ATTINY40-MMHR

Features • High Performance, Low Power AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller • Advanced RISC Architecture – 54 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution – 16 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers – Fully Static Operation – Up to 12 MIPS Throughput at 12 MHz Non-volatile Program and Data Memories – 4K Bytes of In-System Programmable Flash Program Memory – 256 Bytes Internal SRAM – Flash Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 – Data Retention: 20 Years at 85oC / 100 Years at 25oC Peripheral Features – One 8-bit Timer/Counter with Two PWM Channels – One 8/16-bit Timer/Counter – 10-bit Analog to Digital Converter • 12 Single-Ended Channels – Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator – On-chip Analog Comparator – Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface – Slave TWI Serial Interface Special Microcontroller Features – In-System Programmable – External and Internal Interrupt Sources – Low Power Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Stand-by and Power-down Modes – Enhanced Power-on Reset Circuit – Internal Calibrated Oscillator I/O and Packages – 20-pin SOIC/TSSOP: 18 Programmable I/O Lines – 20-pad VQFN/MLF: 18 Programmable I/O Lines Operating Voltage: – 1.8 – 5.5V Programming Voltage: – 5V Speed Grade – 0 – 4 MHz @ 1.8 – 5.5V – 0 – 8 MHz @ 2.7 – 5.5V – 0 – 12 MHz @ 4.5 – 5.5V Industrial Temperature Range Low Power Consumption – Active Mode: • 200 µA at 1 MHz and 1.8V – Idle Mode: • 25 µA at 1 MHz and 1.8V – Power-down Mode: • < 0.1 µA at 1.8V • • 8-bit Microcontroller with 4K Bytes In-System Programmable Flash ATtiny40 Preliminary • • • • • • • Rev. 8263A–AVR–08/10 1. Pin Configurations Figure 1-1. Pinout of ATtiny40 SOIC/TSSOP (PCINT8/ADC8) PB0 (PCINT7/ADC7) PA7 (PCINT6/ADC6) PA6 (PCINT5/ADC5/OC0B) PA5 (PCINT4/ADC4/T0) PA4 (PCINT3/ADC3) PA3 (PCINT2/ADC2/AIN1) PA2 (PCINT1/ADC1/AIN0) PA1 (PCINT0/ADC0) PA0 GND 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 PB1 (ADC9/PCINT9) PB2 (ADC10/PCINT10) PB3 (ADC11/PCINT11) PC0 (OC0A/SS/PCINT12) PC1 (SCK/SCL/ICP1/T1/PCINT13) PC2 (INT0/CLKO/MISO/PCINT14) PC3 (RESET/PCINT15) PC4 (MOSI/SDA/TPIDATA/PCINT16) PC5 (CLKI/TPICLK/PCINT17) VCC MLF/VQFN PB2 (ADC10/PCINT10) 17 PB3 (ADC11/PCINT11) 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 6 7 8 9 PB0 (ADC8/PCINT8) 19 PB1 (ADC9/PCINT9) 18 PA7 (ADC7/PCINT7) (PCINT6/ADC6) PA6 (PCINT5/ADC5/OC0B) PA5 (PCINT4/ADC4/T0) PA4 (PCINT3/ADC3) PA3 (PCINT2/ADC2/AIN1) PA2 1 2 3 4 5 20 PC0 (OC0A/SS/PCINT12) PC1 (SCK/SCL/ICP1/T1/PCINT13) PC2 (INT0/CLKO/MISO/PCINT14) PC3 (RESET/PCINT15) PC4 (MOSI/SDA/TPIDATA/PCINT16) GND NOTE: Bottom pad should be soldered to ground. 1.1 1.1.1 Pin Description VCC Supply voltage. 1.1.2 GND Ground. 1.1.3 RESET Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running and provided the reset pin has not been disabled. The minimum pulse length is given in Table 21-4 on page 168. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset. The reset pin can also be used as a (weak) I/O pin. 2 ATtiny40 8263A–AVR–08/10 (PCINT17/CLKI/TPICLK) PC5 (PCINT1/ADC1/AIN0) PA1 (PCINT0/ADC0) PA0 VCC ATtiny40 1.1.4 Port A (PA7:PA0) Port A is a 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port A pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port A has alternate functions as analog inputs for the ADC, analog comparator and pin change interrupt as described in “Alternate Port Functions” on page 52. 1.1.5 Port B (PB3:PB0) Port B is a 4-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. The port also serves the functions of various special features of the ATtiny40, as listed on page 41. 1.1.6 Port C (PC5:PC0) Port C is a 6-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability except PC3 which has the RESET capability. To use pin PC3 as an I/O pin, instead of RESET pin, program (‘0’) RSTDISBL fuse. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port C has alternate functions as analog inputs for the ADC, analog comparator and pin change interrupt as described in “Alternate Port Functions” on page 52. The port also serves the functions of various special features of the ATtiny40, as listed on page 41. 3 8263A–AVR–08/10 2. Overview ATtiny40 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the compact AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATtiny40 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. Figure 2-1. Block Diagram VCC RESET PROGRAMMING LOGIC PROGRAM COUNTER INTERNAL OSCILLATOR CALIBRATED OSCILLATOR PROGRAM FLASH STACK POINTER WATCHDOG TIMER TIMING AND CONTROL INSTRUCTION REGISTER SRAM RESET FLAG REGISTER INSTRUCTION DECODER INTERRUPT UNIT MCU STATUS REGISTER CONTROL LINES GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTERS X Y Z TIMER/ COUNTER0 TIMER/ COUNTER1 ALU SPI ANALOG COMPARATOR ISP INTERFACE STATUS REGISTER TWI ADC 8-BIT DATA BUS DATA REGISTER PORT A DIRECTION REG. PORT A DATA REGISTER PORT B DIRECTION REG. PORT B DATA REGISTER PORT C DIRECTION REG. PORT C DRIVERS PORT A DRIVERS PORT B DRIVERS PORT C PA[7:0] PB[3:0] PC[5:0] GND The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 16 general purpose working registers and system registers. All registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. 4 ATtiny40 8263A–AVR–08/10 ATtiny40 The resulting architecture is compact and code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. The ATtiny40 provides the following features: 4K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash, 256 bytes of SRAM, twelve general purpose I/O lines, 16 general purpose working registers, an 8-bit Timer/Counter with two PWM channels, a 8/16-bit Timer/Counter, Internal and External Interrupts, an eight-channel, 10-bit ADC, a programmable Watchdog Timer with internal oscillator, a slave two-wire interface, a master/slave serial peripheral interface, an internal calibrated oscillator, and four software selectable power saving modes. Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counter, ADC, Analog Comparator, and interrupt system to continue functioning. ADC Noise Reduction mode minimizes switching noise during ADC conversions by stopping the CPU and all I/O modules except the ADC. In Power-down mode registers keep their contents and all chip functions are disabled until the next interrupt or hardware reset. In Standby mode, the oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping, allowing very fast start-up combined with low power consumption. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density non-volatile memory technology. The onchip, in-system programmable Flash allows program memory to be re-programmed in-system by a conventional, non-volatile memory programmer. The ATtiny40 AVR is supported by a suite of program and system development tools, including macro assemblers and evaluation kits. 5 8263A–AVR–08/10 3. General Information 3.1 Resources A comprehensive set of drivers, application notes, data sheets and descriptions on development tools are available for download at http://www.atmel.com/avr. 3.2 Code Examples This documentation contains simple code examples that briefly show how to use various parts of the device. These code examples assume that the part specific header file is included before compilation. Be aware that not all C compiler vendors include bit definitions in the header files and interrupt handling in C is compiler dependent. Please confirm with the C compiler documentation for more details. 3.3 Data Retention Reliability Qualification results show that the projected data retention failure rate is much less than 1 PPM over 20 years at 85°C or 100 years at 25°C. 3.4 Disclaimer Typical values contained in this datasheet are based on simulations and characterization of other AVR microcontrollers manufactured on the same process technology. Min and Max values will be available after the device has been characterized. 6 ATtiny40 8263A–AVR–08/10 ATtiny40 4. CPU Core This section discusses the AVR core architecture in general. The main function of the CPU core is to ensure correct program execution. The CPU must therefore be able to access memories, perform calculations, control peripherals, and handle interrupts. 4.1 Architectural Overview Figure 4-1. Block Diagram of the AVR Architecture Data Bus 8-bit Flash Program Memory Program Counter Status and Control Interrupt Unit Watchdog Timer Analog Comparator Instruction Register 16 x 8 General Purpose Registrers Indirect Addressing Instruction Decoder ADC ALU Timer/Counter 0 Control Lines Direct Addressing Timer/Counter 1 Data SRAM SPI TWI Slave I/O Lines In order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR uses a Harvard architecture – with separate memories and buses for program and data. Instructions in the program memory are executed with a single level pipelining. While one instruction is being executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory. This concept enables instructions to be executed in every clock cycle. The program memory is In-System Reprogrammable Flash memory. The fast-access Register File contains 16 x 8-bit general purpose working registers with a single clock cycle access time. This allows single-cycle Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) operation. In a typical ALU operation, two operands are output from the Register File, the operation is executed, and the result is stored back in the Register File – in one clock cycle. 7 8263A–AVR–08/10 Six of the 16 registers can be used as three 16-bit indirect address register pointers for data space addressing – enabling efficient address calculations. One of the these address pointers can also be used as an address pointer for look up tables in Flash program memory. These added function registers are the 16-bit X-, Y-, and Z-register, described later in this section. The ALU supports arithmetic and logic operations between registers or between a constant and a register. Single register operations can also be executed in the ALU. After an arithmetic operation, the Status Register is updated to reflect information about the result of the operation. Program flow is provided by conditional and unconditional jump and call instructions, capable of directly addressing the whole address space. Most AVR instructions have a single 16-bit word format but 32-bit wide instructions also exist. The actual instruction set varies, as some devices only implement a part of the instruction set. During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address Program Counter (PC) is stored on the Stack. The Stack is effectively allocated in the general data SRAM, and consequently the Stack size is only limited by the SRAM size and the usage of the SRAM. All user programs must initialize the SP in the Reset routine (before subroutines or interrupts are executed). The Stack Pointer (SP) is read/write accessible in the I/O space. The data SRAM can easily be accessed through the four different addressing modes supported in the AVR architecture. The memory spaces in the AVR architecture are all linear and regular memory maps. A flexible interrupt module has its control registers in the I/O space with an additional Global Interrupt Enable bit in the Status Register. All interrupts have a separate Interrupt Vector in the Interrupt Vector table. The interrupts have priority in accordance with their Interrupt Vector position. The lower the Interrupt Vector address, the higher the priority. The I/O memory space contains 64 addresses for CPU peripheral functions as Control Registers, SPI, and other I/O functions. The I/O memory can be accessed as the data space locations, 0x0000 - 0x003F. 4.2 ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit The high-performance AVR ALU operates in direct connection with all the 16 general purpose working registers. Within a single clock cycle, arithmetic operations between general purpose registers or between a register and an immediate are executed. The ALU operations are divided into three main categories – arithmetic, logical, and bit-functions. Some implementations of the architecture also provide a powerful multiplier supporting both signed/unsigned multiplication and fractional format. See document “AVR Instruction Set” and section “Instruction Set Summary” on page 203 for a detailed description. 4.3 Status Register The Status Register contains information about the result of the most recently executed arithmetic instruction. This information can be used for altering program flow in order to perform conditional operations. Note that the Status Register is updated after all ALU operations, as specified in document “AVR Instruction Set” and section “Instruction Set Summary” on page 203. This will in many cases remove the need for using the dedicated compare instructions, resulting in faster and more compact code. The Status Register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine and restored when returning from an interrupt. This must be handled by software. 8 ATtiny40 8263A–AVR–08/10 ATtiny40 4.4 General Purpose Register File The Register File is optimized for the AVR Enhanced RISC instruction set. In order to achieve the required performance and flexibility, the following input/output schemes are supported by the Register File: • One 8-bit output operand and one 8-bit result input • Two 8-bit output operands and one 8-bit result input • One 16-bit output operand and one 16-bit result input Figure 4-2 below shows the structure of the 16 general purpose working registers in the CPU. Figure 4-2. AVR CPU General Purpose Working Registers 7 R16 R17 General Purpose Working Registers R18 … R26 R27 R28 R29 R30 R31 X-register Low Byte X-register High Byte Y-register Low Byte Y-register High Byte Z-register Low Byte Z-register High Byte 0 Note: A typical implementation of the AVR register file includes 32 general prupose registers but ATtiny40 implements only 16 registers. For reasons of compatibility the registers are numbered R16...R31 and not R0...R15. Most of the instructions operating on the Register File have direct access to all registers, and most of them are single cycle instructions. 4.4.1 The X-register, Y-register, and Z-register Registers R26..R31 have some added functions to their general purpose usage. These registers are 16-bit address pointers for indirect addressing of the data space. The three indirect address registers X, Y, and Z are defined as described in Figure 4-3. 9 8263A–AVR–08/10 Figure 4-3. The X-, Y-, and Z-registers 15 XH 0 R27 7 R26 XL 0 0 X-register 7 15 Y-register 7 YH 0 R29 7 YL 0 0 R28 15 Z-register 7 ZH 0 R31 7 ZL 0 0 R30 In different addressing modes these address registers function as automatic increment and automatic decrement (see document “AVR Instruction Set” and section “Instruction Set Summary” on page 203 for details). 4.5 Stack Pointer The Stack is mainly used for storing temporary data, for storing local variables and for storing return addresses after interrupts and subroutine calls. The Stack Pointer Register always points to the top of the Stack. Note that the Stack is implemented as growing from higher memory locations to lower memory locations. This implies that a Stack PUSH command decreases the Stack Pointer. The Stack Pointer points to the data SRAM Stack area where the Subroutine and Interrupt Stacks are located. This Stack space in the data SRAM must be defined by the program before any subroutine calls are executed or interrupts are enabled. The Stack Pointer must be set to point above 0x40. The Stack Pointer is decremented by one when data is pushed onto the Stack with the PUSH instruction, and it is decremented by two when the return address is pushed onto the Stack with subroutine call or interrupt. The Stack Pointer is incremented by one when data is popped from the Stack with the POP instruction, and it is incremented by two when data is popped from the Stack with return from subroutine RET or return from interrupt RETI. The AVR Stack Pointer is implemented as two 8-bit registers in the I/O space. The number of bits actually used is implementation dependent. Note that the data space in some implementations of the AVR architecture is so small that only SPL is needed. In this case, the SPH Register will not be present. 4.6 Instruction Execution Timing This section describes the general access timing concepts for instruction execution. The AVR CPU is driven by the CPU clock clkCPU, directly generated from the selected clock source for the chip. No internal clock division is used. 10 ATtiny40 8263A–AVR–08/10 ATtiny40 Figure 4-4. The Parallel Instruction Fetches and Instruction Executions T1 T2 T3 T4 clkCPU 1st Instruction Fetch 1st Instruction Execute 2nd Instruction Fetch 2nd Instruction Execute 3rd Instruction Fetch 3rd Instruction Execute 4th Instruction Fetch Figure 4-4 shows the parallel instruction fetches and instruction executions enabled by the Harvard architecture and the fast access Register File concept. This is the basic pipelining concept to obtain up to 1 MIPS per MHz with the corresponding unique results for functions per cost, functions per clocks, and functions per power-unit. Figure 4-5 shows the internal timing concept for the Register File. In a single clock cycle an ALU operation using two register operands is executed, and the result is stored back to the destination register. Figure 4-5. Single Cycle ALU Operation T1 T2 T3 T4 clkCPU Total Execution Time Register Operands Fetch ALU Operation Execute Result Write Back 4.7 Reset and Interrupt Handling The AVR provides several different interrupt sources. These interrupts and the separate Reset Vector each have a separate Program Vector in the program memory space. All interrupts are assigned individual enable bits which must be written logic one together with the Global Interrupt Enable bit in the Status Register in order to enable the interrupt. The lowest addresses in the program memory space are by default defined as the Reset and Interrupt Vectors. The complete list of vectors is shown in “Interrupts” on page 40. The list also determines the priority levels of the different interrupts. The lower the address the higher is the priority level. RESET has the highest priority, and next is INT0 – the External Interrupt Request 0. When an interrupt occurs, the Global Interrupt Enable I-bit is cleared and all interrupts are disabled. The user software can write logic one to the I-bit to enable nested interrupts. All enabled 11 8263A–AVR–08/10 interrupts can then interrupt the current interrupt routine. The I-bit is automatically set when a Return from Interrupt instruction – RETI – is executed. There are basically two types of interrupts. The first type is triggered by an event that sets the Interrupt Flag. For these interrupts, the Program Counter is vectored to the actual Interrupt Vector in order to execute the interrupt handling routine, and hardware clears the corresponding Interrupt Flag. Interrupt Flags can also be cleared by writing a logic one to the flag bit position(s) to be cleared. If an interrupt condition occurs while the corresponding interrupt enable bit is cleared, the Interrupt Flag will be set and remembered until the interrupt is enabled, or the flag is cleared by software. Similarly, if one or more interrupt conditions occur while the Global Interrupt Enable bit is cleared, the corresponding Interrupt Flag(s) will be set and remembered until the Global Interrupt Enable bit is set, and will then be executed by order of priority. The second type of interrupts will trigger as long as the interrupt condition is present. These interrupts do not necessarily have Interrupt Flags. If the interrupt condition disappears before the interrupt is enabled, the interrupt will not be triggered. When the AVR exits from an interrupt, it will always return to the main program and execute one more instruction before any pending interrupt is served. Note that the Status Register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine, nor restored when returning from an interrupt routine. This must be handled by software. When using the CLI instruction to disable interrupts, the interrupts will be immediately disabled. No interrupt will be executed after the CLI instruction, even if it occurs simultaneously with the CLI instruction. When using the SEI instruction to enable interrupts, the instruction following SEI will be executed before any pending interrupts, as shown in the following example. Assembly Code Example sei sleep ; set Global Interrupt Enable ; enter sleep, waiting for interrupt ; note: will enter sleep before any pending interrupt(s) Note: See “Code Examples” on page 6. 4.7.1 Interrupt Response Time The interrupt execution response for all the enabled AVR interrupts is four clock cycles minimum. After four clock cycles the Program Vector address for the actual interrupt handling routine is executed. During this four clock cycle period, the Program Counter is pushed onto the Stack. The vector is normally a jump to the interrupt routine, and this jump takes three clock cycles. If an interrupt occurs during execution of a multi-cycle instruction, this instruction is completed before the interrupt is served. If an interrupt occurs when the MCU is in sleep mode, the interrupt execution response time is increased by four clock cycles. This increase comes in addition to the start-up time from the selected sleep mode. A return from an interrupt handling routine takes four clock cycles. During these four clock cycles, the Program Counter (two bytes) is popped back from the Stack, the Stack Pointer is incremented by two, and the I-bit in SREG is set. 12 ATtiny40 8263A–AVR–08/10 ATtiny40 4.8 4.8.1 Register Description CCP – Configuration Change Protection Register Bit 0x3C Read/Write Initial Value W 0 W 0 W 0 W 0 7 6 5 4 CCP[7:0] W 0 W 0 W 0 W 0 3 2 1 0 CCP • Bits 7:0 – CCP[7:0]: Configuration Change Protection In order to change the contents of a protected I/O register the CCP register must first be written with the correct signature. After CCP is written the protected I/O registers may be written to during the next four CPU instruction cycles. All interrupts are ignored during these cycles. After these cycles interrupts are automatically handled again by the CPU, and any pending interrupts will be executed according to their priority. When the protected I/O register signature is written, CCP0 will read as one as long as the protected feature is enabled, while CCP[7:1] will always read as zero. Table 4-1 shows the signatures that are in recognised. Table 4-1. Signature 0xD8 Notes: Signatures Recognised by the Configuration Change Protection Register Group IOREG: CLKMSR, CLKPSR, WDTCSR , MCUCR (1) (2) Description Protected I/O register 1. Only WDE and WDP[3:0] bits are protected in WDTCSR. 2. Only BODS bit is protected in MCUCR. 4.8.2 SPH and SPL – Stack Pointer Register Bit 0x3E 0x3D Read/Write Read/Write Initial Value Initial Value 15 SP15 SP7 7 R R/W RAMEND RAMEND 14 SP14 SP6 6 R R/W RAMEND RAMEND 13 SP13 SP5 5 R R/W RAMEND RAMEND 12 SP12 SP4 4 R R/W RAMEND RAMEND 11 SP11 SP3 3 R R/W RAMEND RAMEND 10 SP10 SP2 2 R R/W RAMEND RAMEND 9 SP9 SP1 1 R R/W RAMEND RAMEND 8 SP8 SP0 0 R R/W RAMEND RAMEND SPH SPL • Bits 15:0 – SP[15:0]: Stack Pointer The Stack Pointer register points to the top of the stack, which is implemented as growing from higher memory locations to lower memory locations. Hence, a stack PUSH command decreases the Stack Pointer. The stack space in the data SRAM must be defined by the program before any subroutine calls are executed or interrupts are enabled. The Stack Pointer in ATtiny40 is implemented as two 8-bit registers in the I/O space. 13 8263A–AVR–08/10 4.8.3 SREG – Status Register Bit 0x3F Read/Write Initial Value 7 I R/W 0 6 T R/W 0 5 H R/W 0 4 S R/W 0 3 V R/W 0 2 N R/W 0 1 Z R/W 0 0 C R/W 0 SREG • Bit 7 – I: Global Interrupt Enable The Global Interrupt Enable bit must be set for the interrupts to be enabled. The individual interrupt enable control is then performed in separate control registers. If the Global Interrupt Enable Register is cleared, none of the interrupts are enabled independent of the individual interrupt enable settings. The I-bit is cleared by hardware after an interrupt has occurred, and is set by the RETI instruction to enable subsequent interrupts. The I-bit can also be set and cleared by the application with the SEI and CLI instructions, as described in the document “AVR Instruction Set” and “Instruction Set Summary” on page 203. • Bit 6 – T: Bit Copy Storage The Bit Copy instructions BLD (Bit LoaD) and BST (Bit STore) use the T-bit as source or destination for the operated bit. A bit from a register in the Register File can be copied into T by the BST instruction, and a bit in T can be copied into a bit in a register in the Register File by the BLD instruction. • Bit 5 – H: Half Carry Flag The Half Carry Flag H indicates a Half Carry in some arithmetic operations. Half Carry is useful in BCD arithmetic. See document “AVR Instruction Set” and section “Instruction Set Summary” on page 203 for detailed information. • Bit 4 – S: Sign Bit, S = N ⊕ V The S-bit is always an exclusive or between the Negative Flag N and the Two’s Complement Overflow Flag V. See document “AVR Instruction Set” and section “Instruction Set Summary” on page 203 for detailed information. • Bit 3 – V: Two’s Complement Overflow Flag The Two’s Complement Overflow Flag V supports two’s complement arithmetics. See document “AVR Instruction Set” and section “Instruction Set Summary” on page 203 for detailed information. • Bit 2 – N: Negative Flag The Negative Flag N indicates a negative result in an arithmetic or logic operation. See document “AVR Instruction Set” and section “Instruction Set Summary” on page 203 for detailed information. • Bit 1 – Z: Zero Flag The Zero Flag Z indicates a zero result in an arithmetic or logic operation. See document “AVR Instruction Set” and section “Instruction Set Summary” on page 203 for detailed information. • Bit 0 – C: Carry Flag The Carry Flag C indicates a carry in an arithmetic or logic operation. See document “AVR Instruction Set” and section “Instruction Set Summary” on page 203 for detailed information. 14 ATtiny40 8263A–AVR–08/10 ATtiny40 5. Memories This section describes the different memories in the ATtiny40. The device has two main memory areas, the program memory space and the data memory space. 5.1 In-System Re-programmable Flash Program Memory The ATtiny40 contains 4K byte on-chip, in-system reprogrammable Flash memory for program storage. Since all AVR instructions are 16 or 32 bits wide, the Flash is organized as 2048 x 16. The Flash memory has an endurance of at least 10,000 write/erase cycles. The ATtiny40 Program Counter (PC) is 11 bits wide, thus capable of addressing the 2048 program memory locations, starting at 0x000. “Memory Programming” on page 156 contains a detailed description on Flash data serial downloading. Constant tables can be allocated within the entire address space of program memory. Since program memory can not be accessed directly, it has been mapped to the data memory. The mapped program memory begins at byte address 0x4000 in data memory (see Figure 5-1 on page 16). Although programs are executed starting from address 0x000 in program memory it must be addressed starting from 0x4000 when accessed via the data memory. Internal write operations to Flash program memory have been disabled and program memory therefore appears to firmware as read-only. Flash memory can still be written to externally but internal write operations to the program memory area will not be succesful. Timing diagrams of instruction fetch and execution are presented in “Instruction Execution Timing” on page 10. 5.2 Data Memory Data memory locations include the I/O memory, the internal SRAM memory, the non-volatile memory lock bits, and the Flash memory. See Figure 5-1 on page 16 for an illustration on how the ATtiny40 memory space is organized. The first 64 locations are reserved for I/O memory, while the following 256 data memory locations (from 0x0040 to 0x013F) address the internal data SRAM. The non-volatile memory lock bits and all the Flash memory sections are mapped to the data memory space. These locations appear as read-only for device firmware. The four different addressing modes for data memory are direct, indirect, indirect with pre-decrement, and indirect with post-increment. In the register file, registers R26 to R31 function as pointer registers for indirect addressing. The IN and OUT instructions can access all 64 locations of I/O memory. Direct addressing using the LDS and STS instructions reaches the lowest 128 locations between 0x0040 and 0x00BF. The indirect addressing reaches the entire data memory space. When using indirect addressing modes with automatic pre-decrement and post-increment, the address registers X, Y, and Z are decremented or incremented. 15 8263A–AVR–08/10 Figure 5-1. Data Memory Map (Byte Addressing) I/O SPACE SRAM DATA MEMORY (reserved) NVM LOCK BITS (reserved) CONFIGURATION BITS (reserved) CALIBRATION BITS (reserved) DEVICE ID BITS (reserved) FLASH PROGRAM MEMORY (reserved) 5.2.1 0x0000 ... 0x003F 0x0040 ... 0x013F 0x0140 ... 0x3EFF 0x3F00 ... 0x3F01 0x3F02 ... 0x3F3F 0x3F40 ... 0x3F41 0x3F42 ... 0x3F7F 0x3F80 ... 0x3F81 0x3F82 ... 0x3FBF 0x3FC0 ... 0x3FC3 0x3FC4 ... 0x3FFF 0x4000 ... 0x47FF 0x4800 ... 0xFFFF Data Memory Access Times This section describes the general access timing concepts for internal memory access. The internal data SRAM access is performed in two clkCPU cycles as described in Figure 5-2. Figure 5-2. On-chip Data SRAM Access Cycles T1 T2 T3 clkCPU Address Data WR Data RD Compute Address Address valid Memory Access Instruction Next Instruction 16 ATtiny40 8263A–AVR–08/10 Read Write ATtiny40 5.2.2 Internal SRAM The internal SRAM is mapped in the Data Memory space starting at address 0x0040. SRAM is accessed from the CPU by using direct addressing, indirect addressing or via the RAM interface. The registers R26 to R31 function as pointer register for indirect addressing. The pointer predecrement and post-increment functions are also supported in connection with the indirect addressing. Direct addressing using the LDS and STS instructions reaches only the lowest 128 locations between 0x0040 and 0x00BF. The locations beyond the first 128 bytes between 0x00C0 and 0x013F must be accessed using either indirect addressing mode (LD and ST instructions) or via the RAM interface. The user must pay particular attention to the RAM addressing when using the RAM interface. The direct and indirect addressing modes use virtual RAM address, but the RAM interface uses physical RAM address. The virtual RAM address space mapping to physical addresses is described in Table 5-1. For example, if the data is written to RAM using the virtual RAM address 0x0100 (instruction STS or ST), it is mapped to physical RAM address 0x0000. Thus the physical RAM address 0x0000 must be written to the RAMAR register when the same data location is read back via the RAM interface. On the other hand, if the same data location is read back using direct or indirect addressing mode (instruction LDS or LD), the same virtual RAM address 0x0100 is used. Table 5-1. SRAM Address Space Physical RAM Address 0x0040 – – – 0x00FF 0x0000 – – – 0x003F Virtual RAM Address 0x0040 – – – 0x00FF 0x0100 – – – 0x013F 5.2.3 RAM Interface The RAM Interface consists of two registers, RAM Address Register (RAMAR) and RAM Data Register (RAMDR). The registers are accessible in I/O space. To write a location the user must first write the RAM address into RAMAR and then the data into RAMDR. Writing the data into RAMDR triggers the write operation and the data from the source register is written to RAM in address given by RAMAR within the same instruction cycle. To read a location the user must first write the RAM address into RAMAR and then read the data from RAMDR. Reading the data from RAMDR triggers the read operation and the data from 17 8263A–AVR–08/10 RAM address given by RAMAR is fetched and written to the destination register within the same instruction cycle. Assembly Code Example RAM_write: ; Set up address (r17) in address register out RAMAR, r17 ; Write data (r16) to data register out RAMDR, r16 ret RAM_read: ; Set up address (r17) in address register out RAMAR, r17 ; Read data (r16) from data register in ret r16, RAMDR C Code Example void RAM_write(unsigned char ucAddress, unsigned char ucData) { /* Set up address register */ RAMAR = ucAddress; /* Write data into RAMDR */ RAMDR = ucData; } void RAM_read(unsigned char ucAddress, unsigned char ucData) { /* Set up address register */ RAMAR = ucAddress; /* Read data from RAMDR */ ucData = RAMDR; } 5.3 I/O Memory The I/O space definition of the ATtiny40 is shown in “Register Summary” on page 201. All ATtiny40 I/Os and peripherals are placed in the I/O space. All I/O locations may be accessed using the LD and ST instructions, enabling data transfer between the 16 general purpose working registers and the I/O space. I/O Registers within the address range 0x00 - 0x1F are directly bit-accessible using the SBI and CBI instructions. In these registers, the value of single bits can be checked by using the SBIS and SBIC instructions. See document “AVR Instruction Set” and section “Instruction Set Summary” on page 203 for more details. When using the I/O specific commands IN and OUT, the I/O addresses 0x00 - 0x3F must be used. 18 ATtiny40 8263A–AVR–08/10 ATtiny40 For compatibility with future devices, reserved bits should be written to zero if accessed. Reserved I/O memory addresses should never be written. Some of the status flags are cleared by writing a logical one to them. Note that CBI and SBI instructions will only operate on the specified bit, and can therefore be used on registers containing such status flags. The CBI and SBI instructions work on registers in the address range 0x00 to 0x1F, only. The I/O and Peripherals Control Registers are explained in later sections. 5.4 5.4.1 Register Description RAMAR – RAM Address Register Bit 0x20 Read/Write Initial Value 7 RAMAR7 R/W X 6 RAMAR6 R/W X 5 RAMAR5 R/W X 4 RAMAR4 R/W X 3 RAMAR3 R/W X 2 RAMAR2 R/W X 1 RAMAR1 R/W X 0 RAMAR0 R/W X RAMAR • Bits 7:0 – RAMAR[7:0]: RAM Address The RAMAR register contains the RAM address bits. The RAM data bytes are addressed linearly in the range 0..255. The initial value of RAMAR is undefined and a proper value must be therefore written before the RAM may be accessed. 5.4.2 RAMDR – RAM Data Register Bit 0x1F Read/Write Initial Value 7 RAMDR7 R/W X 6 RAMDR6 R/W X 5 RAMDR5 R/W X 4 RAMDR4 R/W X 3 RAMDR3 R/W X 2 RAMDR2 R/W X 1 RAMDR1 R/W X 0 RAMDR0 R/W X RAMDR • Bits 7:0 – RAMDR[7:0]: RAM Data For the RAM write operation, the RAMDR register contains the RAM data to be written to the RAM in address given by the RAMAR register. For the RAM read operation, the RAMDR contains the data read out from the RAM at the address given by RAMAR. 19 8263A–AVR–08/10 6. Clock System Figure 6-1 presents the principal clock systems and their distribution in ATtiny40. All of the clocks need not be active at a given time. In order to reduce power consumption, the clocks to modules not being used can be halted by using different sleep modes and power reduction register bits, as described in “Power Management and Sleep Modes” on page 27. The clock systems is detailed below. Figure 6-1. Clock Distribution ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER clk ADC GENERAL I/O MODULES clk I/O CPU CORE RAM NVM clk CPU clk NVM CLOCK CONTROL UNIT SOURCE CLOCK RESET LOGIC WATCHDOG CLOCK CLOCK PRESCALER WATCHDOG TIMER CLOCK SWITCH EXTERNAL CLOCK WATCHDOG OSCILLATOR CALIBRATED OSCILLATOR 6.1 6.1.1 Clock Subsystems The clock subsystems are detailed in the sections below. CPU Clock – clkCPU The CPU clock is routed to parts of the system concerned with operation of the AVR Core. Examples of such modules are the General Purpose Register File, the System Registers and the SRAM data memory. Halting the CPU clock inhibits the core from performing general operations and calculations. I/O Clock – clkI/O The I/O clock is used by the majority of the I/O modules, like Timer/Counter. The I/O clock is also used by the External Interrupt module, but note that some external interrupts are detected by asynchronous logic, allowing such interrupts to be detected even if the I/O clock is halted. NVM clock - clkNVM The NVM clock controls operation of the Non-Volatile Memory Controller. The NVM clock is usually active simultaneously with the CPU clock. 6.1.2 6.1.3 20 ATtiny40 8263A–AVR–08/10 ATtiny40 6.1.4 ADC Clock – clkADC The ADC is provided with a dedicated clock domain. This allows halting the CPU and I/O clocks in order to reduce noise generated by digital circuitry. This gives more accurate ADC conversion results. 6.2 Clock Sources All synchronous clock signals are derived from the main clock. The device has three alternative sources for the main clock, as follows: • Calibrated Internal 8 MHz Oscillator (see page 21) • External Clock (see page 21) • Internal 128 kHz Oscillator (see page 22) See Table 6-3 on page 24 on how to select and change the active clock source. 6.2.1 Calibrated Internal 8 MHz Oscillator The calibrated internal oscillator provides an approximately 8 MHz clock signal. Though voltage and temperature dependent, this clock can be very accurately calibrated by the user. See Table 21-2 on page 167, and “Internal Oscillator Speed” on page 198 for more details. This clock may be selected as the main clock by setting the Clock Main Select bits CLKMS[1:0] in CLKMSR to 0b00. Once enabled, the oscillator will operate with no external components. During reset, hardware loads the calibration byte into the OSCCAL register and thereby automatically calibrates the oscillator. The accuracy of this calibration is shown as Factory calibration in Table 21-2 on page 167. When this oscillator is used as the main clock, the watchdog oscillator will still be used for the watchdog timer and reset time-out. For more information on the pre-programmed calibration value, see section “Calibration Section” on page 159. 6.2.2 External Clock To use the device with an external clock source, CLKI should be driven as shown in Figure 6-2. The external clock is selected as the main clock by setting CLKMS[1:0] bits in CLKMSR to 0b10. Figure 6-2. External Clock Drive Configuration EXTERNAL CLOCK SIGNAL CLKI GND When applying an external clock, it is required to avoid sudden changes in the applied clock frequency to ensure stable operation of the MCU. A variation in frequency of more than 2% from one clock cycle to the next can lead to unpredictable behavior. It is required to ensure that the MCU is kept in reset during such changes in the clock frequency. 21 8263A–AVR–08/10 6.2.3 Internal 128 kHz Oscillator The internal 128 kHz oscillator is a low power oscillator providing a clock of 128 kHz. The frequency depends on supply voltage, temperature and batch variations. This clock may be select as the main clock by setting the CLKMS[1:0] bits in CLKMSR to 0b01. Switching Clock Source The main clock source can be switched at run-time using the “CLKMSR – Clock Main Settings Register” on page 24. When switching between any clock sources, the clock system ensures that no glitch occurs in the main clock. Default Clock Source The calibrated internal 8 MHz oscillator is always selected as main clock when the device is powered up or has been reset. The synchronous system clock is the main clock divided by 8, controlled by the System Clock Prescaler. The Clock Prescaler Select Bits can be written later to change the system clock frequency. See “System Clock Prescaler”. 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.3 System Clock Prescaler The system clock is derived from the main clock via the System Clock Prescaler. The system clock can be divided by setting the “CLKPSR – Clock Prescale Register” on page 24. The system clock prescaler can be used to decrease power consumption at times when requirements for processing power is low or to bring the system clock within limits of maximum frequency. The prescaler can be used with all main clock source options, and it will affect the clock frequency of the CPU and all synchronous peripherals. The System Clock Prescaler can be used to implement run-time changes of the internal clock frequency while still ensuring stable operation. 6.3.1 Switching Prescaler Setting When switching between prescaler settings, the system clock prescaler ensures that no glitch occurs in the system clock and that no intermediate frequency is higher than neither the clock frequency corresponding the previous setting, nor the clock frequency corresponding to the new setting. The ripple counter that implements the prescaler runs at the frequency of the main clock, which may be faster than the CPU's clock frequency. Hence, it is not possible to determine the state of the prescaler - even if it were readable, and the exact time it takes to switch from one clock division to another cannot be exactly predicted. From the time the CLKPS values are written, it takes between T1 + T2 and T1 + 2*T2 before the new clock frequency is active. In this interval, two active clock edges are produced. Here, T1 is the previous clock period, and T2 is the period corresponding to the new prescaler setting. 6.4 6.4.1 Starting Starting from Reset The internal reset is immediately asserted when a reset source goes active. The internal reset is kept asserted until the reset source is released and the start-up sequence is completed. The start-up sequence includes three steps, as follows. 1. The first step after the reset source has been released consists of the device counting the reset start-up time. The purpose of this reset start-up time is to ensure that supply 22 ATtiny40 8263A–AVR–08/10 ATtiny40 voltage has reached sufficient levels. The reset start-up time is counted using the internal 128 kHz oscillator. See Table 6-1 for details of reset start-up time. Note that the actual supply voltage is not monitored by the start-up logic. The device will count until the reset start-up time has elapsed even if the device has reached sufficient supply voltage levels earlier. 2. The second step is to count the oscillator start-up time, which ensures that the calibrated internal oscillator has reached a stable state before it is used by the other parts of the system. The calibrated internal oscillator needs to oscillate for a minimum number of cycles before it can be considered stable. See Table 6-1 for details of the oscillator start-up time. 3. The last step before releasing the internal reset is to load the calibration and the configuration values from the Non-Volatile Memory to configure the device properly. The configuration time is listed in Table 6-1. Table 6-1. Reset 64 ms Notes: Start-up Times when Using the Internal Calibrated Oscillator Oscillator 6 cycles Configuration 21 cycles Total start-up time 64 ms + 6 oscillator cycles + 21 system clock cycles (1)(2) 1. After powering up the device or after a reset the system clock is automatically set to calibrated internal 8 MHz oscillator, divided by 8 2. When the Brown-out Detection is enabled, the reset start-up time is 128 ms after powering up the device. 6.4.2 Starting from Power-Down Mode When waking up from Power-down sleep mode, the supply voltage is assumed to be at a sufficient level and only the oscillator start-up time is counted to ensure the stable operation of the oscillator. The oscillator start-up time is counted on the selected main clock, and the start-up time depends on the clock selected. See Table 6-2 for details. Table 6-2. Start-up Time from Power-Down Sleep Mode. Oscillator start-up time 6 cycles Notes: Total start-up time 6 oscillator cycles (1)(2) 1. The start-up time is measured in main clock oscillator cycles. 2. When using software BOD disable, the wake-up time from sleep mode will be approximately 60µs. 6.4.3 Starting from Idle / ADC Noise Reduction / Standby Mode When waking up from Idle, ADC Noise Reduction or Standby Mode, the oscillator is already running and no oscillator start-up time is introduced. 23 8263A–AVR–08/10 6.5 6.5.1 Register Description CLKMSR – Clock Main Settings Register Bit 0x37 Read/Write Initial Value 7 – R 0 6 – R 0 5 – R 0 4 – R 0 3 – R 0 2 – R 0 1 CLKMS1 R/W 0 0 CLKMS0 R/W 0 CLKMSR • Bits 7:2 – Res: Reserved Bits These bits are reserved and will always read as zero. • Bits 1:0 – CLKMS[1:0]: Clock Main Select Bits These bits select the main clock source of the system. The bits can be written at run-time to switch the source of the main clock. The clock system ensures glitch free switching of the main clock source. The main clock alternatives are shown in Table 6-3. Table 6-3. CLKM1 0 0 1 1 Selection of Main Clock CLKM0 0 1 0 1 Main Clock Source Calibrated Internal 8 MHzOscillator Internal 128 kHz Oscillator (WDT Oscillator) External clock Reserved To avoid unintentional switching of main clock source, a protected change sequence must be followed to change the CLKMS bits, as follows: 1. Write the signature for change enable of protected I/O register to register CCP 2. Within four instruction cycles, write the CLKMS bits with the desired value 6.5.2 CLKPSR – Clock Prescale Register Bit 0x36 Read/Write Initial Value 7 – R 0 6 – R 0 5 – R 0 4 – R 0 3 CLKPS3 R/W 0 2 CLKPS2 R/W 0 1 CLKPS1 R/W 1 0 CLKPS0 R/W 1 CLKPSR • Bits 7:4 – Res: Reserved Bits These bits are reserved and will always read as zero. • Bits 3:0 – CLKPS[3:0]: Clock Prescaler Select Bits 3 - 0 These bits define the division factor between the selected clock source and the internal system clock. These bits can be written at run-time to vary the clock frequency and suit the application 24 ATtiny40 8263A–AVR–08/10 ATtiny40 requirements. As the prescaler divides the master clock input to the MCU, the speed of all synchronous peripherals is reduced accordingly. The division factors are given in Table 6-4. Table 6-4. CLKPS3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Clock Prescaler Select CLKPS2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 CLKPS1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 CLKPS0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Clock Division Factor 1 2 4 8 (default) 16 32 64 128 256 Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved To avoid unintentional changes of clock frequency, a protected change sequence must be followed to change the CLKPS bits: 1. Write the signature for change enable of protected I/O register to register CCP 2. Within four instruction cycles, write the desired value to CLKPS bits At start-up, the CLKPS bits will be reset to 0b0011 to select the clock division factor of 8. The application software must ensure that a sufficient division factor is chosen if the selected clock source has a higher frequency than the maximum frequency of the device at the present operating conditions. 6.5.3 OSCCAL – Oscillator Calibration Register . Bit 0x39 Read/Write Initial Value 7 CAL7 R/W 0 6 CAL6 R/W 0 5 CAL5 R/W 0 4 CAL4 R/W 0 3 CAL3 R/W 0 2 CAL2 R/W 0 1 CAL1 R/W 0 0 CAL0 R/W 0 OSCCAL • Bits 7:0 – CAL[7:0]: Oscillator Calibration Value The oscillator calibration register is used to trim the calibrated internal oscillator and remove process variations from the oscillator frequency. A pre-programmed calibration value is automatically written to this register during chip reset, giving the factory calibrated frequency as specified in Table 21-2, “Calibration Accuracy of Internal RC Oscillator,” on page 167. 25 8263A–AVR–08/10 The application software can write this register to change the oscillator frequency. The oscillator can be calibrated to frequencies as specified in Table 21-2, “Calibration Accuracy of Internal RC Oscillator,” on page 167. Calibration outside the range given is not guaranteed. The CAL[7:0] bits are used to tune the frequency of the oscillator. A setting of 0x00 gives the lowest frequency, and a setting of 0xFF gives the highest frequency. 26 ATtiny40 8263A–AVR–08/10 ATtiny40 7. Power Management and Sleep Modes The high performance and industry leading code efficiency makes the AVR microcontrollers an ideal choise for low power applications. In addition, sleep modes enable the application to shut down unused modules in the MCU, thereby saving power. The AVR provides various sleep modes allowing the user to tailor the power consumption to the application’s requirements. 7.1 Sleep Modes Figure 6-1 on page 20 presents the different clock systems and their distribution in ATtiny40. The figure is helpful in selecting an appropriate sleep mode. Table 7-1 shows the different sleep modes and their wake up sources. Table 7-1. Active Clock Domains and Wake-up Sources in Different Sleep Modes. Active Clock Domains Oscillators Main Clock Source Enabled INT0 and Pin Change Wake-up Sources TWI Slave Watchdog Interrupt Sleep Mode Idle ADC Noise Reduction Standby Power-down Notes: X X X X X X X X(1) X X (1) (1) X X X X X X(2) X (2) X X X(2) 1. For INT0, only level interrupt. 2. Only TWI address match interrupt. To enter any of the four sleep modes, the SE bits in MCUCR must be written to logic one and a SLEEP instruction must be executed. The SM[2:0] bits in the MCUCR register select which sleep mode (Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Standby or Power-down) will be activated by the SLEEP instruction. See Table 7-2 for a summary. If an enabled interrupt occurs while the MCU is in a sleep mode, the MCU wakes up. The MCU is then halted for four cycles in addition to the start-up time, executes the interrupt routine, and resumes execution from the instruction following SLEEP. The contents of the Register File and SRAM are unaltered when the device wakes up from sleep. If a reset occurs during sleep mode, the MCU wakes up and executes from the Reset Vector. Note that if a level triggered interrupt is used for wake-up the changed level must be held for some time to wake up the MCU (and for the MCU to enter the interrupt service routine). See “External Interrupts” on page 41 for details. 7.1.1 Idle Mode When bits SM[2:0] are written to 000, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter Idle mode, stopping the CPU but allowing the analog comparator, timer/counters, watchdog, TWI, SPI and the interrupt system to continue operating. This sleep mode basically halts clkCPU and clkNVM, while allowing the other clocks to run. Idle mode enables the MCU to wake up from external triggered interrupts as well as internal ones like the timer overflow. If wake-up from the analog comparator interrupt is not required, the 27 8263A–AVR–08/10 Other I/O X clkNVM clkCPU clkADC ADC clkIO analog comparator can be powered down by setting the ACD bit in “ACSRA – Analog Comparator Control and Status Register” on page 102. This will reduce power consumption in idle mode. If the ADC is enabled, a conversion starts automatically when this mode is entered. 7.1.2 ADC Noise Reduction Mode When bits SM[2:0] are written to 001, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter ADC Noise Reduction mode, stopping the CPU but allowing the ADC, the external interrupts, TWI and the watchdog to continue operating (if enabled). This sleep mode halts clkI/O, clkCPU, and clkNVM, while allowing the other clocks to run. This mode improves the noise environment for the ADC, enabling higher resolution measurements. If the ADC is enabled, a conversion starts automatically when this mode is entered. 7.1.3 Power-down Mode When bits SM[2:0] are written to 010, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter Power-down mode. In this mode, the oscillator is stopped, while the external interrupts, TWI and the watchdog continue operating (if enabled). Only a watchdog reset, an external level interrupt on INT0, a pin change interrupt, or a TWI slave interrupt can wake up the MCU. This sleep mode halts all generated clocks, allowing operation of asynchronous modules only. Standby Mode When bits SM[2:0] are written to 100, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter Standby mode. This mode is identical to Power-down with the exception that the oscillator is kept running. This reduces wake-up time, because the oscillator is already running and doesn't need to be started up. 7.1.4 7.2 Software BOD Disable When the Brown-out Detector (BOD) is enabled by BODLEVEL fuses (see Table 20-5 on page 158), the BOD is actively monitoring the supply voltage during a sleep period. In some devices it is possible to save power by disabling the BOD by software in Power-down and Stand-by sleep modes. The sleep mode power consumption will then be at the same level as when BOD is globally disabled by fuses. If BOD is disabled by software, the BOD function is turned off immediately after entering the sleep mode. Upon wake-up from sleep, BOD is automatically enabled again. This ensures safe operation in case the VCC level has dropped during the sleep period. When the BOD has been disabled, the wake-up time from sleep mode will be approximately 60 µs to ensure that the BOD is working correctly before the MCU continues executing code. BOD disable is controlled by the BODS (BOD Sleep) bit of MCU Control Register, see “MCUCR – MCU Control Register” on page 30. Writing this bit to one turns off BOD in Power-down and Stand-by, while writing a zero keeps the BOD active. The default setting is zero, i.e. BOD active. Writing to the BODS bit is controlled by a timed sequence, see “MCUCR – MCU Control Register” on page 30. 7.3 Power Reduction Register The Power Reduction Register (PRR), see “PRR – Power Reduction Register” on page 31, provides a method to reduce power consumption by stopping the clock to individual peripherals. When the clock for a peripheral is stopped then: 28 ATtiny40 8263A–AVR–08/10 ATtiny40 • The current state of the peripheral is frozen. • The associated registers can not be read or written. • Resources used by the peripheral will remain occupied. The peripheral should in most cases be disabled before stopping the clock. Clearing the PRR bit wakes up the peripheral and puts it in the same state as before shutdown. Peripheral shutdown can be used in Idle mode and Active mode to significantly reduce the overall power consumption. See “Supply Current of I/O Modules” on page 171 for examples. In all other sleep modes, the clock is already stopped. 7.4 Minimizing Power Consumption There are several issues to consider when trying to minimize the power consumption in an AVR Core controlled system. In general, sleep modes should be used as much as possible, and the sleep mode should be selected so that as few as possible of the device’s functions are operating. All functions not needed should be disabled. In particular, the following modules may need special consideration when trying to achieve the lowest possible power consumption. 7.4.1 Analog Comparator When entering Idle mode, the analog comparator should be disabled if not used. In the powerdown mode, the analog comparator is automatically disabled. See “Analog Comparator” on page 101 for further details. Analog to Digital Converter If enabled, the ADC will be enabled in all sleep modes. To save power, the ADC should be disabled before entering any sleep mode. When the ADC is turned off and on again, the next conversion will be an extended conversion. See “Analog to Digital Converter” on page 105 for details on ADC operation. Watchdog Timer If the Watchdog Timer is not needed in the application, this module should be turned off. If the Watchdog Timer is enabled, it will be enabled in all sleep modes, and hence, always consume power. In the deeper sleep modes, this will contribute significantly to the total current consumption. Refer to “Watchdog Timer” on page 35 for details on how to configure the Watchdog Timer. Brown-out Detector If the Brown-out Detector is not needed in the application, this module should be turned off. If the Brown-out Detector is enabled by the BODLEVEL Fuses, it will be enabled in all sleep modes, and hence, always consume power. In the deeper sleep modes, this will contribute significantly to the total current consumption. See “Brown-out Detection” on page 34 and “Software BOD Disable” on page 28 for details on how to configure the Brown-out Detector. Port Pins When entering a sleep mode, all port pins should be configured to use minimum power. The most important thing is then to ensure that no pins drive resistive loads. In sleep modes where the I/O clock (clkI/O) is stopped, the input buffers of the device will be disabled. This ensures that no power is consumed by the input logic when not needed. In some cases, the input logic is needed for detecting wake-up conditions, and it will then be enabled. Refer to the section “Digital Input Enable and Sleep Modes” on page 50 for details on which pins are enabled. If the input 29 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4 7.4.5 8263A–AVR–08/10 buffer is enabled and the input signal is left floating or has an analog signal level close to VCC/2, the input buffer will use excessive power. For analog input pins, the digital input buffer should be disabled at all times. An analog signal level close to VCC/2 on an input pin can cause significant current even in active mode. Digital input buffers can be disabled by writing to the Digital Input Disable Register (DIDR0). Refer to “DIDR0 – Digital Input Disable Register 0” on page 104 for details. 7.5 7.5.1 Register Description MCUCR – MCU Control Register The MCU Control Register contains bits for controlling external interrupt sensing and power management. Bit 0x3A Read/Write Initial Value 7 ISC01 R/W 0 6 ISC00 R/W 0 5 – R 0 4 BODS R/W 0 3 SM2 R/W 0 2 SM1 R/W 0 1 SM0 R/W 0 0 SE R/W 0 MCUCR • Bit 5 – Res: Reserved Bit This bit is reserved and will always read as zero. • Bit 4 – BODS: BOD Sleep In order to disable BOD during sleep (see Table 7-1 on page 27) the BODS bit must be written to logic one. This is controlled by a protected change sequence, as follows: 1. Write the signature for change enable of protected I/O registers to register CCP. 2. Within four instruction cycles write the BODS bit. A sleep instruction must be executed while BODS is active in order to turn off the BOD for the actual sleep mode. The BODS bit is automatically cleared when the device wakes up. Alternatively the BODS bit can be cleared by writing logic zero to it. This does not require protected sequence. • Bits 3:1 – SM[2:0]: Sleep Mode Select Bits 2, 1 and 0 These bits select between available sleep modes, as shown in Table 7-2. Table 7-2. SM2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Sleep Mode Select SM1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 SM0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Sleep Mode Idle ADC noise reduction Power-down Reserved Standby Reserved Reserved Reserved 30 ATtiny40 8263A–AVR–08/10 ATtiny40 • Bit 0 – SE: Sleep Enable The SE bit must be written to logic one to make the MCU enter the sleep mode when the SLEEP instruction is executed. To avoid the MCU entering the sleep mode unless it is the programmer’s purpose, it is recommended to write the Sleep Enable (SE) bit to one just before the execution of the SLEEP instruction and to clear it immediately after waking up. 7.5.2 PRR – Power Reduction Register Bit 0x35 Read/Write Initial Value 7 – R 0 6 – R 0 5 – R 0 4 PRTWI R/W 0 3 PRSPI R/W 0 2 PRTIM1 R/W 0 1 PRTIM0 R/W 0 0 PRADC R/W 0 PRR • Bits 7:5 – Res: Reserved Bits These bits are reserved and will always read as zero. • Bit 4 – PRTWI: Power Reduction Two-Wire Interface Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the Two-Wire Interface module. • Bit 3 – PRSPI: Power Reduction Serial Peripheral Interface Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the Serial Peripheral Interface module. • Bit 2 – PRTIM1: Power Reduction Timer/Counter1 Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the Timer/Counter1 module. When the Timer/Counter1 is enabled, operation will continue like before the shutdown. • Bit 1 – PRTIM0: Power Reduction Timer/Counter0 Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the Timer/Counter0 module. When the Timer/Counter0 is enabled, operation will continue like before the shutdown. • Bit 0 – PRADC: Power Reduction ADC Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the ADC. The ADC must be disabled before shut down. The analog comparator cannot use the ADC input MUX when the ADC is shut down. 31 8263A–AVR–08/10 8. System Control and Reset 8.1 Resetting the AVR During reset, all I/O registers are set to their initial values, and the program starts execution from the Reset Vector. The instruction placed at the Reset Vector must be a RJMP – Relative Jump – instruction to the reset handling routine. If the program never enables an interrupt source, the interrupt vectors are not used, and regular program code can be placed at these locations. The circuit diagram in Figure 8-1 shows the reset logic. Electrical parameters of the reset circuitry are defined in section “System and Reset Characteristics” on page 168. Figure 8-1. Reset Logic DATA BUS BODLEVEL[2:0] RESET FLAG REGISTER (RSTFLR) BORF PORF EXTRF WDRF VCC BROWN OUT RESET CIRCUIT PULL-UP RESISTOR SPIKE FILTER EXTERNAL RESET CIRCUIT CK POWER-ON RESET CIRCUIT S COUNTER RESET TIMEOUT Q INTERNAL RESET RESET R DELAY COUNTERS WATCHDOG TIMER RSTDISBL WATCHDOG OSCILLATOR CLOCK GENERATOR The I/O ports of the AVR are immediately reset to their initial state when a reset source goes active. This does not require any clock source to be running. After all reset sources have gone inactive, a delay counter is invoked, stretching the internal reset. This allows the power to reach a stable level before normal operation starts. The start up sequence is described in “Starting from Reset” on page 22. 8.2 Reset Sources The ATtiny40 has four sources of reset: • Power-on Reset. The MCU is reset when the supply voltage is below the Power-on Reset threshold (VPOT) • External Reset. The MCU is reset when a low level is present on the RESET pin for longer than the minimum pulse length • Watchdog Reset. The MCU is reset when the Watchdog Timer period expires and the Watchdog is enabled • Brown Out Reset. The MCU is reset when the Brown-Out Detector is enabled and supply voltage is below the brown-out threshold (VBOT) 8.2.1 Power-on Reset A Power-on Reset (POR) pulse is generated by an on-chip detection circuit. The detection level is defined in section “System and Reset Characteristics” on page 168. The POR is activated whenever VCC is below the detection level. The POR circuit can be used to trigger the Start-up Reset, as well as to detect a failure in supply voltage. A Power-on Reset (POR) circuit ensures that the device is reset from Power-on. Reaching the Power-on Reset threshold voltage invokes the delay counter, which determines how long the 32 ATtiny40 8263A–AVR–08/10 ATtiny40 device is kept in reset after VCC rise. The reset signal is activated again, without any delay, when VCC decreases below the detection level. Figure 8-2. V CC MCU Start-up, RESET High before Initial Time-out V POT RESET V RST TIME-OUT t TOUT INTERNAL RESET Figure 8-3. V CC MCU Start-up, RESET Extended Externally V POT > t TOUT RESET V RST TIME-OUT t TOUT INTERNAL RESET 8.2.2 External Reset An External Reset is generated by a low level on the RESET pin if enabled. Reset pulses longer than the minimum pulse width (see section “System and Reset Characteristics” on page 168) will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset. When the applied signal reaches the Reset Threshold Voltage – VRST – on its positive edge, the delay counter starts the MCU after the time-out period – tTOUT – has expired. External reset is ignored during Power-on start-up count. After Power-on reset the internal reset is extended only if RESET pin is low when the initial Power-on delay count is complete. See Figure 8-2 and Figure 8-3. 33 8263A–AVR–08/10 Figure 8-4. CC External Reset During Operation 8.2.3 Watchdog Reset When the Watchdog times out, it will generate a short reset pulse of one CK cycle duration. On the falling edge of this pulse, the delay timer starts counting the time-out period tTOUT. See page 34 for details on operation of the Watchdog Timer and Table 21-4 on page 168 for details on reset time-out. Figure 8-5. CC Watchdog Reset During Operation CK 8.2.4 Brown-out Detection ATtiny40 has an On-chip Brown-out Detection (BOD) circuit for monitoring the VCC level during operation by comparing it to a fixed trigger level. The trigger level for the BOD can be selected by the BODLEVEL Fuses. The trigger level has a hysteresis to ensure spike free Brown-out Detection. The hysteresis on the detection level should be interpreted as VBOT+ = VBOT + VHYST/2 and VBOT- = VBOT - VHYST/2. When the BOD is enabled, and VCC decreases to a value below the trigger level (VBOT- in Figure 8-6 on page 35), the Brown-out Reset is immediately activated. When VCC increases above the trigger level (VBOT+ in Figure 8-6), the delay counter starts the MCU after the Time-out period tTOUT has expired. The BOD circuit will only detect a drop in VCC if the voltage stays below the trigger level for longer than tBOD given in “System and Reset Characteristics” on page 168. 34 ATtiny40 8263A–AVR–08/10 ATtiny40 Figure 8-6. Brown-out Reset During Operation VCC VBOT- VBOT+ RESET TIME-OUT tTOUT INTERNAL RESET 8.3 Internal Voltage Reference ATtiny40 features an internal bandgap reference. This reference is used for Brown-out Detection, and it can be used as an input to the Analog Comparator or the ADC. The bandgap voltage varies with supply voltage and temperature. 8.3.1 Voltage Reference Enable Signals and Start-up Time The voltage reference has a start-up time that may influence the way it should be used. The start-up time is given in “System and Reset Characteristics” on page 168. To save power, the reference is not always turned on. The reference is on during the following situations: 1. When the BOD is enabled (by programming the BODLEVEL[2:0] Fuse). 2. When the internal reference is connected to the Analog Comparator (by setting the ACBG bit in ACSR). 3. When the ADC is enabled. Thus, when the BOD is not enabled, after setting the ACBG bit or enabling the ADC, the user must always allow the reference to start up before the output from the Analog Comparator or ADC is used. To reduce power consumption in Power-down mode, the user can avoid the three conditions above to ensure that the reference is turned off before entering Power-down mode. 8.4 Watchdog Timer The Watchdog Timer is clocked from an on-chip oscillator, which runs at 128 kHz. See Figure 87. By controlling the Watchdog Timer prescaler, the Watchdog Reset interval can be adjusted as shown in Table 8-2 on page 38. The WDR – Watchdog Reset – instruction resets the Watchdog Timer. The Watchdog Timer is also reset when it is disabled and when a device reset occurs. Ten different clock cycle periods can be selected to determine the reset period. If the reset period expires without another Watchdog Reset, the ATtiny40 resets and executes from the Reset Vector. For timing details on the Watchdog Reset, refer to Table 8-3 on page 38. 35 8263A–AVR–08/10 Figure 8-7. Watchdog Timer 128 kHz OSCILLATOR OSC/2K OSC/4K OSC/8K WATCHDOG PRESCALER OSC/1024K OSC/128K OSC/256K OSC/512K OSC/16K OSC/32K OSC/64K WATCHDOG RESET WDP0 WDP1 WDP2 WDP3 WDE MUX MCU RESET The Wathdog Timer can also be configured to generate an interrupt instead of a reset. This can be very helpful when using the Watchdog to wake-up from Power-down. To prevent unintentional disabling of the Watchdog or unintentional change of time-out period, two different safety levels are selected by the fuse WDTON as shown in Table 8-1 on page 36. See “Procedure for Changing the Watchdog Timer Configuration” on page 36 for details. Table 8-1. WDTON Unprogrammed Programmed WDT Configuration as a Function of the Fuse Settings of WDTON Safety Level 1 2 WDT Initial State Disabled Enabled How to Disable the WDT Protected change sequence Always enabled How to Change Time-out No limitations Protected change sequence 8.4.1 Procedure for Changing the Watchdog Timer Configuration The sequence for changing configuration differs between the two safety levels, as follows: Safety Level 1 In this mode, the Watchdog Timer is initially disabled, but can be enabled by writing the WDE bit to one without any restriction. A special sequence is needed when disabling an enabled Watchdog Timer. To disable an enabled Watchdog Timer, the following procedure must be followed: 1. Write the signature for change enable of protected I/O registers to register CCP 2. Within four instruction cycles, in the same operation, write WDE and WDP bits 8.4.1.1 8.4.1.2 Safety Level 2 In this mode, the Watchdog Timer is always enabled, and the WDE bit will always read as one. A protected change is needed when changing the Watchdog Time-out period. To change the Watchdog Time-out, the following procedure must be followed: 1. Write the signature for change enable of protected I/O registers to register CCP 2. Within four instruction cycles, write the WDP bit. The value written to WDE is irrelevant 36 ATtiny40 8263A–AVR–08/10 ATtiny40 8.4.2 Code Examples The following code example shows how to turn off the WDT. The example assumes that interrupts are controlled (e.g., by disabling interrupts globally) so that no interrupts will occur during execution of these functions. Assembly Code Example WDT_off: wdr ; Clear WDRF in RSTFLR in andi out r16, RSTFLR r16, ~(1