit Value 7 Enable Augmented Output Hysteresis Description 0 (default) 1 Enable connection of resistive load Bit 1 LEDREG [3] Enable Augmented LED Regulation Voltage The A8522 has a minimum LED Regulation voltage of 0.85 V (typ). Lower regulation voltage is generally preferred, because it means less power loss across the LEDx current sinks. In certain situations (such as during input voltage transients at extremely low PWM duty cycles) it may be advantageous to set the regulation voltage higher in order to maintain current regulation. Bit 3 Value Description 0 Normal VREG, 0.85 V (typ) (default) 1 Augmented VREG, 1.05 V Value Description 0 Normal VOUThys, 0.25 V (typ) recommended (default) 1 Augmented VOUThys, 0.45 V SLOPE [0] Enable Reduced Slope Compensation Slope compensation is necessary in current-mode control circuits in order to avoid instability at > 50% SW duty cycle. The A8522 allows selection between two slope compensation values for best results. Bit 0 Value Description 0 10.8 A / µs at 2 MHz 1 2.3 A / µs at 2 Mz Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-17 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 LEDx DC Current Address: 0x26: 0x2D Bit 7 6 – – – – – – – – – – 5 RB Name RB40 (0x28) LED3_CURRENT RB41 (0x29) LED4_CURRENT RB42 (0x2A) LED5_CURRENT RB Name RB43 (0x2B) – – LED6_CURRENT RB Name RB44 (0x2C) – – LED7_CURRENT RB Name 0 LED2_CURRENT RB Name 1 RB39 (0x27) RB Name 2 LED1_CURRENT RB Name 3 RB38 (0x26) RB Name 4 RB45 (0x2D) – – LED8_CURRENT R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Value 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Reset 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 MSB = Bit 5 LEDx_CURRENT [5:0] LED Current Sink Capacity Sets DC sink current capability multiplier for each LED channel. Bit resolution is 1 mA. Each LED channel has a base current of 1 mA. Default is 0x1F = 32 mA. Bit Value Description 5:0 0/1 Absolute LED current multiplier Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-18 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 Fault Status Address: 0x30:0x31 RB Bit Name R/W RB48 (0x30) 15 14 13 12 – – – – 11 RB49 (0x31) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 FS12 FS11 FS10 FS9 FS8 FS7 FS6 FS5 FS4 FS3 FS2 FS1 R/W R/W R/W R/W R R R Value X X X X 0/1 0/1 0/1 Reset 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R R R R R R R R R 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 FSx [11:0] General Fault Status Reports status of the 12 general faults. In the event of a fault condition A¯ ¯G¯ pin is pulled low), the system controller can read these registers (¯F¯ ¯L¯ ¯ to determine which fault condition has occurred. For certain faults, such as LED pin open/short, other status registers are available to be read to determine which LED circuit caused the fault. Note: Some fault types are followed by auto-restart. For such faults, if the fault is subsequently resolved, the corresponding bit is cleared in the General Fault Status register. Despite that, to allow the system controller the option of diagnosing the problem, the incident remains recorded in the Latched Status registers (0x38 through 0x43) until a reset occurs. Bit 11:0 Value Description 0 No fault present (default) 1 Specific fault detected Active LED In-Regulation Status Address: 0x33 RB Bit RB51 (0x33) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Name REG8 REG7 REG6 REG5 REG4 REG3 REG2 REG1 R/W R R R R R R R R Value 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Reset 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 REGx [7:0] LED Voltage Fault Status Sets a bit for each LED channel, when an LED driver is not in regulation and the output exceeds the OVP threshold. Used with FAULT 8. Bit 7:0 Value Description 0 LED in regulation or not enabled (default) 1 LED out of regulation and VOUT exceeds OVP Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-19 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 LED Pin Shorted to GND Status Address: 0x35 RB Bit Name RB53 (0x35) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 LGS8 LGS7 LGS6 LGS5 LGS4 LGS3 LGS2 LGS1 R/W R R R R R R R R Value 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Reset 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LGSx [7:0] LED Short to GND Fault Status This bit is set if an LED pin voltage is found to remain at GND level during startup (prevents further initialization). Used with FAULT 10. Bit 7:0 Value Description 0 LED voltage normal (default) 1 LED remaining at GND during startup LED String Short-Detect Status Address: 0x37 RB Bit Name RB54 (0x37) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 LSD8 LSD7 LSD6 LSD5 LSD4 LSD3 LSD2 LSD1 R/W R R R R R R R R Value 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Reset 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LSDx [7:0] LED String Short Detect Status This bit is set if an LED pin voltage goes above its preset voltage limit, as set by its corresponding LED pin Short-Detect Threshold register. Used with FAULT 12. Bit 7:0 Value Description 0 LED voltage normal (default) 1 LED exceeds short-detect threshold Latched Status Registers Address: 0x38:0x43 (RB56 to RB67) Retain the status of faults that have been detected, allowing the system controller to poll them by an I2C Read to diagnose problems. All bits are cleared after a Read for the register. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com A-20 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 Appendix B. Feedback Loop Components Calculation for Peak Current Control Boost Converter Used in LED Drivers Applications This appendix provides an examination of the factors involved in calculating the transfer function of a peak current controlled boost converter, an output to control transfer function, and recommendations for stabilizing the feedback loop closed system. An example of a complete small signal model of a peak-currentmode boost converter is shown in figure B-2. The A8522 is an example of a boost converter that drives 8 LED strings with 10 LEDs in each string. Using a frequency-based model, the transfer function (control to output) of boost power stage peak-current control is given by the following equation: TP(f )= AP × 1+ 2×�×f×j 2×�×f×j × 1– ωZ ωRHP 2×�×f×j 2 × � × f × j (2 × � × f × j)2 – × 1+ Q D × ωS ωP ωS2 AP = (B-1) AP  is the DC gain, ωZ is the angular frequency of the output capacitor ESR zero, fZ , ωRHP is the angular frequency of the right-half plane zero, fRHP , ωP is the angular frequency of the output load pole, fP , QD is the inductor peak current sampling double pole quality or damping factor, and RS × REQ 1– D(nom) × RI RS + RD + REQ (B-3) where • D is the PWM duty cycle, calculated as: Power Stage Transfer Function 1+ AP , DC gain The DC gain is defined as follows: where D(nom) = (VOUT – VIN(nom)) / VOUT (B-4) VOUT = NL × Vf + VREG + VD + VH (B-5) and NL is the quantity of LEDs per string, Vf is the nominal forward voltage drop for each LED diode, VREG is the current sink regulated voltage for each LED string, VD is the Schottky diode forward voltage drop and VH is the output hysteresis-control voltage. • RI is the current sense resistor, which is connected in series with the boost power switch, • RS is the LED sink pin sense resistor, which is usually located inside the IC and can be calculated from the following equation: RS = VREG / ILED (B-6) where ILED is the current through one LED string, ωS is the double-pole angular frequency oscillation . Figure B-1 shows the plot of the power stage logarithmic transfer function as gain, GP(f) , versus frequency. with GP(f) given by: GP(f) = 20 × log( |TP(f)| ) (B-2) The next sections define the components of TP(f). 0 Gain, GP(f) �–100 10 100 1�×103 1�× 104 1�×105 1�×106 1�× 107 1�×108 Frequency (Hz) Figure B-1. Plot of power stage transfer function versus frequency A8522-APPXB, Rev. 1 Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com B-1 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 • REQ is the output nominal operating resistance, which is given by the following equation: REQ = VOUT / ILEDT (B-7) where ILEDT is the total output current through all LED strings: ILEDT = NS × ILED (B-8) and NS is the total quantity of LED strings, and • RD is the total dynamic resistance of one LED string, which can be measured in the lab, as follows: 1. Get a load board with one string of LEDs. 2. Apply an external DC voltage across all LEDs in one string through a current limit resistor, R = 10 Ω. 3. Change the DC voltage to get 90% of one string current. Then measure the voltage across all LEDs in one string. QD = 1 � × [0.5 – D(nom) + ( 1 – D(nom)) × IFSC] where (B-9) IFSC is the implemented factor of inductor slope compensation, and is given by: IFSC = ( ISC / CSC ) × FSC (B-10) and ISC is the IC implemented slope compensation in A/µs. At 2 MHz switching frequency, ISC = 2.3 A/µs. However, it changes as the switching frequency changes. It is normalized to a 2 MHz swtiching frequency. At a switching frequency different from 2 MHz the implemented slope compensation can be calculated from: ISC = 2.3 (A/µs) × ( fSW / 2 (MHz)) (B-11) CSC is the calculated slope compensation also in A/µs, given by: CSC = ∆I × FSC × 10–6 (1/ fSW)× (1– D(max)) (B-12) ΔI = (VIN(min) × D(max)) / L1 × fSW , and (B-13) FSC is the Ridley’s factor slope compensation, given by: FSC = 1 – 0.18 / D(max) (B-14) ωZ , angular frequency of the output capacitor ESR zero, fZ ωZ = 1 / (ESR × COUT ) (B-15) ωRHP , angular frequency of the right-half plane zero, fRHP ωRHP = REQ / (1 – D(max))2 × L1 ) (B-16) where D(max) = (VOUT – VIN(min)) / VOUT (B-17) ωP , angular frequency of the output load pole, fP 4. Repeat step 3 until reaching 100% of one string current. 5. Calculate RD = ( V2 – V1 ) / ( I2 – I2 ) . V2 is the voltage across all LEDs in one string at I2 = 100% of one string LED current. V1 is the voltage across all LEDs in one string at I1 = 90% of one string LED current. QD , inductor peak current sampling double pole quality and ωP = RS + RD + REQ (RS + RD + ESR) × REQ × COUT (B-18) ωS , angular frequency oscillation of the double pole that occurs at half of the switching frequency, fSW  ωS = π × fSW  (B-19) Output to Control Transfer Function When using peak current mode control for a DC-to-DC converter, a type II PI error amplifier compensation circuit is sufficient to stabilize the converter. For controlling the current sink voltage and as a result controlling the output, the A8522 IC uses a high bandwidth transconductance amplifier, shown as A1 in figure B-2. A transconductance amplifier is actually a voltage-controlled current source. It converts any error voltage at its input pins to a current flowing out of its output pin at VC. The transconductance gain of the error amplifier, g , is defined as: g = IAMP / Verror (B-20) In figure B-2, RAMP represents the output impedance of the transconductance amplifier (A1). RAMP usually has a high value and it is neglected in the calculation of the error amplifier transfer function. RZ, CZ , and CP represent the external Type II compensation network. From an AC point of view, the non-inverting pin of A1 is connected to a DC reference voltage, VREG , which is a virtual Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com B-2 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 AC ground. Therefore, the transfer function of the compensation circuit is derived as follows: = (B-21) VC(f) VOUT(f) –1 × IAMP × ZC (f) applying equation B-20: RS × g RS+RD where ZC(f ) = × Z 100 × ZC (f ) 1 RZ + 2 × � × f × j× C 1 2 × � × f × j× CP 1 1 + RZ + 2 × � × f × j× CZ 2 × � × f × j× CP (B-23) V IN PWM and Driver 0 Mid-Band Gain � 50 10 GEA(f) = 20 × log( |TEA(f)| ) (B-25) L1 50 (B-24) Figure B-3 shows the logarithmic transfer function for the output to control compensation circuit, with gain, GEA(f). given by: fZEA = 1 / (2 × π × RZ × CZ ) (B-26) (B-22) RS + RD RS VERROR × TEA(f ) = –1 × Gain, GP(f) TEA(f ) = The transfer function has a single pair of pole and zero in addition to the pole at the origin. The pole at the origin is defined by CP and RAMP . The zero is defined by RZ and CZ . The zero frequency location is selected to compensate or cancel the power train load pole. It is defined by: 100 1�×10 3 1�×10 4 1�×10 5 1�× 10 6 1�×10 7 1�×108 Frequency (Hz) Figure B-3. Plot of error amplifier stage transfer function versus frequency VOUT D1 COUT Current Sense Amplifier D1 A2 Q1 ESR RI D2 D10 Adder Slope Compensation Transconductance (g) Amplifier Vc A1 Rz Cp Ram p Vreg Rs Cz Figure B-2. Small signal model of a peak-current-mode boost converter; the ten strings of the A8522 are represented by one string in this example Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com B-3 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 The error amplifier pole frequency is selected to compensate for or cancel the power train ESR zero. This is the case if the frequency of the ESR zero is small or below the switching frequency. Otherwise, it is selected to be at half switching frequency. This pole frequency determines the end of mid-band gain of the error amplifier transfer function, so it ensures that the closed loop system cross-over frequency is below half switching frequency, which is important for stability issues. The pole frequency is defined by: fPEA = 1 2 × �× RZ × CZ × CP CZ + CP –GP(fC) –3 dB 10 To achieve that, first fix the mid-band gain of the error amplifier transfer function. Make it equal in value to the power train gain at the cross over frequency, but negative so the total closed loop gain will be 0 dB. Then position the compensation pole and zero. Here are step-by-step procedures on how to calculate the compensation network components: 1. Calculate RZ  such that the negative mid-band gain of the error amplifier will be equal to the power train gain at the required system bandwidth or cross over frequency. 1a. Calculate the cross over frequency to be much less than the RHP zero and lower than the half-switching frequency. A 20 to 30 kHz cross over frequency is appropriate for LED applications, calculated as follows: RZ = 10 (B-30) – GP(fC) –3 20 RS g× RS+RD 2. Select a value for CZ. (B-31) 2a. Calculate the frequency for the error-amplifier compensation zero, fZEA . This zero should cancel the dominant low frequency pole of power train. Therefore, fZEA  should be close to fP . Usually it is selected to be 1/5 to 1/10 of fC: fZEA = fC / 10 (B-32) 2b. Cz can be calculated by applying equation B-26: CZ = 1 / (2 × π × RZ × fZEA ) (B-33) 3. Select a value for CP . 3a. Select a frequency for the error-amplifier compensation pole, fPEA . This pole determines the error-amplifier end of the mid-band region. It is selected to cancel the power train ESR zero. However, if ceramic capacitors are used at the output, the ESR zero will be at very high frequency. In this case, the fPEA is selected to be at half of the switching frequency to ensure that fC is at lower than half the switching frequency and as a result a higher phase margin can be achieved. fPEA is given by: fPEA = 0.5 × fSW (B-34) 3b. CP can be calculated by applying equation B-27: fC = 0.015 × fSW (B-28) 1b. Calculate, or preferably measure, the power train gain at fC , which is GP(fC ), then multiply it by –1. – GP(fC) –3 20 1e. Calculate RZ: In this section, calculations are provided for selecting optimal RZ , CZ , and CP . The closed loop system will be stable if the total system transfer function rolls off while crossing over at a phase margin of approximately 90° or –20 dB per decade. It is recommended that the phase margin does not fall below 45°. For higher stability, the cross over frequency should be much less than the right half plane zero and smaller than half of the switching frequency. (B-29) 1d. Convert the calculated gain to a linear gain: (B-27) Stabilizing the Closed Loop System 1c. To compensate for the difference from the error amplifier gain at fZEA and the actual mid-band gain, subtract an additional 3 dB: CP = CZ 2 × �× RZ × CZ × fPEA – 1 Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com (B-35) B-4 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 The closed-loop system transfer function is given by: TS(f ) = TP(f ) × TEA(f ) (B-36) The closed-loop system logarithmic transfer function gain is given by: GS(f ) = 20 × log(|TS(f )|) (B-37) Figure B-4 shows the closed loop logarithmic transfer function as gain versus frequency. As shown in figure B-4, if the above methods are implemented the transfer function rolls off while crossing over with around a –20 dB per decade, which results in around a 90° phase margin. Finally, it is recommended to measure the gain and phase margin of the whole system closed loop. If necessary, the compensation components values could be tweaked to obtain the required cross over frequency and phase margin. Gain, GS(f) 100 0 � 100 10 100 1�×103 1�×104 1�×105 1�×106 1�×107 1�×108 Frequency (Hz) Figure B-4. Plot of the whole system closed loop transfer function gain versus frequency, with a cross over frequency, fC , of 30 kHz Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com B-5 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 Measuring the Feedback Loop Gain and Phase Margin control loop at very low frequency. It is always necessary to measure the feedback loop gain and phase margin of a power converter to make sure the converter runs stably and responds quickly to line or load transients. In addition, to calculate the feedback-loop component values, it is necessary first to calculate or preferably to measure only the power-stage transfer function at the required cross over frequency. Below, one method for measuring the power-stage and the closed-loop whole system transfer functions is presented. 3. Connect a 10 Ω resistor from VOUT to the LED strings. 2. On the PCB cut the trace between VOUT and the LED strings. 4. Connect the sweeping signal, VS, leads from the spectrum analyzer line (red) to VOUT and the neutral (black) to the LED string, across the 10 Ω resistor. 5. Hook the voltage probe V2 (red) to VOUT (B1) and the ground lead to PCB GND. Power Stage Transfer Function Measurement The power stage or control to output transfer function can be measured using any gain/phase analyzer. Figure B-5 shows a block diagram for the whole closed-loop system. To measure the powerstage transfer function, implement the following steps: 1. First, temporarily, use a large value capacitor for CZ , say 4.7 µF, and a small value resistor for RZ , say 100 Ω, to roll-off the 6. Hook the voltage probe V1 (blue) to VC, so the gain would be GP(f) = B1 / A2. 7. Run the sweep. 8. When the sweep is completed, to read the power stage gain GP(fC) at the selected frequency, fC , place the analyzer screen cursor at that frequency. PWM Q1 B1 VOUT Driver A2 Vc A1 U1 – COUT Vs AC Sweeping Signal LED Strings Cz – + + Rz Cp + – R1 10 ohm Vreg I-string Figure B-5. Simplified block diagram for the closed-loop whole system to show how to measure the gain of the power stage or closed-loop system gain and phase margin Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com B-6 A8522 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface Whole Closed-Loop System Transfer Function Gain and Phase Margin Measurement The closed-loop whole system transfer function gain and phase margin can be measured using the following steps: 1. Change RZ , CZ , and CP to be the same as the calculated values. 2. Follow same steps 2 through 5, shown above. 3. Hook the voltage probe V1 (blue) to A1, so the gain would be GS(f) = B1 / A1. 4. Run the sweep. 5. When the sweep is completed, to read the phase margin at the cross over frequency, fC, place the analyzer screen cursor at fC. 6. To read the gain margin, place the analyzer screen cursor where the phase margin is zero. The whole system closed loop is considered stable if the phase margin is larger than 45°. It is also recommended to have the gain margin as large as possible. A gain margin around –7 dB is sufficient. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 955 Perimeter Road Manchester, NH 03103-3353 U.S.A. www.allegromicro.com B-7 Wide Input Voltage, Fault Tolerant, Independently Controlled Multi-Channel LED Driver with I2C Interface A8522 REVISION HISTORY Number Date Description 4 September 29, 2015 5 June 3, 2016 Updated Application C diagram (p. 31). 6 June 10, 2016 Updated NC terminal function description in Terminal List table (p. 5). 7 November 15, 2016 Updated Output Current and Voltage (p. 18), Boost Frequency Dithering (p. 22), LED Regulation Voltage and Output Hysteresis (p. A-17), and LED Voltage Fault Status (p. A-19). Updated Figures 4a and 4b (p. 19-20). 8 January 19, 2017 Updated Switch Leakage Current maximum value for first condition row (p. 6). 9 February 10, 2017 Corrected figure numbers in Functional Description (p. 17). Added Note 3 to LED Enable_L section (page A-8). 10 July 7, 2017 11 October 24, 2017 12 July 2, 2018 Updated Table A-1 footnote (p. A-7). Updated Soft-Start Timing section (p. 24); added Order of Reading and Writing Registers and Dealing with Incomplete Transmission sections (p. A-4); corrected typo in Register Map (p. A-6). Updated ADDR Pull-Up Current values (p. 8). Copyright ©2018, Allegro MicroSystems, LLC Allegro MicroSystems, LLC reserves the right to make, from time to time, such departures from the detail specifications as may be required to permit improvements in the performance, reliability, or manufacturability of its products. Before placing an order, the user is cautioned to verify that the information being relied upon is current. Allegro’s products are not to be used in any devices or systems, including but not limited to life support devices or systems, in which a failure of Allegro’s product can reasonably be expected to cause bodily harm. The information included herein is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, Allegro MicroSystems, LLC assumes no responsibility for its use; nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. Copies of this document are considered uncontrolled documents. 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