LMP8646EB User’s Guide
User’s Guide
LMP8646EB – Nov. 2011 – Revised Nov. 2011
LMP8646EB
Figure 1 – LMP8646EB
The LMP8646 Evaluation Board (LMP8646EB) is designed to ease evaluation and design-in of Texas
Instruments’ LMP8646, a Precision Current Limiter. The LMP8646 is used to detect small differential
voltages across a sense resistor in the presence of high input common mode voltages. On board with the
current limiter is the LM3102, a Step Down Switching Regulator that is capable of supplying 2.5A to
loads. This document describes super cap and resistive load applications utilizing the LM3102 voltage
regulator and the LMP8646 precision current limiter. The document also provides the schematic, layout,
and BOM for the LMP8646 evaluation board.
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Table of Contents
1.
EVM OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
LIST OF FEATURES .............................................................................................................................................. 3
EQUIPMENT ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ...................................................................................................................................... 3
2.
QUICK START: SUPERCAP APPLICATION................................................................................................................ 4
3.
QUICK START: RESISTIVE LOM AD APPLICATION................................................................................................... 8
4.
POWERING THE LMP8646EB ............................................................................................................................... 11
5.
SCHEMATIC ........................................................................................................................................................ 12
6.
LAYOUT .............................................................................................................................................................. 13
7.
BOM ................................................................................................................................................................... 18
List of Figures
FIGURE 1 – LMP8646EB ............................................................................................................................................. 1
FIGURE 2 – SCHEMATIC FOR THE SUPERCAP APPLICATION ......................................................................................... 4
FIGURE 3 – PLOT FOR THE SUPERCAP APPLICATION ................................................................................................... 7
FIGURE 4 – SCHEMATIC FOR THE RESISTIVE LOAD APPLICATION ................................................................................. 8
FIGURE 5 – RECOMMENDED COMPONENTS FOR THE LM3102 ..................................................................................... 9
FIGURE 6 – PLOTS FOR THE RESISTIVE LOAD APPLICATION ....................................................................................... 10
FIGURE 7 – SCHEMATIC .............................................................................................................................................. 12
FIGURE 8 - LAYOUT TOP LAYER ................................................................................................................................. 13
FIGURE 9 - LAYOUT TOP LAYER ................................................................................................................................. 14
FIGURE 10 - LAYOUT LAYER #2: POWER .................................................................................................................... 15
FIGURE 11 - LAYOUT LAYER #3: GROUND .................................................................................................................. 16
FIGURE 12 - LAYOUT BOTTOM LAYER......................................................................................................................... 17
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1.
EVM Overview
1.1. List of Features
The LMP8646 evaluation board consists of:
1. The LMP8646 precision current limiter and its supporting circuitries
2. Two super capacitors for the load
3. LM3102 voltage regulator and its circuitries
4. Sense resistor of 50 mOhm.
1.2. Equipment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
LMP8646 evaluation board (NSID: LMP8646EB)
2 Power supplies to source LM3102’s VIN and LMP8646’s V+
Multimeter
Oscilloscope
Current probe
1.3. Additional Resources
1.
2.
November 2011
LM3102 Datasheet located at http://www.ti.com/product/lm3102
LM3102 Evaluation Board App Note located at http://www.ti.com/lit/snva248
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2.
Quick Start: Supercap Application
A supercap application requires a very high capacitive load to be charged. This example assumes the
output capacitor is 3.3F with a limited load current at 1.5A. The LM3102 will provide the current to
charge the supercap, and the LMP8646 will monitor this current to make sure it does not exceed the
desired 1.5A value.
This is done by connecting the LMP8646 output to the feedback pin of the LM3102, as shown in
Figure 1. This feedback voltage at the FB pin is compared to a 0.8V internal reference. Any voltage
above this 0.8V means the output current is above the desired value of 1.5A, and the LM3102 will
reduce its output current to maintain the desired 0.8V at the FB pin.
The following steps show the design procedures for this supercap application. The first step is to
select the discrete components for the LM3102 by following the design steps described in its
application note. Next, integrate the LMP8646 into the system and select the proper values for
its gain, bandwidth, and output resistor. Lastly, capture the results and adjust the components to
yield the desired performance.
CBST
33 nF
RON
RON
51.1 k
VIN = 18V
CIN
2x10 F
BST
ILIMIT = ICLOSE_LOOP = 1.5A
VIN
LOUT
10 H
CIN
0.1 F
IOPEN_LOOP = 2.5A
VO_LOAD = 4.8V
SW
LM3102
VCC
RSENSE
55 m
COUT
47 F
10 nF
SUPERCAP
3.3F
V+ = 6V
5V
SS
CSS
10 nF
0.8V
RG
50 k
FB
ROUT
160
RFBB
2k
+IN
RG
+
-IN
LMP8646
-
V
V
-
0.1 F
& 10 F
CG
1.8 nF
LMP_VOUT
RFBT
10 k
Figure 2 – Schematic for the SuperCap Application
1. Step 1: Choose Components for the LM3102
Refer to the LM3102 evaluation board app note (AN-1646) located at http://www.ti.com/lit/snva248 to
choose the appropriate components for the LM3102.
2. Step 2: Choose the gain resistor, Rg, for LMP8646
If Rsense = 55 mOhm, then use the equation below to calculate the appropriate gain resistor, RG, for
an output current of 1.5A.
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VOUT RSENSE I LIMIT Gain
RG
RG
RG
1 / transconduc tan ce 1 / 200A / V 5kOhm
V 5kOhm
RG OUT
RSENSE I LIMIT
where Gain
0.8V 5kOhm
55 mOhm1.5 A
RG
RG 50 kOhm
Note: Refer to the “Selection of the Sense Resistor, RSENSE” section of the LMP8646 datasheet to
select your own RSENSE if 55 mOhm is not desired.
3. Step 3: Choose the Bandwidth Capacitance, CG.
The product of CG and RG determines the bandwidth for the LMP8646. Refer to the Typical
Performance Characteristics plots of the LMP8646 datasheet to see the range for the LMP8646
bandwidth and gain. Since each application is very unique, the LMP8646 bandwidth capacitance, CG,
needs to be adjusted to fit the appropriate application.
Bench data has been collected for the supercap application with the LM3102 regulator. We found
that this application works best for a bandwidth of 500 Hz to 3 kHz. Operating outside of this
recommended bandwidth range might create an undesirable load current ringing. We recommend
choosing a bandwidth that is in the middle of this range and using the following equation to find CG:
Cg
1
2 RG Bandwidth
1
2 50 kOhm1.75 kHz
Cg 1.8 nF
Cg
Once CG is chosen, capture the output regulator current plot and adjust CG to get the desired value.
If adjusting CG isn’t enough, we also recommend adjusting the regulator’s COUT to reduce the current
ringing. We found that this application works best for a COUT value of 47 µF.
4. Step 4: Calculate the Output Accuracy and Choose a Tolerable System Error
Since the LMP8646 is a precision current limiter, the output current accuracy is extremely important.
This accuracy is affected by the system error contributed by the LMP8646 device error and other
errors contributed by the regulator and external resistances, such as RSENSE and RG. However, we
cannot control for external errors, but we can predict the LMP8646 device error using the following
equations:
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a)
Using the formula above, calculate for the LMP8646 output accuracy knowing that VSENSE =
(1.5A)(55 mOhm), RG = 50 kOhm, VOFFSET = 1 mV, and Gm_Accuracy = 2% (LMP8646
datasheet, electrical characteristics table).
50kOhm
0.825V
1 / 200V
1.5 A55mOhm 100mV 50kOhm 0.852V
1 /200V 1 2 / 100
VOUT _ THEO 1.5 A55mOhm
VOUT _ CALC
Output Accuracy
b)
0.825 0.852
x100 3.27%
0.825
After figuring out the LMP8646 output accuracy, choose a tolerable system error or the output
current accuracy that is bigger than the LMP8646 output accuracy. This tolerable system
error will be labeled as IERROR, which has the equation IERROR = (IMAX – ILIMIT)/IMAX (%). In this
example, we can choose IERROR = 5%. This value will be used to calculate for ROUT in the
next step.
5. Step 5: Choose the output resistor, ROUT, for LMP8646
At startup, the capacitor is not charged yet and thus the output voltage of the LM3102 is very small
(VO_3102_MIN, see Figure 3). Therefore, at this point, the output current is at its maximum (IMAX). When
the output voltage is at its nominal, then the output current will settle to the desired target value.
Because a large current error is not desired, ROUT needs to be chosen to stabilize the loop with
minimal initial startup current error. Follow the equations and example below to choose the
appropriate value for ROUT to minimize this initial error.
a)
Target current ILIMIT= 1.5A
In the previous example, we chose the maximum tolerable system error IERROR as 5%.
Now, let’s calculate the maximum tolerable current, Imax:
I max I LIMIT 1 I ERROR
5
I max 1.5 A1
1.575 A
100
b)
November 2011
Calculate for ROUT, assuming that the minimum output voltage for the LM3102 is 0.6V (see
figure 3).
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I RFBB I RFBT I ROUT
V
VFB VO _ 8646 VFB
VFB
O _ 3102 _ min
RFBB
RFBT
ROUT
V
VFB I max RSENSEGain VFB
VFB
O _ 3102 _ min
RFBB
RFBT
ROUT
I max RSENSEGain VFB VFB VO _ 3102 _ min VFB
ROUT
RFBB
RFBT
I max RSENSE Gain VFB
ROUT
V
VFB
VFB
O _ 3102 _ min
RFBB
RFBT
1.57555mOhm 10 0.8
ROUT
0.8 0.6 0.8
2k
10k
RFB 3 157.74 160 ohm
This equation provides an initial value for ROUT. To get the desired results, ROUT should be
adjusted. We recommend having an ROUT value of at least 50 ohm.
6. Step 6: Adjusting Components – capture the output current and output voltage plots and adjust the
components as necessary. The most common components to adjust are Cg to minimize the current
ripple and ROUT to decrease the current error.
A plot for the load current (black), output voltage of the LM3102 (blue), voltage the feedback pin of
the LM3102 (red), and switch frequency of the LM3102 (green), can be seen in figure 3.
Figure 3 – Plot for the SuperCap Application
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3.
Quick Start: Resistive Load Application
Now, let’s look at the design process for a resistive load application as seen in Figure 4. To see the
current limiting capability of the LMP8646, the open-loop current must be greater than the close-loop
current. An open-loop occurs when the LMP8646 output is not connected the LM3102’s feedback pin.
For this example, we will let the open-loop current to be 1.5A and the close-loop current, ILIMIT, to be 1A.
RON
CBST
RON
VIN
I SENSE
LOUT
VO_3102
CIN
LM3102
RSENSE
COUT
RLOAD
5V
V+ = 6V
I+
CSS
VFB
I-
Rg
0.8V
LMP8646
-
CV+
10 uF
Cg
RFB3
RFB2
VOUT
RFB1
Figure 4 – Schematic for the Resistive Load Application
1. Design Parameters:
a. VIN_3102 = 8V to 42V, typical 18V
b. Vout_3102 = 3V
c. Rsense = 55 mOhm
d. Load resistance = 2 Ohm
2. Step 1: Choose Components for the LM3102
Refer to the LM3102 evaluation board app note (AN-1646) located at http://www.ti.com/lit/snva248 to
choose the appropriate components for the LM3102. For this application, we recommend increasing
the input capacitance to 67 uF.
For this example, the following LM3102 components are recommended:
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Figure 5 – Recommended Components for the LM3102
3. Step 2: Choose the gain resistor, Rg, for LMP8646
If Rsense = 55 mOhm, then use the equation below to calculate for the appropriate gain resistor, Rg,
for a close-loop output current of 1A.
VFB I LIMIT RSENSE Gain LMP 8646
where Gain
RG
RG
RG
1 / transconduc tan ce 1 / 200A / V 5kOhm
Rg
VFB I LIMIT RSENSE
5kOhm
VFB 5k
Rg
I LIMIT RSENSE
Rg
0.8V 5k
(1A)55mOhm
Rg 73 k Ohm
4. Step 3: Choose the Bandwidth Capacitance, Cg.
The product of Cg and Rg determines the bandwidth for the LMP8646. Because each application is
very unique, the LMP8646 gain capacitance, Cg, needs to be adjusted to fit the appropriate
application.
Bench data has been collected for the resistive load application. We found that this application works
best for a bandwidth between 2 kHz to 30 kHz. If the bandwidth is not large enough, the LMP8646
will take a longer time to limit the output current.
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For example, if Rg = 73 kOhm and the chosen bandwidth is 2 kHz, then the initial Cg value can be
calculated as:
1
2 Rg Bandwidth
1
Cg
2 73 kOhm2k Hz
Cg 0.109 nF
Cg
Once Cg is chosen, capture the output regulator current plot and adjust Cg to get the desired value.
5. Step 4: Choose the output resistor, ROUT, for LMP8646
For the resistive load application, we found that ROUT plays a very small role in the performance.
ROUT was important in the supercap application because it affects the initial current error. Because
current is directly proportional to voltage for a resistive load, the output current is not large at startup.
In fact, the larger the ROUT, the longer it takes for the output voltage to reach its final value. In our
example, we chose a value of 2 kOhm for ROUT.
6. Step 5: Adjusting Components – capture the output current and output voltage plots and adjust the
components as necessary. The most common component to adjust is Cg for the bandwidth.
A plot for the load current (yellow), output voltage of the LM3102 (pink) can be seen in Figure 6.
Figure 6 – Plots for the Resistive Load Application
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4.
Powering the LMP8646EB
Source V+ with an external voltage between 3.3V and 12V. Do this by connecting the external
source to banana connector J2, VP, and J1, GND.
To activate the LM3102, source its VIN with external voltage of 4.5V to 42V. This can be done by
connecting the external source to J5, VIN, and J8, GND.
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CIN4
NS
TP2
GND
GND
CIN1
10 uF
GND
CIN2
10 uF
CIN3
0.1 uF
TP1_LM3102_IN
GND
GND
1
JP2
EN
CSS1
10nF
GND
2
GND
1
2
1
GND
1
2
J5
VIN
1
1
1
2
RON1
51.5k
GND
1
9
10
12
19
20
8
14
4
5
15
NC1
NC2
NC3
NC4
NC5
NC6
SS
EN
VIN1
VIN2
RON
U1
LM3102
BST
DAP
AGND
GND
PGND1
PGND2
VCC
FB
SW1
SW2
21
7
11
17
18
16
13
2
3
6
GND
VCC
CBST1
33 nF
1
2
TP5
TP4
GND
1
1
TP6
GND
GND
CVCC1
1uF
VCC
GND
1
L_OUT
10 uH
GND
1
TP3
GND
GND
RFB2
2k
RFB1
10k
GND
TP9
GND
CFIL1
NS
ROUT
100
CFB1
10 nF
GND
RFIL1
0
TP8
VCC
GND
1
VOUT_LM3102
OUT
GND
GND
RG1
50k
U2
LMP8646
GND
COUT3
NS
GND
1
VOUT_LMP
GND
CVP1
0.1 uF
VP_SELECT
JP1
GND
CVP2
10 uF
COUT2
47 uF
VCC
VOUT_LMP
GND
COUT1
100 nF
TP7_VOUT_LM3102
1
1
FB
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
J8
GND
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
GND
GND
TP11
GND
TP12
GND
J10
Rg_SOCKET
VINN
4
CG1
1 nF
GND
3
GND
VINP
LVP1
100 uH
TP10
GND
1
1
J2
VP
1
2
2
1
1
1
VP_EXT
J3
J4
VSENSEP VSENSEN
GND
J9
Cg_SOCKET
RSENSE1
0.055 Ohm
GND
1
1
V-
1
2
2
J7
CAP_N
TP14
GND
GND
TP13
GND
GND
GND
CSUP_CAP
10F
R1
0
J6
SUPER_CAP
1
1
1
1
6
V+
RG
5
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
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1
November 2011
1
2
GND
R_Cap1 CSUP_CAP1
10k
10F
R_Cap2
10k
5.
1
2
J1
GND
LMP8646EB User’s Guide
Schematic
Figure 7 – Schematic
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6.
Layout
Figure 8 - Layout Top Layer
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Figure 9 - Layout Top Layer
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Figure 10 - Layout Layer #2: Power
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Figure 11 - Layout Layer #3: Ground
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Figure 12 - Layout Bottom Layer
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7.
BOM
Item
Qnt
Reference
Value
Description
Package
Manufacturer
Manufacturer Part #
1
1
CBST1
33 nF
CAP CER 33000PF 25V 10% X7R 0603
603
Murata
GRM188R71E333KA01D
2
2
CSS1,CFB1
10nF
CAP CER 10000PF 50V 10% X7R 0805
805
Murata
GRM216R71H103KA01D
3
1
CFIL1
NS
CAP CER .1UF 25V 10% X7R 0603
603
Murata
GRM188R71E104KA01D
4
1
CG1
NS
CAP CER 100PF 50V C0G 5% 0805
805
TDK
C2012C0G1H101J
5
3
CIN1,VP2,CIN2
10 uF
CAP CER 10UF 50V Y5V 1210
1210
Murata
GRM32DF51H106ZA01L
6
2
VP1,CIN3
0.1 uF
CAP CERAMIC .1UF 50V X7R 0603
603
Panasonic
ECJ-1VB1H104K
7
1
COUT1
100 nF
CAP CER .1UF 25V 10% X7R 0603
603
Murata
GRM188R71E104KA01D
8
2
COUT2,COUT3
CAP 47UF 6.3V CERAMIC X5R 1210
ECJ-4YB0J476M
1
CSUP
CAP 10F 2.3V GOLD HW RADIAL
1210
Radial thuhole
Panasonic
9
47 uF
SuperCap
10F
Panasonic
EEC-HW0D106
10
1
CVCC1
1uF
CAP CER 1.0UF 10V Y5V 0603
603
TDK
C1608Y5V1A105Z
11
1
JP1
VP_SELECT
0.100"
Sullins Connector
PBC36SAAN
12
1
J1
GND
Bulk
Emerson Network
108-0740-001
13
1
J2
VP_EXT
Bulk
Emerson Network
108-0740-001
14
1
J3
VSENSEP
Bulk
Emerson Network
108-0740-001
15
1
J4
VSENSEN
Bulk
Emerson Network
108-0740-001
16
1
J5
VIN
Bulk
Emerson Network
108-0740-001
17
1
J6
CAP_P
Bulk
Emerson Network
108-0740-001
18
1
J7
CAP_N
CONN HEADER .100 SINGL STR 36POS
CONN JACK BANANA UNINS PANEL
MOU
CONN JACK BANANA UNINS PANEL
MOU
CONN JACK BANANA UNINS PANEL
MOU
CONN JACK BANANA UNINS PANEL
MOU
CONN JACK BANANA UNINS PANEL
MOU
CONN JACK BANANA UNINS PANEL
MOU
CONN JACK BANANA UNINS PANEL
MOU
Bulk
Emerson Network
108-0740-001
19
1
J8
Rg_SOCKET
PIN RECPT .032/.046 DIA 0328 SER
N/A
Mill-Max
0328-0-15-15-34-27-10-0
20
1
J9
Cg_SOCKET
PIN RECPT .032/.046 DIA 0328 SER
N/A
Mill-Max
0328-0-15-15-34-27-10-0
21
1
L_OUT
22 uH
INDUCTOR POWER 22UH 3.6A SMD
JW Miller
PM5022-220M-RC
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Evaluation Board/Kit Important Notice
Texas Instruments (TI) provides the enclosed product(s) under the following conditions:
This evaluation board/kit is intended for use for ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATION, OR EVALUATION PURPOSES
ONLY and is not considered by TI to be a finished end-product fit for general consumer use. Persons handling the product(s) must have
electronics training and observe good engineering practice standards. As such, the goods being provided are not intended to be
complete in terms of required design-, marketing-, and/or manufacturing-related protective considerations, including product safety and
environmental measures typically found in end products that incorporate such semiconductor components or circuit boards. This
evaluation board/kit does not fall within the scope of the European Union directives regarding electromagnetic compatibility, restricted
substances (RoHS), recycling (WEEE), FCC, CE or UL, and therefore may not meet the technical requirements of these directives or
other related directives.
Should this evaluation board/kit not meet the specifications indicated in the User’s Guide, the board/kit may be returned within 30 days
from the date of delivery for a full refund. THE FOREGOING WARRANTY IS THE EXCLUSIVE WARRANTY MADE BY SELLER TO
BUYER AND IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED, IMPLIED, OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY
OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
The user assumes all responsibility and liability for proper and safe handling of the goods. Further, the user indemnifies TI from all claims
arising from the handling or use of the goods. Due to the open construction of the product, it is the user’s responsibility to take any and all
appropriate precautions with regard to electrostatic discharge.
EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT OF THE INDEMNITY SET FORTH ABOVE, NEITHER PARTY SHALL BE LIABLE TO THE OTHER FOR
ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES.
TI currently deals with a variety of customers for products, and therefore our arrangement with the user is not exclusive.
TI assumes no liability for applications assistance, customer product design, software performance, or infringement of patents
or services described herein.
Please read the User’s Guide and, specifically, the Warnings and Restrictions notice in the User’s Guide prior to handling the product.
This notice contains important safety information about temperatures and voltages. For additional information on TI’s environmental
and/or safety programs, please contact the TI application engineer or visit www.ti.com/esh.
No license is granted under any patent right or other intellectual property right of TI covering or relating to any machine, process, or
combination in which such TI products or services might be or are used.
FCC Warning
This evaluation board/kit is intended for use for ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATION, OR EVALUATION
PURPOSES ONLY and is not considered by TI to be a finished end-product fit for general consumer use. It generates, uses, and
can radiate radio frequency energy and has not been tested for compliance with the limits of computing devices pursuant to part 15
of FCC rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against radio frequency interference. Operation of this
equipment in other environments may cause interference with radio communications, in which case the user at his own expense
will be required to take whatever measures may be required to correct this interference.
EVM Warnings and Restrictions
It is important to operate this EVM within the input voltage range of 3.3V to 5V and the output voltage range of 0V to 5V.
Exceeding the specified input range may cause unexpected operation and/or irreversible damage to the EVM. If there are questions
concerning the input range, please contact a TI field representative prior to connecting the input power.
Applying loads outside of the specified output range may result in unintended operation and/or possible permanent damage to theEVM.
Please consult the EVM User's Guide prior to connecting any load to the EVM output. If there is uncertainty as to the load
specification, please contact a TI field representative.
During normal operation, some circuit components may have case temperatures greater than +30°C. The EVM is designed to operate
properly with certain components above +85°C as long as the input and output ranges are maintained. These components include but
are not limited to linear regulators, switching transistors, pass transistors, and current sense resistors. These types of devices can be
identified using the EVM schematic located in the EVM User's Guide. When placing measurement probes near these devices during
operation, please be aware that these devices may be very warm to the touch.
Mailing Address: Texas Instruments, Post Office Box 655303, Dallas, Texas 75265
Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated
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IMPORTANT NOTICE
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