COP8-EMFA-44P

April 2002 COP8CFE9 8-Bit CMOS Flash Microcontroller with 8k Memory, Virtual EEPROM, and 10-Bit A/D General Description The COP8CFE9 Flash microcontroller is a highly integrated COP8™ Feature core device, with 8k Flash memory and advanced features including Virtual EEPROM, A/D, and High Speed Timers. This single-chip CMOS device is suited for applications requiring a full featured, in-system reprogrammable controller with large memory and low EMI. The same device is used for development, pre-production and volume production with a range of COP8 software and hardware development tools. Device included in this datasheet: Device Flash Program Memory (bytes) RAM (bytes) Brownout Voltage I/O Pins Packages Temperature COP8CFE9 8k 256 No Brownout 37, 39 44 LLP, 44 PLCC, 48 TSSOP −40˚C to +85˚C −40˚C to +125˚C Features KEY FEATURES n 8k bytes Flash Program Memory with Security Feature n Virtual EEPROM using Flash Program Memory n 256byte volatile RAM n 10-bit Successive Approximation Analog to Digital Converter (up to 16 channels) n 100% Precise Analog Emulation n 2.7V – 5.5V In-System Programmability of Flash n High endurance -100k Read/Write Cycles n Superior Data Retention - 100 years n HALT/IDLE Power Save Modes n Two 16-bit timers: — Timer T2 can operate at high speed (50 ns resolution) — Processor Independent PWM mode — External Event counter mode — Input Capture mode n High Current I/Os — B0 – B3: 10 mA @ 0.3V — All others: 10 mA @ 1.0V OTHER FEATURES n Single supply operation: — 2.7V–5.5V (−40˚C to +85˚C) — 4.5V–5.5V (−40˚C to +125˚C) n Quiet Design (low radiated emissions) n Multi-Input Wake-up with optional interrupts n MICROWIRE/PLUS (Serial Peripheral Interface Compatible) n Nine multi-source vectored interrupts servicing: — External Interrupt — Idle Timer T0 — Two Timers (each with 2 interrupts) — MICROWIRE/PLUS Serial peripheral interface — Multi-Input Wake-up — Software Trap n Idle Timer with programmable interrupt interval n 8-bit Stack Pointer SP (stack in RAM) n Two 8-bit Register Indirect Data Memory Pointers n True bit manipulation n WATCHDOG and Clock Monitor logic n Software selectable I/O options — TRI-STATE Output/High Impedance Input — Push-Pull Output — Weak Pull Up Input n Schmitt trigger inputs on I/O ports n Temperature range: –40˚C to +85˚C and –40˚C to +125˚C n Packaging: 44 PLCC, 44 LLP and 48 TSSOP COP8™ is a trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation. © 2002 National Semiconductor Corporation DS200264 www.national.com COP8CFE9 8-Bit CMOS Flash Based Microcontroller with 8k Memory, Virtual EEPROM, and 10-Bit A/D PRELIMINARY COP8CFE9 Block Diagram 20026463 Ordering Information Part Numbering Scheme COP8 CF E 9 H VA 8 Family and Feature Set Indicator Program Memory Size Program Memory Type No. Of Pins Package Type Temperature E = 8k www.national.com 9 = Flash 2 H = 44 Pin I = 48 Pin LQ = LLP MT = TSSOP VA = PLCC 7 = -40 to +125˚C 8 = -40 to +85˚C COP8CFE9 Connection Diagrams 20026464 Top View Plastic Chip Package See NS Package Number V44A 20026459 Top View TSSOP Package See NS Package Number MTD48 20026455 Top View LLP Package See NS Package Number LQA44A 3 www.national.com COP8CFE9 Pinouts for 44- and 48-Pin Packages Port Type Alt. Function In System Emulation Mode 44-Pin LLP 44-Pin PLCC 48-Pin TSSOP L0 I/O MIWU 16 11 11 L1 I/O MIWU 17 12 12 L2 I/O MIWU 18 13 13 L3 I/O MIWU 19 14 14 L4 I/O MIWU or T2A 20 15 15 L5 I/O MIWU or T2B 21 16 16 L6 I/O MIWU 22 17 17 L7 I/O MIWU 23 18 18 G0 I/O INT 7 2 2 Input a G1 I/O WDOUT POUT 8 3 3 G2 I/O T1B Output 9 4 4 G3 I/O T1A Clock 10 5 5 G4 I/O SO 11 6 6 G5 I/O SK 12 7 7 G6 I SI 13 8 8 G7 I CKO 14 9 9 H0 I/O 42 37 41 H1 I/O 43 38 42 H2 I/O 44 39 43 H3 I/O 1 40 44 H4 I/O 2 41 45 H5 I/O 3 42 46 H6 I/O 4 43 47 H7 I/O 5 44 48 A0 I/O ADCH0 A1 I/O ADCH1 A2 I/O ADCH2 36 31 35 A3 I/O ADCH3 37 32 36 A4 I/O ADCH4 38 33 37 A5 I/O ADCH5 39 34 38 A6 I/O ADCH6 40 35 39 A7 I/O ADCH7 41 36 40 B0 I/O ADCH8 24 19 19 B1 I/O ADCH9 25 20 20 B2 I/O ADCH10 26 21 21 B3 I/O ADCH11 27 22 22 B4 I/O ADCH12 28 23 23 B5 I/O ADCH13 or A/D MUX OUT 29 24 24 B6 I/O ADCH14 or A/D MUX OUT 30 25 25 B7 I/O ADCH15 or A/DIN 31 26 26 32 33 34 DVCC VCC 35 30 DGND GND 32 27 27 AVCC 34 29 31 AGND 33 28 28 15 10 10 6 1 1 CKI I RESET I RESET a. G1 operation as WDOUT is controlled by Option Register bit 2. www.national.com 4 1.1 EMI REDUCTION The COP8CFE9 device incorporates circuitry that guards against electromagnetic interference - an increasing problem in today’s microcontroller board designs. National’s patented EMI reduction technology offers low EMI clock circuitry, gradual turn-on output drivers (GTOs) and internal Icc smoothing filters, to help circumvent many of the EMI issues influencing embedded control designs. National has achieved 15 dB–20 dB reduction in EMI transmissions when designs have incorporated its patented EMI reducing circuitry. 1.5 INSTRUCTION SET In today’s 8-bit microcontroller application arena cost/ performance, flexibility and time to market are several of the key issues that system designers face in attempting to build well-engineered products that compete in the marketplace. Many of these issues can be addressed through the manner in which a microcontroller’s instruction set handles processing tasks. And that’s why the COP8 family offers a unique and code-efficient instruction set - one that provides the flexibility, functionality, reduced costs and faster time to market that today’s microcontroller based products require. Code efficiency is important because it enables designers to pack more on-chip functionality into less program memory space (ROM, OTP or Flash). Selecting a microcontroller with less program memory size translates into lower system costs, and the added security of knowing that more code can be packed into the available program memory space. 1.2 IN-SYSTEM PROGRAMMING AND VIRTUAL EEPROM The device includes a program in a boot ROM that provides the capability, through the MICROWIRE/PLUS serial interface, to erase, program and read the contents of the Flash memory. Additional routines are included in the boot ROM, which can be called by the user program, to enable the user to customize in system software update capability if MICROWIRE/ PLUS is not desired. Additional functions will copy blocks of data between the RAM and the Flash Memory. These functions provide a virtual EEPROM capability by allowing the user to emulate a variable amount of EEPROM by initializing nonvolatile variables from the Flash Memory and occasionally restoring these variables to the Flash Memory. The contents of the boot ROM have been defined by National. Execution of code from the boot ROM is dependent on the state of the FLEX bit in the Option Register on exit from RESET. If the FLEX bit is a zero, the Flash Memory is assumed to be empty and execution from the boot ROM begins. For further information on the FLEX bit, refer to Section 4.5, Option Register. 1.5.1 Key Instruction Set Features The COP8 family incorporates a unique combination of instruction set features, which provide designers with optimum code efficiency and program memory utilization. 1.5.2 Single Byte/Single Cycle Code Execution The efficiency is due to the fact that the majority of instructions are of the single byte variety, resulting in minimum program space. Because compact code does not occupy a substantial amount of program memory space, designers can integrate additional features and functionality into the microcontroller program memory space. Also, the majority instructions executed by the device are single cycle, resulting in minimum program execution time. In fact, 77% of the instructions are single byte single cycle, providing greater code and I/O efficiency, and faster code execution. 1.3 TRUE IN-SYSTEM EMULATION On-chip emulation capability has been added which allows the user to perform true in-system emulation using final production boards and devices. This simplifies testing and evaluation of software in real environmental conditions. The user, merely by providing for a standard connector which can be bypassed by jumpers on the final application board, can provide for software and hardware debugging using actual production units. 1.6.3 Many Single-Byte, Multi-Function Instructions The COP8 instruction set utilizes many single-byte, multifunction instructions. This enables a single instruction to accomplish multiple functions, such as DRSZ, DCOR, JID, LD (Load) and X (Exchange) instructions with postincrementing and post-decrementing, to name just a few examples. In many cases, the instruction set can simultaneously execute as many as three functions with the same single-byte instruction. JID: (Jump Indirect); Single byte instruction decodes external events and jumps to corresponding service routines (analogous to “DO CASE” statements in higher level languages). LAID: (Load Accumulator-Indirect); Single byte look up table instruction provides efficient data path from the program memory to the CPU. This instruction can be used for table lookup and to read the entire program memory for checksum calculations. RETSK: (Return Skip); Single byte instruction allows return from subroutine and skips next instruction. Decision to branch can be made in the subroutine itself, saving code. AUTOINC/DEC: (Auto-Increment/Auto-Decrement); These instructions use the two memory pointers B and X to efficiently process a block of data (simplifying “FOR NEXT” or other loop structures in higher level languages). 1.4 ARCHITECTURE The COP8 family is based on a modified Harvard architecture, which allows data tables to be accessed directly from program memory. This is very important with modern microcontroller-based applications, since program memory is usually ROM or EPROM, while data memory is usually RAM. Consequently constant data tables need to be contained in non-volatile memory, so they are not lost when the microcontroller is powered down. In a modified Harvard architecture, instruction fetch and memory data transfers can be overlapped with a two stage pipeline, which allows the next instruction to be fetched from program memory while the current instruction is being executed using data memory. This is not possible with a Von Neumann single-address bus architecture. The COP8 family supports a software stack scheme that allows the user to incorporate many subroutine calls. This 5 www.national.com COP8CFE9 capability is important when using High Level Languages. With a hardware stack, the user is limited to a small fixed number of stack levels. 1.0 General Description COP8CFE9 1.0 General Description EXCHANGE). And 15 memory-mapped registers allow designers to optimize the precise implementation of certain specific instructions. (Continued) 1.5.4 Bit-Level Control Bit-level control over many of the microcontroller’s I/O ports provides a flexible means to ease layout concerns and save board space. All members of the COP8 family provide the ability to set, reset and test any individual bit in the data memory address space, including memory-mapped I/O ports and associated registers. 1.6 PACKAGING/PIN EFFICIENCY Real estate and board configuration considerations demand maximum space and pin efficiency, particularly given today’s high integration and small product form factors. Microcontroller users try to avoid using large packages to get the I/O needed. Large packages take valuable board space and increase device cost, two trade-offs that microcontroller designs can ill afford. The COP8 family offers a wide range of packages and does not waste pins. 1.5.5 Register Set Three memory-mapped pointers handle register indirect addressing and software stack pointer functions. The memory data pointers allow the option of post-incrementing or postdecrementing with the data movement instructions (LOAD/ www.national.com 6 (Note 1) Total Current out of GND Pin (Sink) Storage Temperature Range If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. Supply Voltage (VCC) Voltage at Any Pin 2 kV (Human Body Model) Note 1: Absolute maximum ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. DC and AC electrical specifications are not ensured when operating the device at absolute maximum ratings. −0.3V to VCC +0.3V Total Current into VCC Pin (Source) −65˚C to +140˚C ESD Protection Level 7V 200 mA 200 mA 2.0 Electrical Characteristics TABLE 1. DC Electrical Characteristics (−40˚C ≤ TA ≤ +85˚C) Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units Operating Voltage 2.7 5.5 V Power Supply Rise Time 10 50 x 106 ns 0.1 VCC V Power Supply Ripple (Note 2) Peak-to-Peak Supply Current (Note 3) CKI = 10 MHz VCC = 5.5V, tC = 0.5 µs 11.5 mA CKI = 3.33 MHz VCC = 4.5V, tC = 1.5 µs 5 mA 10 µA HALT Current with BOR Disabled (Note 4) VCC VIN = 11V, VCC = 5.5V 500 Flash Memory Data Retention 25˚C 100 Flash Memory Number of Erase/Write Cycles See Table 14, Typical Flash Memory Endurance µA yrs cycles 105 AC Electrical Characteristics (−40˚C ≤ TA ≤ +85˚C) Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Parameter Conditions Min 4.5V ≤ VCC ≤ 5.5V 2.7V ≤ VCC Typ Max Units 0.5 DC µs 1.5 DC µs Instruction Cycle Time (tC) Crystal/Resonator Flash Memory Page Erase Time < 4.5V See Table 14, Typical Flash Memory Endurance Flash Memory Mass Erase Time 1 ms 8 ms Frequency of MICROWIRE/PLUS in Slave Mode 2 MHz MICROWIRE/PLUS Setup Time (tUWS) 20 ns MICROWIRE/PLUS Hold Time (tUWH) 20 ns MICROWIRE/PLUS Output Propagation Delay (tUPD) 150 ns Input Pulse Width Interrupt Input High Time 1 tC Interrupt Input Low Time 1 tC Timer 1 Input High Time 1 tC Timer 1 Input Low Time 1 tC Timer 2 Input High Time (Note 6) 1 MCLK or tC Timer 2 Input Low Time (Note 6) 1 MCLK or tC Timer 2 Output High Time 150 ns Timer 2 Output Low Time 150 ns 1 tC Output Pulse Width Reset Pulse Width tC = instruction cycle time. Note 2: Maximum rate of voltage change must be < 0.5 V/ms. Note 3: Supply and IDLE currents are measured with CKI driven with a square wave Oscillator, CKO driven 180˚ out of phase with CKI, inputs connected to VCC and outputs driven low but not connected to a load. Note 4: The HALT mode will stop CKI from oscillating. Measurement of IDD HALT is done with device neither sourcing nor sinking current; with A. B, G0, G2–G5, H and L programmed as low outputs and not driving a load; all inputs tied to VCC; A/D converter and clock monitor and BOR disabled. Parameter refers to HALT mode entered via setting bit 7 of the G Port data register. Note 5: Pins G6 and RESET are designed with a high voltage input network. These pins allow input voltages > VCC and the pins will have sink current to VCC when biased at voltages > VCC (the pins do not have source current when biased at a voltage below VCC). These two pins will not latch up. The voltage at the pins must be limited to < 14V. WARNING: Voltages in excess of 14V will cause damage to the pins. This warning excludes ESD transients. Note 6: If timer is in high speed mode, the minimum time is 1 MCLK. If timer is not in high speed mode, the minimum time is 1 tC. Note 7: Absolute Maximum Ratings should not be exceeded. Note 8: Vcc must be valid and stable before G6 is raised to a high voltage. www.national.com 8 Parameter Conditions Min Typ Resolution DNL VCC = 5V DNL VCC = 3V INL VCC = 5V INL VCC = 3V Offset Error VCC = 5V Offset Error VCC = 3V Gain Error VCC = 5V Gain Error VCC = 3V Input Voltage Range 2.7V ≤ VCC < 5.5V Units 10 Bits ±1 ±1 ±2 ±4 ± 1.5 ± 2.5 ± 1.5 ± 2.5 LSB LSB LSB LSB LSB LSB LSB LSB VCC V Analog Input Leakage Current 0.5 µA Analog Input Resistance (Note 9) 6k Ω Analog Input Capacitance 7 pF 30 30 µs µs Conversion Clock Period 4.5V ≤ VCC < 5.5V 2.7V ≤ VCC < 4.5V Conversion Time (including S/H Time) Operating Current on AVCC 0 Max 0.8 1.2 15 AVCC = 5.5V 0.2 A/D Conversion Clock Cycles 0.6 mA Note 9: Resistance between the device input and the internal sample and hold capacitance. 9 www.national.com COP8CFE9 A/D Converter Electrical Characteristics (−40˚C ≤ TA ≤ +85˚C) (Single-ended mode only) Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. COP8CFE9 DC Electrical Characteristics (−40˚C ≤ TA ≤ +125˚C) Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Parameter Conditions Min Operating Voltage Typ Max 4.5 Power Supply Rise Time 10 Power Supply Ripple (Note 2) Units 5.5 50 x 10 Peak-to-Peak V 6 ns 0.1 VCC V Supply Current (Note 3) CKI = 10 MHz VCC = 5.5V, tC = 0.5 µs 12.4 mA CKI = 3.33 MHz VCC = 4.5V, tC = 1.5 µs 5.5 mA 40 µA HALT Current with BOR Disabled (Note 4) VCC 100 nS VIN = 11V, VCC = 5.5V 500 µA AC Electrical Characteristics (−40˚C ≤ TA ≤ +125˚C) Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units DC µs 2 MHz Instruction Cycle Time (tC) Crystal/Resonator Output Propagation Delay 4.5V ≤ VCC ≤ 5.5V 0.5 RL =2.2k, CL = 100 pF Frequency of MICROWIRE/PLUS in Slave Mode MICROWIRE/PLUS Setup Time (tUWS) 20 ns MICROWIRE/PLUS Hold Time (tUWH) 20 ns www.national.com 10 Parameter Conditions Min MICROWIRE/PLUS Output Propagation Delay (tUPD) Typ Max Units 150 ns Input Pulse Width Interrupt Input High Time 1 tC Interrupt Input Low Time 1 tC Timer 1 Input High Time 1 tC Timer 1 Input Low Time 1 tC Timer 2, 3 Input High Time (Note 6) 1 MCLK or tC Timer 2, 3 Input Low Time (Note 6) 1 MCLK or tC Timer 2, 3 Output High Time 150 ns Timer 2, 3 Output Low Time 150 ns 0.5 tC Output Pulse Width Reset Pulse Width tC = instruction cycle time. Note 10: Maximum rate of voltage change must be < 0.5 V/ms. Note 11: Supply and IDLE currents are measured with CKI driven with a square wave Oscillator, CKO driven 180˚ out of phase with CKI, inputs connected to VCC and outputs driven low but not connected to a load. Note 12: The HALT mode will stop CKI from oscillating. Measurement of IDD HALT is done with device neither sourcing nor sinking current; with L. A. B, C, E, F, G0, and G2–G5 programmed as low outputs and not driving a load; all D outputs programmed low and not driving a load; all inputs tied to VCC; A/D converter and clock monitor and BOR disabled. Parameter refers to HALT mode entered via setting bit 7 of the G Port data register. Note 13: Pins G6 and RESET are designed with a high voltage input network. These pins allow input voltages > VCC and the pins will have sink current to VCC when biased at voltages > VCC (the pins do not have source current when biased at a voltage below VCC). These two pins will not latch up. The voltage at the pins must be limited to < (VCC + 7V. WARNING: Voltages in excess of 14V will cause damage to the pins. This warning excludes ESD transients. Note 14: If timer is in high speed mode, the minimum time is 1 MCLK. If timer is not in high speed mode, the minimum time is 1 tC. Note 15: Absolute Maximum Ratings should not be exceeded. Note 16: Vcc must be valid and stable before G6 is raised to a high voltage. 11 www.national.com COP8CFE9 AC Electrical Characteristics (−40˚C ≤ TA ≤ +125˚C) (Continued) Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. COP8CFE9 A/D Converter Electrical Characteristics (−40˚C ≤ TA ≤ +125˚C) (Single-ended mode only) Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Parameter Conditions Min Typ Resolution DNL VCC = 5V INL VCC = 5V Offset Error VCC = 5V Gain Error VCC = 5V Input Voltage Range 4.5V ≤ VCC < 5.5V 0 Max Units 10 Bits ±1 ±2 ± 1.5 ± 1.5 LSB LSB LSB LSB VCC V Analog Input Leakage Current 0.5 µA Analog Input Resistance (Note 9) 6k Ω 7 pF Analog Input Capacitance Conversion Clock Period 4.5V ≤ VCC < 5.5V 0.8 Conversion Time (including S/H Time) Operating Current on AVCC 30 µs 15 AVCC = 5.5V 0.2 A/D Conversion Clock Cycles 0.66 mA Note 17: Resistance between the device input and the internal sample and hold capacitance. 20026405 FIGURE 1. MICROWIRE/PLUS Timing Users of the LLP package are cautioned to be aware that the central metal area and the pin 1 index mark on the bottom of the package may be connected to GND. See figure below: 3.0 Pin Descriptions The COP8CFE I/O structure enables designers to reconfigure the microcontroller’s I/O functions with a single instruction. Each individual I/O pin can be independently configured as output pin low, output high, input with high impedance or input with weak pull-up device. A typical example is the use of I/O pins as the keyboard matrix input lines. The input lines can be programmed with internal weak pull-ups so that the input lines read logic high when the keys are all open. With a key closure, the corresponding input line will read a logic zero since the weak pull-up can easily be overdriven. When the key is released, the internal weak pull-up will pull the input line back to logic high. This eliminates the need for external pull-up resistors. The high current options are available for driving LEDs, motors and speakers. This flexibility helps to ensure a cleaner design, with less external components and lower costs. Below is the general description of all available pins. VCC and GND are the power supply pins. All VCC and GND pins must be connected. www.national.com 20026475 FIGURE 2. 12 Port B supports the analog inputs for the A/D converter. Port B has the following alternate pin functions: B7 Analog Channel 15 or A/D Input (Continued) CKI is the clock input. This can be connected (in conjunction with CKO) to an external crystal circuit to form a crystal oscillator. See Oscillator Description section. B6 Analog Channel 14 or Analog Multiplexor Output B5 Analog Channel 13 or Analog Multiplexor Output RESET is the master reset input. See Reset description section. B4 Analog Channel 12 B3 B2 B1 B0 AVCC is the Analog Supply for A/D converter. It should be connected to VCC externally. This is also the top of the resistor ladder D/A converter used within the A/D converter. AGND is the ground pin for the A/D converter. It should be connected to GND externally. This is also the bottom of the resistor ladder D/A converter used within the A/D converter. The device contains up to five bidirectional 8-bit I/O ports (A, B, G, H and L), where each individual bit may be independently configured as an input (Schmitt trigger inputs on ports L and G), output or TRI-STATE under program control. Three data memory address locations are allocated for each of these I/O ports. Each I/O port has three associated 8-bit memory mapped registers, the CONFIGURATION register, the output DATA register and the Pin input register. (See the memory map for the various addresses associated with the I/O ports.) Figure 3 shows the I/O port configurations. The DATA and CONFIGURATION registers allow for each port bit to be individually configured under software control as shown below: CONFIGURATION Register DATA Register 0 0 Hi-Z Input 0 1 Input with Weak Pull-Up 1 0 Push-Pull Zero Output 1 1 Push-Pull One Output Analog Analog Analog Analog Channel Channel Channel Channel 11 10 9 8 Port G is an 8-bit port. Pin G0, G2–G5 are bi-directional I/O ports. Pin G6 is always a general purpose Hi-Z input. All pins have Schmitt Triggers on their inputs. Pin G1 serves as the dedicated WATCHDOG output with weak pull-up if the WATCHDOG feature is selected by the Option register. The pin is a general purpose I/O if WATCHDOG feature is not selected. If WATCHDOG feature is selected, bit 1 of the Port G configuration and data register does not have any effect on Pin G1 setup. G7 serves as the dedicated output pin for the CKO clock output. Since G6 is an input only pin and G7 is the dedicated CKO clock output pin, the associated bits in the data and configuration registers for G6 and G7 are used for special purpose functions as outlined below. Reading the G6 and G7 data bits will return zeros. The device will be placed in the HALT mode by writing a “1” to bit 7 of the Port G Data Register. Similarly the device will be placed in the IDLE mode by writing a “1” to bit 6 of the Port G Data Register. Writing a “1” to bit 6 of the Port G Configuration Register enables the MICROWIRE/PLUS to operate with the alternate phase of the SK clock. The G7 configuration bit, if set high, enables the clock start up delay after HALT when the R/C clock configuration is used. Port Set-Up (TRI-STATE Output) Port A is an 8-bit I/O port. All A pins have Schmitt triggers on the inputs. The 44-pin package does not have a full 8-bit port and contains some unbonded, floating pads internally on the chip. The binary value read from these bits is undetermined. The application software should mask out these unknown bits when reading the Port A register, or use only bit-access program instructions when accessing Port A. These unconnected bits draw power only when they are addressed (i.e., in brief spikes). Additionally, if Port A is being used with some combination of digital inputs and analog inputs, the analog inputs will read as undetermined values and should be masked out by software. Port A supports the analog inputs for the A/D converter. Port A has the following alternate pin functions: A7 Analog Channel 7 A6 Analog Channel 6 A5 Analog Channel 5 A4 Analog Channel 4 A3 Analog Channel 3 A2 Analog Channel 2 A1 Analog Channel 1 A0 Analog Channel 0 Config. Reg. Data Reg. G7 CLKDLY HALT G6 Alternate SK IDLE Port G has the following alternate features: G7 CKO Oscillator dedicated output G6 SI (MICROWIRE/PLUS Serial Data Input) G5 SK (MICROWIRE/PLUS Serial Clock) G4 SO (MICROWIRE/PLUS Serial Data Output) G3 T1A (Timer T1 I/O) G2 T1B (Timer T1 Capture Input) G1 WDOUT WATCHDOG and/or Clock Monitor if WATCHDOG enabled, otherwise it is a general purpose I/O G0 INTR (External Interrupt Input) G0 through G3 are also used for In-System Emulation. Port H is an 8-bit I/O port. All H pins have Schmitt triggers on the inputs. Port L is an 8-bit I/O port. All L-pins have Schmitt triggers on the inputs. Port L supports the Multi-Input Wake-up feature on all eight pins. Port L has the following alternate pin functions: L7 Multi-Input Wake-up L6 Multi-Input Wake-up L5 Multi-Input Wake-up or T2B (Timer T2B Input) L4 Multi-input Wake-up or T2A (Timer T2A Input) Port B is an 8-bit I/O port. All B pins have Schmitt triggers on the inputs. If Port B is being used with some combination of digital inputs and analog inputs, the analog inputs will read as undetermined values. The application software should mask out these unknown bits when reading the Port B register, or use only bit-access program instructions when accessing Port B. 13 www.national.com COP8CFE9 3.0 Pin Descriptions COP8CFE9 3.0 Pin Descriptions 3.1 EMULATION CONNECTION (Continued) Connection to the emulation system is made via a 2 x 7 connector which interrupts the continuity of the RESET, G0, G1, G2 and G3 signals between the COP8 device and the rest of the target system (as shown in Figure 6). This connector can be designed into the production pc board and can be replaced by jumpers or signal traces when emulation is no longer necessary. The emulator will replicate all functions of G0 - G3 and RESET. For proper operation, no connection should be made on the device side of the emulator connector. L3 Multi-Input Wake-up L2 Multi-Input Wake-up L1 Multi-Input Wake-up L0 Multi-Input Wake-up 20026460 FIGURE 3. I/O Port Configurations 20026409 FIGURE 6. Emulation Connection 4.0 Functional Description The architecture of the device is a modified Harvard architecture. With the Harvard architecture, the program memory (Flash) is separate from the data store memory (RAM). Both Program Memory and Data Memory have their own separate addressing space with separate address buses. The architecture, though based on the Harvard architecture, permits transfer of data from Flash Memory to RAM. 20026461 FIGURE 4. I/O Port Configurations — Output Mode 4.1 CPU REGISTERS The CPU can do an 8-bit addition, subtraction, logical or shift operation in one instruction (tC) cycle time. There are six CPU registers: A is the 8-bit Accumulator Register PC is the 15-bit Program Counter Register PU is the upper 7 bits of the program counter (PC) PL is the lower 8 bits of the program counter (PC) B is an 8-bit RAM address pointer, which can be optionally post auto incremented or decremented. X is an 8-bit alternate RAM address pointer, which can be optionally post auto incremented or decremented. S is the 8-bit Data Segment Address Register used to extend the lower half of the address range (00 to 7F) into 256 data segments of 128 bytes each. SP is the 8-bit stack pointer, which points to the subroutine/ interrupt stack (in RAM). With reset the SP is initialized to 20026462 FIGURE 5. I/O Port Configurations — Input Mode www.national.com 14 program counter (PC). All interrupts in the device vector to program memory location 00FF Hex. The program memory reads 00 Hex in the erased state. Program execution starts at location 0 after RESET. (Continued) RAM address 06F Hex. The SP is decremented as items are pushed onto the stack. SP points to the next available location on the stack. If a Return instruction is executed when the SP contains 6F (hex), instruction execution will continue from Program Memory location 7FFF (hex). If location 7FFF is accessed by an instruction fetch, the Flash Memory will return a value of 00. This is the opcode for the INTR instruction and will cause a Software Trap. For the purpose of erasing and rewriting the Flash Memory, it is organized in pages of 64 bytes as show in Table 2. All the CPU registers are memory mapped with the exception of the Accumulator (A) and the Program Counter (PC). 4.2 PROGRAM MEMORY The program memory consists of 8192 bytes of Flash Memory. These bytes may hold program instructions or constant data (data tables for the LAID instruction, jump vectors for the JID instruction, and interrupt vectors for the VIS instruction). The program memory is addressed by the 15-bit TABLE 2. Available Memory Address Ranges Program Memory Size (Flash) Flash Memory Page Size (Bytes) Option Register Address (Hex) Data Memory Size (RAM) Segments Available Maximum RAM Address (HEX) 8192 64 0x1FFF (hex) 256 0-1 017F bits from the S register. Thus the 128-byte data segment extensions are located from addresses 0100 – 017F for data segment 1, 0200 – 027F for data segment 2, etc., up to FF00 – FF7F for data segment 255. The base address range from 0000 – 007F represents data segment 0. Refer to Table 2, to determine available RAM segments for this device. 4.3 DATA MEMORY The data memory address space includes the on-chip RAM and data registers, the I/O registers (Configuration, Data and Pin), the control registers, the MICROWIRE/PLUS SIO shift register, and the various registers, and counters associated with the timers (with the exception of the IDLE timer). Data memory is addressed directly by the instruction or indirectly by the B, X and SP pointers. The data memory consists of 256 bytes of RAM. Sixteen bytes of RAM are mapped as “registers” at addresses 0F0 to 0FF Hex. These registers can be loaded immediately, and also decremented and tested with the DRSZ (decrement register and skip if zero) instruction. The memory pointer registers X, SP, B and S are memory mapped into this space at address locations 0FC to 0FF Hex respectively, with the other registers being available for general usage. The instruction set permits any bit in memory to be set, reset or tested. All I/O and registers (except A and PC) are memory mapped; therefore, I/O bits and register bits can be directly and individually set, reset and tested. The accumulator (A) bits can also be directly and individually tested. Note: RAM contents are undefined upon power-up. Figure 7 illustrates how the S register data memory extension is used in extending the lower half of the base address range (00 to 7F hex) into 256 data segments of 128 bytes each, with a total addressing range of 32 kbytes from XX00 to XX7F. This organization allows a total of 256 data segments of 128 bytes each with an additional upper base segment of 128 bytes. Furthermore, all addressing modes are available for all data segments. The S register must be changed under program control to move from one data segment (128 bytes) to another. However, the upper base segment (containing the 16 memory registers, I/O registers, control registers, etc.) is always available regardless of the contents of the S register, since the upper base segment (address range 0080 to 00FF) is independent of data segment extension. The instructions that utilize the stack pointer (SP) always reference the stack as part of the base segment (Segment 0), regardless of the contents of the S register. The S register is not changed by these instructions. Consequently, the stack (used with subroutine linkage and interrupts) is always located in the base segment. The stack pointer will be initialized to point at data memory location 006F as a result of reset. The 128 bytes of RAM contained in the base segment are split between the lower and upper base segments. The first 112 bytes of RAM are resident from address 0000 to 006F in the lower base segment, while the remaining 16 bytes of RAM represent the 16 data memory registers located at addresses 00F0 to 00FF of the upper base segment. No RAM is located at the upper sixteen addresses (0070 to 007F) of the lower base segment. Additional RAM beyond these initial 128 bytes, however, will always be memory mapped in groups of 128 bytes (or less) at the data segment address extensions (XX00 to XX7F) of the lower base segment. The additional 128 bytes of RAM in this device are memory mapped at address locations 0100 through 017F. 4.4 DATA MEMORY SEGMENT RAM EXTENSION Data memory address 0FF is used as a memory mapped location for the Data Segment Address Register (S). The data store memory is either addressed directly by a single byte address within the instruction, or indirectly relative to the reference of the B, X, or SP pointers (each contains a single-byte address). This single-byte address allows an addressing range of 256 locations from 00 to FF hex. The upper bit of this single-byte address divides the data store memory into two separate sections as outlined previously. With the exception of the RAM register memory from address locations 00F0 – 00FF, all RAM memory is memory mapped with the upper bit of the single-byte address being equal to zero. This allows the upper bit of the single-byte address to determine whether or not the base address range (from 0000 – 00FF) is extended. If this upper bit equals one (representing address range 0080 – 00FF), then address extension does not take place. Alternatively, if this upper bit equals zero, then the data segment extension register S is used to extend the base address range from 0000 – 007F to XX00 – XX7F, where XX represents the 8 15 www.national.com COP8CFE9 4.0 Functional Description COP8CFE9 4.0 Functional Description (Continued) 20026410 FIGURE 7. RAM Organization =0 Security disabled. Flash Memory read and write are allowed. Bits 4, 3 These bits are reserved and must be 0. Bit 2 =1 WATCHDOG feature disabled. G1 is a general purpose I/O. =0 WATCHDOG feature enabled. G1 pin is WATCHDOG output with weak pullup. Bit 1 =1 HALT mode disabled. =0 HALT mode enabled. Bit 0 =1 Execution following RESET will be from Flash Memory. =0 Flash Memory is erased. Execution following RESET will be from Boot ROM with the MICROWIRE/ PLUS ISP routines. 4.4.1 Virtual EEPROM The Flash memory and the User ISP functions (see Section 5.7), provide the user with the capability to use the flash program memory to back up user defined sections of RAM. This effectively provides the user with the same nonvolatile data storage as EEPROM. Management, and even the amount of memory used, are the responsibility of the user, however the flash memory read and write functions have been provided in the boot ROM. One typical method of using the Virtual EEPROM feature would be for the user to copy the data to RAM during system initialization, periodically, and if necessary, erase the page of Flash and copy the contents of the RAM back to the Flash. 4.5 OPTION REGISTER The Option register, located at address 0x1FFF (hex) in the Flash Program Memory, is used to configure the user selectable security, WATCHDOG, and HALT options. The register can be programmed only in external Flash Memory programming or ISP Programming modes. Therefore, the register must be programmed at the same time as the program memory. The contents of the Option register shipped from the factory read 00 Hex. The format of the Option register is as follows: Bit 7 Bit 6 Reserved Bit 5 SECURITY Bit 4 Bit 3 Reserved Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 WATCH DOG HALT FLEX The COP8 assembler defines a special ROM section type, CONF, into which the Option Register data may be coded. The Option Register is programmed automatically by programmers that are certified by National. The user needs to ensure that the FLEX bit will be set when the device is programmed. The following examples illustrate the declaration of the Option Register. Syntax: [label:].sect config, conf .db value ;1 byte, ;configures Bits 7, 6 These bits are reserved and must be 0. Bit 5 =1 Security enabled. Flash Memory read and write are not allowed except in User ISP/Virtual E2 commands. Mass Erase is allowed. www.national.com 16 The following occurs upon initialization: (Continued) Port A: TRI-STATE (High Impedance Input) ;options Port B: TRI-STATE (High Impedance Input) Port G: TRI-STATE (High Impedance Input). Exceptions: If Watchdog is enabled, then G1 is Watchdog output. G0 and G2 have their weak pull-up enabled during RESET. .endsect Example: The following sets a value in the Option Register and User Identification for a COP8CFE9HVA7. The Option Register bit values shown select options: Security disabled, WATCHDOG enabled HALT mode enabled and execution will commence from Flash Memory. .chip 8CFE .sect option, conf .db 0x01 ;wd, halt, flex .endsect ... .end start Note: All programmers certified for programming this family of parts will support programming of the Option Register. Please contact National or your device programmer supplier for more information. Port H: TRI-STATE (High Impedance Input) Port L: TRI-STATE (High Impedance Input) PC: CLEARED to 0000 PSW, CNTRL and ICNTRL registers: CLEARED SIOR: UNAFFECTED after RESET with power already applied RANDOM after RESET at power-on T2CNTRL: CLEARED HSTCR: CLEARED ITMR: Cleared except Bit 6 = 1 Accumulator, Timer 1 and Timer 2: RANDOM after RESET WKEN, WKEDG: CLEARED WKPND: RANDOM SP (Stack Pointer): Initialized to RAM address 06F Hex B and X Pointers: UNAFFECTED after RESET with power already applied RANDOM after RESET at power-on S Register: CLEARED RAM: UNAFFECTED after RESET with power already applied RANDOM after RESET at power-on ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER: ENAD: CLEARED ADRSTH: RANDOM ADRSTL: RANDOM ISP CONTROL: ISPADLO: CLEARED ISPADHI: CLEARED PGMTIM: PRESET TO VALUE FOR 10 MHz CKI WATCHDOG (if enabled): The device comes out of reset with both the WATCHDOG logic and the Clock Monitor detector armed, with the WATCHDOG service window bits set and the Clock Monitor bit set. The WATCHDOG and Clock Monitor circuits are inhibited during reset. The WATCHDOG service window bits being initialized high default to the maximum WATCHDOG service window of 64k T0 clock cycles. The Clock Monitor bit being initialized high will cause a Clock Monitor error following reset if the clock has not reached the minimum specified frequency at the termination of reset. A Clock Monitor error will cause an active low error output on pin G1. This error output will continue until 16–32 T0 clock cycles following the clock frequency reaching the minimum specified value, at which time the G1 output will go high. The device comes out of reset with both the WATCHDOG logic and the Clock Monitor detector armed, with the WATCHDOG service window bits set and the Clock Monitor bit set. The WATCHDOG and Clock Monitor circuits are inhibited during reset. The WATCHDOG service window bits being initialized high default to the maximum 4.6 SECURITY The device has a security feature which, when enabled, prevents external reading of the Flash program memory. The security bit in the Option Register determines, whether security is enabled or disabled. If the security feature is disabled, the contents of the internal Flash Memory may be read by external programmers or by the built in MICROWIRE/PLUS serial interface ISP. Security must be enforced by the user when the contents of the Flash Memory are accessed via the user ISP or Virtual EEPROM capability. If the security feature is enabled, then any attempt to externally read the contents of the Flash Memory will result in the value FF (hex) being read from all program locations (except the Option Register). In addition, with the security feature enabled, the write operation to the Flash program memory and Option Register is inhibited. Page Erases are also inhibited when the security feature is enabled. The Option Register is readable regardless of the state of the security bit by accessing location FFFF (hex). Mass Erase Operations are possible regardless of the state of the security bit. The security bit can be erased only by a Mass Erase of the entire contents of the Flash unless Flash operation is under the control of User ISP functions. Note: The actual memory address of the Option Register is 0x1FFF (hex), however the MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP routines require the address FFFF (hex) to be used to read the Option Register when the Flash Memory is secured. The entire Option Register must be programmed at one time and cannot be rewritten without first erasing the entire last page of Flash Memory. 4.7 RESET The device is initialized when the RESET pin is pulled low. 20026411 FIGURE 8. Reset Logic 17 www.national.com COP8CFE9 4.0 Functional Description COP8CFE9 4.0 Functional Description ramic resonator of the required frequency may be used in place of a crystal if the accuracy requirements are not quite as strict. (Continued) WATCHDOG service window of 64k T0 clock cycles. The Clock Monitor bit being initialized high will cause a Clock Monitor error following reset if the clock has not reached the minimum specified frequency at the termination of reset. A Clock Monitor error will cause an active low error output on pin G1. This error output will continue until 16–32 T0 clock cycles following the clock frequency reaching the minimum specified value, at which time the G1 output will go high. High Speed Oscillator 4.7.1 External Reset The RESET input when pulled low initializes the device. The RESET pin must be held low for a minimum of one instruction cycle to guarantee a valid reset. During Power-Up initialization, the user must ensure that the RESET pin of the device is held low until the device is within the specified VCC voltage. An R/C circuit on the RESET pin with a delay 5 times (5x) greater than the power supply rise time is recommended. Reset should also be wide enough to ensure crystal start-up upon Power-Up. RESET may also be used to cause an exit from the HALT mode. A recommended reset circuit for this device is shown in Figure 9. 20026415 FIGURE 10. Crystal Oscillator TABLE 3. Crystal Oscillator Configuration, TA = 25˚C, VCC = 5V R2 (MΩ) C1 (pF) C2 (pF) CKI Freq. (MHz) 0 On Chip 18 18 10 0 On Chip 18 18 5 0 On Chip 18–36 18–36 1 5.6 On Chip 100 100–156 0.455 The crystal and other oscillator components should be placed in close proximity to the CKI and CKO pins to minimize printed circuit trace length. The values for the external capacitors should be chosen to obtain the manufacturer’s specified load capacitance for the crystal when combined with the parasitic capacitance of the trace, socket, and package (which can vary from 0 to 8 pF). The guideline in choosing these capacitors is: Manufacturer’s specified load cap = (C1 * C2) / (C1 + C2) + Cparasitic 20026465 FIGURE 9. Reset Circuit Using External Reset 4.8 OSCILLATOR CIRCUITS The device has two crystal oscillators to facilitate low power operation while maintaining throughput when required. Further information on the use of the two oscillators is found in Section 7.0 Power Saving Features. The low speed oscillator utilizes the L0 and L1 port pins. References in the following text to CKI will also apply to L0 and references to G7/CKO will also apply to L1. C2 can be trimmed to obtain the desired frequency. C2 should be less than or equal to C1. TABLE 4. Startup Times CKI Frequency 4.8.1 Oscillator CKI is the clock input while G7/CKO is the clock generator output to the crystal. An on-chip bias resistor connected between CKI and CKO is provided to reduce system part count. The value of the resistor is in the range of 0.5M to 2M (typically 1.0M). shows the component values required for various standard crystal values. Resistor R2 is on-chip, for the high speed oscillator, and is shown for reference. Figure 10 shows the crystal oscillator connection diagram. A ce- www.national.com R1 (kΩ) Startup Time 10 MHz 1–10 ms 3.33 MHz 3–10 ms 1 MHz 3–20 ms 455 kHz 10–30 ms 4.8.2 Clock Doubler This device contains a frequency doubler that doubles the frequency of the oscillator selected to operate the main microcontroller core. When the oscillator connected to CKI operates at 10 MHz, the internal clock frequency is 20 MHz, resulting in an instruction cycle time of 0.5 µs. The output of the clock doubler is called MCLK and is referenced in many places within this document. 18 T2CNTRL Register (Address X'00C6) (Continued) T2C3 4.9 CONTROL REGISTERS CNTRL Register (Address X'00EE) T1C3 T1C2 T1C1 T1C0 T2C2 T2C1 T2C0 T2PNDA T2ENA T2PNDB Bit 7 MSEL IEDG SL1 Bit 7 Bit 0 The T2CNTRL register contains the following bits: T2C3 Timer T2 mode control bit SL0 Bit 0 T2C2 T2C1 T2C0 Timer T2 mode control bit Timer T2 mode control bit Timer T2 Start/Stop control in timer modes 1 and 2, Timer T2 Underflow Interrupt Pending Flag in timer mode 3 T2PNDA Timer T2 Interrupt Pending Flag (Autoreload RA in mode 1, T2 Underflow in mode 2, T2A capture edge in mode 3) T2ENA Timer T2 Interrupt Enable for Timer Underflow or T2A Input capture edge T2PNDB Timer T2 Interrupt Pendinfor T2B capture edge T2ENB Timer T2 Interrupt Enable for T2B Input capture edge The Timer1 (T1) and MICROWIRE/PLUS control register contains the following bits: T1C3 Timer T1 mode control bit T1C2 Timer T1 mode control bit T1C1 Timer T1 mode control bit T1C0 Timer T1 Start/Stop control in timer modes 1 and 2. T1 Underflow Interrupt Pending Flag in timer mode 3 MSEL Selects G5 and G4 as MICROWIRE/PLUS signals SK and SO respectively IEDG External interrupt edge polarity select (0 = Rising edge, 1 = Falling edge) SL1 & SL0 Select the MICROWIRE/PLUS clock divide by (00 = 2, 01 = 4, 1x = 8) HSTCR Register (Address X'00AF) Reserved PSW Register (Address X'00EF) HC C T1PNDA T1ENA EXPND BUSY EXEN GIE ITMR Register (Address X'00CF) RSVD T0PND T0EN µWPND µWEN T1PNDB RSVD RSVD RSVD ITSEL2 ITSEL1 ITSEL0 Bit 0 The ITMR RSVD RSVD1 ITSEL2 ITSEL1 ITSEL0 register contains the following bits: These bits are reserved and must be 0. This bit is reserved and must be 1. Idle Timer period select bit. Idle Timer period select bit. Idle Timer period select bit. ENAD Register (Address X'00CB) ADCH3 ADCH2 ADCH1 Channel Select Bit 7 ADCH0 ADMOD Mode Select MUX PSC Mux Out Prescale ADBSY Busy Bit 0 The ENAD ADCH3 ADCH2 ADCH1 ADCH0 ADMOD register contains the following bits: ADC channel select bit ADC channel select bit ADC channel select bit ADC channel select bit Places the ADC in single-ended or differential mode. MUX Enables the ADC multiplexor output. PSC Switches the ADC clock between a divide by one or a divide by sixteen of MCLK. ADBSY Signifies that the ADC is currently busy performing a conversion. When set by the user, starts a conversion. ICNTRL Register (Address X'00E8) LPEN RSVD1 Bit 7 The Half-Carry flag is also affected by all the instructions that affect the Carry flag. The SC (Set Carry) and R/C (Reset Carry) instructions will respectively set or clear both the carry flags. In addition to the SC and R/C instructions, ADC, SUBC, RRC and RLC instructions affect the Carry and Half Carry flags. Unused Bit 0 The HSTCR register contains the following bits: T2HS Places Timer T2 in High Speed Mode. Bit 0 The PSW register contains the following select bits: HC Half Carry Flag C Carry Flag T1PNDA Timer T1 Interrupt Pending Flag (Autoreload RA in mode 1, T1 Underflow in Mode 2, T1A capture edge in mode 3) T1ENA Timer T1 Interrupt Enable for Timer Underflow or T1A Input capture edge EXPND External interrupt pending BUSY MICROWIRE/PLUS busy shifting flag EXEN Enable external interrupt GIE Global interrupt enable (enables interrupts) Bit 7 T2HS Bit 7 Bit 7 T2ENB T1ENB Bit 0 The ICNTRL register contains the following bits: LPEN L Port Interrupt Enable (Multi-Input Wake-up/Interrupt) T0PND Timer T0 Interrupt pending T0EN Timer T0 Interrupt Enable (Bit 12 toggle) µWPND MICROWIRE/PLUS interrupt pending µWEN Enable MICROWIRE/PLUS interrupt T1PNDB Timer T1 Interrupt Pending Flag for T1B capture edge T1ENB Timer T1 Interrupt Enable for T1B Input capture edge 19 www.national.com COP8CFE9 4.0 Functional Description COP8CFE9 5.2 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION 5.0 In-System Programming The organization of the ISP feature consists of the user flash program memory, the factory boot ROM, and some registers dedicated to performing the ISP function. See Figure 11 for a simplified block diagram. The factory installed ISP that uses MICROWIRE/PLUS is located in the Boot ROM. The size of the Boot ROM is 1k bytes and also contains code to facilitate in system emulation capability. If a user chooses to write his own ISP routine, it must be located in the flash program memory. 5.1 INTRODUCTION This device provides the capability to program the program memory while installed in an application board. This feature is called In System Programming (ISP). It provides a means of ISP by using the MICROWIRE/PLUS, or the user can provide his own, customized ISP routine. The factory installed ISP uses the MICROWIRE/PLUS port. The user can provide his own ISP routine that uses any of the capabilities of the device, such as parallel port, etc. 20026417 FIGURE 11. Block Diagram of ISP As described in 4.5 OPTION REGISTER, there is a bit, FLEX, that controls whether the device exits RESET executing from the flash memory or the Boot ROM. The user must program the FLEX bit as appropriate for the application. In the erased state, the FLEX bit = 0 and the device will power-up executing from Boot ROM. When FLEX = 0, this assumes that either the MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP routine or external programming is being used to program the device. If using the MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP routine, the software in the boot ROM will monitor the MICROWIRE/PLUS for commands to program the flash memory. When programming the flash program memory is complete, the FLEX bit will have to be programmed to a 1 and the device will have to be reset, either by pulling external Reset to ground or by a MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP EXIT command, before execution from flash program memory will occur. If FLEX = 1, upon exiting Reset, the device will begin executing from location 0000 in the flash program memory. The assumption, here, is that either the application is not using ISP, is using MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP by jumping to it within the application code, or is using a customized ISP routine. If a customized ISP routine is being used, then it must be programmed into the flash memory by means of the MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP or external programming as described in the preceding paragraph. ister (ISPWR), Write Timing Register (PGMTIM), and the Control Register (ISPCNTRL). The ISPCNTRL Register is not available to the user. 5.3.1 ISP Address Registers The address registers (ISPADHI & ISPADLO) are used to specify the address of the byte of data being written or read. For page erase operations, the address of the beginning of the page should be loaded. For mass erase operations, 0000 must be placed into the address registers. When reading the Option register, FFFF (hex) should be placed into the address registers. Registers ISPADHI and ISPADLO are cleared to 00 on Reset. These registers can be loaded from either flash program memory or Boot ROM and must be maintained for the entire duration of the operation. Note: The actual memory address of the Option Register is 0x1FFF (hex), however the MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP routines require the address FFFF (hex) to be used to read the Option Register when the Flash Memory is secured. TABLE 5. High Byte of ISP Address ISPADHi 5.3 REGISTERS There are six registers required to support ISP: Address Register Hi byte (ISPADHI), Address Register Low byte (ISPADLO), Read Data Register (ISPRD), Write Data Reg- www.national.com Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Addr 15 Addr 14 Addr 13 Addr 12 Addr 11 Addr 10 Addr 9 Addr 8 TABLE 6. Low Byte of ISP Address ISPADLO 20 Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Addr 7 Addr 6 Addr 5 Addr 4 Addr 3 Addr 2 Addr 1 Addr 0 TABLE 8. ISP Write Data Register (Continued) ISPWR 5.3.2 ISP Read Data Register The Read Data Register (ISPRD) contains the value read back from a read operation. This register can be accessed from either flash program memory or Boot ROM. This register is undefined on Reset. Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Bit7 Bit6 Bit5 Bit4 Bit3 Bit2 Bit1 Bit0 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Bit7 Bit6 Bit5 Bit4 Bit3 Bit2 Bit1 Bit0 The Write Timing Register (PGMTIM) is used to control the width of the timing pulses for write and erase operations. The value to be written into this register is dependent on the frequency of CKI and is shown in Table 9. This register must be written before any write or erase operation can take place. It only needs to be loaded once, for each value of CKI frequency. This register can be loaded from either flash program memory or Boot ROM and must be maintained for the entire duration of the operation. The MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP routine that is resident in the boot ROM requires that this Register be defined prior to any access to the Flash memory. Refer to 5.7 MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP for more information on available ISP commands. On Reset, the PGMTIM register is loaded with the value that corresponds to 10 MHz frequency for CKI. ISPRD Bit 6 Bit 6 5.3.4 ISP Write Timing Register TABLE 7. ISP Read Data Register Bit 7 Bit 7 5.3.3 ISP Write Data Register The Write Data Register (ISPWR) contains the data to be written into the specified address. This register is undetermined on Reset. This register can be accessed from either flash program memory or Boot ROM. The Write Data register must be maintained for the entire duration of the operation. TABLE 9. PGMTIM Register Format PGMTIM Register Bit CKI Frequency Range 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 25 kHz–33.3 kHz 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 37.5 kHz–50 kHz 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 50 kHz–66.67 kHz 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 62.5 kHz–83.3 kHz 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 75 kHz–100 kHz 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 100 kHz–133 kHz 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 112.5 kHz–150 kHz 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 150 kHz–200 kHz 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 200 kHz–266.67 kHz 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 225 kHz–300 kHz 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 300 kHz–400 kHz 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 375 kHz–500 kHz 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 500 kHz–666.67 kHz 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 600 kHz–800 kHz 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 800 kHz–1.067 MHz 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 MHz–1.33 MHz 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1.125 MHz–1.5 MHz 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1.5 MHz–2 MHz 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 MHz–2.67 MHz 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 2.625 MHz–3.5 MHz 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 3.5 MHz–4.67 MHz 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 4.5 MHz–6 MHz 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 6 MHz–8 MHz 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 7.5 MHz–10 MHz R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W 21 www.national.com COP8CFE9 5.0 In-System Programming COP8CFE9 5.0 In-System Programming using MICROWIRE/PLUS, to erase the flash program memory and reprogram it. If the device is subsequently reset before the Flex bit has been erased by specific Page Erase or Mass Erase ISP commands, execution will start from location 0000 in the Flash program memory. The high voltage (2 x VCC) on G6 will not erase either the Flex or the Security bit in the Option Register. The Security bit, if set, can only be erased by a Mass Erase of the entire contents of the Flash Memory unless under the control of User ISP routines in the Application Program. While the G6 pin is at high voltage, the Load Clock will be output onto G5, which will look like an SK clock to the MICROWIRE/PLUS routine executing in slave mode. However, when G6 is at high voltage, the G6 input will also look like a logic 1. The MICROWIRE/PLUS routine in Boot ROM monitors the G6 input, waits for it to go low, debounces it, and then enables the ISP routine. CAUTION: The Load clock on G5 could be in conflict with the user’s external SK. It is up to the user to resolve this conflict, as this condition is considered a minor issue that’s only encountered during software development. The user should also be cautious of the high voltage applied to the G6 pin. This high voltage could damage other circuitry connected to the G6 pin (e.g. the parallel port of a PC). The user may wish to disconnect other circuitry while G6 is connected to the high voltage. VCC must be valid and stable before high voltage is applied to G6. The correct sequence to be used to force execution from Boot ROM is : 1. Disconnect G6 from the source of data for MICROWIRE/ PLUS ISP. 2. Apply VCC to the device. (Continued) 5.4 MANEUVERING BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN FLASH MEMORY AND BOOT ROM When using ISP, at some point, it will be necessary to maneuver between the flash program memory and the Boot ROM, even when using customized ISP routines. This is because it’s not possible to execute from the flash program memory while it’s being programmed. Two instructions are available to perform the jumping back and forth: Jump to Boot (JSRB) and Return to Flash (RETF). The JSRB instruction is used to jump from flash memory to Boot ROM, and the RETF is used to return from the Boot ROM back to the flash program memory. See 13.0 Instruction Set for specific details on the operation of these instructions. The JSRB instruction must be used in conjunction with the Key register. This is to prevent jumping to the Boot ROM in the event of run-away software. For the JSRB instruction to actually jump to the Boot ROM, the Key bit must be set. This is done by writing the value shown in Table 10 to the Key register. The Key is a 6 bit key and if the key matches, the KEY bit will be set for 8 instruction cycles. The JSRB instruction must be executed while the KEY bit is set. If the KEY does not match, then the KEY bit will not be set and the JSRB will jump to the specified location in the flash memory. In emulation mode, if a breakpoint is encountered while the KEY is set, the counter that counts the instruction cycles will be frozen until the breakpoint condition is cleared. If an interrupt occurs while the key is set, the key will expire before interrupt service is complete. It is recommended that the software globally disable interrupts before setting the key and re-enable interrupts on completion of Boot ROM execution. The Key register is a memory mapped register. Its format when writing is shown in Table 10. 3. 4. Pull RESET Low. After VCC is valid and stable, connect a voltage between 2 x VCC and VCC+7V to the G6 pin. Ensure that the rise time of the high voltage on G6 is slower than the minimum in the Electrical Specifications. Figure *NO TARGET FOR fig NS22872* shows a possible circuit dliagram for implementing the 2 x VCC. Be aware of the typical input current on the G6 pin when the high voltage is applied. The resistor used in the RC network, and the high voltage used, should be chosen to keep the high voltage at the G6 pin between 2 x VCC and VCC+7V. 5. Pull RESET High. 6. After a delay of at least three instruction cycles, remove the high voltage from G6. TABLE 10. KEY Register Write Format KEY When Writing Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 X X Bits 7–2: Key value that must be written to set the KEY bit. Bits 1–0: Don’t care. 5.5 FORCED EXECUTION FROM BOOT ROM When the user is developing a customized ISP routine, code lockups due to software errors may be encountered. The normal, and preferred, method to recover from these conditions is to reprogram the device with the corrected code by either an external parallel programmer or the emulation tools. As a last resort, when this equipment is not available, there is a hardware method to get out of these lockups and force execution from the Boot ROM MICROWIRE/PLUS routine. The customer will then be able to erase the Flash Memory code and start over. The method to force this condition is to drive the G6 pin to high voltage (2 x VCC) and activate Reset. The high voltage condition on G6 must not be applied before VCC is valid and stable, and must be held for at least 3 instruction cycles longer than Reset is active. This special condition will bypass checking the state of the Flex bit in the Option Register and will start execution from location 0000 in the Boot ROM. In this state, the user can input the appropriate commands, www.national.com 20026473 FIGURE 12. Circuit Diagram for Implementing the 2 x VCC 22 Manual, available from the same web site. This document includes details of command format and delays necessary between command bytes. (Continued) 5.6 RETURN TO FLASH MEMORY WITHOUT HARDWARE RESET The MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP supports the following features and commands: After programming the entire program memory, including options, it is necessary to exit the Boot ROM and return to the flash program memory for program execution. Upon receipt and completion of the EXIT command through the MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP, the ISP code will reset the part and begin execution from the flash program memory as described in the Reset section. This assumes that the FLEX bit in the Option register was programmed to 1. • Write a value to the ISP Write Timing Register. NOTE: This must be the first command after entering MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP mode. • Erase the entire flash program memory (mass erase). • Erase a page at a specified address. • Read Option register. • Read a byte from a specified address. • Write a byte to a specified address. • Read multiple bytes starting at a specified address. • Write multiple bytes starting at a specified address. • Exit ISP and return execution to flash program memory. The following table lists the MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP commands and provides information on required parameters and return values. 5.7 MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP National Semiconductor provides a program, which is available from our web site at www.national.com/cop8, that is capable of programming a device from the parallel port of a PC. The software accepts manually input commands and is capable of downloading standard Intel HEX Format files. Users who wish to write their own MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP host software should refer to the COP8 FLASH ISP User TABLE 11. MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP Commands Command Function Command Value (Hex) Parameters Return Data PGMTIM_SET Write Pulse Timing Register 0x3B Value N/A PAGE_ERASE Page Erase 0xB3 Starting Address of Page N/A MASS_ERASE Mass Erase 0xBF Confirmation Code N/A (The entire Flash Memory will be erased) READ_BYTE Read Byte 0x1D Address High, Address Low Data Byte if Security not set. 0xFF if Security set. Option Register if address = 0xFFFF, regardless of Security BLOCKR Block Read 0xA3 Address High, Address Low, Byte Count (n) High, Byte Count (n) Low 0 ≤ n ≤ 32767 n Data Bytes if Security not set. n Bytes of 0xFF if Security set. WRITE_BYTE Write Byte 0x71 Address High, Address Low, Data Byte N/A BLOCKW Block Write 0x8F Address High, Address Low, Byte Count (0 ≤ n ≤ 16), n Data Bytes N/A EXIT EXIT 0xD3 N/A N/A (Device will Reset) INVALID N/A Any other invalid command will be ignored N/A Note: The user must ensure that Block Writes do not cross a 64 byte boundary within one operation. 5.8 USER ISP AND VIRTUAL E2 • • • • The following commands will support transferring blocks of data from RAM to flash program memory, and vice-versa. The user is expected to enforce application security in this case. • Erase a page of flash memory at a specified address. Read a byte from a specified address. Write a byte to a specified address. Copy a block of data from RAM into flash program memory. Erase the entire flash program memory (mass erase). NOTE: Execution of this command will force the device into the MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP mode. 23 www.national.com COP8CFE9 5.0 In-System Programming COP8CFE9 5.0 In-System Programming mand entry point is used as an argument to the JSRB instruction. Table 13 lists the Ram locations and Peripheral Registers, used for User ISP and Virtual E2, and their expected contents. Please refer to the COP8 FLASH ISP User Manual for additional information and programming examples on the use of User ISP and Virtual E2. (Continued) • Copy a block of data from program flash memory to RAM. The following table lists the User ISP/Virtual E2 commands, required parameters and return data, if applicable. The com- www.national.com 24 COP8CFE9 5.0 In-System Programming (Continued) TABLE 12. User ISP/Virtual E2 Entry Points Command/ Label Function Command Entry Point Parameters Return Data cpgerase Page Erase 0x17 Register ISPADHI is loaded by the user with the high byte of the address. Register ISPADLO is loaded by the user with the low byte of the address. N/A (A page of memory beginning at ISPADHI, ISPADLO will be erased) cmserase Mass Erase 0x1A Accumulator A contains the confirmation key 0x55. N/A (The entire Flash Memory will be erased) creadbf Read Byte 0x11 Register ISPADHI is loaded by the user with the high byte of the address. Register ISPADLO is loaded by the user with the low byte of the address. Data Byte in Register ISPRD. cblockr Block Read 0x26 Register ISPADHI is loaded by the user with the high byte of the address. Register ISPADLO is loaded by the user with the low byte of the address. X pointer contains the beginning RAM address where the result(s) will be returned. Register BYTECOUNTLO contains the number of n bytes to read (0 ≤ n ≤ 255). It is up to the user to setup the segment register. n Data Bytes, Data will be returned beginning at a location pointed to by the RAM address in X. cwritebf Write Byte 0x14 Register ISPADHI is loaded by the user with the high byte of the address. Register ISPADLO is loaded by the user with the low byte of the address. Register ISPWR contains the Data Byte to be written. N/A cblockw Block Write 0x23 Register ISPADHI is loaded by the user with the high byte of the address. Register ISPADLO is loaded by the user with the low byte of the address. Register BYTECOUNTLO contains the number of n bytes to write (0 ≤ n ≤ 16). The combination of the BYTECOUNTLO and the ISPADLO registers must be set such that the operation will not cross a 32 byte boundary. X pointer contains the beginning RAM address of the data to be written. It is up to the user to setup the segment register. N/A exit EXIT 0x62 N/A N/A (Device will Reset) 25 www.national.com COP8CFE9 5.0 In-System Programming (Continued) TABLE 13. Register and Bit Name Definitions Register Name RAM Location Purpose ISPADHI High byte of Flash Memory Address 0xA9 ISPADLO Low byte of Flash Memory Address 0xA8 ISPWR The user must store the byte to be written into this register before jumping into the write byte routine. 0xAB ISPRD Data will be returned to this register after the read byte routine execution. 0xAA ISPKEY The ISPKEY Register is required to validate the JSRB instruction and must be loaded within 6 instruction cycles before the JSRB. 0xE2 BYTECOUNTLO Holds the count of the number of bytes to be read or written in block operations. 0xF1 PGMTIM Write Timing Register. This register must be loaded, by the user, with the proper value before execution of any USER ISP Write or Erase operation. Refer to Table 9 for the correct value. 0xE1 Confirmation Code The user must place this code in the accumulator before execution of a Flash Memory Mass Erase command. A KEY Must be transferred to the ISPKEY register before execution of a JSRB instruction. the same location in Flash memory. Two writes to the same location without an intervening erase will produce unpredicatable results including possible disturbance of unassociated locations. 5.9 RESTRICTIONS ON SOFTWARE WHEN CALLING ISP ROUTINES IN BOOT ROM 1. The hardware will disable interrupts from occurring. The hardware will leave the GIE bit in its current state, and if set, the hardware interrupts will occur when execution is returned to Flash Memory. Subsequent interrupts, during ISP operation, from the same interrupt source will be lost. Interrupts may occur between setting the KEY and executing the JSRB instruction. In this case, the KEY will expire before the JSRB is executed. It is, therefore, recommended that the software globally disable interrupts before setting the Key. 2. The security feature in the MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP is guaranteed by software and not hardware. When executing the MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP routine, the security bit is checked prior to performing all instructions. Only the mass erase command, write PGMTIM register, and reading the Option register is permitted within the MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP routine. When the user is performing his own ISP, all commands are permitted. The entry points from the user’s ISP code do not check for security. It is the burden of the user to guarantee his own security. See the Security bit description in 4.5 OPTION REGISTER for more details on security. 3. When using any of the ISP functions in Boot ROM, the ISP routines will service the WATCHDOG within the selected upper window. Upon return to flash memory, the WATCHDOG is serviced, the lower window is enabled, and the user can service the WATCHDOG anytime following exit from Boot ROM, but must service it within the selected upper window to avoid a WATCHDOG error. 4. Block Writes can start anywhere in the page of Flash memory, but cannot cross half page or full page boundaries. 5. The user must ensure that a page erase or a mass erase is executed between two consecutive writes to www.national.com 0x98 5.10 FLASH MEMORY DURABILITY CONSIDERATIONS The endurance of the Flash Memory (number of possible Erase/Write cycles) is a function of the erase time and the lowest temperature at which the erasure occurs. If the device is to be used at low temperature, additional erase operations can be used to extend the erase time. The user can determine how many times to erase a page based on what endurance is desired for the application (e.g. four page erase cycles, each time a page erase is done, may be required to achieve the typical 100k Erase/Write cycles in an application which may be operating down to 0˚C). Also, the customer can verify that the entire page is erased, with software, and request additional erase operations if desired. TABLE 14. Typical Flash Memory Endurance Low End of Operating Temp Range 26 Erase Time −40˚C −20˚C 0˚C 25˚C > 25˚C 1 ms 60k 60k 60k 100k 100k 2 ms 60k 60k 60k 100k 100k 3 ms 60k 60k 60k 100k 100k 4 ms 60k 60k 100k 100k 100k 5 ms 70k 70k 100k 100k 100k 6 ms 80k 80k 100k 100k 100k 7 ms 90k 90k 100k 100k 100k 8 ms 100k 100k 100k 100k 100k The device contains a very versatile set of timers (T0, T1, and T2). Timers T1, and T2 and associated autoreload/ capture registers power up containing random data. 6.1 TIMER T0 (IDLE TIMER) The device supports applications that require maintaining real time and low power with the IDLE mode. This IDLE mode support is furnished by the IDLE Timer T0, which is a 16-bit timer. The user cannot read or write to the IDLE Timer T0, which is a count down timer. The clock to the IDLE Timer is the instruction cycle clock (one-fifth of the CKI frequency) In addition to its time base function, the Timer T0 supports the following functions: • • • • Exit out of the Idle Mode (See Idle Mode description) WATCHDOG logic (See WATCHDOG description) Start up delay out of the HALT mode Start up delay from BOR 20026466 FIGURE 13. Functional Block Diagram for Idle Timer T0 ITMR Register TABLE 15. Idle Timer Window Length ITSEL2 ITSEL1 ITSEL0 Idle Timer Period 0 0 0 4,096 inst. cycles 0 0 1 8,192 inst. cycles 0 1 0 16,384 inst. cycles 0 1 1 32,768 inst. cycles 1 0 0 65,536 inst. cycles 1 0 1 Reserved - Undefined 1 1 0 Reserved - Undefined 1 1 1 Reserved - Undefined RSVD RSVD1 RSVD Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 RSVD Bit 4 RSVD ITSEL2 ITSEL1 ITSEL0 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Note: Documentation for previous COP8 device, which included the Programmable Idle Timer, recommended the user write zero to the high order bits of the ITMR Register. If existing programs are updated to use this device, writing zero to these bits will cause the device to reset. RSVD: These bits are reserved and must be set to 0. RSVD1: This bit is reserved and must be set to 1. ITSEL2:0: Selects the Idle Timer period as described in Table 15. Any time the IDLE Timer period is changed there is the possibility of generating a spurious IDLE Timer interrupt by setting the T0PND bit. The user is advised to disable IDLE Timer interrupts prior to changing the value of the ITSEL bits of the ITMR Register and then clear the T0PND bit before attempting to synchronize operation to the IDLE Timer. The ITSEL bits of the ITMR register are cleared on Reset and the Idle Timer period is reset to 4,096 instruction cycles. 27 www.national.com COP8CFE9 Figure 13 is a functional block diagram showing the structure of the IDLE Timer and its associated interrupt logic. Bits 11 through 15 of the ITMR register can be selected for triggering the IDLE Timer interrupt. Each time the selected bit underflows (every 4k, 8k, 16k, 32k or 64k tc clocks), the IDLE Timer interrupt pending bit T0PND is set, thus generating an interrupt (if enabled), and bit 6 of the Port G data register is reset, thus causing an exit from the IDLE mode if the device is in that mode. In order for an interrupt to be generated, the IDLE Timer interrupt enable bit T0EN must be set, and the GIE (Global Interrupt Enable) bit must also be set. The T0PND flag and T0EN bit are bits 5 and 4 of the ICNTRL register, respectively. The interrupt can be used for any purpose. Typically, it is used to perform a task upon exit from the IDLE mode. For more information on the IDLE mode, refer to 7.0 Power Saving Features. The Idle Timer period is selected by bits 0–2 of the ITMR register Bits 3 through 7 of the ITMR Register are reserved and must not be used as software flags. 6.0 Timers COP8CFE9 6.0 Timers RxA. Subsequent underflows cause the timer to be reloaded from the registers alternately beginning with the register RxB. Figure 14 shows a block diagram of the timer in PWM mode. (Continued) 6.2 TIMER T1 AND TIMER T2 The device has a set of two powerful timer/counter blocks, T1, and T2. Since T1, and T2 are identical, except for the high speed operation of T2, all comments are equally applicable to either of the two timer blocks which will be referred to as Tx. Differences between the timers will be specifically noted. Each timer block consists of a 16-bit timer, Tx, and two supporting 16-bit autoreload/capture registers, RxA and RxB. Each timer block has two pins associated with it, TxA and TxB. The pin TxA supports I/O required by the timer block, while the pin TxB is an input to the timer block. The timer block has three operating modes: Processor Independent PWM mode, External Event Counter mode, and Input Capture mode. The control bits TxC3, TxC2, and TxC1 allow selection of the different modes of operation. The underflows can be programmed to toggle the TxA output pin. The underflows can also be programmed to generate interrupts. Underflows from the timer are alternately latched into two pending flags, TxPNDA and TxPNDB. The user must reset these pending flags under software control. Two control enable flags, TxENA and TxENB, allow the interrupts from the timer underflow to be enabled or disabled. Setting the timer enable flag TxENA will cause an interrupt when a timer underflow causes the RxA register to be reloaded into the timer. Setting the timer enable flag TxENB will cause an interrupt when a timer underflow causes the RxB register to be reloaded into the timer. Resetting the timer enable flags will disable the associated interrupts. Either or both of the timer underflow interrupts may be enabled. This gives the user the flexibility of interrupting once per PWM period on either the rising or falling edge of the PWM output. Alternatively, the user may choose to interrupt on both edges of the PWM output. 6.2.1 Timer Operating Speeds T2 has the ability to operate at either the instruction cycle frequency (low speed) or the internal clock frequency (MCLK). For 10 MHz CKI, the instruction cycle frequency is 2 MHz and the internal clock frequency is 20 MHz. This feature is controlled by the High Speed Timer Control Register, HSTCR. Its format is shown below. To place a timer, Tx, in high speed mode, set the appropriate TxHS bit to 1. For low speed operation, clear the appropriate TxHS bit to 0. This register is cleared to 00 on Reset. HSTCR Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T2HS 6.2.2 Mode 1. Processor Independent PWM Mode One of the timer’s operating modes is the Processor Independent PWM mode. In this mode, the timers generate a “Processor Independent” PWM signal because once the timer is set up, no more action is required from the CPU which translates to less software overhead and greater throughput. The user software services the timer block only when the PWM parameters require updating. This capability is provided by the fact that the timer has two separate 16-bit reload registers. One of the reload registers contains the “ON” time while the other holds the “OFF” time. By contrast, a microcontroller that has only a single reload register requires an additional software to update the reload value (alternate between the on-time/off-time). The timer can generate the PWM output with the width and duty cycle controlled by the values stored in the reload registers. The reload registers control the countdown values and the reload values are automatically written into the timer when it counts down through 0, generating interrupt on each reload. Under software control and with minimal overhead, the PWM outputs are useful in controlling motors, triacs, the intensity of displays, and in providing inputs for data acquisition and sine wave generators. In this mode, the timer Tx counts down at a fixed rate of tC (T2 may be selected to operate from MCLK). Upon every underflow the timer is alternately reloaded with the contents of supporting registers, RxA and RxB. The very first underflow of the timer causes the timer to reload from the register www.national.com 20026467 FIGURE 14. Timer in PWM Mode 6.2.3 Mode 2. External Event Counter Mode This mode is quite similar to the processor independent PWM mode described above. The main difference is that the timer, Tx, is clocked by the input signal from the TxA pin after synchronization to the appropriate internal clock (tC or MCLK). The Tx timer control bits, TxC3, TxC2 and TxC1 allow the timer to be clocked either on a positive or negative edge from the TxA pin. Underflows from the timer are latched into the TxPNDA pending flag. Setting the TxENA control flag will cause an interrupt when the timer underflows. In this mode the input pin TxB can be used as an independent positive edge sensitive interrupt input if the TxENB control flag is set. The occurrence of a positive edge on the TxB input pin is latched into the TxPNDB flag. Figure 15 shows a block diagram of the timer in External Event Counter mode. Note: The PWM output is not available in this mode since the TxA pin is being used as the counter input clock. 28 ing the Input Capture mode. The timer underflow interrupt is enabled with the TxENA control flag. When a TxA interrupt occurs in the Input Capture mode, the user must check both the TxPNDA and TxC0 pending flags in order to determine whether a TxA input capture or a timer underflow (or both) caused the interrupt. (Continued) Figure 16 shows a block diagram of the timer T1 in Input Capture mode. T2 is identical to T1. 20026468 FIGURE 15. Timer in External Event Counter Mode 6.2.4 Mode 3. Input Capture Mode The device can precisely measure external frequencies or time external events by placing the timer block, Tx, in the input capture mode. In this mode, the reload registers serve as independent capture registers, capturing the contents of the timer when an external event occurs (transition on the timer input pin). The capture registers can be read while maintaining count, a feature that lets the user measure elapsed time and time between events. By saving the timer value when the external event occurs, the time of the external event is recorded. Most microcontrollers have a latency time because they cannot determine the timer value when the external event occurs. The capture register eliminates the latency time, thereby allowing the applications program to retrieve the timer value stored in the capture register. In this mode, the timer Tx is constantly running at the fixed tC or MCLK rate. The two registers, RxA and RxB, act as capture registers. Each register also acts in conjunction with a pin. The register RxA acts in conjunction with the TxA pin and the register RxB acts in conjunction with the TxB pin. The timer value gets copied over into the register when a trigger event occurs on its corresponding pin after synchronization to the appropriate internal clock (tC or MCLK). Control bits, TxC3, TxC2 and TxC1, allow the trigger events to be specified either as a positive or a negative edge. The trigger condition for each input pin can be specified independently. The trigger conditions can also be programmed to generate interrupts. The occurrence of the specified trigger condition on the TxA and TxB pins will be respectively latched into the pending flags, TxPNDA and TxPNDB. The control flag TxENA allows the interrupt on TxA to be either enabled or disabled. Setting the TxENA flag enables interrupts to be generated when the selected trigger condition occurs on the TxA pin. Similarly, the flag TxENB controls the interrupts from the TxB pin. Underflows from the timer can also be programmed to generate interrupts. Underflows are latched into the timer TxC0 pending flag (the TxC0 control bit serves as the timer underflow interrupt pending flag in the Input Capture mode). Consequently, the TxC0 control bit should be reset when enter- 20026469 FIGURE 16. Timer in Input Capture Mode 6.3 TIMER CONTROL FLAGS The control bits and their functions are summarized below. TxC3 Timer mode control TxC2 Timer mode control TxC1 Timer mode control TxC0 Timer Start/Stop control in Modes 1 and 2 (Processor Independent PWM and External Event Counter), where 1 = Start, 0 = Stop Timer Underflow Interrupt Pending Flag in Mode 3 (Input Capture) TxPNDA Timer Interrupt Pending Flag TxENA Timer Interrupt Enable Flag 1 = Timer Interrupt Enabled 0 = Timer Interrupt Disabled TxPNDB Timer Interrupt Pending Flag TxENB Timer Interrupt Enable Flag 1 = Timer Interrupt Enabled 0 = Timer Interrupt Disabled The timer mode control bits (TxC3, TxC2 and TxC1) are detailed in Table 16. When the high speed timer is counting in high speed mode, directly altering the contents of the timer upper or lower registers, the PWM outputs or the reload registers is not recommended. Bit operations can be particularly problematic. Since any of these six registers or the PWM outputs can change as many as ten times in a single instruction cycle, performing an SBIT or RBIT operation with the timer running can produce unpredictable results. The recommended procedure is to stop the timer, perform any changes to the timer, the PWM outputs or reload register values, and then re-start the timer. This warning does not apply to the timer control 29 www.national.com COP8CFE9 6.0 Timers COP8CFE9 6.0 Timers (Continued) register. Any type of read/write operation, including SBIT and RBIT may be performed on this register in any operating mode. TABLE 16. Timer Operating Modes Mode 1 2 1 0 1 PWM: TxA Toggle Autoreload RA Autoreload RB tC or MCLK 1 0 0 PWM: No TxA Toggle Autoreload RA Autoreload RB tC or MCLK 0 0 0 External Event Counter Timer Underflow Pos. TxB Edge TxA Pos. Edge 0 0 1 External Event Counter Timer Underflow Pos. TxB Edge TxA Neg. Edge 0 1 0 Pos. TxB Edge tC or MCLK tC or MCLK 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Captures: Pos. TxA Edge TxA Pos. Edge or Timer TxB Pos. Edge Underflow Captures: Pos. TxA Neg. TxB TxA Pos. Edge Edge or Timer Edge TxB Neg. Edge Underflow Captures: Neg. TxA Pos. TxB TxA Neg. Edge Edge or Timer Edge TxB Pos. Edge Underflow Captures: Neg. TxA Neg. TxB TxA Neg. Edge Edge or Timer Edge TxB Neg. Edge Underflow tC or MCLK tC or MCLK 7.1 HALT MODE The device can be placed in the HALT mode by writing a “1” to the HALT flag (G7 data bit). All microcontroller activities, including the clock and timers, are stopped. The WATCHDOG logic on the device is disabled during the HALT mode. However, the clock monitor circuitry, if enabled, remains active and will cause the WATCHDOG output pin (WDOUT) to go low. If the HALT mode is used and the user does not want to activate the WDOUT pin, the Clock Monitor should be disabled after the device come out of reset (resetting the Clock Monitor control bit with the first write to the WDSVR register). The device supports two different ways of exiting the HALT mode. The first method of exiting the HALT mode is with the Multi-Input Wake-up feature on Port L. The second method is by pulling the RESET pin low. 7.0 Power Saving Features Today, the proliferation of battery-operated based applications has placed new demands on designers to drive power consumption down. Battery-operated systems are not the only type of applications demanding low power. The power budget constraints are also imposed on those consumer/ industrial applications where well regulated and expensive power supply costs cannot be tolerated. Such applications rely on low cost and low power supply voltage derived directly from the “mains” by using voltage rectifier and passive components. Low power is demanded even in automotive applications, due to increased vehicle electronics content. This is required to ease the burden from the car battery. Low power 8-bit microcontrollers supply the smarts to control battery-operated, consumer/industrial, and automotive applications. The device offers system designers a variety of low-power consumption features that enable them to meet the demanding requirements of today’s increasing range of low-power applications. These features include low voltage operation, low current drain, and power saving features such as HALT, IDLE, and Multi-Input Wake-Up (MIWU). The device offers the user two power save modes of operation: HALT and IDLE. In the HALT mode, all microcontroller activities are stopped. In the IDLE mode, the on-board oscillator circuitry and timer T0 are active but all other microcontroller activities are stopped. In either mode, all on-board RAM, registers, I/O states, and timers (with the exception of T0) are unaltered. Clock Monitor, if enabled, can be active in both modes. www.national.com Timer Counts On TxC1 1 Description Interrupt B Source TxC2 1 3 Interrupt A Source TxC3 On wake-up from Port L, the device resumes execution from the HALT point. On wake-up from RESET execution will resume from location PC=0 and all RESET conditions apply. If a crystal or ceramic resonator is selected as the oscillator, the Wake-up signal is not allowed to start the chip running immediately since crystal oscillators and ceramic resonators have a delayed start up time to reach full amplitude and frequency stability. The IDLE timer is used to generate a fixed delay to ensure that the oscillator has indeed stabilized before allowing instruction execution. In this case, upon detecting a valid Wake-up signal, only the oscillator circuitry is enabled. The IDLE timer is loaded with a value of 256 and is clocked with the tC instruction cycle clock. The tC clock is derived by dividing the oscillator clock down by a factor of 9. The Schmitt trigger following the CKI inverter on the chip ensures that the IDLE timer is clocked only when the oscil30 The WATCHDOG detector circuit is inhibited during the HALT mode. However, the clock monitor circuit if enabled remains active during HALT mode in order to ensure a clock monitor error if the device inadvertently enters the HALT mode as a result of a runaway program or power glitch. (Continued) lator has a sufficiently large amplitude to meet the Schmitt trigger specifications. This Schmitt trigger is not part of the oscillator closed loop. The start-up time-out from the IDLE timer enables the clock signals to be routed to the rest of the chip. The device has two options associated with the HALT mode. The first option enables the HALT mode feature, while the second option disables the HALT mode selected through bit 1 of the Option register. With the HALT mode enable option, the device will enter and exit the HALT mode as described above. With the HALT disable option, the device cannot be placed in the HALT mode (writing a “1” to the HALT flag will have no effect, the HALT flag will remain “0”). It is recommended that the user not halt the device by merely stopping the clock in external oscillator mode. If this method is used, there is a possibility of greater than specified HALT current. If the user wishes to stop an external clock, it is recommended that the CPU be halted by setting the Halt flag first and the clock be stopped only after the CPU has halted. 20026470 FIGURE 17. Wake-up from HALT The user can enter the IDLE mode with the Timer T0 interrupt enabled. In this case, when the T0PND bit gets set, the device will first execute the Timer T0 interrupt service routine and then return to the instruction following the ’Enter Idle Mode’ instruction. Alternatively, the user can enter the IDLE mode with the IDLE Timer T0 interrupt disabled. In this case, the device will resume normal operation with the instruction immediately following the ’Enter IDLE Mode’ instruction. 7.2 IDLE MODE The device is placed in the IDLE mode by writing a ’1’ to the IDLE flag (G6 data bit). In this mode, all activities, except the associated on-board oscillator circuitry, the WATCHDOG logic, the clock monitor and the IDLE Timer T0, are stopped. The power supply requirements of the microcontroller in this mode of operation are significantly lower than the normal power requirement of the microcontroller. As with the HALT mode, the device can be returned to normal operation with a reset, or with a Multi-Input Wake-up from the L Port. Alternatively, the microcontroller may also be awakened from the IDLE mode after a selectable amount of time up to 65,536 Idle Timer Clocks or 32.768 milliseconds with an internal clock frequency of 20 MHz. The IDLE timer period is selectable from one of five values, 4k, 8k, 16k, 32k or 64k Idle Timer Clocks. Selection of this value is made through the ITMR register. When the selected bit of the IDLE Timer toggles, the T0PND bit of the ICNTRL Register is set. The user has the option of being interrupted when the T0PND bit is set. The interrupt can be enabled or disabled via the T0EN control bit. Setting the T0EN flag enables the interrupt and vice versa. Note: It is necessary to program two NOP instructions following both the set HALT mode and set IDLE mode instructions. These NOP instructions are necessary to allow clock resynchronization following the HALT or IDLE modes. For more information on the IDLE Timer and its associated interrupt, see the description in Section 6.1 TIMER T0 (IDLE TIMER). 31 www.national.com COP8CFE9 7.0 Power Saving Features COP8CFE9 7.0 Power Saving Features (Continued) 20026471 FIGURE 18. Wake-up from IDLE 7.3 MULTI-INPUT WAKE-UP The Multi-Input Wake-up feature is used to return (wake-up) the device from either the HALT or IDLE modes. Alternately Multi-Input Wake-up/Interrupt feature may also be used to generate up to 8 edge selectable external interrupts. RBIT 5, WKEN ; Disable MIWU SBIT 5, WKEDG ; Change edge polarity RBIT 5, WKPND ; Reset pending flag SBIT 5, WKEN ; Enable MIWU If the L port bits have been used as outputs and then changed to inputs with Multi-Input Wake-up/Interrupt, a safety procedure should also be followed to avoid wake-up conditions. After the selected L port bits have been changed from output to input but before the associated WKEN bits are enabled, the associated edge select bits in WKEDG should be set or reset for the desired edge selects, followed by the associated WKPND bits being cleared. This same procedure should be used following reset, since the L port inputs are left floating as a result of reset. The occurrence of the selected trigger condition for MultiInput Wake-up is latched into a pending register called WKPND. The respective bits of the WKPND register will be set on the occurrence of the selected trigger edge on the corresponding Port L pin. The user has the responsibility of clearing these pending flags. Since WKPND is a pending register for the occurrence of selected wake-up conditions, the device will not enter the HALT mode if any Wake-up bit is both enabled and pending. Consequently, the user must clear the pending flags before attempting to enter the HALT mode. WKEN and WKEDG are all read/write registers, and are cleared at reset. WKPND register contains random value after reset. Figure 19 shows the Multi-Input Wake-up logic. The Multi-Input Wake-up feature utilizes the L Port. The user selects which particular L port bit (or combination of L Port bits) will cause the device to exit the HALT or IDLE modes. The selection is done through the register WKEN. The register WKEN is an 8-bit read/write register, which contains a control bit for every L port bit. Setting a particular WKEN bit enables a Wake-up from the associated L port pin. The user can select whether the trigger condition on the selected L Port pin is going to be either a positive edge (low to high transition) or a negative edge (high to low transition). This selection is made via the register WKEDG, which is an 8-bit control register with a bit assigned to each L Port pin. Setting the control bit will select the trigger condition to be a negative edge on that particular L Port pin. Resetting the bit selects the trigger condition to be a positive edge. Changing an edge select entails several steps in order to avoid a Wake-up condition as a result of the edge change. First, the associated WKEN bit should be reset, followed by the edge select change in WKEDG. Next, the associated WKPND bit should be cleared, followed by the associated WKEN bit being re-enabled. An example may serve to clarify this procedure. Suppose we wish to change the edge select from positive (low going high) to negative (high going low) for L Port bit 5, where bit 5 has previously been enabled for an input interrupt. The program would be as follows: www.national.com 32 COP8CFE9 7.0 Power Saving Features (Continued) 20026472 FIGURE 19. Multi-Input Wake-Up Logic converter input to external pins. This provides the ability to externally connect a common filter/signal conditioning circuit for the A/D Converter. The A/D Converter is supported by three memory mapped registers: two result registers and the control register. When the device is reset, the mode control register (ENAD) is cleared, the A/D is powered down and the A/D result registers have unknown data. 8.0 A/D Converter This device contains a 16-channel, multiplexed input, successive approximation, 10 bit Analog-to-Digital Converter. Pins AVCC and AGND are used for the voltage reference. 8.1 OPERATING MODES It supports both Single Ended and Differential modes of operation. Two specific analog channel selection modes are supported. These are as follows: 1. Allow any specific channel to be selected at one time. The A/D Converter performs the specific conversion requested and stops. 2. Allow any differential channel pair to be selected at one time. The A/D Converter performs the specific differential conversion requested and stops. In both Single Ended and Differential modes, there is the capability to connect the analog multiplexor output and A/D 8.1.1 A/D Control Register The control register, ENAD, contains 4 bits for channel selection, 1 bit for mode selection, 1 bit for the multiplexor output selection, 1 bit for prescaler selection, and a Busy bit. An A/D conversion is initiated by setting the ADBSY bit in the ENAD control register. The result of the conversion is available to the user in the A/D result registers, ADRSTH and ADRSTL, when ADBSY is cleared by the hardware on completion of the conversion. 33 www.national.com COP8CFE9 8.0 A/D Converter All port pins which are used, in the application, in A/D operations must be configured as high-impedance inputs. If the ports are configured as outputs or inputs with weak pull-up there will be a conflict between the analog signal and the digitally driven output. (Continued) TABLE 17. ENAD Bit 7 Bit 0 Channel Select Mode Select Mux/Out Prescale ADCH3 ADCH2 ADCH1 ADCH0 ADMOD MUX PSC Busy ADBSY CHANNEL SELECT This 4-bit field selects one of sixteen channels to be the VIN+. The mode selection and the mux output determine the VINinput. When MUX = 0, all sixteen channels are available, as shown in Table 18. When MUX = 1, only fourteen channels are available, as shown in Table 19. TABLE 18. A/D Converter Channel Selection when the Multiplexor Output is Disabled Select Bits Mode Select ADMOD = 0 Single Ended Mode Mode Select ADMOD = 1 Differential Mode Mux Output Disabled ADCH3 ADCH2 ADCH1 ADCH0 Channel No. Channel Pairs (+, −) MUX 0 0 0 0 0 0, 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1, 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2, 3 0 0 0 1 1 3 3, 2 0 0 1 0 0 4 4, 5 0 0 1 0 1 5 5, 4 0 0 1 1 0 6 6, 7 0 0 1 1 1 7 7, 6 0 1 0 0 0 8 8, 9 0 1 0 0 1 9 9, 8 0 1 0 1 0 10 10, 11 0 1 0 1 1 11 11, 10 0 1 1 0 0 12 12, 13 0 1 1 0 1 13 13, 12 0 1 1 1 0 14 14, 15 0 1 1 1 1 15 15, 14 0 www.national.com 34 (Continued) TABLE 19. A/D Converter Channel Selection when the Multiplexor Output is Enabled Select Bits Mode Select ADMOD = 0 Single Ended Mode Mode Select ADMOD = 1 Differential Mode Mux Output Enabled ADCH3 ADCH2 ADCH1 ADCH0 Channel No. Channel Pairs (+, −) MUX 0 0 0 0 0 0, 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1, 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 2, 3 1 0 0 1 1 3 3, 2 1 0 1 0 0 4 4, 5 1 0 1 0 1 5 5, 4 1 0 1 1 0 6 6, 7 1 0 1 1 1 7 7, 6 1 1 0 0 0 8 8, 9 1 1 0 0 1 9 9, 8 1 1 0 1 0 10 10, 11 1 1 0 1 1 11 11, 10 1 1 1 0 0 12 Not Used (Note 19) 1 1 1 0 1 13 ADC13 is Mux Output − (Note 19) 1 1 1 1 0 ADCH14 is Mux Output (Note 18) ADCH14 is Mux Output + (Note 18) 1 1 1 1 1 ADCH15 is A/D Input (Note 18) ADCH15 is A/D Input (Note 18) 1 Note 18: This Input Channel Selection should not be used when the Multiplexor Output is enabled. Note 19: This Input Channel Selection should not be used in Differential Mode when the Multiplexor Output is enabled. allows the input channel to be selected and settled before starting a conversion. The sequence to perform conversions using the Mux Out feature is a multistep process and is listed below. 1. Select the desired channel and operating modes and load them into ENAD without setting ADBSY. 2. Wait the appropriate time until the analog input has settled. This will depend on the application and the response of the external circuit. 3. Select the same desired channel and operating modes used in step 1 and load them into ENAD and also set ADBSY or set ADBSY by using the SBIT instruction. This will start the conversion. 4. Poll ADBSY until it is cleared by the hardware. This indicates the completion of the conversion. 5. Obtain the results from the result registers. The port pins used for the multiplexor output must be configured as high impedance inputs. If the port pins are configured as outputs, or as inputs with weak pull-up, there will be a conflict between the analog signal output and the digitally driven output. MULTIPLEXOR OUTPUT SELECT This 1-bit field allows the output of the A/D multiplexor and the input to the A/D to be connected directly to external pins. This allows for an external, common filter/signal conditioning circuit to be applied to all channels. The output of the external conditioning circuit can then be connected directly to the input of the Sample and Hold input on the A/D Converter. See Figure 20 for the single ended mode diagram. The Multiplexor output is connected to ADCH14 and the A/D input is connected to ADCH15. For Differential mode, the differential multiplexor outputs are available and should be converted to a single ended voltage for connection to the A/D Converter Input. See Figure 21. The channel assignments for this mode are shown in Table 20. When using the Mux Output feature, the delay though the internal multiplexor to the pin, plus the delay of the external filter circuit, plus the internal delay to the Sample and Hold will exceed the three clock cycles that’s allowed in the conversion. This adds the requirement that, whenever the MUX bit = 1, that the channel selected by ADCH3:0 bits be enabled, even when ADBSY = 0, and gated to the mux output pin. The input path to the A/D converter is also enabled. This 35 www.national.com COP8CFE9 8.0 A/D Converter COP8CFE9 8.0 A/D Converter (Continued) 20026429 FIGURE 20. A/D with Single Ended Mux Output Feature Enabled 20026430 FIGURE 21. A/D with Differential Mux Output Feature Enabled MODE SELECT This 1-bit field is used to select the mode of operation (single ended or differential) as shown in the following Table 20. values currently in the ENAD register. Normal completion of an A/D conversion clears the ADBSY bit and turns off the A/D Converter. If the user wishes to restart a conversion which is already in progress, this can be accomplished only by writing a zero to the ADBSY bit to stop the current conversion and then by writing a one to ADBSY to start a new conversion. This can be done in two consecutive instructions. TABLE 20. A/D Conversion Mode Selection ADMOD Mode 0 Single Ended Mode 1 Differential Mode 9.1.2 A/D Result Registers There are two result registers for the A/D converter: the high 8 bits of the result and the low 2-bits of the result. The format of these registers is shown in Figures 21, 22. Both registers are read/write registers, but in normal operation, the hardware writes the value into the register when the conversion is complete and the software reads the value. Both registers are undefined upon Reset. They hold the previous value until a new conversion overwrites them. When reading ADRSTL, bits 5-0 will read as 0. PRESCALER SELECT This 1-bit field is used to select one of two prescaler clocks for the A/D Converter. The following Table 21 shows the various prescaler options. Care must be taken, when selecting this bit, to keep the A/D clock frequency within the specified range. TABLE 21. A/D Converter Clock Prescale PSC Clock Select 0 MCLK Divide by 1 Bit 7 1 MCLK Divide by 16 Bit 9 TABLE 22. ADRSTH BUSY BIT The ADBSY bit of the ENAD register is used to control starting and stopping of the A/D conversion. When ADBSY is cleared, the prescale logic is disabled and the A/D clock is turned off, drawing minimal power. Setting the ADBSY bit starts the A/D clock and initiates a conversion based on the www.national.com Bit 0 Bit 8 Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 TABLE 23. ADRSTL Bit 7 Bit 1 36 Bit 0 Bit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 cycle for loading the result into the result registers, for stopping and for re-initializing. The ADBSY flag provides an A/D clock inhibit function, which saves power by powering down the A/D when it is not in use. (Continued) 8.2 A/D OPERATION The A/D conversion is completed within fifteen A/D converter clocks. The A/D Converter interface works as follows. Setting the ADBSY bit in the A/D control register ENAD initiates an A/D conversion. The conversion sequence starts at the beginning of the write to ENAD operation which sets ADBSY, thus powering up the A/D. At the first edge of the Converter clock following the write operation, the sample signal turns on for three clock cycles. At the end of the conversion, the internal conversion complete signal will clear the ADBSY bit and power down the A/D. The A/D 10-bit result is immediately loaded into the A/D result registers (ADRSTH and ADRSTL) upon completion. Inadvertent changes to the ENAD register during conversion are prevented by the control logic of the A/D. Any attempt to write any bit of the ENAD Register except ADBSY, while ADBSY is a one, is ignored. ADBSY must be cleared either by completion of an A/D conversion or by the user before the prescaler, conversion mode or channel select values can be changed. After stopping the current conversion, the user can load different values for the prescaler, conversion mode or channel select and start a new conversion in one instruction. Note: The A/D Converter is also powered down when the device is in either the HALT or IDLE modes. If the A/D is running when the device enters the HALT or IDLE modes, the A/D powers down and then restarts the conversion from the beginning with a corrupted sampled voltage (and thus an invalid result) when the device comes out of the HALT or IDLE modes. 8.3 ANALOG INPUT AND SOURCE RESISTANCE CONSIDERATIONS Figure 22 shows the A/D pin model in single ended mode. The differential mode has a similar A/D pin model. The leads to the analog inputs should be kept as short as possible. Both noise and digital clock coupling to an A/D input can cause conversion errors. The clock lead should be kept away from the analog input line to reduce coupling. Source impedances greater than 3 kΩ on the analog input lines will adversely affect the internal RC charging time during input sampling. As shown in Figure 22, the analog switch to the DAC array is closed only during the 3 A/D cycle sample time. Large source impedances on the analog inputs may result in the DAC array not being charged to the correct voltage levels, causing scale errors. If large source resistance is necessary, the recommended solution is to slow down the A/D clock speed in proportion to the source resistance. The A/D Converter may be operated at the maximum speed for RS less than 3 kΩ. For RS greater than 3 kΩ, A/D clock speed needs to be reduced. For example, with RS = 6 kΩ, the A/D Converter may be operated at half the maximum speed. A/D Converter clock speed may be slowed down by either increasing the A/D prescaler divide-by or decreasing the CKI clock frequency. The A/D minimum clock speed is 65.536 kHz. PRESCALER The A/D Converter (A/D) contains a prescaler option that allows two different clock speed selections as shown in Table 21. The A/D clock frequency is equal to MCLK divided by the prescaler value. Note that the prescaler value must be chosen such that the A/D clock falls within the specified range. The maximum A/D frequency is 1.25 MHz. This equates to a 800 ns A/D clock cycle. The A/D Converter takes 15 A/D clock cycles to complete a conversion. Thus the minimum A/D conversion time is 12.0 µs when a prescaler of 16 has been selected with MCLK = 20 MHz. The 15 A/D clock cycles needed for conversion consist of 3 cycles for sampling, 1 cycle for auto-zeroing the comparator, 10 cycles for converting, 1 20026453 *The analog switch is closed only during the sample time. FIGURE 22. A/D Pin Model (Single Ended Mode) 37 www.national.com COP8CFE9 8.0 A/D Converter COP8CFE9 9.0 Interrupts The Software trap has the highest priority while the default VIS has the lowest priority. 9.1 INTRODUCTION Each of the 8 maskable inputs has a fixed arbitration ranking and vector. The device supports nine vectored interrupts. Interrupt sources include Timer 1, Timer 2, Timer T0, Port L Wake-up, Software Trap, MICROWIRE/PLUS, and External Input. Figure 23 shows the Interrupt block diagram. All interrupts force a branch to location 00FF Hex in program memory. The VIS instruction may be used to vector to the appropriate service routine from location 00FF Hex. 20026474 FIGURE 23. Interrupt Block Diagram interrupts meet these conditions simultaneously, the highestpriority interrupt will be serviced first, and the other pending interrupts must wait. Upon Reset, all pending bits, individual enable bits, and the GIE bit are reset to zero. Thus, a maskable interrupt condition cannot trigger an interrupt until the program enables it by setting both the GIE bit and the individual enable bit. When enabling an interrupt, the user should consider whether or not a previously activated (set) pending bit should be acknowledged. If, at the time an interrupt is enabled, any previous occurrences of the interrupt should be ignored, the associated pending bit must be reset to zero prior to enabling the interrupt. Otherwise, the interrupt may be simply enabled; if the pending bit is already set, it will immediately trigger an interrupt. A maskable interrupt is active if its associated enable and pending bits are set. An interrupt is an asychronous event which may occur before, during, or after an instruction cycle. Any interrupt which occurs during the execution of an instruction is not acknowledged until the start of the next normally executed instruc- 9.2 MASKABLE INTERRUPTS All interrupts other than the Software Trap are maskable. Each maskable interrupt has an associated enable bit and pending flag bit. The pending bit is set to 1 when the interrupt condition occurs. The state of the interrupt enable bit, combined with the GIE bit determines whether an active pending flag actually triggers an interrupt. All of the maskable interrupt pending and enable bits are contained in mapped control registers, and thus can be controlled by the software. A maskable interrupt condition triggers an interrupt under the following conditions: 1. The enable bit associated with that interrupt is set. 2. The GIE bit is set. 3. The device is not processing a non-maskable interrupt. (If a non-maskable interrupt is being serviced, a maskable interrupt must wait until that service routine is completed.) An interrupt is triggered only when all of these conditions are met at the beginning of an instruction. If different maskable www.national.com 38 00FF Hex, or shortly after that point, just after the code used for context switching. The VIS instruction determines which enabled and pending interrupt has the highest priority, and causes an indirect jump to the address corresponding to that interrupt source. The jump addresses (vectors) for all possible interrupts sources are stored in a vector table. (Continued) tion. If the next normally executed instruction is to be skipped, the skip is performed before the pending interrupt is acknowledged. At the start of interrupt acknowledgment, the following actions occur: The vector table may be as long as 32 bytes (maximum of 16 vectors) and resides at the top of the 256-byte block containing the VIS instruction. However, if the VIS instruction is at the very top of a 256-byte block (such as at 00FF Hex), the vector table resides at the top of the next 256-byte block. Thus, if the VIS instruction is located somewhere between 00FF and 01DF Hex (the usual case), the vector table is located between addresses 01E0 and 01FF Hex. If the VIS instruction is located between 01FF and 02DF Hex, then the vector table is located between addresses 02E0 and 02FF Hex, and so on. Each vector is 15 bits long and points to the beginning of a specific interrupt service routine somewhere in the 32-kbyte memory space. Each vector occupies two bytes of the vector table, with the higher-order byte at the lower address. The vectors are arranged in order of interrupt priority. The vector of the maskable interrupt with the lowest rank is located to 0yE0 (higher-order byte) and 0yE1 (lower-order byte). The next priority interrupt is located at 0yE2 and 0yE3, and so forth in increasing rank. The Software Trap has the highest rand and its vector is always located at 0yFE and 0yFF. The number of interrupts which can become active defines the size of the table. 1. The GIE bit is automatically reset to zero, preventing any subsequent maskable interrupt from interrupting the current service routine. This feature prevents one maskable interrupt from interrupting another one being serviced. 2. The address of the instruction about to be executed is pushed onto the stack. 3. The program counter (PC) is loaded with 00FF Hex, causing a jump to that program memory location. The device requires seven instruction cycles to perform the actions listed above. If the user wishes to allow nested interrupts, the interrupts service routine may set the GIE bit to 1 by writing to the PSW register, and thus allow other maskable interrupts to interrupt the current service routine. If nested interrupts are allowed, caution must be exercised. The user must write the program in such a way as to prevent stack overflow, loss of saved context information, and other unwanted conditions. The interrupt service routine stored at location 00FF Hex should use the VIS instruction to determine the cause of the interrupt, and jump to the interrupt handling routine corresponding to the highest priority enabled and active interrupt. Alternately, the user may choose to poll all interrupt pending and enable bits to determine the source(s) of the interrupt. If more than one interrupt is active, the user’s program must decide which interrupt to service. Within a specific interrupt service routine, the associated pending bit should be cleared. This is typically done as early as possible in the service routine in order to avoid missing the next occurrence of the same type of interrupt event. Thus, if the same event occurs a second time, even while the first occurrence is still being serviced, the second occurrence will be serviced immediately upon return from the current interrupt routine. An interrupt service routine typically ends with an RETI instruction. This instruction set the GIE bit back to 1, pops the address stored on the stack, and restores that address to the program counter. Program execution then proceeds with the next instruction that would have been executed had there been no interrupt. If there are any valid interrupts pending, the highest-priority interrupt is serviced immediately upon return from the previous interrupt. Note: While executing from the Boot ROM for ISP or virtual E2 operations, the hardware will disable interrupts from occurring. The hardware will leave the GIE bit in its current state, and if set, the hardware interrupts will occur when execution is returned to Flash Memory. Subsequent interrupts, during ISP operation, from the same interrupt source will be lost. Table 26 shows the types of interrupts, the interrupt arbitration ranking, and the locations of the corresponding vectors in the vector table. The vector table should be filled by the user with the memory locations of the specific interrupt service routines. For example, if the Software Trap routine is located at 0310 Hex, then the vector location 0yFE and -0yFF should contain the data 03 and 10 Hex, respectively. When a Software Trap interrupt occurs and the VIS instruction is executed, the program jumps to the address specified in the vector table. The interrupt sources in the vector table are listed in order of rank, from highest to lowest priority. If two or more enabled and pending interrupts are detected at the same time, the one with the highest priority is serviced first. Upon return from the interrupt service routine, the next highest-level pending interrupt is serviced. If the VIS instruction is executed, but no interrupts are enabled and pending, the lowest-priority interrupt vector is used, and a jump is made to the corresponding address in the vector table. This is an unusual occurrence and may be the result of an error. It can legitimately result from a change in the enable bits or pending flags prior to the execution of the VIS instruction, such as executing a single cycle instruction which clears an enable flag at the same time that the pending flag is set. It can also result, however, from inadvertent execution of the VIS command outside of the context of an interrupt. The default VIS interrupt vector can be useful for applications in which time critical interrupts can occur during the servicing of another interrupt. Rather than restoring the program context (A, B, X, etc.) and executing the RETI instruction, an interrupt service routine can be terminated by returning to the VIS instruction. In this case, interrupts will be serviced in turn until no further interrupts are pending and the default VIS routine is started. After testing the GIE bit to 9.3 VIS INSTRUCTION The general interrupt service routine, which starts at address 00FF Hex, must be capable of handling all types of interrupts. The VIS instruction, together with an interrupt vector table, directs the device to the specific interrupt handling routine based on the cause of the interrupt. VIS is a single-byte instruction, typically used at the very beginning of the general interrupt service routine at address 39 www.national.com COP8CFE9 9.0 Interrupts COP8CFE9 9.0 Interrupts source of an interrupt, this practice is not recommended. The use of polling allows the standard arbitration ranking to be altered, but the reliability of the interrupt system is compromised. The polling routine must individually test the enable and pending bits of each maskable interrupt. If a Software Trap interrupt should occur, it will be serviced last, even though it should have the highest priority. Under certain conditions, a Software Trap could be triggered but not serviced, resulting in an inadvertent “locking out” of all maskable interrupts by the Software Trap pending flag. Problems such as this can be avoided by using VIS instruction. (Continued) ensure that execution is not erroneous, the routine should restore the program context and execute the RETI to return to the interrupted program. This technique can save up to fifty instruction cycles (tC), or more, (50 µs at 10 MHz oscillator) of latency for pending interrupts with a penalty of fewer than ten instruction cycles if no further interrupts are pending. To ensure reliable operation, the user should always use the VIS instruction to determine the source of an interrupt. Although it is possible to poll the pending bits to detect the TABLE 24. Interrupt Vector Table Arbitration Ranking Vector Address (Note 20) (Hi-Low Byte) Source Description (1) Highest Software (2) Reserved for NMI INTR Instruction 0yFE–0yFF (3) External G0 0yFA–0yFB (4) Timer T0 Underflow 0yF8–0yF9 (5) Timer T1 T1A/Underflow 0yF6–0yF7 (6) Timer T1 T1B 0yF4–0yF5 (7) MICROWIRE/PLUS BUSY Low (8) Reserved 0yF0–0yF1 (9) Reserved 0yEE–0yEF (10) Reserved (11) Timer T2 T2A/Underflow 0yEA–0yEB (12) Timer T2 T2B 0yE8–0yE9 (13) Reserved (14) Reserved (15) Port L/Wake-up Port L Edge 0yE2–0yE3 (16) Lowest Default VIS Reserved 0yE0–0yE1 0yFC–0yFD 0yF2–0yF3 0yEC–0yED 0yE6–0yE7 0yE4–0yE5 Note 20: y is a variable which represents the VIS block. VIS and the vector table must be located in the same 256-byte block except if VIS is located at the last address of a block. In this case, the table must be in the next block. the active interrupt with the highest arbitration ranking. This vector is read from program memory and placed into the PC which is now pointed to the 1st instruction of the service routine of the active interrupt with the highest arbitration ranking. 9.3.1 VIS Execution When the VIS instruction is executed it activates the arbitration logic. The arbitration logic generates an even number between E0 and FE (E0, E2, E4, E6 etc....) depending on which active interrupt has the highest arbitration ranking at the time of the 1st cycle of VIS is executed. For example, if the software trap interrupt is active, FE is generated. If the external interrupt is active and the software trap interrupt is not, then FA is generated and so forth. If no active interrupt is pending, than E0 is generated. This number replaces the lower byte of the PC. The upper byte of the PC remains unchanged. The new PC is therefore pointing to the vector of www.national.com Figure 24 illustrates the different steps performed by the VIS instruction. Figure 25 shows a flowchart for the VIS instruction. The non-maskable interrupt pending flag is cleared by the RPND (Reset Non-Maskable Pending Bit) instruction (under certain conditions) and upon RESET. 40 COP8CFE9 9.0 Interrupts (Continued) 20026433 FIGURE 24. VIS Operation Nothing can interrupt a Software Trap service routine except for another Software Trap. The STPND can be reset only by the RPND instruction or a chip Reset. The Software Trap indicates an unusual or unknown error condition. Generally, returning to normal execution at the point where the Software Trap occurred cannot be done reliably. Therefore, the Software Trap service routine should re-initialize the stack pointer and perform a recovery procedure that re-starts the software at some known point, similar to a device Reset, but not necessarily performing all the same functions as a device Reset. The routine must also execute the RPND instruction to reset the STPND flag. Otherwise, all other interrupts will be locked out. To the extent possible, the interrupt routine should record or indicate the context of the device so that the cause of the Software Trap can be determined. If the user wishes to return to normal execution from the point at which the Software Trap was triggered, the user must first execute RPND, followed by RETSK rather than RETI or RET. This is because the return address stored on the stack is the address of the INTR instruction that triggered the interrupt. The program must skip that instruction in order to proceed with the next one. Otherwise, an infinite loop of Software Traps and returns will occur. Programming a return to normal execution requires careful consideration. If the Software Trap routine is interrupted by another Software Trap, the RPND instruction in the service routine for the second Software Trap will reset the STPND flag; upon return to the first Software Trap routine, the STPND flag will have the wrong state. This will allow maskable interrupts to be acknowledged during the servicing of the first Software Trap. To avoid problems such as this, the 9.4 NON-MASKABLE INTERRUPT 9.4.1 Pending Flag There is a pending flag bit associated with the non-maskable Software Trap interrupt, called STPND. This pending flag is not memory-mapped and cannot be accessed directly by the software. The pending flag is reset to zero when a device Reset occurs. When the non-maskable interrupt occurs, the associated pending bit is set to 1. The interrupt service routine should contain an RPND instruction to reset the pending flag to zero. The RPND instruction always resets the STPND flag. 10.4.2 Software Trap The Software Trap is a special kind of non-maskable interrupt which occurs when the INTR instruction (used to acknowledge interrupts) is fetched from program memory and placed in the instruction register. This can happen in a variety of ways, usually because of an error condition. Some examples of causes are listed below. If the program counter incorrectly points to a memory location beyond the programmed Flash memory space, the unused memory location returns zeros which is interpreted as the INTR instruction. A Software Trap can be triggered by a temporary hardware condition such as a brownout or power supply glitch. The Software Trap has the highest priority of all interrupts. When a Software Trap occurs, the STPND bit is set. The GIE bit is not affected and the pending bit (not accessible by the user) is used to inhibit other interrupts and to direct the program to the ST service routine with the VIS instruction. 41 www.national.com COP8CFE9 9.0 Interrupts programming error or hardware condition (brownout, power supply glitch, etc.) sets the STPND flag without providing a way for it to be cleared, all other interrupts will be locked out. To alleviate this condition, the user can use extra RPND instructions in the main program and in the Watchdog service routine (if present). There is no harm in executing extra RPND instructions in these parts of the program. (Continued) user program should contain the Software Trap routine to perform a recovery procedure rather than a return to normal execution. Under normal conditions, the STPND flag is reset by a RPND instruction in the Software Trap service routine. If a 20026434 FIGURE 25. VIS Flow Chart Programming Example: External Interrupt WAIT: PSW CNTRL RBIT RBIT SBIT SBIT SBIT JP . . . .=0FF VIS . . . .=01FA .ADDRW SERVICE =00EF =00EE 0,PORTGC 0,PORTGD IEDG, CNTRL GIE, PSW EXEN, PSW WAIT ; ; ; ; ; G0 pin configured Hi-Z Ext interrupt polarity; falling edge Set the GIE bit Enable the external interrupt Wait for external interrupt ; ; ; ; The interrupt causes a branch to address 0FF The VIS causes a branch to interrupt vector table ; Vector table (within 256 byte ; of VIS inst.) containing the ext ; interrupt service routine . . www.national.com 42 COP8CFE9 9.0 Interrupts (Continued) . SERVICE: RBIT,EXPND,PSW . . . RET I ; Interrupt Service Routine ; Reset ext interrupt pend. bit ; Return, set the GIE bit Interrupts may occur, however, between setting the ISP KEY and executing the JSRB instruction. It is recommenden that the user globally disable interrupts before setting the key and reenable interrupts immediately upon returning from the Boot ROM. 9.5 PORT L INTERRUPTS Port L provides the user with an additional eight fully selectable, edge sensitive interrupts which are all vectored into the same service subroutine. The interrupt from Port L shares logic with the wake-up circuitry. The register WKEN allows interrupts from Port L to be individually enabled or disabled. The register WKEDG specifies the trigger condition to be either a positive or a negative edge. Finally, the register WKPND latches in the pending trigger conditions. The GIE (Global Interrupt Enable) bit enables the interrupt function. A control flag, LPEN, functions as a global interrupt enable for Port L interrupts. Setting the LPEN flag will enable interrupts and vice versa. A separate global pending flag is not needed since the register WKPND is adequate. Since Port L is also used for waking the device out of the HALT or IDLE modes, the user can elect to exit the HALT or IDLE modes either with or without the interrupt enabled. If he elects to disable the interrupt, then the device will restart execution from the instruction immediately following the instruction that placed the microcontroller in the HALT or IDLE modes. In the other case, the device will first execute the interrupt service routine and then revert to normal operation. (See HALT MODE for clock option wake-up information.) 10.0 WATCHDOG/CLOCK MONITOR The device contains a user selectable WATCHDOG and clock monitor. The following section is applicable only if the WATCHDOG feature has been selected in the Option register. The WATCHDOG is designed to detect the user program getting stuck in infinite loops resulting in loss of program control or “runaway” programs. The WATCHDOG logic contains two separate service windows. While the user programmable upper window selects the WATCHDOG service time, the lower window provides protection against an infinite program loop that contains the WATCHDOG service instruction. The WATCHDOG uses the Idle Timer (T0) and thus all times are measured in Idle Timer Clocks. The Clock Monitor is used to detect the absence of a clock or a very slow clock below a specified rate on tC. The WATCHDOG consists of two independent logic blocks: WD UPPER and WD LOWER. WD UPPER establishes the upper limit on the service window and WD LOWER defines the lower limit of the service window. Servicing the WATCHDOG consists of writing a specific value to a WATCHDOG Service Register named WDSVR which is memory mapped in the RAM. This value is composed of three fields, consisting of a 2-bit Window Select, a 5-bit Key Data field, and the 1-bit Clock Monitor Select field. Table 25 shows the WDSVR register. 9.6 INTERRUPT SUMMARY The device uses the following types of interrupts, listed below in order of priority: 1. The Software Trap non-maskable interrupt, triggered by the INTR (00 opcode) instruction. The Software Trap is acknowledged immediately. This interrupt service routine can be interrupted only by another Software Trap. The Software Trap should end with two RPND instructions followed by a re-start procedure. 2. Maskable interrupts, triggered by an on-chip peripheral block or an external device connected to the device. Under ordinary conditions, a maskable interrupt will not interrupt any other interrupt routine in progress. A maskable interrupt routine in progress can be interrupted by the non-maskable interrupt request. A maskable interrupt routine should end with an RETI instruction or, prior to restoring context, should return to execute the VIS instruction. This is particularly useful when exiting long interrupt service routines if the time between interrupts is short. In this case the RETI instruction would only be executed when the default VIS routine is reached. 3. While executing from the Boot ROM for ISP or virtual E2 operations, the hardware will disable interrupts from occurring. The hardware will leave the GIE bit in its current state, and if set, the hardware interrupts will occur when execution is returned to Flash Memory. Subsequent interrupts, during ISP operation, from the same interrupt source will be lost. TABLE 25. WATCHDOG Service Register (WDSVR) Window Select Clock Monitor Key Data X X 0 1 1 0 0 Y 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 The lower limit of the service window is fixed at 2048 Idle Timer Clocks. Bits 7 and 6 of the WDSVR register allow the user to pick an upper limit of the service window. Table 26 shows the four possible combinations of lower and upper limits for the WATCHDOG service window. This flexibility in choosing the WATCHDOG service window prevents any undue burden on the user software. Bits 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 of the WDSVR register represent the 5-bit Key Data field. The key data is fixed at 01100. Bit 0 of the WDSVR Register is the Clock Monitor Select bit. 43 www.national.com COP8CFE9 10.0 WATCHDOG/CLOCK MONITOR (Continued) TABLE 26. WATCHDOG Service Window Select WDSVR Bit 7 WDSVR Bit 6 Clock Monitor Bit 0 0 0 X 2048-8k tC Cycles 0 1 X 2048-16k tC Cycles 1 0 X 2048-32k tC Cycles 1 1 X 2048-64k tC Cycles X X 0 Clock Monitor Disabled X X 1 Clock Monitor Enabled 10.1 CLOCK MONITOR The Clock Monitor aboard the device can be selected or deselected under program control. The Clock Monitor is guaranteed not to reject the clock if the instruction cycle clock (1/tC) is greater or equal to 5 kHz. This equates to a clock input rate on the oscillator of greater or equal to 25 kHz. Service Window (Lower-Upper Limits) When jumping to the boot ROM for ISP and virtual E2 operations, the hardware will disable the lower window error and perform an immediate WATCHDOG service. The ISP routines will service the WATCHDOG within the selected upper window. The ISP routines will service the WATCHDOG immediately prior to returning execution back to the user’s code in flash. Therefore, after returning to flash memory, the user can service the WATCHDOG anytime following the return from boot ROM, but must service it within the selected upper window to avoid a WATCHDOG error. The WATCHDOG has an output pin associated with it. This is the WDOUT pin, on pin 1 of the port G. WDOUT is active low. The WDOUT pin has a weak pull-up in the inactive state. Upon triggering the WATCHDOG, the logic will pull the WDOUT (G1) pin low for an additional 16–32 cycles after the signal level on WDOUT pin goes below the lower Schmitt trigger threshold. After this delay, the device will stop forcing the WDOUT output low. The WATCHDOG service window will restart when the WDOUT pin goes high. A WATCHDOG service while the WDOUT signal is active will be ignored. The state of the WDOUT pin is not guaranteed on reset, but if it powers up low then the WATCHDOG will time out and WDOUT will go high. The Clock Monitor forces the G1 pin low upon detecting a clock frequency error. The Clock Monitor error will continue until the clock frequency has reached the minimum specified value, after which the G1 output will go high following 16–32 clock cycles. The Clock Monitor generates a continual Clock Monitor error if the oscillator fails to start, or fails to reach the minimum specified frequency. The specification for the Clock Monitor is as follows: 1/tC > 5 kHz — No clock rejection. 10.2 WATCHDOG/CLOCK MONITOR OPERATION The WATCHDOG is enabled by bit 2 of the Option register. When this Option bit is 0, the WATCHDOG is enabled and pin G1 becomes the WATCHDOG output with a weak pullup. The WATCHDOG and Clock Monitor are disabled during reset. The device comes out of reset with the WATCHDOG armed, the WATCHDOG Window Select bits (bits 6, 7 of the WDSVR Register) set, and the Clock Monitor bit (bit 0 of the WDSVR Register) enabled. Thus, a Clock Monitor error will occur after coming out of reset, if the instruction cycle clock frequency has not reached a minimum specified value, including the case where the oscillator fails to start. The WDSVR register can be written to only once after reset and the key data (bits 5 through 1 of the WDSVR Register) must match to be a valid write. This write to the WDSVR register involves two irrevocable choices: (i) the selection of the WATCHDOG service window (ii) enabling or disabling of the Clock Monitor. Hence, the first write to WDSVR Register involves selecting or deselecting the Clock Monitor, select the WATCHDOG service window and match the WATCHDOG key data. Subsequent writes to the WDSVR register will compare the value being written by the user to the WATCHDOG service window value, the key data and the Clock Monitor Enable (all bits) in the WDSVR Register. Table 27 shows the sequence of events that can occur. The user must service the WATCHDOG at least once before the upper limit of the service window expires. The WATCHDOG may not be serviced more than once in every lower limit of the service window. 1/tC < 10 Hz — Guaranteed clock rejection. TABLE 27. WATCHDOG Service Actions Key Data www.national.com Window Data Clock Monitor Action Match Match Match Don’t Care Mismatch Don’t Care Valid Service: Restart Service Window Error: Generate WATCHDOG Output Mismatch Don’t Care Don’t Care Error: Generate WATCHDOG Output Don’t Care Don’t Care Mismatch Error: Generate WATCHDOG Output 44 • 10.3 WATCHDOG AND CLOCK MONITOR SUMMARY The following salient points regarding the WATCHDOG and CLOCK MONITOR should be noted: • Both the WATCHDOG and CLOCK MONITOR detector circuits are inhibited during RESET. • Following RESET, the WATCHDOG and CLOCK MONITOR are both enabled, with the WATCHDOG having the maximum service window selected. • The WATCHDOG service window and CLOCK MONITOR enable/disable option can only be changed once, during the initial WATCHDOG service following RESET. • The initial WATCHDOG service must match the key data value in the WATCHDOG Service register WDSVR in order to avoid a WATCHDOG error. • Subsequent WATCHDOG services must match all three data fields in WDSVR in order to avoid WATCHDOG errors. • The correct key data value cannot be read from the WATCHDOG Service register WDSVR. Any attempt to read this key data value of 01100 from WDSVR will read as key data value of all 0’s. • The WATCHDOG detector circuit is inhibited during both the HALT and IDLE modes. • The CLOCK MONITOR detector circuit is active during both the HALT and IDLE modes. Consequently, the device inadvertently entering the HALT mode will be detected as a CLOCK MONITOR error (provided that the CLOCK MONITOR enable option has been selected by the program). Likewise, a device with WATCHDOG enabled in the Option but with the WATCHDOG output not connected to RESET, will draw excessive HALT current if placed in the HALT mode. The clock Monitor will pull the WATCHDOG output low and sink current through the on-chip pull-up resistor. • The WATCHDOG service window will be set to its selected value from WDSVR following HALT. Consequently, the WATCHDOG should not be serviced for at least 2048 Idle Timer clocks following HALT, but must be serviced within the selected window to avoid a WATCHDOG error. • • The IDLE timer T0 is not initialized with external RESET. • A hardware WATCHDOG service occurs just as the device exits the IDLE mode. Consequently, the WATCHDOG should not be serviced for at least 2048 Idle Timer clocks following IDLE, but must be serviced within the selected window to avoid a WATCHDOG error. • Following RESET, the initial WATCHDOG service (where the service window and the CLOCK MONITOR enable/ disable must be selected) may be programmed anywhere within the maximum service window (65,536 instruction cycles) initialized by RESET. Note that this initial WATCHDOG service may be programmed within the initial 2048 instruction cycles without causing a WATCHDOG error. When using any of the ISP functions in Boot ROM, the ISP routines will service the WATCHDOG within the selected upper window. Upon return to flash memory, the WATCHDOG is serviced, the lower window is enabled, and the user can service the WATCHDOG anytime following exit from Boot ROM, but must service it within the selected upper window to avoid a WATCHDOG error. 10.4 DETECTION OF ILLEGAL CONDITIONS The device can detect various illegal conditions resulting from coding errors, transient noise, power supply voltage drops, runaway programs, etc. Reading of unprogrammed ROM gets zeros. The opcode for software interrupt is 00. If the program fetches instructions from unprogrammed ROM, this will force a software interrupt, thus signaling that an illegal condition has occurred. The subroutine stack grows down for each call (jump to subroutine), interrupt, or PUSH, and grows up for each return or POP. The stack pointer is initialized to RAM location 06F Hex during reset. Consequently, if there are more returns than calls, the stack pointer will point to addresses 070 and 071 Hex (which are undefined RAM). Undefined RAM from addresses 070 to 07F (Segment 0), and all other segments (i.e., Segments 4... etc.) is read as all 1’s, which in turn will cause the program to return to address 7FFF Hex. This location is unimplemented and, when accessed by an instruction fetch, will respond with an INTR instruction (all 0’s) to generate a software interrupt, signalling an illegal condition on overpop of the stack. Thus, the chip can detect the following illegal conditions: 1. Executing from undefined Program Memory 2. Over “POP”ing the stack by having more returns than calls. When the software interrupt occurs, the user can re-initialize the stack pointer and do a recovery procedure before restarting (this recovery program is probably similar to that following reset, but might not contain the same program initialization procedures). The recovery program should reset the software interrupt pending bit using the RPND instruction. 11.0 MICROWIRE/PLUS MICROWIRE/PLUS is a serial SPI compatible synchronous communications interface. The MICROWIRE/PLUS capability enables the device to interface with MICROWIRE/PLUS or SPI peripherals (i.e. A/D converters, display drivers, EEPROMs etc.) and with other microcontrollers which support the MICROWIRE/PLUS or SPI interface. It consists of an 8-bit serial shift register (SIO) with serial data input (SI), serial data output (SO) and serial shift clock (SK). Figure 26 shows a block diagram of the MICROWIRE/PLUS logic. The shift clock can be selected from either an internal source or an external source. Operating the MICROWIRE/PLUS arrangement with the internal clock source is called the Master mode of operation. Similarly, operating the MICROWIRE/PLUS arrangement with an external shift clock is called the Slave mode of operation. The CNTRL register is used to configure and control the MICROWIRE/PLUS mode. To use the MICROWIRE/PLUS, the MSEL bit in the CNTRL register is set to one. In the master mode, the SK clock rate is selected by the two bits, SL0 and SL1, in the CNTRL register. Table 28 details the different clock rates that may be selected. The user can sync in to the IDLE counter cycle with an IDLE counter (T0) interrupt or by monitoring the T0PND flag. The T0PND flag is set whenever the selected bit of the IDLE counter toggles (every 4, 8, 16, 32 or 64k Idle Timer clocks). The user is responsible for resetting the T0PND flag. 45 www.national.com COP8CFE9 10.0 WATCHDOG/CLOCK MONITOR (Continued) COP8CFE9 11.0 MICROWIRE/PLUS SK functions onto the G Port. The SO and SK pins must also be selected as outputs by setting appropriate bits in the Port G configuration register. In the slave mode, the shift clock stops after 8 clock pulses. Table 29 summarizes the bit settings required for Master mode of operation. (Continued) TABLE 28. MICROWIRE/PLUS Master Mode Clock Select SL1 SL0 SK Period 0 0 2 x tC 11.1.2 MICROWIRE/PLUS Slave Mode Operation 0 1 4 x tC 1 x 8 x tC In the MICROWIRE/PLUS Slave mode of operation the SK clock is generated by an external source. Setting the MSEL bit in the CNTRL register enables the SO and SK functions onto the G Port. The SK pin must be selected as an input and the SO pin is selected as an output pin by setting and resetting the appropriate bits in the Port G configuration register. Table 29 summarizes the settings required to enter the Slave mode of operation. Where tC is the instruction cycle clock 11.1 MICROWIRE/PLUS OPERATION Setting the BUSY bit in the PSW register causes the MICROWIRE/PLUS to start shifting the data. It gets reset when eight data bits have been shifted. The user may reset the BUSY bit by software to allow less than 8 bits to shift. If enabled, an interrupt is generated when eight data bits have been shifted. The device may enter the MICROWIRE/PLUS mode either as a Master or as a Slave. Figure 26 shows how two microcontroller devices and several peripherals may be interconnected using the MICROWIRE/PLUS arrangements. Warning: The SIO register should only be loaded when the SK clock is in the idle phase. Loading the SIO register while the SK clock is in the active phase, will result in undefined data in the SIO register. Setting the BUSY flag when the input SK clock is in the active phase while in the MICROWIRE/PLUS is in the slave mode may cause the current SK clock for the SIO shift register to be narrow. For safety, the BUSY flag should only be set when the input SK clock is in the idle phase. TABLE 29. MICROWIRE/PLUS Mode Settings This table assumes that the control flag MSEL is set. G4 (SO) G5 (SK) G4 G5 Config. Bit Config. Bit Fun. Fun. 1 1 SO Int. TRI- Operation MICROWIRE/PLUS SK Master Int. MICROWIRE/PLUS 0 1 STATE SK Master 1 0 SO Ext. MICROWIRE/PLUS SK Slave 0 0 TRI- Ext. MICROWIRE/PLUS STATE SK Slave The user must set the BUSY flag immediately upon entering the Slave mode. This ensures that all data bits sent by the Master is shifted properly. After eight clock pulses the BUSY flag is clear, the shift clock is stopped, and the sequence may be repeated. 11.1.1 MICROWIRE/PLUS Master Mode Operation In the MICROWIRE/PLUS Master mode of operation the shift clock (SK) is generated internally. The MICROWIRE/ PLUS Master always initiates all data exchanges. The MSEL bit in the CNTRL register must be set to enable the SO and 20026435 FIGURE 26. MICROWIRE/PLUS Application both the modes the SK idle polarity can be either high or low. The polarity is selected by bit 5 of Port G data register. In the normal mode data is shifted in on the rising edge of the SK clock and the data is shifted out on the falling edge of the SK 11.1.3 Alternate SK Phase Operation and SK Idle Polarity The device allows either the normal SK clock or an alternate phase SK clock to shift data in and out of the SIO register. In www.national.com 46 A control flag, SKSEL, allows either the normal SK clock or the alternate SK clock to be selected. Refer to Table 30 for the appropriate setting of the SKSEL bit. The SKSEL is mapped into the G6 configuration bit. The SKSEL flag will power up in the reset condition, selecting the normal SK signal provided the SK Idle Polarity remains LOW. (Continued) clock. The SIO register is shifted on each falling edge of the SK clock. In the alternate SK phase operation, data is shifted in on the falling edge of the SK clock and shifted out on the rising edge of the SK clock. Bit 6 of Port G configuration register selects the SK edge. TABLE 30. MICROWIRE/PLUS Shift Clock Polarity and Sample/Shift Phase Port G SK Phase G6 (SKSEL) Config. Bit G5 Data Bit SO Clocked Out On: SI Sampled On: SK Idle Phase Normal 0 0 SK Falling Edge SK Rising Edge Low Alternate 1 0 SK Rising Edge SK Falling Edge Low Alternate 0 1 SK Rising Edge SK Falling Edge High Normal 1 1 SK Falling Edge SK Rising Edge High 20026436 FIGURE 27. MICROWIRE/PLUS SPI Mode Interface Timing, Normal SK Mode, SK Idle Phase being Low 20026437 FIGURE 28. MICROWIRE/PLUS SPI Mode Interface Timing, Alternate SK Mode, SK Idle Phase being Low 20026438 FIGURE 29. MICROWIRE/PLUS SPI Mode Interface Timing, Normal SK Mode, SK Idle Phase being High 47 www.national.com COP8CFE9 11.0 MICROWIRE/PLUS COP8CFE9 11.0 MICROWIRE/PLUS (Continued) 20026439 FIGURE 30. MICROWIRE/PLUS SPI Mode Interface Timing, Alternate SK Mode, SK Idle Phase being High 13.0 Memory Map Address All RAM, ports and registers (except A and PC) are mapped into data memory address space. Address Contents S/ADD REG 0000 to 006F On-Chip RAM bytes (112 bytes) 0070 to 007F Unused RAM Address Space (Reads As All Ones) Contents S/ADD REG xxC4 Timer T2 Autoload Register T2RB Lower Byte xxC5 Timer T2 Autoload Register T2RB Upper Byte xxC6 Timer T2 Control Register xxC7 WATCHDOG Service Register (Reg:WDSVR) xxC8 MIWU Edge Select Register (Reg:WKEDG) xx80 to xx8F Unused RAM Address Space (Reads Undefined Data) xx90 to xx9F Reserved xxA0 Port A Data Register xxC9 MIWU Enable Register (Reg:WKEN) xxA1 Port A Configuration Register xxCA MIWU Pending Register (Reg:WKPND) xxA2 Port A Input Pins (Read Only) xxCB A/D Converter Control Register (ENAD) xxA3 Reserved for Port A xxCC xxA4 Port B Data Register A/D Converter Result Register High Byte (ADRSTH) xxA5 Port B Configuration Register xxCD xxA6 Port B Input Pins (Read Only) A/D Converter Result Register Low Byte (ADRSTL) xxA7 Reserved for Port B xxCE Reserved xxA8 ISP Address Register Low Byte (ISPADLO) xxCF Idle Timer Control Register (ITMR) xxD0 Port L Data Register ISP Address Register High Byte (ISPADHI) xxD1 Port L Configuration Register xxD2 Port L Input Pins (Read Only) ISP Read Data Register (ISPRD) xxD3 Reserved for Port L xxAB ISP Write Data Register (ISPWR) xxD4 Port G Data Register xxAC Reserved xxD5 Port G Configuration Register Reserved xxD6 Port G Input Pins (Read Only) Reserved xxD7 to xxDB Reserved xxAF High Speed Timers Control Register (HSTCR) xxDC Port H Data Register xxDD Port H Configuration Register xxB0 to xxBF Reserved xxDE Port H Input Pins (Read Only) xxC0 Timer T2 Lower Byte xxDF Reserved for Port H xxC1 Timer T2 Upper Byte xxE0 Reserved xxC2 Timer T2 Autoload Register T2RA Lower Byte xxE1 Flash Memory Write Timing Register (PGMTIM) xxC3 Timer T2 Autoload Register T2RA Upper Byte xxE2 ISP Key Register (ISPKEY) xxE3 to xxE5 Reserved xxA9 xxAA xxAD xxAE www.national.com 48 • (Continued) Address Contents S/ADD REG 13.3 ADDRESSING MODES xxE6 Timer T1 Autoload Register T1RB Lower Byte xxE7 Timer T1 Autoload Register T1RB Upper Byte xxE8 ICNTRL Register xxE9 MICROWIRE/PLUS Shift Register xxEA Timer T1 Lower Byte xxEB Timer T1 Upper Byte xxEC Timer T1 Autoload Register T1RA Lower Byte xxED Timer T1 Autoload Register T1RA Upper Byte xxEE CNTRL Control Register xxEF PSW Register xxF0 to FB On-Chip RAM Mapped as Registers xxFC X Register xxFD SP Register xxFE B Register xxFF S Register 0100 to 017F On-Chip 128 RAM Bytes The instruction set offers a variety of methods for specifying memory addresses. Each method is called an addressing mode. These modes are classified into two categories: operand addressing modes and transfer-of-control addressing modes. Operand addressing modes are the various methods of specifying an address for accessing (reading or writing) data. Transfer-of-control addressing modes are used in conjunction with jump instructions to control the execution sequence of the software program. 13.3.1 Operand Addressing Modes The operand of an instruction specifies what memory location is to be affected by that instruction. Several different operand addressing modes are available, allowing memory locations to be specified in a variety of ways. An instruction can specify an address directly by supplying the specific address, or indirectly by specifying a register pointer. The contents of the register (or in some cases, two registers) point to the desired memory location. In the immediate mode, the data byte to be used is contained in the instruction itself. Each addressing mode has its own advantages and disadvantages with respect to flexibility, execution speed, and program compactness. Not all modes are available with all instructions. The Load (LD) instruction offers the largest number of addressing modes. The available addressing modes are: Note: Reading memory locations 0070H–007FH (Segment 0) will return all ones. Reading unused memory locations 0080H–0093H (Segment 0) will return undefined data. Reading memory locations from other Segments (i.e., Segment 8, Segment 9, … etc.) will return undefined data. • • • 13.0 Instruction Set 13.1 INTRODUCTION This section defines the instruction set of the COP8 Family members. It contains information about the instruction set features, addressing modes and types. • Mostly single-byte opcode instructions minimize program size. • One instruction cycle for the majority of single-byte instructions to minimize program execution time. • Many single-byte, multiple function instructions such as DRSZ. • Three memory mapped pointers: two for register indirect addressing, and one for the software stack. • Sixteen memory mapped registers that allow an optimized implementation of certain instructions. • Ability to set, reset, and test any individual bit in data memory address space, including the memory-mapped I/O ports and registers. Direct Register B or X Indirect Register B or X Indirect with Post-Incrementing/ Decrementing • Immediate • Immediate Short • Indirect from Program Memory The addressing modes are described below. Each description includes an example of an assembly language instruction using the described addressing mode. Direct. The memory address is specified directly as a byte in the instruction. In assembly language, the direct address is written as a numerical value (or a label that has been defined elsewhere in the program as a numerical value). Example: Load Accumulator Memory Direct LD A,05 13.2 INSTRUCTION FEATURES The strength of the instruction set is based on the following features: • Unique instructions to optimize program size and throughput efficiency. Some of these instructions are: DRSZ, IFBNE, DCOR, RETSK, VIS and RRC. Reg/Data Contents Contents Memory Before After Accumulator XX Hex A6 Hex A6 Hex A6 Hex Memory Location 0005 Hex Register B or X Indirect. The memory address is specified by the contents of the B Register or X register (pointer register). In assembly language, the notation [B] or [X] specifies which register serves as the pointer. Example: Exchange Memory with Accumulator, B Indirect X A,[B] Register-Indirect LOAD and EXCHANGE instructions with optional automatic post-incrementing or decrementing of the register pointer. This allows for greater efficiency (both in cycle time and program code) in loading, walking across and processing fields in data memory. 49 www.national.com COP8CFE9 13.0 Memory Map COP8CFE9 13.0 Instruction Set Reg/Data Contents Contents Memory Before After Accumulator 01 Hex 87 Hex 87 Hex 01 Hex Memory Location 0005 Hex B Pointer LAID (Continued) 05 Hex Reg/Data Contents Memory Before After Accumulator 03 Hex 62 Hex 62 Hex 03 Hex 05 Hex 06 Hex Memory Location 0005 Hex B Pointer Contents Before After Accumulator XX Hex 05 Hex Contents Immediate Short. This is a special case of an immediate instruction. In the “Load B immediate” instruction, the 4-bit immediate value in the instruction is loaded into the lower nibble of the B register. The upper nibble of the B register is reset to 0000 binary. Example: Load B Register Immediate Short LD B,#7 Reg/Data Contents Memory Before After 12 Hex 07 Hex 35 Hex 36 Hex Accumulator 1F Hex 25 Hex 25 Hex 25 Hex Contents Contents Before After PCU 02 Hex 02 Hex PCL 05 Hex 0F Hex Jump Absolute. In this 2-byte instruction, 12 bits of the instruction opcode specify the new contents of the Program Counter. The upper three bits of the Program Counter remain unchanged, restricting the new Program Counter address to the same 4-kbyte address space as the current instruction. (This restriction is relevant only in device using more than one 4-kbyte program memory space.) Example: Jump Absolute JMP 0125 Indirect from Program Memory. This is a special case of an indirect instruction that allows access to data tables stored in program memory. In the “Load Accumulator Indirect” (LAID) instruction, the upper and lower bytes of the Program Counter (PCU and PCL) are used temporarily as a pointer to program memory. For purposes of accessing program memory, the contents of the Accumulator and PCL are exchanged. The data pointed to by the Program Counter is loaded into the Accumulator, and simultaneously, the original contents of PCL are restored so that the program can resume normal execution. Example: Load Accumulator Indirect www.national.com PCL Reg Contents B Pointer 04 Hex • Jump Relative • Jump Absolute • Jump Absolute Long • Jump Indirect The transfer-of-control addressing modes are described below. Each description includes an example of a Jump instruction using a particular addressing mode, and the effect on the Program Counter bytes of executing that instruction. Jump Relative. In this 1-byte instruction, six bits of the instruction opcode specify the distance of the jump from the current program memory location. The distance of the jump can range from −31 to +32. A JP+1 instruction is not allowed. The programmer should use a NOP instead. Example: Jump Relative JP 0A Intermediate. The data for the operation follows the instruction opcode in program memory. In assembly language, the number sign character (#) indicates an immediate operand. Example: Load Accumulator Immediate LD A,#05 Memory After 04 Hex 13.3.2 Tranfer-of-Control Addressing Modes Program instructions are usually executed in sequential order. However, Jump instructions can be used to change the normal execution sequence. Several transfer-of-control addressing modes are available to specify jump addresses. A change in program flow requires a non-incremental change in the Program Counter contents. The Program Counter consists of two bytes, designated the upper byte (PCU) and lower byte (PCL). The most significant bit of PCU is not used, leaving 15 bits to address the program memory. Different addressing modes are used to specify the new address for the Program Counter. The choice of addressing mode depends primarily on the distance of the jump. Farther jumps sometimes require more instruction bytes in order to completely specify the new Program Counter contents. The available transfer-of-control addressing modes are: Contents Reg/Data Before PCU 041F Hex Register B or X Indirect with Post-Incrementing/ Decrementing. The relevant memory address is specified by the contents of the B Register or X register (pointer register). The pointer register is automatically incremented or decremented after execution, allowing easy manipulation of memory blocks with software loops. In assembly language, the notation [B+], [B−], [X+], or [X−] specifies which register serves as the pointer, and whether the pointer is to be incremented or decremented. Example: Exchange Memory with Accumulator, B Indirect with Post-Increment X A,[B+] Contents Memory Memory Location 05 Hex Reg/Data Contents Reg 50 Contents Contents Before After PCU 0C Hex 01 Hex PCL 77 Hex 25 Hex 13.4.2 Transfer-of-Control Instructions (Continued) The transfer-of-control instructions change the usual sequential program flow by altering the contents of the Program Counter. The Jump to Subroutine instructions save the Program Counter contents on the stack before jumping; the Return instructions pop the top of the stack back into the Program Counter. Jump Relative (JP) Jump Absolute (JMP) Jump Absolute Long (JMPL) Jump Indirect (JID) Jump to Subroutine (JSR) Jump to Subroutine Long (JSRL) Jump to Boot ROM Subroutine (JSRB) Return from Subroutine (RET) Return from Subroutine and Skip (RETSK) Return from Interrupt (RETI) Software Trap Interrupt (INTR) Vector Interrupt Select (VIS) Jump Absolute Long. In this 3-byte instruction, 15 bits of the instruction opcode specify the new contents of the Program Counter. Example: Jump Absolute Long JMP 03625 Reg/ Contents Memory Before Contents After PCU 42 Hex 36 Hex PCL 36 Hex 25 Hex Jump Indirect. In this 1-byte instruction, the lower byte of the jump address is obtained from a table stored in program memory, with the Accumulator serving as the low order byte of a pointer into program memory. For purposes of accessing program memory, the contents of the Accumulator are written to PCL (temporarily). The data pointed to by the Program Counter (PCH/PCL) is loaded into PCL, while PCH remains unchanged. Example: Jump Indirect JID Reg/ Contents 13.4.3 Load and Exchange Instructions The load and exchange instructions write byte values in registers or memory. The addressing mode determines the source of the data. Load (LD) Load Accumulator Indirect (LAID) Exchange (X) Contents Memory Before After PCU 01 Hex 01 Hex PCL C4 Hex 32 Hex Accumulator 26 Hex 26 Hex 32 Hex 32 Hex Memory Location 13.4.4 Logical Instructions The logical instructions perform the operations AND, OR, and XOR (Exclusive OR). Other logical operations can be performed by combining these basic operations. For example, complementing is accomplished by exclusive-ORing the Accumulator with FF Hex. Logical AND (AND) Logical OR (OR) Exclusive OR (XOR) 0126 Hex The VIS instruction is a special case of the Indirect Transfer of Control addressing mode, where the double-byte vector associated with the interrupt is transferred from adjacent addresses in program memory into the Program Counter in order to jump to the associated interrupt service routine. 13.4 INSTRUCTION TYPES The instruction set contains a wide variety of instructions. The available instructions are listed below, organized into related groups. Some instructions test a condition and skip the next instruction if the condition is not true. Skipped instructions are executed as no-operation (NOP) instructions. 13.4.5 Accumulator Bit Manipulation Instructions The Accumulator bit manipulation instructions allow the user to shift the Accumulator bits and to swap its two nibbles. Rotate Right Through Carry (RRC) Rotate Left Through Carry (RLC) Swap Nibbles of Accumulator (SWAP) 13.4.1 Arithmetic Instructions The arithmetic instructions perform binary arithmetic such as addition and subtraction, with or without the Carry bit. Add (ADD) Add with Carry (ADC) Subtract with Carry (SUBC) Increment (INC) Decrement (DEC) Decimal Correct (DCOR) Clear Accumulator (CLR) Set Carry (SC) Reset Carry (RC) 13.4.6 Stack Control Instructions Push Data onto Stack (PUSH) Pop Data off of Stack (POP) 13.4.7 Memory Bit Manipulation Instructions The memory bit manipulation instructions allow the user to set and reset individual bits in memory. Set Bit (SBIT) Reset Bit (RBIT) Reset Pending Bit (RPND) 13.4.8 Conditional Instructions The conditional instruction test a condition. If the condition is true, the next instruction is executed in the normal manner; if the condition is false, the next instruction is skipped. 51 www.national.com COP8CFE9 13.0 Instruction Set COP8CFE9 13.0 Instruction Set (Continued) Registers If Equal (IFEQ) S 8-Bit Segment Register If Not Equal (IFNE) SP 8-Bit Stack Pointer Register If Greater Than (IFGT) PC 15-Bit Program Counter Register If Carry (IFC) PU Upper 7 Bits of PC If Not Carry (IFNC) If Bit (IFBIT) If B Pointer Not Equal (IFBNE) And Skip if Zero (ANDSZ) Decrement Register and Skip if Zero (DRSZ) PL Lower 8 Bits of PC C 1 Bit of PSW Register for Carry HC 1 Bit of PSW Register for Half Carry GIE 1 Bit of PSW Register for Global Interrupt Enable 13.4.9 No-Operation Instruction The no-operation instruction does nothing, except to occupy space in the program memory and time in execution. No-Operation (NOP) Note: The VIS is a special case of the Indirect Transfer of Control addressing mode, where the double byte vector associated with the interrupt is transferred from adjacent addresses in the program memory into the program counter (PC) in order to jump to the associated interrupt service routine. Registers 8-Bit Accumulator Register B 8-Bit Address Register X 8-Bit Address Register www.national.com Interrupt Vector Upper Byte VL Interrupt Vector Lower Byte [B] Memory Indirectly Addressed by B Register [X] Memory Indirectly Addressed by X Register MD Direct Addressed Memory Mem Direct Addressed Memory or [B] Meml Direct Addressed Memory or [B] or Immediate Data Imm 8-Bit Immediate Data Reg Register Memory: Addresses F0 to FF (Includes B, X and SP) Bit ← Bit Number (0 to 7) ↔ Exchanged with Symbols 13.5 REGISTER AND SYMBOL DEFINITION The following abbreviations represent the nomenclature used in the instruction description and the COP8 crossassembler. A VU 52 Loaded with COP8CFE9 13.0 Instruction Set (Continued) 13.6 INSTRUCTION SET SUMMARY ADD A,Meml ADD ADC A,Meml ADD with Carry SUBC A,Meml Subtract with Carry A← A + Meml A← A + Meml + C, C← Carry, HC← Half Carry A← A − MemI + C, C← Carry, HC← Half Carry AND A,Meml Logical AND A← A and Meml ANDSZ A,Imm Logical AND Immed., Skip if Zero OR A,Meml Logical OR Skip next if (A and Imm) = 0 A← A or Meml XOR A,Meml Logical EXclusive OR A← A xor Meml IFEQ MD,Imm IF EQual Compare MD and Imm, Do next if MD = Imm IFEQ A,Meml IF EQual IFNE A,Meml IF Not Equal Compare A and Meml, Do next if A = Meml Compare A and Meml, Do next if A ≠ Meml IFGT A,Meml IF Greater Than Compare A and Meml, Do next if A > Meml IFBNE # If B Not Equal DRSZ Reg Decrement Reg., Skip if Zero Do next if lower 4 bits of B ≠ Imm Reg← Reg − 1, Skip if Reg = 0 1 to bit, Mem (bit = 0 to 7 immediate) SBIT #,Mem Set BIT RBIT #,Mem Reset BIT 0 to bit, Mem IFBIT #,Mem IF BIT If bit #,A or Mem is true do next instruction Reset PeNDing Flag Reset Software Interrupt Pending Flag RPND X A,Mem EXchange A with Memory A↔Mem X A,[X] EXchange A with Memory [X] LD A,Meml LoaD A with Memory A↔[X] A← Meml LD A,[X] LoaD A with Memory [X] LD B,Imm LoaD B with Immed. LD Mem,Imm LoaD Memory Immed. LD Reg,Imm LoaD Register Memory Immed. X A, [B ± ] EXchange A with Memory [B] X A, [X ± ] EXchange A with Memory [X] LD A, [B ± ] LoaD A with Memory [B] LD A, [X ± ] LoaD A with Memory [X] LD [B ± ],Imm LoaD Memory [B] Immed. CLR A CLeaR A INC A INCrement A DEC A DECrement A A← [X] B← Imm Mem← Imm Reg← Imm A↔[B], (B← B ± 1) A↔[X], (X← X ± 1) A← [B], (B← B ± 1) A← [X], (X← X ± 1) [B]←Imm, (B← B ± 1) A←0 A←A + 1 A←A − 1 DCOR A Decimal CORrect A RRC A Rotate A Right thru C A← ROM (PU,A) A← BCD correction of A (follows ADC, SUBC) C→ A7 → … →A0 → C RLC A Rotate A Left thru C C← A7 ←… ← A0 ← C, HC← A0 SWAP A SWAP nibbles of A A7…A4↔A3…A0 C← 1, HC← 1 LAID Load A InDirect from ROM SC Set C RC Reset C C←0, HC← 0 IFC IF C IF C is true, do next instruction IF Not C If C is not true, do next instruction SP← SP + 1, A←[SP] IFNC POP A POP the stack into A PUSH A PUSH A onto the stack VIS [SP]← A, SP← SP − 1 PU← [VU], PL← [VL] Vector to Interrupt Service Routine JMPL Addr. Jump absolute Long JMP Addr. Jump absolute PC←ii (ii = 15 bits, 0 to 32k) PC9…0← i (i = 12 bits) JP Disp. Jump relative short PC←PC + r (r is −31 to +32, except 1) 53 www.national.com COP8CFE9 13.0 Instruction Set (Continued) JSRL Addr. Jump SubRoutine Long JSR Addr. Jump SubRoutine JSRB Addr Jump SubRoutine Boot ROM [SP]← PL, [SP−1]← PU,SP−2, PC← ii [SP]← PL, [SP−1]← PU,SP−2, PC9…0← i [SP]← PL, [SP−1]← PU,SP−2, PL← Addr,PU ← 00, switch to flash JID Jump InDirect RET RETurn from subroutine RETSK RETurn and SKip PL← ROM (PU,A) SP + 2, PL← [SP], PU← [SP−1] SP + 2, PL← [SP],PU← [SP−1], RETI RETurn from Interrupt skip next instruction SP + 2, PL← [SP],PU← [SP−1],GIE← 1 INTR Generate an Interrupt NOP No OPeration [SP]← PL, [SP−1]← PU, SP−2, PC← 0FF PC← PC + 1 13.7 INSTRUCTION EXECUTION TIME Most instructions are single byte (with immediate addressing mode instructions taking two bytes). Most single byte instructions take one cycle time to execute. Skipped instructions require x number of cycles to be skipped, where x equals the number of bytes in the skipped instruction opcode. See the BYTES and CYCLES per INSTRUCTION table for details. Bytes and Cycles per Instruction The following table shows the number of bytes and cycles for each instruction in the format of byte/cycle. Arithmetic and Logic Instructions Instructions Using A & C CLRA 1/1 INCA 1/1 DECA 1/1 LAID 1/3 DCORA 1/1 RRCA 1/1 RLCA 1/1 SWAPA 1/1 SC 1/1 RC 1/1 IFC 1/1 IFNC 1/1 [B] Direct Immed. ADD 1/1 3/4 2/2 ADC 1/1 3/4 2/2 SUBC 1/1 3/4 2/2 AND 1/1 3/4 2/2 OR 1/1 3/4 2/2 XOR 1/1 3/4 2/2 JMPL 2/2 JMP 2/3 2/2 JP 1/3 JSRL 3/5 IFEQ 1/1 IFGT 1/1 IFBNE 1/1 DRSZ 3/4 3/4 PUSHA 1/3 POPA 1/3 ANDSZ 2/2 Transfer of Control Instructions 3/4 1/3 JSR 2/5 2/5 SBIT 1/1 3/4 JSRB RBIT 1/1 3/4 JID 1/3 IFBIT 1/1 3/4 VIS 1/5 RET 1/5 RETSK 1/5 RETI 1/5 INTR 1/7 NOP 1/1 RPND www.national.com 1/1 54 COP8CFE9 13.0 Instruction Set (Continued) Memory Transfer Instructions Register Indirect [B] [X] X A, (Note 21) 1/1 1/3 2/3 LD A, (Note 21) 1/1 1/3 2/3 Immed. 2/2 Auto Incr. & Decr. [B+, B−] [X+, X−] 1/2 1/3 1/2 1/3 LD B,Imm 1/1 (If B < 16) LD B,Imm 2/2 (If B > 15) LD Mem,Imm Note 21: = Register Indirect Direct 2/2 3/3 LD Reg,Imm 2/3 IFEQ MD,Imm 3/3 2/2 > Memory location addressed by B or X or directly. 55 www.national.com www.national.com 56 JP−19 LD 0FC,#i JP−18 LD 0FD,#i JP−17 LD 0FE,#i JP−16 JP−3 JP−2 JP−1 JP−0 * is an unused opcode JP−20 LD 0FB,#i LD 0FF,#i LD 0F9,#i LD 0F8,#i JP−4 LD 0F7,#i LD 0F6,#i JP−21 LD 0FA,#i JP−25 JP−9 LD 0F5,#i JP−5 JP−26 JP−10 LD 0F4,#i JP−22 JP−27 JP−11 LD 0F3,#i JP−6 JP−28 JP−12 LD 0F2,#i JP−23 JP−29 JP−13 LD 0F1,#i JP−7 JP−30 JP−14 LD 0F0,#i JP−24 JP−31 JP−15 D JP−8 E F 13.0 Instruction Set * LD A,[X] DIR LD Md,#i LD A,[X−] LD A,[X+] IFNE A,[B] NOP * X A,[X] RPND VIS X A,[X−] X A,[X+] * RRCA B i is the immediate data DRSZ 0FF DRSZ 0FE DRSZ 0FD DRSZ 0FC DRSZ 0FB DRSZ 0FA DRSZ 0F9 DRSZ 0F8 DRSZ 0F7 DRSZ 0F6 DRSZ 0F5 DRSZ 0F4 DRSZ 0F3 DRSZ 0F2 DRSZ 0F1 DRSZ 0F0 C (Continued) * LD A,[B] JSRL JMPL LD A,[B−] LD A,[B+] IFEQ Md,#i RLCA * X A,[B] JID LAID X A,[B−] X A,[B+] SC RC A POPA DECA INCA IFNC IFC OR A,[B] XOR A,[B] AND A,[B] ADD A,[B] IFGT A,[B] IFEQ A,[B] SUBC A,[B] ADC A,[B] 8 RETI RET SBIT 7,[B] SBIT 6,[B] SBIT 5,[B] SBIT 4,[B] SBIT 3,[B] SBIT 2,[B] SBIT 1,[B] SBIT 0,[B] IFBIT 7,[B] IFBIT 6,[B] IFBIT 5,[B] IFBIT 4,[B] IFBIT 3,[B] IFBIT 2,[B] IFBIT 1,[B] IFBIT 0,[B] 7 RBIT 7,[B] RBIT 6,[B] RBIT 5,[B] RBIT 4,[B] RBIT 3,[B] RBIT 2,[B] RBIT 1,[B] RBIT 0,[B] PUSHA DCORA SWAPA CLRA Reserved Reserved JSRB ANDSZ A,#i 6 Upper Nibble Md is a directly addressed memory location LD B,#i LD [B],#i LD A,Md RETSK X A,Md LD [B−],#i LD [B+],#i IFNE A,#i LD A,#i OR A,#i XOR A,#i AND A,#i ADD A,#i IFGT A,#i IFEQ A,#i SUBC A,#i ADC A,#i 9 LD B,#0F 5 LD B,#00 LD B,#01 LD B,#02 LD B,#03 LD B,#04 LD B,#05 LD B,#06 LD B,#07 LD B,#08 LD B,#09 LD B,#0A LD B,#0B LD B,#0C LD B,#0D LD B,#0E 13.8 OPCODE TABLE JSR xF00–xFFF JSR xE00–xEFF JSR xD00–xDFF JSR xC00–xCFF JSR xB00–xBFF JSR xA00–xAFF JSR x900–x9FF JSR x800–x8FF JSR x700–x7FF JSR x600–x6FF JSR x500–x5FF JSR x400–x4FF JSR x300–x3FF JSR x200–x2FF JSR x100–x1FF JSR x000–x0FF 3 JMP xF00–xFFF JMP xE00–xEFF JMP xD00–xDFF JMP xC00–xCFF JMP xB00–xBFF JMP xA00–xAFF JMP x900–x9FF JMP x800–x8FF JMP x700–x7FF JMP x600–x6FF JMP x500–x5FF JMP x400–x4FF JMP x300–x3FF JMP x200–x2FF JMP x100–x1FF JMP x000–x0FF 2 1 JP+32 JP+31 JP+30 JP+29 JP+28 JP+27 JP+26 JP+25 JP+24 JP+23 JP+22 JP+21 JP+20 JP+19 JP+18 JP+17 The opcode 60 Hex is also the opcode for IFBIT #i,A IFBNE 0F IFBNE 0E IFBNE 0D IFBNE 0C IFBNE 0B IFBNE 0A IFBNE 9 IFBNE 8 IFBNE 7 IFBNE 6 IFBNE 5 IFBNE 4 IFBNE 3 IFBNE 2 IFBNE 1 IFBNE 0 4 JP+16 JP+15 JP+14 JP+13 JP+12 JP+11 JP+10 JP+9 JP+8 JP+7 JP+6 JP+5 JP+4 JP+3 JP+2 INTR 0 F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 COP8CFE9 Lower Nibble COP8CFE9 14.0 Development Support 14.1 Tools Ordering Numbers For The COP8 Flash Family Devices This section provides specific tools ordering information for the devices in this datasheet, followed by a summary of the tools and development kits available at print time. Up-to-date information, device selection guides, demos, updates, and purchase information can be obtained at our web site at: www.national.com/cop8. Unless otherwise noted, tools can be purchased for worldwide delivery from National’s e-store: http://www.national.com/ store/ Tool Order Number Cost* Notes/Includes Free Assembler/ Linker/ Simulators/ Library Manager/ Compiler Demos/ Flash ISP and NiceMon Debugger Utilities/ Example Code/ etc. (Flash Emulator support requires licensed COP8-NSDEV CD-ROM). Hardware COP8-REF-FL1 Reference Designs VL For COP8Flash Sx/Cx - Demo Board and Software; 44PLCC Socket; Stand-alone, or use as development target board with Flash ISP and/or COP8Flash Emulator. Does not include COP8 development software. COP8-REF-AM VL For COP8Flash Ax - Demo Board and Software; 28DIP Socket. Stand alone, or use as development target board with Flash ISP and/or COP8Flash Emulator. Does not include COP8 development software. COP8-SKFLASH-00 VL Supports COP8Sx/Cx - (COP8AM/AN support has limitations: See Summary below); Target board with 68pin PLCC COP8CDR9, RS232 I/O, and Test Points. Includes Development CD, ISP Cable, Debug Software and Source Code. No p/s. Also supports COP8Flash Emulators. COP8-SKFLASH-01 (Available 6/2002) VL Supports COP8Sx/Cx/Ax - Target board with 68PLCC COP8CDR9, 44PLCC and 28DIP sockets, LEDs, Test Points, and Breadboard Area. Development CD, ISP Cable, Debug Software and Source Code. No p/s. Also supports COP8Flash Emulators and Kanda ISP Tool. COP8-REF-FL1 or -AM VL COP8Flash Hardware Reference Design boards can also be used as Development Target boards, with ISP and Emulator onboard connectors. Evaluation Software and Reference Designs Software and Utilities Web Downloads: www.national.com/cop8 Starter Kits and Hardware Target Boards Starter Development Kits Software Development Languages, and Integrated Development Environments National’s WCOP8 COP8-NSDEV IDE and Assembler on CD $3 Fully Licensed IDE with Assembler and Emulator/Debugger Support. Assembler/ Linker/ Simulator/ Utilities/ Documentation. Updates from web. Included with SKFlash, COP8 Emulators, COP8-PM. COP8 Library www.kkd.dk/libman.htm Manager from KKD Eval The ultimate information source for COP8 developers Integrates with WCOP8 IDE. Organize and manage code, notes, datasheets, etc. WEBENCH Online www.national.com Graphical /webench Application Builder With Unis Processor Expert COP8-SW-PE2 Free Online Graphical IDE, featuring UNIS Processor Expert( Code Development Tool with Simulator - Develop applications, simulate and debug, download working code. Online project manager. L Graphical IDE and Code Development Tool with Simulator - Stand-alone, enhanced PC version of our WEBENCH tools on CD. Byte Craft C Compiler M H DOS/16bit Version - No IDE. Win 32 Version with IDE. COP8-SW-COP8C COP8-SW-COP8CW 57 www.national.com COP8CFE9 14.0 Development Support IAR Embedded Workbench Tool Set. (Continued) COP8-SW-EWCOP8 EWCOP8-BL Assembler-Only Version H M Free Complete tool set, with COP8 Emulator/Debugger support. Baseline version - Purchase from IAR only. Assembler only; No COP8 Emulator/Debugger support. Hardware Emulation and Debug Tools Hardware Emulators COP8-EMFlash-00 COP8-DMFlash-00 COP8-IMFlash-00 L M H Includes 110v/220v p/s, target cable with 2x7 connector, 68 pin COP8CDR9 Null Target, manuals and software on CD. - COP8AME/ANE9 uses optional 28 pin Null Target (COP8-EMFA-28N). - Add PLCC Target Package Adapter if needed. Emulator Null Target COP8-EMFA-68N COP8-EMFA-28N VL VL 68 pin PLCC COP8CDR9; Included in COP8-EM/DM/IM Flash. 28pin DIP COP8AME9; Must order seperately. Emulator Target Package Adapters COP8-EMFA-44P VL 44 pin PLCC target package adapter. (Use instead of 2x7 emulator header) COP8-EMFA-68P VL 68 pin PLCC target package adapter. (Use instead of 2x7 emulator header) COP8-SW-NMON Free Download code and Monitor S/W for single-step debugging via Microwire. Includes PC control/debugger software and monitor program. L Board with 40DIP ZIF base socket for optional COP8FLASH programming adapters; Includes 110v/220v p/s, manuals and software on CD; (Requires optional -PGMA programming adapters for flash) NiceMon Debug Monitor Utility Development and Production Programming Tools National’s Engineering Programmer COP8-PM-00 Programming Adapters (For any programmer supporting flash adapter base pinout) COP8-PGMA-28DF1 L For programming 28DIP COP8AM/AN only. COP8-PGMA-28SF1 L For programming 28SOIC COP8AM/AN only. COP8-PGMA-44PF1 L For programming all 44PLCC COP8FLASH. COP8-PGMA-44CSF L For programming all 44LLP COP8FLASH. COP8-PGMA-48TF1 L For programming all 48TSSOP COP8 FLASH. COP8-PGMA-68PF1 L For programming all 68PLCC COP8FLASH COP8-PGMA-56TF1 L For programming all 56TSSOP COP8FLASH. KANDA’s Flash ISP Programmer COP8ISP www.kanda.com L Parallel/Serial connected Dongle, with target cable and Control Software; Updateable from the web; Purchase from www.kanda.com National’s ISP Software Utility COP8-SW-ISPK1 Free Flash ISP via Microwire and your PC parallel port. PC control software only. Includes istructions for building an ISP cable. Development Devices COP8CBR9/CCR9/CDR9 COPCBE9/CCE9/CDE9/CFE9 COP8SBR/SCR9/SDR9 COP8SBE/SCE/SDE9 COP8AME9/ANE9 Free All packages. Obtain samples from: www.national.com *Cost: Free; VL= < $100; L=$100-$300; M=$300-$1k; H=$1k-$3k; VH=$3k-$5k www.national.com 58 (Continued) 14.2 COP8 TOOLS OVERVIEW COP8 Evaluation Software and Reference Designs Software and Hardware for: Evaluation of COP8 Development Environments; Learning about COP8 Architecture and Features; Demonstrating Application Specific Capabilities. Product Description Source WCOP8 IDE and Software Downloads Software Evaluation downloads for Windows. Includes WCOP8 IDE evaluation version, Full COP8 Assembler/Linker, COP8-SIM Instruction Level Simulator or Unis Simulator, Byte Craft COP8C Compiler Demo, IAR Embedded Workbench (Assembler version), Manuals, Applications Software, and other COP8 technical information. www.cop8.com FREE Download COP8 Hardware Reference Designs Reference Designs for COP8 Families. Realtime hardware environments with a variety of functions for demonstrating the various capabilities and features of specific COP8 device families. Run Windows demo reference software, and exercise specific device capabilities. Also can be used as a realtime target board for code development, with our flash development tools. (Add our COP8Flash Emulator, or our COP8-NSDEV CD with your ISP cable for a complete low-cost development system.) NSC Distributor, or Order from: www.cop8.com COP8 Starter Kits and Hardware Target Solutions Hardware Kits for: In-depth Evaluation and Testing of COP8 capabilities; Developing and Testing Code; Implementing Target Design. Product Description Source COP8 Flash Starter Kits Flash Starter Kit - A complete Code Development Tool for COP8Flash Families. A Windows IDE with Assembler, Simulator, and Debug Monitor, combined with a simple realtime target environment. Quickly design and simulate your code, then download to the target COP8flash device for execution and simple debugging. Includes a library of software routines, and source code. No power supply. (Add a COP8-EMFlash Emulator for advanced emulation and debugging) NSC Distributor, or Order from: www.cop8.com COP8 Hardware Reference Designs Preconfigured realtime hardware environments with a variety of onboard I/O and display functions. Modify the reference software, or develop your own code. Boards support our COP8 ISP Utility, NiceMon Flash Debug Monitor, and our COP8Flash Emulators. NSC Distributor, or Order from: www.cop8.com COP8 Software Development Languages and Integrated Environments Integrated Software for: Project Management; Code Development; Simulation and Debug. Product Description WCOP8 IDE from National on CD-ROM National’s COP8 Software Development package for Windows on CD. Fully licensed versions of our WCOP8 IDE and Emulator Debugger, with Assembler/ Linker/ Simulators/ Library Manager/ Compiler Demos/ Flash ISP and NiceMon Debugger Utilities/ Example Code/ etc. Includes all COP8 datasheets and documentation. Included with most tools from National. NSC Distributor, or Order from: www.cop8.com Unis Processor Expert Processor Expert( from Unis Corporation - COP8 Code Generation and Simulation tool with Graphical and Traditional user interfaces. Automatically generates customized source code ’Beans’ (modules) containing working code for all on-chip features and peripherals, then integrates them into a fully functional application code design, with all documentation. Unis, or Order from: www.cop8.com Byte Craft COP8C Compiler ByteCraft COP8C- C Cross-Compiler and Code Development System. Includes BCLIDE (Integrated Development Environment) for Win32, editor, optimizing C Cross-Compiler, macro cross assembler, BC-Linker, and MetaLinktools support. (DOS/SUN versions available; Compiler is linkable under WCOP8 IDE) ByteCraft Distributor, or Order from: www.cop8.com IAR Embedded Workbench IAR EWCOP8 - ANSI C-Compiler and Embedded Workbench. A fully integrated Win32 IDE, ANSI C-Compiler, macro assembler, editor, linker, librarian, and C-Spy high-level simulator/debugger. (EWCOP8-M version includes COP8Flash Emulator support) (EWCOP8-BL version is limited to 4k code limit; no FP). IAR Distributor, or Order from: www.cop8.com 59 Source www.national.com COP8CFE9 14.0 Development Support COP8CFE9 14.0 Development Support (Continued) COP8 Hardware Emulation/Debug Tools Hardware Tools for: Real-time Emulation; Target Hardware Debug; Target Design Test. Product Description Source COP8Flash Emulators COP8-EMFlash COP8-DMFlash COP8-IMFlash COP8 In-Circuit Emulator for Flash Families. Windows based development and real-time in-circuit emulation tool, with trace (EM=None; DM/IM=32k), s/w breakpoints (DM=16, EM/IM=32K), source/symbolic debugger, and device programming. Includes COP8-NDEV CD, 68pin Null Target, emulation cable with 2x7 connector, and power supply. NSC Distributor, or Order from: www.cop8.com NiceMon Debug Monitor Utility A simple, single-step debug monitor with one breadpoint. MICROWIRE interface. Download from: www.cop8.com Development and Production Programming Tools Programmers for: Design Development; Hardware Test; Pre-Production; Full Production. Product Description Source COP8 Flash Emulators COP8 Flash Emulators include in-circuit device programming capability during development. NSC Distributor, or Order from: www.cop8.com NiceMon Debugger, KANDAFlash National’s software Utilities ’KANDAFlash’ and ’NiceMon’ provide development In-System-Programming for our Flash Starter Kit, our Prototype Development Board, or any other target board with appropriate connectors. Download from: www.cop8.com KANDA COP8-ISP The COP8-ISP programmer from KANDA is available for engineering, and small volume production use. PC parallel or serial interface. www.kanda.com SofTec Micro inDart COP8 The inDart COP8 programmer from KANDA is available for engineering and small volume production use. PC serial interface only. www.softecmicro.com COP8 Programming Module COP8-PM Development Programming Module. Windows programming tool for COP8 OTP and Flash Families. Includes on-board 40 DIP programming socket, control software, RS232 cable, and power supply. (Requires optional COP8-PGMA programming adapters for COP8FLASH devices) NSC Distributor, or Order from web. Third-Party Programmers A variety of third-party programmers and automatic handling equipment are approved for non-ISP engineering and production use. Various Vendors Factory Programming Factory programming available for high-volume requirements. National Representative 14.3 WHERE TO GET TOOLS Tools can be ordered directly from National, National’s e-store (Worldwide delivery: http://www.national.com/store/) , a National Distributor, or from the tool vendor. Go to the vendor’s web site for current listings of distributors. Vendor Byte Craft Limited Home Office Electronic Sites 421 King Street North www.bytecraft.com Waterloo, Ontario info@bytecraft.com Other Main Offices Distributors Worldwide Canada N2J 4E4 Tel: 1-(519) 888-6911 Fax: (519) 746-6751 IAR Systems AB PO Box 23051 www.iar.se USA:: San Francisco S-750 23 Uppsala info@iar.se Tel: +1-415-765-5500 Sweden info@iar.com Fax: +1-415-765-5503 Tel: +46 18 16 78 00 info@iarsys.co.uk UK: London Fax +46 18 16 78 38 info@iar.de Tel: +44 171 924 33 34 Fax: +44 171 924 53 41 Germany: Munich Tel: +49 89 470 6022 Fax: +49 89 470 956 www.national.com 60 Vendor (Continued) Home Office Electronic Sites Other Main Offices KANDA Systems LTD. Unit 17 -18 Glanyrafon Enterprise Park, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3JQ, UK Tel: +44 1970 621041 Fax: +44 1970 621040 www.kanda.com sales @kanda.co K and K Development ApS Kaergaardsvej 42 DK-8355 Solbjerg Denmark Fax: +45-8692-8500 www.kkd.dk kkd@kkd.dk National 2900 Semiconductor Dr. www.national.com/cop8 Europe: Santa Clara, CA 95051 support@nsc.com Tel: 49(0) 180 530 8585 USA europe.support@nsc.com Fax: 49(0) 180 530 8586 Semiconductor Tel: 1-800-272-9959 USA: Tel: 303-456-2060 Fax: 303-456-2404 sales @logicaldevices.net www.logicaldevices.net Hong Kong: Fax: 1-800-737-7018 Distributors Worldwide SofTec Microsystems Via Roma, 1 33082 Azzano Decimo (PN) Italy Tel: +39 0434 640113 Fax: +39 0434 631598 info@softecmicro.com www.softecmicro.com support@softecmicro.com Germany: Tel.:+49 (0) 8761 63705 France: Tel: +33 (0) 562 072 954 UK: Tel: +44 (0) 1970 621033 The following companies have approved COP8 programmers in a variety of configurations. Contact your vendor’s local office or distributor and request a COP8FLASH update. You can link to their web sites and get the latest listing of approved programmers at: www.national.com/cop8. Advantech; BP Microsystems; Data I/O; Dataman; Hi-Lo Systems; KANDA, Lloyd Research; MQP; Needhams; Phyton; SofTec Microsystems; System General; and Tribal Microsystems. 15.0 REVISION HISTORY Date Section July 2001 Summary of Changes Initial Release January 2002 Forced Execution from Boot ROM Added clearification to step 4 and a figure. April 2002 Pin Descriptions Caution on GND connection on LLP package. Timers Clearification on high speed PWM Timer use. Development Support Updated with the latest support information. 61 www.national.com COP8CFE9 14.0 Development Support COP8CFE9 Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted LLP Package (LQA) Order Number COP8CFE9HLQ8 NS Package Number LQA44A TSSOP Package (MTD) Order Number COP8CFE9IMT8 NS Package Number MTD48 www.national.com 62 inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted (Continued) Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (VA) Order Number COP8CFE9HVA8 NS Package Number V44A LIFE SUPPORT POLICY NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein: 1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. National Semiconductor Corporation Americas Email: support@nsc.com www.national.com National Semiconductor Europe Fax: +49 (0) 180-530 85 86 Email: europe.support@nsc.com Deutsch Tel: +49 (0) 69 9508 6208 English Tel: +44 (0) 870 24 0 2171 Français Tel: +33 (0) 1 41 91 8790 2. A critical component is any component of a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness. National Semiconductor Asia Pacific Customer Response Group Tel: 65-2544466 Fax: 65-2504466 Email: ap.support@nsc.com National Semiconductor Japan Ltd. Tel: 81-3-5639-7560 Fax: 81-3-5639-7507 National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications. COP8CFE9 8-Bit CMOS Flash Based Microcontroller with 8k Memory, Virtual EEPROM, and 10-Bit A/D Physical Dimensions