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LM3822
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LM3822 Precision Current Gauge IC with Internal Zero Ohm Sense Element and PWM
Output
Check for Samples: LM3822
FEATURES
DESCRIPTION
•
•
The LM3822 Current Gauge provides easy to use
precision current measurement with virtually zero
insertion loss (typically 0.003Ω). The LM3822 is used
for high-side sensing.
1
2
•
•
•
•
•
•
No External Sense Element Required
PWM Output Indicates the Current Magnitude
and Direction
PWM Output is Easily Interfaced with
Microprocessors and Controllers
Precision ΔΣ Current-Sense Technique
Low Temperature Sensitivity
Internal Filtering Rejects False Trips
Internal Power-On-Reset (POR)
DC Offset is Less than 1 mA for 1A Part
APPLICATIONS
•
•
•
•
Battery Charge/Discharge Gauge
Motion Control Diagnostics
Power Supply Load Monitoring and
Management
Resettable Smart Fuse
A Delta Sigma analog to digital converter is
incorporated to precisely measure the current and to
provide a current averaging function. Current is
averaged over 50 msec time periods in order to
provide immunity to current spikes. The ICs have a
pulse-width modulated (PWM) output which indicates
the current magnitude and direction. The shutdown
pin can be used to inhibit false triggering during startup, or to enter a low quiescent current mode.
The LM3822 is factory-set in two different current
options. The sense range is −1.0A to +1.0A or −2.0A
to +2.0A. The sampling interval for this part is 50ms.
If faster sampling is desired, please refer to the data
sheet for the part number LM3824.
KEY SPECIFICATIONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ultra Low Insertion Loss (Typically 0.003Ω)
2V to 5.5V Supply Range
±2% Accuracy at Room Temperature for the 1A
Device (Includes Accuracy of the Internal
Sense Element)
Low Quiescent Current in Shutdown Mode
(Typically 1.8 µA)
50 msec Sampling Interval
In MSOP-8 Package
Connection Diagram
Figure 1. Top View
LM3822 for High-Side Sensing
1
2
Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date.
Products conform to specifications per the terms of the Texas
Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not
necessarily include testing of all parameters.
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PIN DESCRIPTIONS (HIGH-SIDE, LM3822)
Pin
Name
Function
1
SENSE+, VDD
High side of internal current sense, also supply voltage.
2
GND
Supply Ground.
3
FLTR+
Filter input — provides anti-aliasing for delta sigma modulator.
4
FLTR−
Filter input.
5
SD
Shutdown input. Connected to VDD through a pull-up resistor for normal operation. When low,
the LM3822 is put into a low current mode.
6
TEST
Connect to GND for normal operation.
7
PWM
Digital output indicates the current magnitude and direction.
8
SENSE−
Low side of internal current sense.
These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam
during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates.
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (1) (2)
Absolute Maximum Supply Voltage
5.5V
See (3)
Power Dissipation
ESD Susceptibility (4)
1.5 kV
Sense Current (peak, for 200 msec)
(5)
10A
Sink Current for PWM pin
1mA
Maximum Junction Temperature
150°C
−65°C to +150°C
Storage Temperature
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
260°C
Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for
which the device is intended to be functional, but do not ensure specific performance limits. For ensured specifications and test
conditions, see Electrical Characteristics. The ensured specifications apply only for the test conditions listed. Some performance
characteristics may degrade when the device is not operated under the listed test conditions.
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the TI Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications.
At elevated temperatures, devices must be derated based on package thermal resistance. The device in the surface-mount package
must be derated at θJA = 220°C/W (typically), junction-to-ambient.
The human body model is a 100 pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5 kΩ resistor into each pin.
The absolute maximum peak and continuous currents specified are not tested. These specifications are dependent on the θJA, which is
220°C/W for the MSOP-8 package.
OPERATING RATINGS (1)
Input Voltage
Sense Current (continuous)
2.0V to 5.25V
(2)
5A
−40°C to +85°C
Junction Temperature Range
(1)
(2)
2
Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for
which the device is intended to be functional, but do not ensure specific performance limits. For ensured specifications and test
conditions, see Electrical Characteristics. The ensured specifications apply only for the test conditions listed. Some performance
characteristics may degrade when the device is not operated under the listed test conditions.
The absolute maximum peak and continuous currents specified are not tested. These specifications are dependent on the θJA, which is
220°C/W for the MSOP-8 package.
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ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS LM3822-1.0
Typical numbers are at 25°C and represent the most likely parametric norm. Specifications in standard type face are for TJ =
25°C and those with boldface type apply over full operating temperature ranges.
SENSE+VDD = 3.6V for the following specifications. Supply bypass capacitor is 1 µF and filter capacitor is 0.1 µF.
Symbol
IACC
Average Current Accuracy
en
(1)
(2)
(3)
Parameter
Conditions
(3)
1.0A current
Typ (1)
Limit (2)
Units
0.98 / 0.96
A (min)
1.02 / 1.04
A (max)
1.0
Effective Output Noise (rms)
A
2
mA
Typical numbers are at 25°C and represent the most likely parametric norm. Specifications in standard type face are for TJ = 25°C and
those with boldface type apply over full operating temperature ranges.
Limits are 100% production tested at 25°C. Limits over the operating temperature range are specified through correlation using
Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods. The limits are used to calculate TI's Average Outgoing Quality Level (AOQL).
There is a variation in accuracy over time due to thermal effects. Please refer to the “PWM Output and Current Accuracy” section for
more information.
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS LM3822-2.0
SENSE+VDD = 3.6V for the following specifications. Supply bypass capacitor is 1 µF and filter capacitor is 0.1 µF.
Symbol
IACC
en
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Parameter
Average Current Accuracy (3)
Conditions
2.0A current (4)
Effective Output Noise (rms)
Typ (1)
Limit (2)
Units
2.0
6
A
1.94 / 1.90
A (min)
2.06 / 2.10
A (max)
mA
Typical numbers are at 25°C and represent the most likely parametric norm. Specifications in standard type face are for TJ = 25°C and
those with boldface type apply over full operating temperature ranges.
Limits are 100% production tested at 25°C. Limits over the operating temperature range are specified through correlation using
Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods. The limits are used to calculate TI's Average Outgoing Quality Level (AOQL).
There is a variation in accuracy over time due to thermal effects. Please refer to the “PWM Output and Current Accuracy” section for
more information.
This parameter is production tested at 1A and specified by design at 2A.
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COMMON DEVICE PARAMETERS
Unless otherwise specified, VDD = 3.6V for the following specifications. Supply bypass capacitor is 1 µF and filter capacitor is
0.1 µF.
Symbol
Parameter
Conditions
IQ1
Quiescent Current
Normal Mode, SD = high
IQ2
Quiescent Current
Shutdown Mode, SD = low
Typ (1)
95
1.8
DRES
PWM Resolution
0.1
tS
Sampling Time
50
fP
VTH
VTL
VOH
Frequency of PWM Waveform
150
µA (max)
10
µA (max)
µA
%
ms
40
ms (min)
80
ms (max)
12.5
Hz (min)
25
Hz (max)
1.8
V (min)
0.7
V (max)
VDD − 0.2
V
V (min)
Hz
1.3
Threshold Low Level for SD
V
1.2
Load current = 1 mA, 2V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.25V
V
VDD − 0.05
VOL
Logic Low Level for PWM
Sink current = 1 mA, 2V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.25V
0.04
PI
Insertion Loss
ISENSE = 1A (3)
0.003
V
0.2
(1)
(2)
(3)
4
Units
µA
20
Threshold High Level for SD
Logic High Level for PWM
Limit (2)
V (max)
Ω
Typical numbers are at 25°C and represent the most likely parametric norm. Specifications in standard type face are for TJ = 25°C and
those with boldface type apply over full operating temperature ranges.
Limits are 100% production tested at 25°C. Limits over the operating temperature range are specified through correlation using
Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods. The limits are used to calculate TI's Average Outgoing Quality Level (AOQL).
The tolerance of the internal lead frame resistor is corrected internally. The temperature coefficient of this resistor is 2600 ppm/°C.
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TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Supply bypass capacitor is 0.1 µF and filter capacitor is 0.1 µF.
Measured Current vs Actual Current
(LM3822-1.0)
Measured Current vs Actual Current
(LM3822-2.0)
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
PWM Frequency vs Supply Voltage
PWM Frequency vs Temperature
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Operating Current vs Supply Voltage
Shutdown Current vs Supply Voltage
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
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TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
Supply bypass capacitor is 0.1 µF and filter capacitor is 0.1 µF.
Operating Current vs Temperature
Shutdown Current vs Temperature
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Current vs PWM Duty Cycle
Accuracy vs Supply Voltage
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Accuracy vs Temperature (LM3822-2.0)
0.89
0.885
0.885
Iactual
0.88
Current (A)
Current (A)
Accuracy vs Temperature (LM3822-1.0)
0.89
Iactual
0.88
0.875
0.875
0.87
0.87
-50
-25
0
25
50
-50
75
-25
0
25
50
75
100
Temperature (RC)
R
Temperature ( C)
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Note: These curves represent a statistical average such that the noise is insignificant.
6
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TYPICAL APPLICATION CIRCUITS
In the application circuits, the 0.1 µF ceramic capacitor between pins 1 and 2 is used for bypassing, and the 0.1
µF ceramic capacitor between pins 3 and 4 is used for filtering. Shutdown (SD) is tied to VDD through a 10 kΩ
resistor.
Figure 14. High Side Sense
ITOTAL = 2.2(D1−0.5)IMAX + 2.2(D2−0.5)IMAX
where D1 is the duty cycle of PWM1 and D2 is the duty cycle of PWM2.
Please refer to the Product Operation section for more information.
Figure 15. Paralleling LM3822 for Higher Load Current
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VIN Greater Than 5.5V (High Side Sense)
(PWM output is referred to Pin 6)
Figure 16. High Voltage Operation
Product Operation
The current is sampled by the delta-sigma modulator, as illustrated in Figure 17. The pulse density output of the
delta-sigma modulator is digitally filtered. The digital output is then compared to the output of a digital ramp
generator. This produces a PWM output. The duty cycle of the PWM output is proportional to the amount of
current flowing. A duty cycle of 50% indicates zero current flow. If the current is flowing in positive direction, the
duty cycle will be greater than 50%. Conversely, the duty cycle will be less than 50% for currents flowing in the
negative direction. A duty cycle of 95.5% (4.5%) indicates the current is at IMAX (−IMAX). The IC can sense
currents from −IMAX to +IMAX. Options for IMAX are 1.0A or 2.0A. The sense current is given by:
ISENSE = 2.2 (D−0.5)(IMAX)
where
•
•
D is the duty cycle of the PWM waveform
IMAX is the full scale current (1.00A or 2.00A).
(1)
Similarly, the duty cycle is given by:
D = [ISENSE/(2.2 IMAX)] + 0.5
(2)
For quick reference, see the Conversion Table in Table 1.
In this IC, the current is averaged over 50 msec time slots. Hence, momentary current surges of less than 50
msec are tolerated.
This is a sampled data system which requires an anti-aliasing filter, provided by the filter capacitor.
The delta-sigma modulator converts the sensed current to the digital domain. This allows digital filtering, and
provides immunity to current and noise spikes. This type of filtering would be difficult or impossible to accomplish
on an IC with analog components.
The user also needs to specify the full scale value.
8
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Figure 17. Functional block diagram of LM3822
PWM Output and Current Accuracy
OFFSET
The PWM output is quantized to 1024 levels. Therefore, the duty cycle can change only in increments of 1/1024.
There is a one-half (0.5) quantization cycle delay in the output of the PWM circuitry. That is to say that instead of
a duty cycle of N/1024, the duty cycle actually is (N+½)/1024.
The quantization error can be corrected for if a more precise result is desired. To correct for this error, simply
subtract 1/2048 from the measured duty cycle.
The extra half cycle delay will show up as a DC offset of ½ bit if it is not corrected for. This is approximately 1.0
mA for 1.0 Amp parts, and 10 mA for 2.0 Amp parts.
JITTER
In addition to quantization, the duty cycle will contain some jitter. The jitter is quite small (for example, the
standard deviation of jitter is only 0.1% for the LM3822-1.0). Statistically the jitter can cause an error in a current
sample. Because the jitter is a random variable, the mean and standard deviation are used. The mean, or
average value, of the jitter is zero. The standard deviation (0.1%) can be used to define the peak error caused
from jitter.
The “crest factor” has often been used to define the maximum error caused by jitter. The crest factor defines a
limit within which 99.7% of the samples fall. The crest factor is defined as ±0.3% error in the duty cycle.
Since the jitter is a random variable, averaging multiple outputs will reduce the effective jitter. Obeying statistical
laws, the jitter is reduced by the square root of the number of readings that are averaged. For example, if four
readings of the duty cycle are averaged, the resulting jitter (and crest factor) are reduced by a factor of two.
JITTER AND NOISE
Jitter in the PWM output appears as noise in the current measurement. The Electrical Characteristics show noise
measured in current RMS (root mean square). Arbitrarily one could specify PWM jitter, as opposed to noise. In
either case the effect results in a random error in an individual current measurement.
Noise, just like jitter, can be reduced by averaging many readings. The RMS value of the noise corresponds to
one standard deviation. The “crest factor” can be calculated in terms of current, and is equal to ±3 sigma (RMS
value of the noise).
Noise will also be reduced by averaging multiple readings, and follows the statistical laws of a random variable.
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ACCURACY VERSUS NOISE
The graph shown in Figure 18 illustrates the typical response of ±1 Ampere current gauges. In this graph, the
horizontal axis indicates time, and the vertical axis indicates measured current (the PWM duty cycle has been
converted to current). The graph was generated for an actual current of 500 mA.
The difference between successive readings manifests itself as jitter in the PWM output or noise in the current
measurement (when duty cycle of the PWM output is converted to current).
The accuracy of the measurement depends on the noise in the current waveform. The accuracy can be improved
by averaging several outputs. Although there is variation in successive readings, a very accurate measurement
can be obtained by averaging the readings. For example, on averaging the readings shown in this example, the
average current measurement is 502.3 mA (Figure 18). This value is very close to the actual value of 500 mA.
Moreover, the accuracy depends on the number of readings that are averaged.
Figure 18. Typical Response of LM3822
LOW CURRENT MEASUREMENTS
The DC offset of the LM3822-1.0 is typically under 1 mA. This low offset allows accurate low current
measurements. Even currents in the 10 mA range can be measured with accuracies typically better than ±5%.
Look-Up Tables
The following tables show how to convert the duty cycle of the PWM output to a current value, and vice versa.
The quantization error of ½ bit is not shown in these tables. Please see the “PWM Output and Current Accuracy”
section for more details.
10
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Table 1. Current to Duty Cycle Conversion Table
Sense Current
(Imax = 1.0A)
Sense Current
(Imax = 2.0A)
Duty Cycle (%)
1
2
95.5
0.95
1.90
93.2
0.90
1.80
90.9
0.85
1.70
88.6
0.80
1.60
86.4
0.75
1.50
84.1
0.70
1.40
81.8
0.65
1.30
79.5
0.60
1.20
77.3
0.55
1.10
75.0
0.50
1
72.7
0.45
0.90
70.5
0.40
0.80
68.2
0.35
0.70
65.9
0.30
0.60
63.6
0.25
0.50
61.4
0.20
0.40
59.1
0.15
0.30
56.8
0.10
0.20
54.5
0.05
0.10
52.3
0.00
0.00
50
−0.05
−0.10
47.7
−0.10
−0.20
45.5
−0.15
−0.30
43.2
−0.20
−0.40
40.9
−0.25
−0.50
38.6
−0.30
−0.60
36.4
−0.35
−0.70
34.1
−0.40
−0.80
31.8
−0.45
−0.90
29.5
−0.50
−1
27.3
−0.55
−1.10
25
−0.60
−1.20
22.7
−0.65
−1.30
20.5
−0.70
−1.40
18.2
−0.75
−1.50
15.9
−0.80
−1.60
13.6
−0.85
−1.70
11.4
−0.90
−1.80
9.1
−0.95
−1.90
6.8
−1
−2
4.5
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Timing Diagram
Duty cycle of the PWM waveform during any sampling interval indicates the current magnitude (average) and
direction during the previous sampling interval.
Figure 19. Typical Timing Diagram for Mostly Positive Current
12
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REVISION HISTORY
Changes from Revision B (April 2013) to Revision C
•
Page
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