IMX15 / IMY15 / IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
Features
40.6
1.6"
51
2.0"
10.5
0.42"
• Wide input voltage ranges up to 150 VDC
• 1 or 2 isolated outputs up to 48 V
• RoHS lead-free-solder and lead-solder-exempted
products are available.
• 5 year warranty for RoHS lead-free-solder products with
temperature index -8
• 1500 to 3000 VAC I/O voltage withstand test
• Emissions EN 55011, group 1, level A
• Immunity to EN 50155 and EN 50121-3-2
• High efficiency (typ. 86%)
• Input undervoltage lockout
• Shutdown input, adjustable output voltages
• Flex power: Flexible load distribution on outputs
• Outputs no-load, overload, and short-circuit proof
• Operating ambient temperature –40 to 85 °C
• Thermal protection
• Dimensions 51.0 x 10.5 x 40.6 mm (2.0 x 1.6 x 0.42 in)
• Basic insulation: 20/40IMX15 models;
Double or reinforced insulation: 110IMY15 models
• Safety-approved to the latest edition of UL/CSA 60950-1,
comply with IEC/EN 62368-1 standard
1
1
110IMY15 models
Table of Contents
Description............................................................................2
Model Selection.....................................................................2
Functional Description...........................................................4
Electrical Input Data..............................................................5
Electrical Output Data...........................................................8
Auxiliary Functions..............................................................14
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)..................................16
Immunity to Environmental Conditions................................18
Mechanical Data..................................................................19
Safety and Installation Instructions......................................20
Description of Options.........................................................21
Accessories.........................................................................22
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BCD20008-G Rev AJ, 29 September 2021
IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
Description
The IMX15, IMS15, and IMY15 Series of board mountable 15 Watt DC-DC converters have been designed according to the latest industry requirements and
standards. The converters are particularly suitable for use in mobile or stationary applications in transport, railways, industry, or telecommunication, where
variable input voltages or high transient voltages are prevalent.
Covering a total input voltage range from 8.4 up to 150 V with different models, the converters are available with single and electrically-isolated double outputs
from 3.3 up to 48 V, externally adjustable, with flexible load distribution on double-output models. A shutdown input allows for remote on/off.
Features include efficient input and output filtering and consistently high efficiency over the entire input voltage range, high reliability, and excellent dynamic
response to load and line changes.
The converters have been approved by CSA. 20IMS/20IMX15 and 40IMS/40IMX15 models exhibit a basic insulation. The 110IMY15 models provide double
insulation and are CE marked. They may be connected to a rectified 110 VAC source or a 110 V battery without any further insulation barrier.
The circuitry is comprised of integrated planar magnetics. All components are automatically assembled and solidly soldered onto a single PCB without any
wire connection. Magnetic feedback ensures maximum reliability and repeatability in the control loop over all operating conditions. Careful consideration of
possible thermal stress ensures the absence of hot spots providing long life in environments, where temperature cycles are frequent. The thermal design
allows operation at full load up to an ambient temperature of 71 °C in free air without using any potting material. For extremely high vibration environments
the case has holes for screw fastening.
Model Selection
Table 1: Model Selection
Output 1
Output 2
Output Power
Input voltage
Efficiency 6
Model
Options 2
Vo nom
[VDC]
Io nom
[mA]
Vo nom
[VDC]
Io nom
[mA]
Po nom
[W]
Vi min to Vi max
[VDC]
η min
[%]
η max
[%]
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
4.5
4.0
4.5
4.5
-
-
14.9
13.2
14.9
14.9
8.4 to 36 5
16.8 to 75 3
16.8 to 75 3
50 to 150 4
80
78
81
77
82
80
83
79
20IMX15-03-8RG-G SR
40IMX15-03-8RG
40IMX15-03-8RG-G SR
110IMY15-03-8RG-G SR
i, Z, non-G
non-G
i, Z, non-G
i, Z, non-G
5.1
5.1
5.1
3.5
3.5
3.5
-
-
17.5
17.5
17.5
8.4 to 36 5
16.8 to 75 3
50 to 150 4
83
85
79.5
86
87
82
20IMX15-05-8RG-G SR
40IMX15-05-8RG-G SR
110IMY15-05-8RG-G SR
i, Z, non-G
i, Z, non-G
i, Z, non-G
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
2.3
2.7
2.5
2.5
-
-
11.7
13.8
12.8
12.8
8.4 to 36 5
14 to 36
16.8 to 75 3
50 to 150 4
82
81.5
81.5
78
84
84
83
81
20IMX15-05-8R-G
24IMS15-05-9R
40IMX15-05-8R-G
110IMY15-05-8R-G
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
1.35
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.5
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
1.35
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.5
11.3
13.5
12.6
13.5
12.6
8.4 to 36 5
14 to 36
16.8 to 75 3
36 to 75
50 to 150 4
82
81
82
79
79
84
83
84
82
82
20IMX15-0503-8RG
24IMS15-0503-9R
40IMX15-0503-8RG
48IMS15-0503-9R
110IMY15-0503-8RG
i, Z, non-G
--i, Z, non-G
--i, Z, non-G
5
5
5
5
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
5
5
5
5
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
13.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
8.4 to 36 5
14 to 36
16.8 to 75 3
50 to 150 4
82
81
81
80
85
84
84
82
20IMX15-05-05-8G
24IMS15-05-05-9
40IMX15-05-05-8G
110IMY15-05-05-8G
i, Z, non-G
--i, Z, non-G
i, Z, non-G
12
12
12
12
0.65
0.7
0.7
0.7
12
12
12
12
0.65
0.7
0.7
0.7
15.6
16.8
16.8
16.8
8.4 to 36 5
14 to 36
16.8 to 75 3
50 to 150 4
83
83
84
82
86
86
87
85
20IMX15-12-12-8G
24IMS15-12-12-9
40IMX15-12-12-8G
110IMY15-12-12-8G
i, Z, non-G
--i, Z, non-G
i, Z, non-G
15
15
15
15
0.5
0.56
0.56
0.56
15
15
15
15
0.5
0.56
0.56
0.56
15.0
16.8
16.8
16.8
8.4 to 36 5
14 to 36
16.8 to 75 3
50 to 150 4
85
83
83
82
88
86
86
85
20IMX15-15-15-8G
24IMS15-15-15-9
40IMX15-15-15-8G
110IMY15-15-15-8G
i, Z, non-G
--i, Z, non-G
i, Z, non-G
24
24
24
24
0.32
0.35
0.35
0.35
24
24
24
24
0.32
0.35
0.35
0.35
15.4
16.8
16.8
16.8
8.4 to 36 5
14 to 36
16.8 to 75 3
50 to 150 4
83
84
84
82
86
87
86
85
20IMX15-24-24-8G
24IMS15-24-24-9G
40IMX15-24-24-8G
110IMY15-24-24-8G
i, Z, non-G
non-G
i, Z, non-G
i, Z, non-G
1
1
Z, non-G
----Z, non-G
Flexible load distribution on dual and double outputs possible; up to 75% of the total output power Po nom on one of the 2 outputs.
IMX/IMY15-0503 models have reduced load distribution flexibility; 1.8 A max. on one of the 2 outputs. The total output power should not
exceed Po nom.
2
See Description of Options.
3
Short-time operation down to Vi = 14.4 V possible (Po reduced to approx. 85% of Po nom)
4
Short-time operation down to Vi = 43.2 V possible (Po reduced to approx. 85% of Po nom) and up to 154 V
5
Initial start-up at 9 V, main output voltage regulation down to 8.4 V
6
Efficiency at TA = 25 °C, Vi nom, I o nom.
SR
Models with synchronous rectifier. For the RoHS version of such models, add -G !
1
NFND: Not for new designs.
Preferred for new designs.
Replace 24IMS15 models by 20IMX15 and 48IMS15 by 40IMX15;
Replace 20IMX15-05, 40IMX15-05, 110IMY15-05 by models with synchronos rectifier SR; for new designs, chose always the RoHS version !
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Page 2 of 22
IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
RoHS-Compliant Models
The type designation of RoHS-compliant models (compliant for the restriction of all six substances) for the IMX/IMY15 Series ends
with "G".
However, in single-output models with 3.3 V or 5.1 V output an extra hyphen (-) is added after the existing "G", which already
signifies a synchronous rectifierSR. This is an exception to our normal nomenclature to identify this type of product, since G was
already used to designate products for higher output current fitted with a synchronous rectifier. Some examples
– 20IMX15-05-8R-G designates a standard version with RoHS compliance for all six substances.
– 20IMX15-05-8RG designates a synchronous rectifierSR version which is not RoHS-compliant.
– 20IMX15-05-8RG-G designates a synchronous rectifierSR version and RoHS compliant for all six substances.
– 20IMX15-05-05-8G designates a double-output model with RoHS compliance for all six substances
– 110IMY15-24-24-8RG designates a double-output model with RoHS compliance for all six substances.
Part Number Description
40 IMX15 - 05 - 8 R G Z -G
Input voltage range Vi
8.4 to 36 V....................................................... 20
14 to 36 V......................................................... 24
16.8 to 75 V...................................................... 40
36 to 75 V......................................................... 48
50 to 150 V..................................................... 110
Series
IMX15, IMS15, IMY15
Output voltage of output 1............................. 03, 05, 12, 15, 24
Hyphen designating double-output models with two
electrically isolated outputs................................. - 1
Output voltage of output 2............................. 03, 05, 12, 15, 24
Operating ambient temperature range TA
– 40 6 to 85 °C ................................................... -8 6
– 40to 71 °C .................................................... -9 2
Options and features:
R input and magnetic feedback....................... R 3
Synchronous rectification.................................. G
Inhibit.................................................................. i 4
Open frame........................................................ Z
RoHS-compliant for all 6 substances......G or -G 5
1
3
4
5
2
6
Not applicable to -0503 models. They have a common ground.
IMS15 models are not recommended for new designs.
Standard for single-output and -0503 models
Option i replaces the standard shutdown function; see Description of Options.
RoHS models with synchronous rectifier are ending with -G, as an exception.
Only –25 °C for older -8RGSR models (Rev. < BA); see table 7a.
Note: The sequence of options must follow the order above !
Examples:
20IMX15-05-05-8G: DC-DC converter, input 9 to 36 V, 2 galvanically isolated outputs each providing 5 V, 1.3 A, RoHS-compliant.
110IMY15-0503-8RG: DC-DC converter, input 50 to 150 V, 2 outputs with common return providing +5.1 V, 1.5 A and +3.3 V, 1.5 A,
RoHS-compliant. Converter fitted with magnetic feedback for tight output voltage regulation.
Product Marking
The converters without option Z are marked with basic type designation, input and output voltages and currents, applicable safety
approval and recognition marks, company logo, date code, and serial number.
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Page 3 of 22
IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
Functional Description
The IMX15/IMS15/IMY15 Series of DC-DC converters are magnetic feedback-controlled flyback converters using current mode
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation). The -05- and -0503-output voltage models exhibit an active magnetic feedback loop via a pulse
transformer, resulting in very tight regulation of the output voltage (see the block diagrams). The output voltages of these models
can be adjusted via the R-input. The R-input is referenced to the secondary side and allows for programming the output voltages
in the range of approximately 80 to 105% of Vo nom, using either an external resistor or an external voltage source.
Several single-output models with 3.3 or 5.1 V output exhibit a synchronous rectifier to improve the efficiency.
The voltage regulation on the double-output models is achieved with an auxiliary winding of the main transformer. The output
voltages can be adjusted via the Trim input, which is referenced to the primary side and allows for programming the output voltage
in the range of 100 to 105% of Vo nom via an external resistor, or within 75 to 105% if using an external voltage source. The load
regulation output characteristic allows for paralleling of one or more double-output models with equal output voltage.
Current limitation is provided by the primary circuit, thus limiting the total output power of double-output models. The shutdown
input allows remote converter on/off.
Overtemperature protection will disable the converter under excessive overload conditions with automatic restart.
03089a
03039a
Vi+ 1
13 Vo+
PWM
SD 4
SD 4
15 Vo–
n.c.
Vi+ 1
13 Vo1+
15 Go
PWM
n.c. 3
11 Vo2+
Vi – 2
12 Go
2 x 2200 pF
1500 V
V i– 2
17 R
2 x 2200 pF
17 R
Fig. 1
Block diagram of single-output models
Fig. 2
Block diagram of -0503-models
03090a
Vi+ 1
SD 4
11 Vo1+
12 Vo1–
PWM
Trim 3
13 Vo2+
Vi – 2
15 Vo2–
2 x 2200 pF
17 n.c.
Fig. 3
Block diagram of double-output models
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IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
Electrical Input Data
General conditions:
– TA = 25 °C, unless TC is specified.
– Shut-down pin left open-circuit.
– Trim or R input left open-circuit.
Table 2a: Input data of IMX15 and IMY15 models
Model
20IMX15
Characteristics
Conditions
min
TA min – TA max,
9
typ
40IMX15
max
max
min
75
50
typ
max
Operating input voltage
Vi nom
Nominal input voltage
Io = 0 – Io nom
Vi sur
Repetitive surge voltage
Abs. max input (3 s)
tstart-up
Converter
start-up time 2
trise
Rise time 2
Ii o
No-load input current
Io = 0, Vi min – Vi max
65
45
15
mA
Ii rr
Reflected ripple current
Io = 0 – I o nom
30
30
20
mApp
Ii inr p
Inrush peak current 3
Vi = Vi nom
Ci
Input capacitance
For surge calculation
VSD
Shutdown voltage
RSD
Shutdown input resistance
ISD
Input current, when disabled
fs
Switching frequency
Switch on
SD high
Worst case condition
at Vi min, Io = Io nom
5, 7
20
16.8
typ
Unit
Vi
1
36
min
110IMY15
5, 6
40
110
40
0.25
0.5
100
0.25
0.1
Vi nom, resistive load
5
I o nom, capacitive load
10
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.1
5
10
20
8
1.5
V
168
0.1
5
20
150 8
5
10
9
0.75
20
10
0.35
-10 to 0.7
-10 to 0.7
-10 to 0.7
Converter operating
open or 2 – 20
open or 2 – 20
open or 2 – 20
approx. 10
approx. 10
approx. 10
10
SD connected to ViVi min – Vi max, Io = 0 – I o nom
approx. 300
3
approx. 300
A
V
kΩ
1
approx. 300
ms
µF
Converter disabled
Vi min – Vi max,
s
mA
kHz
If Vo is set above Vo nom by use of the R or Trim input, Vi min will be proportionately increased.
Measured with resistive and max. admissible capacitive load. Valid for models with rev. AI or greater.
3
Source impedance according to ETS 300132-2, version 4.3.
4
Double-output models with both outputs in parallel. External filter as in fig. 6, table 6.
5
Input undervoltage lockout at typ. 80% of Vi min.
6
Short time operation down to Vi min >14.4 V possible. Po reduced to approx. 85% of Po nom.
7
Initial start-up at Vi = 9 V, main output voltage regulation down to 8.4 V
8
Short time operation up to 154 V possible for 2 s.
1
2
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IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
Table 2b: Input Data of IMS15 models; general conditions as in table 2a
Model
24IMS15
Conditions
min
Vi
Characteristics
Operating input voltage 1
TA min – TA max,
14
Vi nom
Nominal input voltage
Io = 0 – Io nom
Vi sur
Repetitive surge voltage
Abs. max input (3 s)
tstart-up
Converter
start-up time 2
trise
Rise time 2
Ii o
Switch on
SD high
typ
48IMS15
max
min
36
36
typ
max
75
24
48
V
50
0.25
Worst case condition
at Vi min, Io = Io nom
Unit
100
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.1
0.1
Vi nom, resistive load
5
I o nom, capacitive load
10
20
10
20
No-load input current
Io = 0, Vi min – Vi max
20
40
10
20
Ii rr
Reflected ripple current
Io = 0 – I o nom
30
Ii inr p
Inrush peak current 3
Vi = Vi nom
Ci
Input capacitance
For surge calculation
VSD
Shutdown voltage
RSD
Shutdown input resistance
ISD
Input current, when disabled
fs
Switching frequency
5
30
4.5
4
2
Converter disabled
-10 to 0.7
-10 to 0.7
Converter operating
open or 2 – 20
open or 2 – 20
approx. 10
approx. 10
1.2
SD connected to ViVi min – Vi max, Io = 0 – I o nom
3
approx. 300
ms
mA
mApp
5
Vi min – Vi max,
s
A
µF
1.2
V
kΩ
3
approx. 300
mA
kHz
If Vo is set above Vo nom by use of the R or Trim input, Vi min will be proportionately increased.
Measured with resistive and max. admissible capacitive load.
3
Source impedance according to ETS 300132-2, version 4.3.
4
Double-output models with both outputs in parallel. External filter as in fig. 6, table 6.
5
Input undervoltage lockout at typ. 80% of Vi min.
1
2
Inrush Current
The inrush current has been made as low as possible by choosing a very small input capacitance. A series resistor may be installed
in the input line to further reduce this current.
A
04022b
4
Vo
trise
Vo nom
3
04008b
2
1
0
20
40
60
80
t
100 µs
Fig. 4
Typical inrush current at Vi nom, Po nom versus time (40IMX15).
Source impedance according to ETS 300132-2 at Vi nom.
tstartup
t
Fig. 5
Converter start-up and rise time
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IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
Input Undervoltage Lockout
A special feature of these converters is the accurate undervoltage lockout protection, which protects against large currents caused
by operation at low voltages. This ensures easier start-up in distributed power systems.
Tab. 3: Turn on and turn off voltage
Model
Turn on
min
Turn off
max
Unit
min
max
20IMX15
7.5
8
7
7.5
24IMS15
12.5
13.5
12
13
40IMX15
12.5
13.5
12
13
48IMS15
31.5
32.5
31
32
110IMY15
40
42.5
38
40.5
V
Fuse and Reverse Polarity Protection
The built-in suppressor diode also provides for reverse polarity protection at the input by conducting current in the reverse
direction. An external fuse is required to limit this current.
Table 4: Recommended external fuses
Model
Fuse type
20IMX15
F 4.0 A
24IMS15
F 3.15 A
40IMX15, 48IMS15
F 2.0 A
110IMY15
F 1.0 A
Input Transient Voltage Protection
A built-in suppressor diode provides effective protection against input transients, which typically occur in many installations.
Table 5: Built-in transient voltage suppressor
Model
Breakdown
voltage
VBR nom
Peak power
at 1 ms
PP
Peak pulse
current
IPP
20IMX15
40 V
1500 W
22 A
24IMS15
53 V
600 W
7.7 A
40IMX15
100 V
1500 W
9.7 A
48IMS15
100 V
600 W
4.1 A
110IMY15
168 V
600 W
0.5 A
For very high energy transients as for example to achieve compliance to IEC/EN 61000-4-5 (see table Electromagnetic Immunity),
an external inductor and a capacitor are required, see Fig. 6. The components are specified in table 6.
Table 6:
Components for external circuitry for IEC/EN 61000-4-5,
level 3 compliance.
Model
Inductor (L)
Capacitor (C)
Diode (D)
20IMX15
1 mH, 3.5 A
330 μF, 63 V
1.5k E47A
24IMS15
1 mH, 2.5 A
330 μF, 63 V
---
40IMX15
1 mH, 2.5 A
330 μF, 100 V
---
48IMS15
1 mH, 1.5 A
330 μF, 100 V
---
110IMY15
1 mH, 1.5 A
330 μF, 200 V
---
Vi+
L
C
+
C
+
IMX15
D
Vi–
Fig. 6
Example for external circuitry to achieve better transient
immunity and required EMC performance
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IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
Electrical Out put Data
We recommend connecting an external 1 µF ceramic capacitor across the output pins.
General conditions:
– TA = 25 °C, unless TC is specified
– Shutdown pin and Trim or R pin left open-circuit (not connected)
Table 7a: Output data for single-output models -03-8RG 1 and 05-8RG 1
Output
3.3 V
Characteristics
Vo
Output voltage
Io nom
Output current
Io L
Current limit 2
∆Vo
Line / load regulation
20IMX
40IMX / 110IMY
Conditions
min
Vi nom, I o = 0.5 I o nom
3.25
Vi min to Vi max
Vi nom, TC = 25 °C,Vo ≤ 93% Vo
typ
5V
max
min
3.35
5.05
typ
Unit
max
5.15
4.5
3.5
4.5
3.5
6.0
4.6
V
A
nom
Vo
Output voltage noise
Vo L
Output overvoltage limit.3
Co ext
Admissible capacitive load
Vo d
to d
Dynamic load
regulation
αVo
Temperature coefficient ∆Vo / ∆TC
Vi min to Vi max , (0.1 to 1) I o nom
±0.5
±0.5
Vi min to Vi max
4
100
100
I o = I o nom
5
60
60
Voltage deviation
Vi nom, I o nom ↔ 1/2 I o nom
Recovery time
IEC/EN 61204
Vi min to Vi max , (0.1 to 1) I o nom
115
130
0
4000
6
±250
115
130
0
4000
%
mVpp
%
6
±250
µF
mV
1
1
ms
±0.02
±0.02
%/K
SR Models -8RG (synchr. rectifier) have a minimum case and operating temperature of –25 °C. If the revision is BA (or later), it is –40 °C.
The current limit is primary side controlled. In the event of a sustained overload condition the thermal protection may cause the converter to
shut down (automatic restart after cooling down).
3
The overvoltage protection is via a primary side second regulation loop. It is not tracking with R control.
4
BW = 20 MHz
5
Measured with a probe according to EN 61204
6
For 110IMY15 models with synchr. rectifier, Co ext is limited to 1000 µF.
1
2
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IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
Table 7b: Output data for -05-8R and -0503-8R models; general conditions as in table 7a
Output
5.1 V
Characteristics
V o, V o1, V o2
Output voltage
Io nom
Output current
Conditions
min
Vi nom, I o = 0.5 I o nom
5.05
20IMX
1
Current limit 2
Io L, Io1L, Io2L
5.12
3.46
2.0 4
40IMX / 110IMY
2.5
2 x 1.5
1.8 4
20IMX
3.2
2.7
3.8
3.5
3.0
3.8
3.6
2.9
4.0
24IMS / 48IMS Vi nom, Vo ≤ 93% Vo nom
40IMX / 110IMY
5.1 V Vi min – Vi max , (0.1 to 1) I o nom
±0.5
5.1 V
3.3 V
Output overvoltage limit.7
Co ext
Admissible capacitive load
-
±4.5
80
I o = I o nom
6
40
40
IEC/EN 61204
αVo
Temperature coefficient ∆Vo / ∆TC
+3 / -5
70
Recovery time
to d
-
5
Vi nom, I o nom ↔ 1/2 I o nom
Vi min – Vi max , (0.1 to 1) I o nom
V
A
Vi min to Vi max
Voltage deviation
Dynamic load
regulation
3
4
5
6
7
max
2 x 1.6
Vo L
2
typ
2.7
24IMS / 48IMS Vi min – Vi max
Output voltage noise
1
5.15
5.0
3.13
1.6 4
Vo1/2
Vo d
min
2 x 1.35
Line / load
regulation
∆Vo
max
Unit
2.3
Io L, Io1L, Io2L
Io L, Io1L, Io2L
typ
5.1 V / 3.3 V
%
mVpp
115
130
115
130
%
0
4000
0
4000 3
µF
±250
±150
mV
1
1
ms
±0.02
±0.02
%/K
Flexible load distribution: Io max for one of the 2 outputs; however the total load should not exceed Po nom specified in the table Model Selection.
The current limit is primary-side controlled.
For -0503-models: total capacitive load of both outputs.
For -0503-models: Conditions for specified output. Other output loaded with constant current Io = 0.5 Io nom.
BW = 20 MHz
Measured with a probe according to EN 61204
The overvoltage protection is via a primary side second regulation loop. It is not tracking with R control.
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IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
Table 7c: Output data for double-output models; general conditions as in table 7a
Output
2x5V
Characteristics
V o1
Output 1
V o2
Output 2
Io nom
Conditions
min
∆Vo1
∆Vo2
min
typ
2 x 15 V
max
min
typ
2 x 24 V
max
min
typ
Unit
max
4.95
5.05
11.88
12.12
14.85
15.15
23.70
24.30
other models
4.95
5.05
11.90
12.10
14.88
15.12
23.80
24.20
4.94
5.06
11.84
12.16
14.80
15.20
23.64
24.36
5.06
11.88
12.12
14.85
15.15
23.75
24IMS / 48IMS
Vi nom, I o = 0.5 I o nom
other models
20IMX
Output current 1
Current limit 2, 4
2 x 12 V
max
24IMS / 48IMS
other models
4.94
Vi min – Vi max
20IMX
Io L
typ
24IMS / 48IMS Vi nom,
40IMX / Vo1 ≤ 93% Vo nom
110IMY
Output 1 Vi min – Vi max , I o nom
Line / load
regulation 8
Vo1/2
Output voltage noise
Vo L
Output overvoltage limit.7, 8
Co ext
Admissible capacitive load 3
Vo d
to d
Dynamic load
regulation
αVo
Temperature coefficient ∆Vo / ∆TC
24.25
2 x 1.3
2 x 0.65
2 x 0.50
2 x 0.32
2 x 1.4
2 x 0.70
2 x 0.56
2 x 0.35
3.0
1.6
1.3
0.85
3.5
1.9
1.6
0.95
3.2
1.7
1.4
0.90
±1
±1
±1
±1
Output 2 Vnom, (0.1 – 1) I o nom
A
±3
+3
+3
+3
Vi min – Vi max
5
80
120
150
240
I o = I o nom
6
40
60
70
120
Min. load 1%
Voltage deviation
Vi nom,
Recovery time
I o nom ↔ 1/2 I o nom
Vi min – Vi max ,
(0.1 to 1) I o nom
V
%
mVpp
115
130
115
130
115
130
115
130
%
0
4000
0
680
0
470
0
180
µF
±250
±300
±300
mV
±600
1
1
1
1
ms
±0.02
±0.02
±0.02
±0.02
%/K
Flexible load distribution: Each output of double-output models is capable of delivering 75% of the total output power; however the total
load should not exceed Po nom specified in the table Model Selection.
2
The current limit is primary-side controlled.
3
Measured with both outputs connected in parallel.
4
Conditions for specified output. Other output loaded with constant current Io = 0.5 Io nom.
5
BW = 20 MHz
6
Measured with a probe according to EN 61204
7
The overvoltage protection is via a primary side second regulation loop, not tracking with Trim or R control.
8
At start-up occurs a short overshoot at the output.
1
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IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
Thermal Considerations
If a converter, mounted on a PCB, is located in free, quasi-stationary air (convection cooling) at the indicated maximum ambient
temperature TA max (see table Temperature specifications) and is operated at its nominal input voltage and output power, the case
temperature measured at the measuring point of case temperature TC (see Mechanical Data) will approach the indicated value
TC max after the warm-up phase. However, the relationship between TA and TC depends heavily on the conditions of operation
and integration into a system. The thermal conditions are influenced by input voltage, output current, airflow, temperature of
surrounding components and surfaces, and the properties of the printed circuit board. TA max is therefore only an indicative value.
Caution: The case temperature TC measured at the measuring point of case temperature TC (see Mechanical Data) may under no circumstances
exceed the specified maximum value. The installer must ensure that under all operating conditions TC remains within the limits stated in the
table Temperature specifications.
Po /Po max
JM017
1.0
0.8
0.5 m/s = 100 LFM
0.6
natural cooling
0.4
0.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
°C
TA
Fig. 7
Maximum output power versus ambient temperature
Overtemperature Protection
The converters are protected from possible overheating by means of an internal temperature monitoring circuit. It shuts down the
converter above the internal temperature limit, and attempts to automatically restart in short intervals. This feature helps protect
against excessive internal temperatures, which could occur during heavy overload conditions.
Output Overvoltage Protection
The output of single-output models as well as -0503- and -05-05-models are protected against overvoltage by a second control
loop. In the event of an overvoltage on one of the outputs, the converter will shut down and attempt to restart in short intervals.
Doubel-output models (except -0503- and -05-05-models) are protected against overvoltage by a Zener diode across the second
output. Under worst case conditions the Zener diode will become a short circuit. Since with double-output models both outputs
track each other, the protection diode is only provided in one of the outputs. The main purpose of this feature is to protect against
possible overvoltage, which could occur due to a failure in the control logic. This protection circuit is not designed to withstand
externally applied overvoltages.
Short Circuit Behavior
The current limit characteristic shuts down the converter, whenever a short circuit is applied to its output. It acts self-protecting,
and automatically recovers after removal of the overload condition (hiccup mode).
Parallel and Series Connection
The outputs of one or several single- or double-output models can be connected in series without any precautions, taking into
consideration that the highest output voltage should remain below 42 V to ensure that the output remains SELV.
Both outputs of the same converter with equal voltage (e.g. 5 V / 5 V) can be connected in parallel and will share their output
currents equally. Parallel operation of single or double outputs of two or more converters with the same output voltage may cause
start-up problems at initial start-up. This is only advisable in applications, where one converter is able to deliver the full load current
as, for example, required in true redundant systems.
Note: If the 2nd output of double-output models (except 0503) is not used, connect it in parallel to the 1st output.
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IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
Vo [%]
overload condition
100
switch-off
05041c
70
0
t
0.3 s
Fig. 8
Overload switch-off (hiccup mode); typical values
Typical Performance Curves
General conditions:
– TA = 25 ºC, unless TC is specified.
– Shutdown pin left open-circuit.
– Trim or R input not connected.
Vo [V]
V
5.25
5.0
12
4.75
11
10
4.5
9
4.25
4.0
05020a
13
05056b
0
0.1
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
8
Io
0.9 1.0 A
Fig. 9
Vo versus Io (typ) of converters with Vo = 5.1 V
(110IMY15-05-8R)
7
0
0.2
0.4
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 A
Io
Fig. 10
Vo versus Io (typ.) of double-output models (2 x 12 V), with
both outputs in parallel (110 IMY15-12-12-8)
Vo1 [V]
V
05058a
16.5
14
16
15.5
13
Io2 = 140 mA
12
15
Io2 = 14 mA
14.5
14
05039-X15b
Io1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
mA
Fig. 11
Cross load regulation Vo1 versus Io1 (typ.) for various Io2
(2 x 12 V)
Vo2
Vo1
11
10
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
Io1/Io1 nom
Fig. 12
Flexible load distribution on double-outputs models with
option R (110IMY15-12-12-8R):
Load variation from 0 to 150% of Io1 nom on output 1;
output 2 loaded with 50% of Io2 nom.
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IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
%
%
90
80
05167a
Vi min
90
Vi nom
80
Vi max
70
70
60
0.25
0.5
1 Po/Po nom
0.75
Fig. 13a
Efficiency versus input voltage and load. Typical values
(40IMX15-12-12-8).
05168a
Vi min
Vi nom
Vi max
60
0.25
0.5
0.75
1 Po/Po nom
Fig. 13b
Efficiency versus input voltage and load. Typical values
(110IMY15-12-12-8)
%
05040a
90
Vi nom
Vi max
Vi min
80
70
60
50
0.25
0.5
0.75
1 Io1/Io1 nom
Fig. 13c
Efficiency versus input voltage and load. Typical values
(48IMS15-12-12-9)
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IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
Auxiliary Functions
Shutdown Function
The outputs of the converters may be enabled or disabled by means of a logic signal (TTL, CMOS, etc.) applied to the shut- down
pin. If this function is not required, the shut-down pin should be left open-circuit.
• Converter operating:
2.0 to 20 V
• Converter disabled:
–10 to +0.7 V
Adjustable Output Voltage
• R input for single-output models and -0503-models
• Trim input for double-output models
As a standard feature, the single- and double-output models offer adjustable output voltage(s) by using the control input R or Trim.
If the control input is left open-circuit, the output voltage is set to Vo nom. For output voltages Vo > Vo nom, the minimum input voltage
Vi min (see Electrical Input Data) increases proportionally to Vo/Vo nom.
Single-output models with synchronous rectifier (G):
The R input is referenced to the secondary side of the converter. Adjustment of the output voltage is possible by means of an
external resistor connected between the R pin and either Vo+ or Vo–.
Note: For models with synchronous rectifier the logic for Vo adjustment differs from other models with R input.
Table 8: Vo versus Vext approximate values
06131a
Vi+
Typ. values of Rext1
Typ. values of Rext2
Vo nom
[V] Vo [% of Vo nom] Rext1 [kΩ] Vo [% of Vo nom] Rext2 [kΩ]
3.3
5.1
90
95
100
0.47
2.7
∞
100
105
110
∞
15
6.8
90
95
100
3.3
8.2
∞
100
105
110
∞
9.1
3.9
Vo+
Rext1
R
Rext2
Vi–
Vo–
Fig. 14
Output voltage control for single-output models with
synchronous rectifier.
All other models fitted with R-input:
The R input is referenced to the secondary side of the converter. Adjustment of the output voltage is possible by means of either
an external resistor or a voltage source.
a) Adjustment by means of an external resistor Rext.
Depending upon the value of the required output voltage, the resistor shall be connected:
either: Between the R pin and Vo– to achieve an output voltage adjustment range of Vo ≈ 80 to 100 % of Vo nom.
Vo
___________
Rext1 ≈ 4 kΩ •
Vo nom – Vo
or: Between the R pin and Vo+ to achieve an output voltage range of Vo ≈ 100 to 105 % of Vo nom.
(V – 2.5V)
o
___________________
Rext2
≈ 4 kΩ •
2.5 V • (Vo/Vo nom – 1)
b) Adjustment by means of an external voltage Vext between Vo– and R pin.
The control voltage range is 1.96 to 2.62 V and allows for adjustment in the range of Vo ≈ 80 to 105% of Vo nom.
V • 2.5 V
o
_________
Vext ≈
Vo nom
Attempting to adjust the output below this range will cause the converter to shut down (hiccup mode).
Note: Applying an external control voltage >2.75 V may damage the converter.
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IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
06029e
Vi+
Vo+
Rext2
4 kΩ
Vref = 2.5 V
R
+
Control
logic
+
Rext1
Vo–
Vi–
Vext
–
Fig. 15
Output voltage control for single-output models, -0503-models, and double-output models by means of the R input.
Double-output models with Trim input:
The Trim input is referenced to the primary side. The figure below shows the topology. Adjustment is possible trough either an
external resistor or an external voltage source Vext.
06089a
Vi+
Vo1+
Trim
Vo1–
+
–
Vext
Rext
Vi–
Control
circuit
Vref 2.5 V
Vo2+
Vo2–
Fig. 16
Output voltage control for double-output models (with Trim input) by means of the Trim input.
a) Adjustment by means of an external resistor Rext:
Programming of the output voltage by means of an external resistor Rext is possible within 100 to 105% of Vo nom. Rext should be
connected between the Trim pin and Vi–. Connection of Rext to Vi+ may damage the converter. Table 9 below indicates suitable
resistor values for typical output voltages under nominal conditions (Vi nom, Io = 0.5 Io nom) with either parallel-connected outputs
or equal-load conditions on both outputs.
Table 9: Rext for Vo > Vo nom;
approximate values (Vi nom, Io1, 2 = 0.5 Io1/2 nom )
Table 10: Vo versus Vext for Vo = 75 to 105% Vo nom;
typical values (Vi nom, Io1/2 = 0.5 Io1/2 nom)
Vo [%Vo nom]
Rext [kΩ]
Vo [%Vo nom]
Vext [V]
105 to 108 (107 typically)
105
104
103
102
101
100
0
1.15
5.6
12
27
68
∞
≥105
102
95
85
75
0
1.6
4.5
9
13
b) Adjustment by an external voltage source Vext:
For programming the output voltage in the range 75 to 105% of Vo nom, a source Vext (0 to 20 V) is required, connected between
the Trim pin and Vi–. Table 10 above indicates values Vo versus Vext (nominal conditions Vi nom, Io = 0.5 Io nom), with either parallelconnected outputs or equal load conditions on both outputs. Applying a control voltage >20 V will set the converter into a hiccup
mode. Direct paralleling of the Trim pins of parallel connected converters is possible.
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IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
A suppressor diode together with an input filter forms an effective protection against high input transient voltages, which typically
occur in many installations, but especially in battery-driven mobile applications.
Electromagnetic Immunity
Table 11: Electromagnetic immunity (type tests)
Phenomenon
Basic
Standard
Electrostatic
discharge (to case)
R-pin open
IEC/EN
61000-4-2
Electromagnetic
field
IEC/EN
61000-4-3
Level
Coupling mode
Value
applied
Waveform
24
contact discharge
± 6000 Vp
1/50 ns
x5
antenna
20 V/m
AM 80% / 1 kHz
antenna
20 V/m
10 V/m
5 V/m
3V/m
AM 80% / 1 kHz
2000 Vp
bursts of 5/50 ns;
5 kHz repet. rate;
15 ms burst;
300 ms period
6
Electrical fast
transients / burst
IEC/EN
61000-4-4
Surges
IEC/EN
61000-4-5
31
+i/– i 2
2000 Vp
1000 Vp
1.2 / 50 µs
RF Conducted
immunity
IEC/EN
61000-4-6
38
29
+i/– i 2
10 Vrms 8
3 Vrms 9
AM 80% / 1 kHz
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2
3
7
direct +i/–i
2
Source
imped.
Test procedure
In
oper.
Perf.
crit. 3
330 Ω
150 pF
10 pos. & 10 neg.
discharges
yes
A
N/A
80 – 1000 MHz
yes
A
N/A
800 – 1000 MHz
1400 – 2000 MHz
2000 – 2700 MHz
5100 – 6000 MHz
yes
A
60 s positive
60 s negative
transients per
coupling mode
yes
A
5 pos. & 5 neg.
surges
yes
A
0.15 – 80 MHz
yes
A
50 Ω
42 Ω
0.5 μF
150 Ω
External components required; see Fig. 6 and table 6. Corresponds to the railway standard EN 50121-3-2:2016, table 3.3.
i = input
A = normal operation, no deviation from specs., B = temporary deviation from specs possible.
Corresponds to the railway standard EN 50121-3-2:2016, table 5.3
Corresponds to the railway standard EN 50121-3-2:2016, table 5.1.
Corresponds to the railway standard EN 50121-3-2:2016, table 5.2.
Corresponds to the railway standard EN 50121-3-2:2016, table 3.2.
Corresponds to the railway standard EN 50121-3-2:2016, table 3.1.
Valid for 24IMS15 and 48IMS15
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IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
Conducted Emissions
Compliance with EN 55011, group 1, class A, and EN 50121-4 was tested with filter on site 7 - fig.6 values according table 6.
The resuts are shown in fig. 17, 18, 19.
Legend: ______ Peak
______ Average
Detector:
x - QP
+ - AV
Fig. 17
20IMX15-15-15-8G: Typ. disturbance voltage (peak)
measured at Vi nom and Io nom.
Legend: ______ Peak
______ Average
Detector:
+ - QP
Legend: ______ Peak
______ Average
Detector:
+ - QP
x - AV
Fig. 18
40IMX15-12-12-8G: Typ. disturbance voltage (peak)
measured at Vi nom and Io nom.
x - AV
Fig. 19
110IMY15-12-12-8 : Typ. disturbance voltage (peak)
measured at Vi nom and Io nom.
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IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
Immunity to Environmental Conditions
Table 9: Mechanical and climatic stress
Test method
Standard
Test Conditions
Ca
Damp heat
steady state
IEC/EN 60068-2-78
MIL-STD-810D section 507.2
Temperature:
40 °C
Relative humidity:
93 +2/-3 %
Duration:
56 days
Shock
(half-sinusoidal)
IEC/EN 60068-2-27
MIL-STD-810D section 516.3
Acceleration amplitude:
50 gn = 490 m/s2
Bump duration:
11 ms
Number of bumps:
18 (3 in each direction)
Acceleration amplitude:
0.35 mm (10 – 60 Hz)
Ea
Fc
Fda
Kb
Vibration
(sinusoidal)
IEC/EN 60068-2-6
Status
±2
Converter
not operating
Converter
operating
5 gn = 49 m/s2 (60 - 2000 Hz)
Random vibration
wide band
reproducibility high
IEC/EN 60068-2-35
Salt mist test
(sodium chloride
NaCl solution)
EN 50155:2007, clause 12.2.10,
class ST2
Frequency (1 Oct/min):
10 – 2000 Hz
Test duration:
7.5 h (2.5 h in each axis)
Acceleration spectral density:
0.05 gn2/Hz
Frequency band:
20 to 500 Hz
Acceleration magnitude:
4.9 gn rms
Converter
operating
Converter
operating
Test duration:
3 h (1 h in each axis)
Temperature:
35 ±2 °C
Duration:
16 h
Converter
not operating
Temperatures
Table 13: Temperature specifications, valid for air pressure of 800 to 1200 hPa (800 to 1200 mbar)
Model
-9
Characteristics
TA
Ambient temperature
TC
Case temperature
TS
Storage temperature
Conditions
min
Operational 1
Non operational
typ
-8
typ
Unit
max
min
max
- 40
71
- 40 2, 3
85
- 40
95
- 40 2, 3
105
- 55
85
- 55
85
°C
See Thermal Considerations
Start-up at –55 °C, except models with synchronous rectifier SR
3
–25 °C for all models with synchronous rectifier SR with Revision lower than BA.
1
2
Reliability
Table 14: MTBF
Ratings
Ground benign
Model
Standard
20IMX15-12-12-8
MIL-HDBK-217F
20IMX15-15-15-8
Bellcore
48IMS15-05-05-9
MIL-HDBK-217F
110IMY15-05-8R
MIL-HDBK-217F
Bellcore
Ground fixed
Ground mobile
TC = 40 °C
TC = 40 °C
TC = 70 °C
TC = 50 °C
697 000
366 000
229 000
312 000
2 345 000
1 172 000
632 000
317 000
535 000
283 000
179 000
245 000
485 000
255 000
167 000
223 000
1 547 000
774 000
394 000
206 000
Unit
h
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IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
Mechanical Data
Dimensions in mm (inches). Tolerances ±0.3 mm, unless otherwise noted.
Measuring point of case temperature TC
0.8 (0.03")
for holes with
1.6 mm
45.72 (1.8")
3 x 5.08 (0.2")
11
12
13
1
2
3
bottom view
4
≥5 (0.19")
5.08 (0.2")
40.65 (1.6")
2.54 (0.1")
S09011d
15
European
Projection
36.83 (1.45")
10.5 ±0.3 (0.41")
17
Fixing holes for
M2 or KA 22
self-tapping screws
47 (1.85")
50.8 (2")
Fig. 20
Case IMX15, IMS15, IMY15
Material: Fortron 1140L6
Weight: 35 g
10.5 ±0.3 (0.41")
0.8 (0.03")
for holes with
1.6 mm
45.72 (1.8")
≥5 (0.19")
11
13
1
2
15
3
4
bottom view
38.8 (1.52")
12
6 x 5.08 (0.2")
3 x 5.08 (0.2")
2.54 (0.1")
S90011d
17
48.3 (1.9")
Fig. 21
Open frame (option Z)
Weight: 26 g
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Page 19 of 22
IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
Safety and Installation Instruction
Pin Allocation
Table 15: Pin allocation
Pin
Single
Dual
-0503-
1
Vi+
Vi+
Vi+
2
Vi-
Vi-
Vi-
3
-
Trim
n.c.
4
SD
SD
SD
5
-
-
-
1
6
-
-
-
2
11
-
Vo1+
Vo2+
3
12
-
Vo1-
Go
4
13
Vo+
Vo2+
Vo1+
15
Vo-
Vo2-
Go
17
R
n.c.
R
10005
11
12
Bottom view
13
15
17
Fig. 22
Footprint
Installation Instructions
Installation must strictly follow the national safety regulations in compliance with the enclosure, mounting, creepage, clearance,
casualty, markings and segregation requirements of the end-use application.
The converter must be connected to a secondary circuit.
Do not open the converter.
Ensure that a converter failure (e.g., by an internal short-circuit) does not result in a hazardous condition.
Input Fuse
To prevent excessive current flowing through the input supply lines in case of a malfunction an external fuse should be installed in
a non-earthed input supply line; see table 4 .
Standards and Approvals
The converters are approved according to the latest edition of UL/CSA 60950-1 and comply with IEC/EN 62368-1 standard.
110IMY models are fitted with a CE mark.
The converters have been evaluated for:
• Building in
• Supplementary insulation input to output, based on their maximum input voltage (IMX15, IMS15)
• Reinforced insulation input to output, based on their maximum input voltage (IMY15 models)
• Pollution degree 2 environment (not option Z)
• Connecting the input to a secondary circuit subject to a maximum transient rating of 1500 V (IMX15, IMS15)
• Connecting the input to a secondary circuit subject to a maximum transient rating of 2500 V (IMY15)
The converters are subject to manufacturing surveillance in accordance with the above mentioned UL standards and with ISO9001:2015.
Railway Applications
To comply with railway standards, all components are coated with a protective lacquer (except option Z).
Protection Degree and Cleaning Liquids
The protection degree of the converters is IP 40, except open-frame models (option Z).
In order to avoid possible damage, any penetration of cleaning fluids should be prevented, since the power supplies are not
hermetical sealed.
However, open-frame models (option Z) leave the factory unlacquered; they may be lacquered by the customer, for instance
together with the mother board. Cleaning liquids are not permitted – except washing at room temperature with isopropyl alcohol.
If necessary, the mother board must be cleaned, before fitting the open-frame converter.
Note: Cleaning liquids may damage the adhesive joints of the ferrite cores.
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Page 20 of 22
IMX15 / IMY15 /IMS15 Series
15 Watt DC-DC Converter
Isolation
The electric strength test is performed in the factory as routine test in accordance with EN 62911 and UL/CSA 60950-1.
The Company will not honor any warranty claims resulting from incorrectly executed electric strength field tests.
Table 16: Electric strength test voltages
Characteristics
Input to Output
Output to Output
Unit
IMS15
IMX15
1.2
1.5 1
3.0
0.1
kVAC
Equivalent DC test voltage
(1.7)
(2.1)
(4.2)
0.15
kVDC
Insulation resistance (500 VDC)
>100
> 100
> 100
-
MΩ
-
kV
Factory test 10 s
Partial discharge extinction voltage
IMY15
Consult the Company
1
1.5 kVAC according to UL/CSA 60950-1, sect. 6.2, Telecom equipment; type test with 1.5 kVAC / 60 s (IEE 802.3). IMX15 units produced
before 2013 were tested only with 1.2 kVAC.
2
The test voltage between outputs is not applied as routine test.
Description of Options
Table 17: Survey of options
Option
-9
Function of Option
Characteristics
Temperature range, NFND
See table Temperatures specifications
i
Inhibit
Replaces the shutdown function with inverted logic
Z
Open frame
See Mechanical Data
Option -9 versus -8
IMX15 and IMY15 models with -9 (not for new designs) have a limited temperature range. Standard models with suffix -8 are rated
up to TA = 85 °C; see table Temperature specifications.
Option i: Inhibit
Replaces the shut-down function with inverted logic.
The output(s) of the converter may be enabled or disabled by means of a logic signal (TTL, CMOS, etc.) applied to the inhibit pin.
No output voltage overshoot will occur, when the converter is turned on. If the inhibit function is not required, the inhibit pin should
be connected to Vi – to enable the output (active low logic, fail safe).
06070
Vi+
i
Vi–
Fig. 23
If the inhibit function is not used, the inhibit pin should be connected to Vi–.
Voltage on pin i:
Converter operating:
Converter inhibited:
–10 V to 0.8 V
2.4 V to Vi max (
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