ATMEGA164PA_1

Features • High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller • Advanced RISC Architecture – 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution – 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers – Fully Static Operation – Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz – On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments – 16/32/64/128K Bytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory – 512B/1K/2K/4K Bytes EEPROM – 1/2/4/16K Bytes Internal SRAM – Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/ 100,000 EEPROM – Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/ 100 years at 25°C(1) – Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program True Read-While-Write Operation – Programming Lock for Software Security JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface – Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard – Extensive On-chip Debug Support – Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG Interface Peripheral Features – Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes – One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode – Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator – Six PWM Channels – 8-channel, 10-bit ADC Differential mode with selectable gain at 1x, 10x or 200x – Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface – Two Programmable Serial USART – Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface – Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator – On-chip Analog Comparator – Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change Special Microcontroller Features – Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection – Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator – External and Internal Interrupt Sources – Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby and Extended Standby I/O and Packages – 32 Programmable I/O Lines – 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, 44-pad VQFN/QFN/MLF • • • 8-bit Microcontroller with 16/32/64/128K Bytes In-System Programmable Flash ATmega164PA ATmega324PA ATmega644PA ATmega1284P • • – 44-pad DRQFN – 49-ball VFBGA • Operating Voltages – 1.8 - 5.5V • Speed Grades for ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P – 0 - 20MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V • Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 1.8V, 25°C – Active: 0.4 mA – Power-down Mode: 0.1µA – Power-save Mode: 0.6µA (Including 32 kHz RTC) Note: 1. See ”Data Retention” on page 9 for details. 8152G–AVR–11/09 ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P 1. Pin Configurations 1.1 Pinout - PDIP/TQFP/VQFN/QFN/MLF for ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P Figure 1-1. Pinout PDIP (PCINT8/XCK0/T0) PB0 (PCINT9/CLKO/T1) PB1 (PCINT10/INT2/AIN0) PB2 (PCINT11/OC0A/AIN1) PB3 (PCINT12/OC0B/SS) PB4 (PCINT13/MOSI) PB5 (PCINT14/MISO) PB6 (PCINT15/SCK) PB7 RESET VCC GND XTAL2 XTAL1 (PCINT24/RXD0) PD0 (PCINT25/TXD0) PD1 (PCINT26/RXD1/INT0) PD2 (PCINT27/TXD1/INT1) PD3 (PCINT28/XCK1/OC1B) PD4 (PCINT29/OC1A) PD5 (PCINT30/OC2B/ICP) PD6 PA0 (ADC0/PCINT0) PA1 (ADC1/PCINT1) PA2 (ADC2/PCINT2) PA3 (ADC3/PCINT3) PA4 (ADC4/PCINT4) PA5 (ADC5/PCINT5) PA6 (ADC6/PCINT6) PA7 (ADC7/PCINT7) AREF GND AVCC PC7 (TOSC2/PCINT23) PC6 (TOSC1/PCINT22) PC5 (TDI/PCINT21) PC4 (TDO/PCINT20) PC3 (TMS/PCINT19) PC2 (TCK/PCINT18) PC1 (SDA/PCINT17) PC0 (SCL/PCINT16) PD7 (OC2A/PCINT31) TQFP/VQFN/QFN/MLF PB4 (SS/OC0B/PCINT12) PB3 (AIN1/OC0A/PCINT11) PB2 (AIN0/INT2/PCINT10) PB1 (T1/CLKO/PCINT9) PB0 (XCK0/T0/PCINT8) GND VCC PA0 (ADC0/PCINT0) PA1 (ADC1/PCINT1) PA2 (ADC2/PCINT2) PA3 (ADC3/PCINT3) (PCINT13/MOSI) PB5 (PCINT14/MISO) PB6 (PCINT15/SCK) PB7 RESET VCC GND XTAL2 XTAL1 (PCINT24/RXD0) PD0 (PCINT25/TXD0) PD1 (PCINT26/RXD1/INT0) PD2 PA4 (ADC4/PCINT4) PA5 (ADC5/PCINT5) PA6 (ADC6/PCINT6) PA7 (ADC7/PCINT7) AREF GND AVCC PC7 (TOSC2/PCINT23) PC6 (TOSC1/PCINT22) PC5 (TDI/PCINT21) PC4 (TDO/PCINT20) Note: The large center pad underneath the VQFN/QFN/MLF package should be soldered to ground on the board to ensure good mechanical stability. (PCINT27/TXD1/INT1) (PCINT28/XCK1/OC1B) (PCINT29/OC1A) (PCINT30/OC2B/ICP) (PCINT31/OC2A) PD3 PD4 PD5 PD6 PD7 VCC GND (PCINT16/SCL) PC0 (PCINT17/SDA) PC1 (PCINT18/TCK) PC2 (PCINT19/TMS) PC3 2 8152G–AVR–11/09 ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P 1.2 Pinout - DRQFN for ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA Figure 1-2. DRQFN - Pinout Top view A19 B16 A20 B17 A21 B18 A22 B19 A23 B20 A24 Bottom view A24 B20 A23 B19 A22 B18 A21 B17 A20 B16 A19 A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3 A4 B4 A5 B5 A6 A18 B15 A17 B14 A16 B13 A15 B12 A14 B11 A13 A18 B15 A17 B14 A16 B13 A15 B12 A14 B11 A13 B4 B1 A1 A2 B2 A3 B3 A4 A5 B5 A6 A12 B10 A11 B9 A10 B8 A9 B7 A8 B6 A7 Table 1-1. A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3 A4 B4 A5 B5 A6 DRQFN - Pinout PB5 PB6 PB7 RESET VCC GND XTAL2 XTAL1 PD0 PD1 PD2 A7 B6 A8 B7 A9 B8 A10 B9 A11 B10 A12 PD3 PD4 PD5 PD6 PD7 VCC GND PC0 PC1 PC2 PC3 A13 B11 A14 B12 A15 B13 A16 B14 A17 B15 A18 PC4 PC5 PC6 PC7 AVCC GND AREF PA7 PA6 PA5 PA4 A19 B16 A20 B17 A21 B18 A22 B19 A23 B20 A24 PA3 PA2 PA1 PA0 VCC GND PB0 PB1 PB2 PB3 PB4 B8 A10 B9 A11 B10 A12 B6 A7 A8 B7 A9 3 8152G–AVR–11/09 ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P 1.3 Pinout - VFBGA for ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA Figure 1-3. VFBGA - Pinout Top view 1 A B C D E F G 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 6 Bottom view 5 4 3 2 1 A B C D E F G Table 1-2. BGA - Pinout 1 2 PB4 PB5 RESET XTAL2 PD1 PD3 PD4 3 PB2 PB3 PB7 PD0 PD5 PD6 VCC 4 GND PB0 PB1 GND PD7 PC0 GND 5 VCC PA0 PA1 PA4 PC5 PC2 PC1 6 PA2 PA3 PA6 PA7 PC7 PC4 PC3 7 GND PA5 AREF GND AVCC PC6 GND A B C D E F G GND PB6 VCC GND XTAL1 PD2 GND 4 8152G–AVR–11/09 ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P 2. Overview The ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. 2.1 Block Diagram Block Diagram Figure 2-1. PA7..0 VCC PB7..0 RESET Power Supervision POR / BOD & RESET PORT A (8) PORT B (8) GND Watchdog Timer Watchdog Oscillator A/D Converter Analog Comparator USART 0 XTAL1 Oscillator Circuits / Clock Generation EEPROM Internal Bandgap reference SPI XTAL2 8bit T/C 0 CPU JTAG/OCD 16bit T/C 1 TWI FLASH SRAM 8bit T/C 2 USART 1 PORT C (8) PORT D (8) TOSC2/PC7 TOSC1/PC6 PC5..0 PD7..0 The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. 5 8152G–AVR–11/09 ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P The ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P provides the following features: 16/32/64/128K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 512B/1K/2K/4K bytes EEPROM, 1/2/4/16K/ bytes SRAM, 32 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, Real Time Counter (RTC), three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes and PWM, 2 USARTs, a byte oriented 2-wire Serial Interface, a 8-channel, 10-bit ADC with optional differential input stage with programmable gain, programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port, IEEE std. 1149.1 compliant JTAG test interface, also used for accessing the On-chip Debug system and programming and six software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or Hardware Reset. In Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping. The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except Asynchronous Timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the Crystal/Resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with low power consumption. In Extended Standby mode, both the main Oscillator and the Asynchronous Timer continue to run. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology. The Onchip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system through an SPI serial interface, by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip Boot program running on the AVR core. The boot program can use any interface to download the application program in the application Flash memory. Software in the Boot Flash section will continue to run while the Application Flash section is updated, providing true Read-While-Write operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. The ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system development tools including: C compilers, macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, in-circuit emulators, and evaluation kits. 2.2 Comparison Between ATmega164PA, ATmega324PA, ATmega644PA and ATmega1284P Table 2-1. Device ATmega164PA ATmega324PA ATmega644PA ATmega1284P Differences between ATmega164PA, ATmega324PA and ATmega644PA and ATmega1284P Flash 16 Kbyte 32 Kbyte 64 Kbyte 128 Kbyte EEPROM 512 Bytes 1 Kbyte 2 Kbyte 4 Kbyte RAM 1 Kbyte 2 Kbyte 4 Kbyte 16 Kbyte 6 8152G–AVR–11/09 ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P 2.3 2.3.1 Pin Descriptions VCC Digital supply voltage. 2.3.2 GND Ground. 2.3.3 Port A (PA7:PA0) Port A serves as analog inputs to the Analog-to-digital Converter. Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port A pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port A also serves the functions of various ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P as listed on page 82. special features of the 2.3.4 Port B (PB7:PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port B also serves the functions of various ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P as listed on page 84. special features of the 2.3.5 Port C (PC7:PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port C also serves the functions of the JTAG interface, along with special features of the ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P as listed on page 87. 2.3.6 Port D (PD7:PD0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port D also serves the functions of various ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P as listed on page 89. special features of the 7 8152G–AVR–11/09 ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P 2.3.7 RESET Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given in ”System and Reset Characteristics” on page 334. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset. 2.3.8 XTAL1 Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. 2.3.9 XTAL2 Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier. 2.3.10 AVCC AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the Analog-to-digital Converter. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. 2.3.11 AREF This is the analog reference pin for the Analog-to-digital Converter. 8 8152G–AVR–11/09 ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P 3. Resources A comprehensive set of development tools, application notes and datasheetsare available for download on http://www.atmel.com/avr. 4. About Code Examples This documentation contains simple code examples that briefly show how to use various parts of the device. Be aware that not all C compiler vendors include bit definitions in the header files and interrupt handling in C is compiler dependent. Please confirm with the C compiler documentation for more details. The code examples assume that the part specific header file is included before compilation. For I/O registers located in extended I/O map, "IN", "OUT", "SBIS", "SBIC", "CBI", and "SBI" instructions must be replaced with instructions that allow access to extended I/O. Typically "LDS" and "STS" combined with "SBRS", "SBRC", "SBR", and "CBR". Note: 1. 5. Data Retention Reliability Qualification results show that the projected data retention failure rate is much less than 1 PPM over 20 years at 85°C or 100 years at 25°C. 9 8152G–AVR–11/09 ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P 6. AVR CPU Core 6.1 Overview This section discusses the AVR core architecture in general. The main function of the CPU core is to ensure correct program execution. The CPU must therefore be able to access memories, perform calculations, control peripherals, and handle interrupts. Figure 6-1. Block Diagram of the AVR Architecture Data Bus 8-bit Flash Program Memory Program Counter Status and Control Instruction Register 32 x 8 General Purpose Registrers Interrupt Unit SPI Unit Watchdog Timer Indirect Addressing Instruction Decoder Direct Addressing ALU Control Lines Analog Comparator I/O Module1 Data SRAM I/O Module 2 I/O Module n EEPROM I/O Lines In order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR uses a Harvard architecture – with separate memories and buses for program and data. Instructions in the program memory are executed with a single level pipelining. While one instruction is being executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory. This concept enables instructions to be executed in every clock cycle. The program memory is In-System Reprogrammable Flash memory. The fast-access Register File contains 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers with a single clock cycle access time. This allows single-cycle Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) operation. In a typ- 10 8152G–AVR–11/09 ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P ical ALU operation, two operands are output from the Register File, the operation is executed, and the result is stored back in the Register File – in one clock cycle. Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit indirect address register pointers for Data Space addressing – enabling efficient address calculations. One of the these address pointers can also be used as an address pointer for look up tables in Flash program memory. These added function registers are the 16-bit X-, Y-, and Z-register, described later in this section. The ALU supports arithmetic and logic operations between registers or between a constant and a register. Single register operations can also be executed in the ALU. After an arithmetic operation, the Status Register is updated to reflect information about the result of the operation. Program flow is provided by conditional and unconditional jump and call instructions, able to directly address the whole address space. Most AVR instructions have a single 16-bit word format. Every program memory address contains a 16- or 32-bit instruction. Program Flash memory space is divided in two sections, the Boot Program section and the Application Program section. Both sections have dedicated Lock bits for write and read/write protection. The SPM instruction that writes into the Application Flash memory section must reside in the Boot Program section. During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address Program Counter (PC) is stored on the Stack. The Stack is effectively allocated in the general data SRAM, and consequently the Stack size is only limited by the total SRAM size and the usage of the SRAM. All user programs must initialize the SP in the Reset routine (before subroutines or interrupts are executed). The Stack Pointer (SP) is read/write accessible in the I/O space. The data SRAM can easily be accessed through the five different addressing modes supported in the AVR architecture. The memory spaces in the AVR architecture are all linear and regular memory maps. A flexible interrupt module has its control registers in the I/O space with an additional Global Interrupt Enable bit in the Status Register. All interrupts have a separate Interrupt Vector in the Interrupt Vector table. The interrupts have priority in accordance with their Interrupt Vector position. The lower the Interrupt Vector address, the higher the priority. The I/O memory space contains 64 addresses for CPU peripheral functions as Control Registers, SPI, and other I/O functions. The I/O Memory can be accessed directly, or as the Data Space locations following those of the Register File, 0x20 - 0x5F. In addition, the ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P has Extended I/O space from 0x60 - 0xFF in SRAM where only the ST/STS/STD and LD/LDS/LDD instructions can be used. 6.2 ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit The high-performance AVR ALU operates in direct connection with all the 32 general purpose working registers. Within a single clock cycle, arithmetic operations between general purpose registers or between a register and an immediate are executed. The ALU operations are divided into three main categories – arithmetic, logical, and bit-functions. Some implementations of the architecture also provide a powerful multiplier supporting both signed/unsigned multiplication and fractional format. See the “Instruction Set” section for a detailed description. 6.3 Status Register The Status Register contains information about the result of the most recently executed arithmetic instruction. This information can be used for altering program flow in order to perform conditional operations. Note that the Status Register is updated after all ALU operations, as 11 8152G–AVR–11/09 ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P specified in the Instruction Set Reference. This will in many cases remove the need for using the dedicated compare instructions, resulting in faster and more compact code. The Status Register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine and restored when returning from an interrupt. This must be handled by software. 6.3.1 SREG – Status Register The AVR Status Register – SREG – is defined as: Bit 0x3F (0x5F) Read/Write Initial Value 7 I R/W 0 6 T R/W 0 5 H R/W 0 4 S R/W 0 3 V R/W 0 2 N R/W 0 1 Z R/W 0 0 C R/W 0 SREG • Bit 7 – I: Global Interrupt Enable The Global Interrupt Enable bit must be set for the interrupts to be enabled. The individual interrupt enable control is then performed in separate control registers. If the Global Interrupt Enable Register is cleared, none of the interrupts are enabled independent of the individual interrupt enable settings. The I-bit is cleared by hardware after an interrupt has occurred, and is set by the RETI instruction to enable subsequent interrupts. The I-bit can also be set and cleared by the application with the SEI and CLI instructions, as described in the instruction set reference. • Bit 6 – T: Bit Copy Storage The Bit Copy instructions BLD (Bit LoaD) and BST (Bit STore) use the T-bit as source or destination for the operated bit. A bit from a register in the Register File can be copied into T by the BST instruction, and a bit in T can be copied into a bit in a register in the Register File by the BLD instruction. • Bit 5 – H: Half Carry Flag The Half Carry Flag H indicates a Half Carry in some arithmetic operations. Half Carry Is useful in BCD arithmetic. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information. • Bit 4 – S: Sign Bit, S = N ⊕ V The S-bit is always an exclusive or between the Negative Flag N and the Two’s Complement Overflow Flag V. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information. • Bit 3 – V: Two’s Complement Overflow Flag The Two’s Complement Overflow Flag V supports two’s complement arithmetics. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information. • Bit 2 – N: Negative Flag The Negative Flag N indicates a negative result in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information. • Bit 1 – Z: Zero Flag The Zero Flag Z indicates a zero result in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information. • Bit 0 – C: Carry Flag The Carry Flag C indicates a carry in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information. 12 8152G–AVR–11/09 ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P 6.4 General Purpose Register File The Register File is optimized for the AVR Enhanced RISC instruction set. In order to achieve the required performance and flexibility, the following input/output schemes are supported by the Register File: • One 8-bit output operand and one 8-bit result input • Two 8-bit output operands and one 8-bit result input • Two 8-bit output operands and one 16-bit result input • One 16-bit output operand and one 16-bit result input Figure 6-2 shows the structure of the 32 general purpose working registers in the CPU. Figure 6-2. AVR CPU General Purpose Working Registers 7 R0 R1 R2 … R13 General Purpose Working Registers R14 R15 R16 R17 … R26 R27 R28 R29 R30 R31 0x1A 0x1B 0x1C 0x1D 0x1E 0x1F X-register Low Byte X-register High Byte Y-register Low Byte Y-register High Byte Z-register Low Byte Z-register High Byte 0x0D 0x0E 0x0F 0x10 0x11 0 Addr. 0x00 0x01 0x02 Most of the instructions operating on the Register File have direct access to all registers, and most of them are single cycle instructions. As shown in Figure 6-2, each register is also assigned a data memory address, mapping them directly into the first 32 locations of the user Data Space. Although not being physically implemented as SRAM locations, this memory organization provides great flexibility in access of the registers, as the X-, Y- and Z-pointer registers can be set to index any register in the file. 13 8152G–AVR–11/09 ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P 6.4.1 The X-register, Y-register, and Z-register The registers R26..R31 have some added functions to their general purpose usage. These registers are 16-bit address pointers for indirect addressing of the data space. The three indirect address registers X, Y, and Z are defined as described in Figure 6-3. Figure 6-3. The X-, Y-, and Z-registers 15 X-register 7 R27 (0x1B) XH 0 7 R26 (0x1A) XL 0 0 15 Y-register 7 R29 (0x1D) 15 Z-register 7 R31 (0x1F) YH 0 7 R28 (0x1C) ZH 0 7 R30 (0x1E) YL 0 0 ZL 0 0 In the different addressing modes these address registers have functions as fixed displacement, automatic increment, and automatic decrement (see the instruction set reference for details). 6.5 Stack Pointer The Stack is mainly used for storing temporary data, for storing local variables and for storing return addresses after interrupts and subroutine calls. Note that the Stack is implemented as growing from higher to lower memory locations. The Stack Pointer Register always points to the top of the Stack. The Stack Pointer points to the data SRAM Stack area where the Subroutine and Interrupt Stacks are located. A Stack PUSH command will decrease the Stack Pointer. The Stack in the data SRAM must be defined by the program before any subroutine calls are executed or interrupts are enabled. Initial Stack Pointer value equals the last address of the internal SRAM and the Stack Pointer must be set to point above start of the SRAM, see Figure 7-2 on page 21. See Table 6-1 for Stack Pointer details. Table 6-1. Instruction PUSH CALL ICALL RCALL POP RET RETI Stack Pointer instructions Stack pointer Decremented by 1 Decremented by 2 Description Data is pushed onto the stack Return address is pushed onto the stack with a subroutine call or interrupt Data is popped from the stack Return address is popped from the stack with return from subroutine or return from interrupt Incremented by 1 Incremented by 2 The AVR Stack Pointer is implemented as two 8-bit registers in the I/O space. The number of bits actually used is implementation dependent, see Table 6-2 on page 15. Note that the data space in some implementations of the AVR architecture is so small that only SPL is needed. In this case, the SPH Register will not be present. 14 8152G–AVR–11/09 ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P 6.5.1 SPH and SPL – Stack Pointer High and Stack pointer Low Bit 0x3E (0x5E) 0x3D (0x5D) 15 – SP7 7 14 – SP6 6 R R/W 0 1 13 – SP5 5 R R/W 0 1 12 SP12 SP4 4 R/W R/W 0/0(1) 1 11 SP11 SP3 3 R/W R/W 0/1(1) 1 10 SP10 SP2 2 R/W R/W 1/0(1) 1 9 SP9 SP1 1 R/W R/W 0 1 8 SP8 SP0 0 R/W R/W 0 1 SPH SPL Read/Write R R/W Initial Value 0 1 Note: 1. Initial values respectively for the ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P Table 6-2. Stack Pointer size Device ATmega164PA ATmega324PA ATmega644PA ATmega644PA Stack Pointer size SP[10:0] SP[11:0] SP[12:0] SP[13:0] 6.6 Instruction Execution Timing This section describes the general access timing concepts for instruction execution. The AVR CPU is driven by the CPU clock clkCPU, directly generated from the selected clock source for the chip. No internal clock division is used. Figure 6-4 on page 15 shows the parallel instruction fetches and instruction executions enabled by the Harvard architecture and the fast-access Register File concept. This is the basic pipelining concept to obtain up to 1 MIPS per MHz with the corresponding unique results for functions per cost, functions per clocks, and functions per power-unit. Figure 6-4. The Parallel Instruction Fetches and Instruction Executions T1 T2 T3 T4 clkCPU 1st Instruction Fetch 1st Instruction Execute 2nd Instruction Fetch 2nd Instruction Execute 3rd Instruction Fetch 3rd Instruction Execute 4th Instruction Fetch Figure 6-5 shows the internal timing concept for the Register File. In a single clock cycle an ALU operation using two register operands is executed, and the result is stored back to the destination register. 15 8152G–AVR–11/09 ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P Figure 6-5. Single Cycle ALU Operation T1 T2 T3 T4 clkCPU Total Execution Time Register Operands Fetch ALU Operation Execute Result Write Back 6.7 Reset and Interrupt Handling The AVR provides several different interrupt sources. These interrupts and the separate Reset Vector each have a separate program vector in the program memory space. All interrupts are assigned individual enable bits which must be written logic one together with the Global Interrupt Enable bit in the Status Register in order to enable the interrupt. Depending on the Program Counter value, interrupts may be automatically disabled when Boot Lock bits BLB02 or BLB12 are programmed. This feature improves software security. See the section ”Memory Programming” on page 296 for details. The lowest addresses in the program memory space are by default defined as the Reset and Interrupt Vectors. The complete list of vectors is shown in ”Interrupts” on page 62. The list also determines the priority levels of the different interrupts. The lower the address the higher is the priority level. RESET has the highest priority, and next is INT0 – the External Interrupt Request 0. The Interrupt Vectors can be moved to the start of the Boot Flash section by setting the IVSEL bit in the MCU Control Register (MCUCR). Refer to ”Interrupts” on page 62 for more information. The Reset Vector can also be moved to the start of the Boot Flash section by programming the BOOTRST Fuse, see ”Memory Programming” on page 296. When an interrupt occurs, the Global Interrupt Enable I-bit is cleared and all interrupts are disabled. The user software can write logic one to the I-bit to enable nested interrupts. All enabled interrupts can then interrupt the current interrupt routine. The I-bit is automatically set when a Return from Interrupt instruction – RETI – is executed. There are basically two types of interrupts. The first type is triggered by an event that sets the Interrupt Flag. For these interrupts, the Program Counter is vectored to the actual Interrupt Vector in order to execute the interrupt handling routine, and hardware clears the corresponding Interrupt Flag. Interrupt Flags can also be cleared by writing a logic one to the flag bit position(s) to be cleared. If an interrupt condition occurs while the corresponding interrupt enable bit is cleared, the Interrupt Flag will be set and remembered until the interrupt is enabled, or the flag is cleared by software. Similarly, if one or more interrupt conditions occur while the Global Interrupt Enable bit is cleared, the corresponding Interrupt Flag(s) will be set and remembered until the Global Interrupt Enable bit is set, and will then be executed by order of priority. The second type of interrupts will trigger as long as the interrupt condition is present. These interrupts do not necessarily have Interrupt Flags. If the interrupt condition disappears before the interrupt is enabled, the interrupt will not be triggered. 16 8152G–AVR–11/09 ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P When the AVR exits from an interrupt, it will always return to the main program and execute one more instruction before any pending interrupt is served. Note that the Status Register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine, nor restored when returning from an interrupt routine. This must be handled by software. When using the CLI instruction to disable interrupts, the interrupts will be immediately disabled. No interrupt will be executed after the CLI instruction, even if it occurs simultaneously with the CLI instruction. The following example shows how this can be used to avoid interrupts during the timed EEPROM write sequence.. Assembly Code Example in r16, SREG cli sbi EECR, EEMPE sbi EECR, EEPE out SREG, r16 ; restore SREG value (I-bit) ; store SREG value ; start EEPROM write ; disable interrupts during timed sequence C Code Example char cSREG; cSREG = SREG; /* store SREG value */ /* disable interrupts during timed sequence */ __disable_interrupt(); EECR |= (1