SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
D Programmable Baud Rate Generator Allows
N PACKAGE
(TOP VIEW)
Division of Any Input Reference Clock by 1
to (216 −1) and Generates an Internal 16 ×
Clock
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
RCLK
SIN
SOUT
CS0
CS1
CS2
BAUDOUT
XTAL1
XTAL2
DOSTR
DOSTR
VSS
D Full Double Buffering Eliminates the Need
for Precise Synchronization
D Standard Asynchronous Communication
Bits (Start, Stop, and Parity) Added or
Deleted to or From the Serial Data Stream
D Independent Receiver Clock Input
D Transmit, Receive, Line Status, and Data
Set Interrupts Independently Controlled
D Fully Programmable Serial Interface
Characteristics:
− 5-, 6 -, 7 -, or 8-Bit Characters
− Even-, Odd -, or No-Parity Bit Generation
and Detection
− 1-, 1 1/2 -, or 2-Stop Bit Generation
− Baud Generation (dc to 256 Kbit/s)
D False Start Bit Detection
D Complete Status Reporting Capabilities
DTR, RI, and DCD)
D Easily Interfaces to Most Popular
Microprocessors
38
4
37
5
36
6
35
7
34
8
33
9
32
10
31
11
30
12
29
13
28
14
27
15
26
16
25
17
24
18
23
19
22
20
21
D5
D6
D7
RCLK
SIN
NC
SOUT
CS0
CS1
CS2
BAUDOUT
D Faster Plug-In Replacement for National
Semiconductor NS16C450
6 5 4
7
3
2 1 44 43 42 41 40
39
8
38
9
37
10
36
11
35
12
34
13
33
14
32
15
31
16
30
17
29
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
MR
OUT1
DTR
RTS
OUT2
NC
INTRPT
NC
A0
A1
A2
XTAL1
XTAL2
DOSTR
DOSTR
VSS
NC
DISTR
DISTR
DDIS
CSOUT
ADS
D Modem Control Functions (CTS, RTS, DSR,
3
VCC
RI
DCD
DSR
CTS
MR
OUT1
DTR
RTS
OUT2
INTRPT
NC
A0
A1
A2
ADS
CSOUT
DDIS
DISTR
DISTR
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
NC
VCC
RI
DCD
DSR
CTS
D Line Break Generation and Detection
D Fully Prioritized Interrupt System Controls
39
FN PACKAGE
(TOP VIEW)
Bidirectional Data Bus and Control Bus
− Loopback Controls for Communications
Link Fault Isolation
− Break, Parity, Overrun, Framing Error
Simulation
40
2
NOTE: 40-pin DIP (N package) will be obsoleted as of 7/30/2006. Please
contact your local distributor or TI Sales Office for more information.
D 3-State TTL Drive Capabilities for
D Internal Diagnostic Capabilities:
1
− No internal
connection
Please be aware that an important notice concerningNC
availability,
standard
warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.
Copyright 1988 − 2006, Texas Instruments Incorporated
!" #!$% &"'
&! #" #" (" " ") !"
&& *+' &! #", &" ""%+ %!&"
", %% #""'
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1
SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
description
The TL16C450 is a CMOS version of an asynchronous communications element (ACE). It typically functions
in a microcomputer system as a serial input/output interface.
The TL16C450 performs serial-to-parallel conversion on data received from a peripheral device or modem and
parallel-to-serial conversion on data received from its CPU. The CPU can read and report on the status of the
ACE at any point in the ACE’s operation. Reported status information includes the type of transfer operation
in progress, the status of the operation, and any error conditions encountered.
The TL16C450 ACE includes a programmable, on-board, baud rate generator. This generator is capable of
dividing a reference clock input by divisors from 1 to (216 −1) and producing a 16× clock for driving the internal
transmitter logic. Provisions are included to use this 16 × clock to drive the receiver logic. Also included in the
ACE is a complete modem control capability and a processor interrupt system that may be software tailored
to the user’s requirements to minimize the computing required to handle the communications link.
2
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SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
block diagram
Internal
Data Bus
D7 −D0
2−9
Data
Bus
Buffer
Receiver
Shift
Register
Receiver
Buffer
Register
Line
Control
Register
11
Receiver
Timing and
Control
10
SIN
RCLK
Divisor
Latch (LS)
Baud
Generator
17
BAUDOUT
Divisor
Latch (MS)
A0
A1
A2
CS0
CS1
CS2
ADS
MR
DISTR
DISTR
DOSTR
DOSTR
DDIS
CSOUT
XTAL1
XTAL2
VCC
VSS
31
30
29
14
15
16
28
39
25
24
21
20
26
27
18
19
44
22
Transmitter
Timing and
Control
Line
Status
Register
Select
and
Control
Logic
Transmitter
Holding
Register
13
Modem
Control
Logic
36
40
37
41
42
43
38
35
Modem
Control
Register
Modem
Status
Register
Power
Supply
Transmitter
Shift
Register
Interrupt
Enable
Register
Interrupt
Control
Logic
33
SOUT
RTS
CTS
DTR
DSR
DCD
RI
OUT1
OUT2
INTRPT
Interrupt
I/O
Register
Terminal numbers shown are for the FN package.
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3
SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
Terminal Functions
TERMINAL
NO.†
I/O
DESCRIPTION
A0
A1
A2
31
30
29
I
Register select. A0, A1, and A2 are three inputs used during read and write operations to select the ACE register
to read from or write to. Refer to Table 1 for register addresses, also refer to the address strobe (ADS) signal
description.
ADS
28
I
Address strobe. When ADS is active (low), the register select signals (A0, A1, and A2) and chip select signals
(CS0, CS1, CS2) drive the internal select logic directly; when high, the register select and chip select signals are
held in the state they were in when the low-to-high transition of ADS occurred.
BAUDOUT
17
O
Baud out. BAUDOUT is a16 × clock signal for the transmitter section of the ACE. The clock rate is established
by the reference oscillator frequency divided by a divisor specified by the baud generator divisor latches.
BAUDOUT may also be used for the receiver section by tying this output to the RCLK input.
CS0
CS1
CS2
14
15
16
I
Chip select. When CSx is active (high, high, and low respectively), the ACE is selected. Refer to the ADS signal
description.
CSOUT
27
O
Chip select out. When CSOUT is high, it indicates that the ACE has been selected by the chip select inputs (CS0,
CS1, and CS2). CSOUT is low when the chip is deselected.
CTS
40
I
Clear to send. CTS is a modem status signal. Its condition can be checked by reading bit 4 (CTS) of the modem
status register. Bit 0 (DCTS) of the modem status register indicates that this signal has changed states since the
last read from the modem status register. If the modem status interrupt is enabled when CTS changes state, an
interrupt is generated.
2−9
I/O
Data bus. D0 − D7 are 3-state data lines that provide a bidirectional path for data, control, and status information
between the ACE and the CPU.
DCD
42
I
Data carrier detect. DCD is a modem status signal. Its condition can be checked by reading bit 7 (DCD) of the
modem status register. Bit 3 (DDCD) of the modem status register indicates that this signal has changed states
since the last read from the modem status register. If the modem status interrupt is enabled when the DCD
changes state, an interrupt is generated.
DDIS
26
O
Driver disable. DDIS is active (high) when the CPU is not reading data. When active, this output can disable an
external transceiver.
DISTR
DISTR
25
24
I
Data input strobes. When either DISTR or DISTR is active (high or low respectively) while the ACE is selected,
the CPU is allowed to read status information or data from a selected ACE register. Only one of these inputs is
required for the transfer of data during a read operation. The other input should be tied in its inactive state (i.e.,
DISTR tied low or DISTR tied high).
DOSTR
DOSTR
21
20
I
Data output strobes. When either DOSTR or DOSTR is active (high or low respectively), while the ACE is
selected, the CPU is allowed to write control words or data into a selected ACE register. Only one of these inputs
is required to transfer data during a write operation. The other input should be tied in its inactive state (i.e., DOSTR
tied low or DOSTR tied high).
DSR
41
I
Data set ready. DSR is a modem status signal. Its condition can be checked by reading bit 5 (DSR) of the modem
status register. Bit 1 (DDSR) of the modem status register indicates that this signal has changed state since the
last read from the modem status register. If the modem status interrupt is enabled when the DSR changes state,
an interrupt is generated.
DTR
37
O
Data terminal ready. When active (low), DTR informs a modem or data set that the ACE is ready to establish
communication. DTR is placed in the active state by setting the DTR bit of the modem control register to a high
level. DTR is placed in the inactive state either as a result of a master reset or during loop mode operation or
clearing bit 0 (DTR) of the modem control register.
INTRPT
33
O
Interrupt. When active (high), INTRPT informs the CPU that the ACE has an interrupt to be serviced. The four
conditions that cause an interrupt are: a receiver error, received data is available, the transmitter holding register
is empty, or an enabled modem status interrupt. The INTRPT output is reset (inactivated) either when the interrupt
is serviced or as a result of a master reset.
MR
39
I
Master reset. When active (high), MR clears most ACE registers and sets the state of various output signals.
Refer to Table 2 for ACE reset functions.
NAME
D0 − D7
† Terminal numbers shown are for the FN package.
4
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SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
Terminal Functions (continued)
TERMINAL
NAME
NO.†
I/O
DESCRIPTION
OUT1
OUT2
38
35
O
Outputs 1 and 2. OUT1 and OUT2 are user-designated output terminals that are set to their active states by
setting their respective modem control register bits (OUT1 and OUT2) high. OUT1 and OUT2 are set to their
inactive (high) states as a result of master reset or during loop mode operations or by clearing bit 2 (OUT1) or
bit 3 (OUT2) of the MCR.
RCLK
10
I
Receiver clock. RCLK is the 16 × baud rate clock for the receiver section of the ACE.
RI
43
I
Ring indicator. RI is a modem status signal. Its condition can be checked by reading bit 6 (RI) of the modem status
register. Bit 2 (TERI) of the modem status register indicates that the RI input has transitioned from a low to a high
state since the last read from the modem status register. If the modem status interrupt is enabled when this
transition occurs, an interrupt is generated.
RTS
36
O
Request to send. When active, RTS informs the modem or data set that the ACE is ready to transmit data. RTS
is set to its active state by setting the RTS modem control register bit and is set to its inactive (high) state either
as a result of a master reset or during loop mode operations or by clearing bit 1 (RTS) of the MCR.
SIN
11
I
Serial input. SIN is the serial data input from a connected communications device.
SOUT
13
O
Serial output. SOUT is the composite serial data output to a connected communication device. SOUT is set to
the marking (set) state as a result of MR.
VCC
VSS
44
5-V supply voltage
22
Supply common
XTAL1
18
I/O External clock. XTAL1 and XTAL2 connect the ACE to the main timing reference (clock or crystal).
XTAL2
19
† Terminal numbers shown are for the FN package.
absolute maximum ratings over free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)†
Supply voltage range, VCC (see Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . −0.5 V to 7 V
Input voltage range at any input, VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . −0.5 V to 7 V
Output voltage range, VO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . −0.5 V to 7 V
Continuous total power dissipation at (or below) 70°C free-air temperature: FN package . . . . . . . 1100 mW
N package‡ . . . . . . . . 800 mW
Operating free-air temperature range, TA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0°C to 70°C
Storage temperature range, Tstg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . −65°C to 150°C
Case temperature for 10 seconds, TC: FN package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260°C
Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds: N package‡ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260°C
† Stresses beyond those listed under “absolute maximum ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only and
functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under “recommended operating conditions” is not
implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
‡ The N package in Not Recommended for New Designs.
NOTE 1: All voltage values are with respect to VSS.
recommended operating conditions
Supply voltage, VCC
High-level input voltage, VIH
MIN
NOM
MAX
UNIT
4.75
5
5.25
V
V
−0.5
VCC
0.8
0
70
°C
2
Low-level input voltage, VIL
Operating free-air temperature, TA
POST OFFICE BOX 655303
• DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
V
5
SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
electrical characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air
temperature (unless otherwise noted)
PARAMETER
VOH‡
VOL‡
TEST CONDITIONS
HIgh-level output voltage
Low-level output voltage
MIN
IOH = − 1 mA
IOL = 1.6 mA
TYP†
MAX
2.4
IIkg
Input leakage current
VCC = 5.25 V,
VI = 0 to 5.25 V,
IOZ
High-impedance output current
VCC = 5.25 V,
VSS = 0,
VO = 0 V to 5.25 V,
Chip selected, write mode,or chip deselected
ICC
Supply current
25°C,
VCC = 5.25 V,
TA = 25
C,
SIN, DSR, DCD, CTS, and RI at 2 V,
All other inputs at 0.8 V, Baud rate = 50 kbits/s,
XTAL1 at 4 MHz,
No load on outputs
CXTAL1
Clock input capacitance
CXTAL2
Clock output capacitance
Ci
Input capacitance
V
0.4
V
± 10
µA
A
± 20
µA
A
10
mA
15
20
pF
20
30
pF
6
10
pF
10
20
pF
VSS = 0,
All other terminals floating
VCC = 0,
VSS = 0,
f = 1 MHz,
TA = 25°C,
All other terminals grounded
Co
Output capacitance
† All typical values are at VCC = 5 V, TA = 25°C.
‡ These parameters apply for all outputs except XTAL2.
UNIT
system timing requirements over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air
temperature
PARAMETER
tcR
tcW
Cycle time, read (tw7 + td8 + td9)
tw5
tw6
Pulse duration, ADS low
FIGURE
Cycle time, write (tw6 + td5 + td6)
MIN
MAX
UNIT
175
ns
175
ns
2, 3
15
ns
Pulse duration, write strobe
2
80
ns
tw7
twMR
Pulse duration, read strobe
3
tsu1
tsu2
Setup time, address valid before ADS↑
Setup time, CS valid before ADS↑
tsu3
th1
Setup time, data valid before WR1↓ or WR2↑
th2
th3
th4§
80
ns
1000
ns
2, 3
15
ns
2, 3
15
ns
2
15
ns
Hold time, address low after ADS↑
2, 3
0
ns
Hold time, CS valid after ADS↑
2, 3
0
ns
Hold time, CS valid after WR1↑ or WR2↓
2
20
ns
Hold time, address valid after WR1↑ or WR2↓
2
20
ns
th5
th6
th7§
Hold time, data valid after WR1↑ or WR2↓
2
15
ns
Hold time, CS valid after RD1↑ or RD2↓
3
20
ns
Hold time, address valid after RD1↑ or RD2↓
3
20
ns
td4§
td5§
Delay time, CS valid before WR1↓ or WR2↑
2
15
ns
Delay time, address valid before WR1↓ or WR2↑
2
15
ns
td6
td7§
Delay time, write cycle, WR1↑ or WR2↓ to ADS↓
2
80
ns
Delay time, CS valid to RD1↓ or RD2↑
3
15
ns
3
15
ns
3
80
ns
Pulse duration, master reset
td8§
Delay time, address valid to RD1↓ or RD2↑
td9
Delay time, read cycle, RD1↑ or RD2↓ to ADS↓
§ Only applies when ADS is low.
6
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SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
system switching characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating
free-air temperature
PARAMETER
tw1
tw2
Pulse duration, clock high
td3
td10
Delay time, select to CS output
Pulse duration, clock low
Delay time, RD1↓ or RD2↑ to data valid
td11
Delay time, RD1↑ or RD2↓ to floating data
tdis(R)
Disable time, RD1↓↑ or RD2↑↓ to DDIS↑↓
† Only applies when ADS is low.
FIGURE
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
1
f = 9 MHz maximum
50
50
MAX
UNIT
ns
1
f = 9 MHz maximum
2, 3†
CL = 100 pF
70
ns
3
CL = 100 pF
60
ns
3
CL = 100 pF
60
ns
3
CL = 100 pF
60
ns
0
ns
baud generator switching characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and
operating free-air temperature
PARAMETER
FIGURE
TEST CONDITIONS
CLK ÷ 1,
CLK ÷ 1,
MIN
MAX
UNIT
tw3
Pulse duration, BAUDOUT low
1
f = 6.25 MHz,
CL = 100 pF
tw4
Pulse duration, BAUDOUT high
1
f = 6.25 MHz,
CL = 100 pF
td1
td2
Delay time, XIN↑ to BAUDOUT↑
1
CL = 100 pF
125
ns
Delay time, XIN↑↓ to BAUDOUT↓
1
CL = 100 pF
125
ns
80
ns
80
ns
receiver switching characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating
free-air temperature
PARAMETER
FIGURE
td12
Delay time, RCLK to sample clock
4
td13
Delay time, stop to set RCV error interrupt or read
RDR to LSI interrupt or stop to
RXRDY↓
4
td14
Delay time, read RBR/LSR to reset interrupt
4
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
1
CL = 100 pF
MAX
UNIT
100
ns
1
140
RCLK
cycles
ns
transmitter switching characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating
free-air temperature
PARAMETER
FIGURE
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
MAX
UNIT
td15
Delay time, INTRPT to transmit start
5
8
24
baudout
cycles
td16
Delay time, start to interrupt
5
8
8
baudout
cycles
td17
Delay time, WR THR to reset interrupt
5
td18
Delay time, initial write to interrupt (THRE)
5
td19
Delay time, read IIR to reset interrupt (THRE)
5
POST OFFICE BOX 655303
CL = 100 pF
16
CL = 100 pF
• DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
140
ns
32
baudout
cycles
140
ns
7
SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
modem control switching characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and
operating free-air temperature
FIGURE
TEST CONDITIONS
MAX
UNIT
td20
td21
Delay time, WR MCR to output
PARAMETER
6
CL = 100 pF
100
ns
Delay time, modem interrupt to set interrupt
6
CL = 100 pF
170
ns
td22
Delay time, RD MSR to reset interrupt
6
CL = 100 pF
140
ns
PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION
tw1
RCLK
(9 MHz Max)
90%
90%
2V
10%
0.8 V
tw2
N
XTAL1
td2
td1
BAUDOUT
(1/1)
td2
td1
BAUDOUT
(1/2)
tw3
tw4
BAUDOUT
(1/3)
BAUDOUT
(1/N)
(N > 3)
2XTAL1
Cycles
(N-2) XTAL1
Cycles
Figure 1. Baud Generator Timing Waveforms
8
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MIN
SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION
tw5
ADS
10%
10%
tsu1
th1
A0 −A2
90%
Valid
10%
Valid†
10%
tsu2
th2
90% 90%
Valid
CS0, CS1, CS2
10%
CSOUT
Valid†
10%
th3
td3
td3
90%
90%
td4†
td5†
tw6
th4†
td6
90% 90%
Active
DOSTR,
DOSTR
10%
tsu3
th5
90%
90%
Valid Data
D0 −D7
† Applicable only when ADS is tied low.
Figure 2. Write Cycle Timing Waveforms
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9
SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION
tw5
ADS
10%
10%
10%
tsu1
th1
A0 −A2
90%
Valid 50%
10%
Valid†
10%
tsu2
th2
90% 90%
Valid
CS0, CS1, CS2
Valid†
10%
10%
th6
td3†
td3†
90%
CSOUT
90%
tw7
td7†
td8†
th7†
td9
90% 90%
Active
DISTR,
DISTR
10% 10%
tdis(R)
tdis(R)
DDIS
10%
10%
td11
td10
90%
D0 −D7
Valid Data
† Applicable only when ADS is tied low.
Figure 3. Read Cycle Timing Waveforms
10
POST OFFICE BOX 655303
• DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
50%
SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION
RCLK
8 CLKs
td12
SAMPLE
CLOCK
SIN
Start
Data Bits 5 −8
Parity
Stop
SAMPLE
CLOCK
td13
90%
INTRPT
(RDR/LSI)
10%
td14
DISTR, DISTR
(RD RBR/LSR)
90%
Active
Figure 4. Receiver Timing Waveforms
SOUT
Start
Data Bits
Parity
Stop 50%
Start
10%
td15
INTRPT
(THRE)
90%
90%
50%
50%
10%
td18
td17
DOSTR
(WR THR)
td16
90%
90%
td17
90%
td19
90%
DISTR (RD IIR)
Figure 5. Transmitter Timing Waveforms
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11
SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION
DOSTR (WR MCR)
10%
10%
td20
td20
90%
RTS, DTR
OUT 1, OUT 2
CTS, DSR, DCD
90%
10%
td21
INTRPT
(MODEM)
90%
50%
50%
td22
DISTR (RD MSR)
50%
td21
90%
RI
Figure 6. Modem Control Timing Waveforms
12
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SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
APPLICATION INFORMATION
D7 −D0
SOUT
D7−D0
MEMR or I/OR
RTS
MEMW or I/ON
EIA 232-D
Drivers
and
Receivers
DOSTR
DTR
INTR
INTRPT
RESET
DSR
MR
A0
C
P
U
SIN
DISTR
DCD
A0
A1
A1
A2
A2
B
u
s
CTS
TL16C450
(ACE)
ADS
RI
XTAL1
DOSTR
L
3.072
MHz
DISTR
CS
H
CS2
XTAL2
CS1
BAUDOUT
CS0
RCLK
Figure 7. Basic TL16C450 Configuration
Receiver
Disable
WR
Microcomputer
System
Data Bus
DOSTR
TL16C450
(ACE)
Data Bus
D7 −D0
8-Bit
Bus Transceiver
Driver
Disable
DDIS
Figure 8. Typical Interface for a High-Capacity Data Bus
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13
SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
APPLICATION INFORMATION
TL16C450
Alternate
Xtal Control
XTAL1
A16 −A23
A16 −A23
XTAL2
Address
Decoder
CS0
BAUDOUT
CS1
RCLK
CS2
CPU
ADS
DTR
20
RTS
1
ADS
OUT1
RSI/ABT
MR
AD0 −
AD7
AD0 −AD15
A0 −A2
D0 −D7
Buffer
PHI1 PHI2
PHI1 PHI2
ADS
OUT2
RI
5V
DCD
8
DSR
6
CTS
5
SOUT
2
SIN
3
RSTO
RO
DISTR
WR
DOSTR
TCU
AD0 −AD15
INTRPT
CSOUT
DISTR
DDIS
7
NC
1
DOSTR
GND
(VSS)
EIA-232-D
Connector
5V
(VCC)
Figure 9. Typical TL16C450 Connection to a CPU
14
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SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
Table 1. Register Selection
DLAB†
A2
A1
0
L
L
L
Receiver buffer (read), transmitter holding register (write)
0
L
L
H
Interrupt enable
X
L
H
L
Interrupt identification (read only)
X
L
H
H
Line control
X
H
L
L
Modem control
X
H
L
H
Line status
X
H
H
L
Modem status
X
H
H
H
Scratch
1
L
L
L
Divisor latch (LSB)
1
L
L
H
A0
REGISTER
Divisor latch (MSB)
† The divisor latch access bit (DLAB) is the most significant bit of the line control register. The DLAB signal is controlled
by writing to this bit location (see Table 3).
Table 2. ACE Reset Functions
REGISTER/SIGNAL
RESET
CONTROL
RESET STATE
Interrupt enable register
Master reset
All bits low (0 −3 forced and 4 −7 permanent)
Interrupt identification register
Master reset
Bit 0 is high, bits 1 and 2 are low, and bits 3 −7 are
permanently low
Line control register
All bits low
Modem control register
Master reset
All bits low
Line status register
Master reset
Bits 5 and 6 are high, all other bits are low
Modem status register
Master reset
Bits 0 −3 are low, bits 4 −7 are input signals
SOUT
Master reset
High
INTRPT (receiver error flag)
Read LSR/MR
Low
INTRPT (received data available)
Read RBR/MR
Low
INTRPT (transmitter holding register empty)
Read IIR/Write
THR/MR
Low
INTRPT (modem status changes)
Read MSR/MR
Low
OUT2
Master reset
High
RTS
Master reset
High
DTR
Master reset
High
OUT1
Master reset
High
Scratch register
Master reset
No effect
Divisor latch (LSB and MSB) register
Master reset
No effect
Receiver buffer register
Master reset
No effect
Transmitter holding register
Master reset
No effect
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SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
accessible registers
The system programmer, using the CPU, has access to and control over any of the ACE registers that are
summarized in Table 3. These registers control ACE operations, receive data, and transmit data. Descriptions
of these registers follow Table 3.
Table 3. Summary of Accessible Registers
REGISTER ADDRESS
Bit
No.
0
1
2
O DLAB = 0
O DLAB = 0
1 DLAB = 0
2
3
4
5
6
7
O DLAB = 1
1
DLAB
=0
Receiver
Buffer
Register
(Read
Only)
Transmitter
Holding
Register
(Write
Only)
Interrupt
Enable
Register
IER
Interrupt
Ident.
Register
(Read
Only)
Line
Control
Register
LCR
Modem
Control
Register
Line
Status
Register
Modem
Status
Register
Scratch
Register
Divisor
Latch
(LSB)
Latch
(MSB)
RBR
THR
IER
IIR
LCR
MCR
LSR
MSR
SCR
DLL
DLM
Data Bit 0
Enable
Received
Data
Available
Interrupt
(ERBF)
“0” If
Interrupt
Pending
Word
Length
Select
Bit 0
(WLSO)
Data
Terminal
Ready
(DTR)
Data
Ready
(DR)
Delta
Clear
to Send
(DCTS)
Bit 0
Bit 0
Bit 8
Data Bit 1
Enable
Transmitter
Holding
Register
Empty
Interrupt
(ETBE)
Interrupt
ID
Bit (0)
Word
Length
Select
Bit 1
(WLS1)
Request
to Send
(RTS)
Overrun
Error
(OE)
Delta
Data
Set
Ready
(DDSR)
Bit 1
Bit 1
Bit 9
Data Bit 2
Enable
Receiver
Line Status
Interrupt
(ELSI)
Interrupt
ID
Bit (1)
Number of
Stop Bits
(STB)
Out 1
Parity
Error
(PE)
Trailing
Edge Ring
Indicator
(TERI)
Bit 2
Bit 2
Bit 10
0
Parity
Enable
(PEN)
Out 2
Framing
Error
(FE)
Delta
Data
Carrier
Detect
(DDCD)
Bit 3
Bit 3
Bit 11
0
Even
Parity
Select
(EPS)
Loop
Break
Interrupt
(BI)
Clear
to Send
(CTS)
Bit 4
Bit 4
Bit 12
0
Transmitter
Holding
Register
(THRE)
Data
Set
Ready
(DSR)
Bit 5
Bit 5
Bit 13
0
Transmitter
Empty
Ring
Indicator
(RI)
Bit 6
Bit 6
Bit 14
Data
Carrier
Detect
(DCD)
Bit 7
Bit 7
Bit 15
Data Bit 0*
Data Bit 1
Data Bit 2
3
Data Bit 3
Data Bit 3
Enable
Modem
Status
Interrupt
(EDSSI)
4
Data Bit 4
Data Bit 4
0
5
Data Bit 5
Data Bit 5
0
0
Stick
Parity
6
Data Bit 6
Data Bit 6
0
0
Set
Break
7
Data Bit 7
Data Bit 7
0
0
Divisor
Latch
Access
Bit
(DLAB)
(TEMT)
0
0
*Bit 0 is the least significant bit. It is the first bit serially transmitted or received.
16
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PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
interrupt enable register (IER)
The IER enables each of the four types of interrupts (refer to Table 4) and the INTRPT output signal in response
to an interrupt generation. By clearing bits 0 − 3, the IER can also disable the interrupt system. The contents
of this register are summarized in Table 3 and are described in the following bulleted list.
D
D
D
D
D
Bit 0: This bit, when set, enables the received data available interrupt.
Bit 1: This bit, when set, enables the THRE interrupt.
Bit 2: This bit, when set, enables the receiver line status interrupt.
Bit 3: This bit, when set, enables the modem status interrupt.
Bits 4 − 7: These bits in the IER are not used and are always cleared.
interrupt identification register (IIR)
The ACE has an on-chip interrupt generation and prioritization capability that permits a flexible interface with
most microprocessors.
The ACE provides four prioritized levels of interrupts:
D
D
D
D
Priority 1 − Receiver line status (highest priority)
Priority 2 − Receiver data ready or receiver character time out
Priority 3 −Transmitter holding register empty
Priority 4 −Modem status (lowest priority)
When an interrupt is generated, the IIR indicates that an interrupt is pending and the type of interrupt in its three
least significant bits (bits 0, 1, and 2). The contents of this register are summarized in Table 3 and described
in Table 4.
D Bit 0: This bit can be used either in a hardwire prioritized or polled interrupt system. When bit 0 is cleared,
an interrupt is pending. When bit 0 is set, no interrupt is pending.
D Bits 1 and 2: These two bits identify the highest priority interrupt pending as indicated in Table 4.
D Bits 3 − 7: These bits in the IIR are not used and are always clear.
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SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
interrupt identification register (IIR) (continued)
Table 4. Interrupt Control Functions
INTERRUPT
IDENTIFICATION
REGISTER
PRIORITY
LEVEL
INTERRUPT TYPE
INTERRUPT SOURCE
INTERRUPT RESET
METHOD
None
None
−
BIT 2
BIT 1
BIT 0
0
0
1
None
1
1
0
1
Receiver line status
Overrun error, parity error,
framing error or break
interrupt
1
0
0
2
Received data available
Receiver data available
Reading the line status
register
Reading the receiver buffer
Buffer register
0
1
0
3
Transmitter holding register
empty
Transmitter holding register
empty
Reading the interrupt
identification register (if
source of interrupt) or writing
into the transmitter holding
register
0
0
0
4
Modem status
Clear to send, data set
ready, ring indicator, or data
carrier detect
Reading the modem status
register
line control register (LCR)
The system programmer controls the format of the asynchronous data communication exchange through the
LCR. In addition, the programmer is able to retrieve, inspect, and modify the contents of the LCR; this eliminates
the need for separate storage of the line characteristics in system memory. The contents of this register are
summarized in Table 3 and are described in the following bulleted list.
D Bits 0 and 1: These two bits specify the number of bits in each transmitted or received serial character.
These bits are encoded as shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Serial Character Word Length
Bit 1
Bit 0
Word Length
0
0
5 Bits
0
1
6 Bits
1
0
7 Bits
1
1
8 Bits
D Bit 2: This bit specifies either one, one and one-half, or two stop bits in each transmitted character. When
bit 2 is cleared, one stop bit is generated in the data. When bit 2 is set, the number of stop bits generated
is dependent on the word length selected with bits 0 and 1. The receiver checks the first stop bit only,
regardless of the number of stop bits selected. The number of stop bits generated, in relation to word length
and bit 2, is shown in Table 6.
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PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
line control register (LCR) (continued)
Table 6. Number of Stop Bits Generated
0
Word Length Selected
by Bits 1 and 2
Any word length
Number of Stop
Bits Generated
1
1
5 bits
1 1/2
1
6 bits
2
1
7 bits
2
1
8 bits
2
Bit 2
D Bit 3: This bit is the parity enable bit. When bit 3 is set, a parity bit is generated in transmitted data between
the last data word bit and the first stop bit. In received data, if bit 3 is set, parity is checked. When bit 3 is
cleared, no parity is generated or checked.
D Bit 4: This bit is the even parity select bit. When parity is enabled (bit 3 is set) and bit 4 is set, even parity
(an even number of logic 1s is in the data and parity bits) is selected. When parity is enabled (bit 3 is set)
and bit 4 is clear, odd parity (an odd number of logic 1s) is selected.
D Bit 5: This is the stick parity bit. When bits 3, 4, and 5 are set, the parity bit is transmitted and checked as
cleared. When bits 3 and 5 are set and bit 4 is cleared, the parity bit is transmitted and checked as set.
D Bit 6: This bit is the break control bit. Bit 6 is set to force a break condition, i.e, a condition where the serial
output terminal (SOUT) is forced to the spacing (cleared) state. When bit 6 is cleared, the break condition
is disabled. The break condition has no affect on the transmitter logic, it only affects the serial output.
D Bit 7: This bit is the divisor latch access bit (DLAB). Bit 7 must be set to access the divisor latches of the
baud generator during a read or write. Bit 7 must be cleared during a read or write to access the receiver
buffer, the THR, or the IER.
line status register (LSR)†
The LSR provides information to the CPU concerning the status of data transfers. The contents of this register
are summarized in Table 3 and are described in the following bulleted list.
D Bit 0: This bit is the data ready (DR) indicator for the receiver. Bit 0 is set whenever a complete incoming
character has been received and transferred into the RBR and is cleared by reading the RBR.
D Bit 1‡: This bit is the overrun error (OE) indicator. When bit 1 is set, it indicates that before the character
in the RBR was read, it was overwritten by the next character transferred into the register. The OE indicator
is cleared every time the CPU reads the contents of the LSR.
D Bit 2‡: This bit is the parity error (PE) indicator. When bit 2 is set, it indicates that the parity of the received
data character does not match the parity selected in the LCR (bit 4). The PE bit is cleared every time the
CPU reads the contents of the LSR.
D Bit 3‡: This bit is the framing error (FE) indicator. When bit 3 is set, it indicates that the received character
does not have a valid (set) stop bit. The FE bit is cleared every time the CPU reads the contents of the LSR.
D Bit4‡: This bit is the break interrupt (BI) indicator. When bit 4 is set, it indicates that the received data input
was held clear for longer than a full-word transmission time. A full-word transmission time is defined as the
total time of the start, data, parity, and stop bits. The BI bit is cleared every time the CPU reads the contents
of the LSR.
† The line status register is intended for read operations only; writing to this register is not recommended outside of a factory testing environment.
‡ Bits 1 through 4 are the error conditions that produce a receiver line-status interrupt.
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PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
line status register (LSR)† (continued)
D Bit 5: This bit is the THRE indicator. Bit 5 is set when the THR is empty, indicating that the ACE is ready
to accept a new character. If the THRE interrupt is enabled when the THRE bit is set, then an interrupt is
generated. THRE is set when the contents of the THR are transferred to the transmitted shift register. This
bit is cleared concurrent with the loading of the THR by the CPU.
D Bit 6: This bit is the transmitter empty (TEMT) indicator. Bit 6 is set when the THR and the transmitter shift
register are both empty. When either the THR or the transmitter shift register contains a data character, the
TEMT bit is cleared.
D Bit 7: This bit is always clear.
modem control register (MCR)
The MCR is an 8-bit register that controls an interface with a modem, data set, or peripheral device that is
emulating a modem. The contents of this register are summarized in Table 3 and are described in the following
bulleted list.
D Bit 0: This bit (DTR) controls the data terminal ready (DTR) output. Setting bit 0 forces the DTR output to
its active state (low). When bit 0 is clear, DTR goes high.
D Bit 1: This bit (RTS) controls the request to send (RTS) output in a manner identical to bit 0’s control over
the DTR output.
D Bit 2: This bit (OUT1) controls the output 1 (OUT1) signal, a user designated output signal, in a manner
identical to bit 0’s control over the DTR output.
D Bit 3: This bit (OUT2) controls the output 2 (OUT2) signal, a user designated output signal, in a manner
identical to bit 0’s control over the DTR output.
D Bit 4: This bit provides a local loopback feature for diagnostic testing of the ACE. When bit 4 is set, the
following occurs:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The SOUT is asserted high.
The SIN is disconnected.
The output of the transmitter shift register is looped back into the RSR input.
The four modem control inputs (CTS, DSR, DCD, and RI) are disconnected.
The four modem control outputs (DTR, RTS, OUT1, and OUT2) are internally connected to the four
modem control inputs.
6. The four modem control output terminals are forced to their inactive states (high).
In the diagnostic mode, data that is transmitted is immediately received. This allows the processor to verify
the transmit and receive data paths to the ACE. The receiver and transmitter interrupts are fully operational.
The modem control interrupts are also operational but the modem control interrupt sources are now the
lower four bits of the MCR instead of the four modem control inputs. All interrupts are still controlled by the
IER.
D Bits 5 through 7: These bits are clear.
† The line status register is intended for read operations only; writing to this register is not recommended outside of a factory testing environment.
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PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
modem status register (MSR)
The MSR is an 8-bit register that provides information about the current state of the control lines from the
modem, data set, or peripheral device to the CPU. Additionally, four bits of this register provides change
information; when a control input from the modem changes state the appropriate bit is set. All four bits are
cleared when the CPU reads the MSR. The contents of this register are summarized in Table 3 and are
described in the following bulleted list.
D Bit 0: This bit is the delta clear to send (DCTS) indicator. Bit 0 indicates that the CTS input has changed
states since the last time it was read by the CPU. When this bit is set and the modem status interrupt is
enabled, a modem status interrupt is generated.
D Bit 1: This bit is the delta data set ready (DDSR) indicator. Bit 1 indicates that the DSR input has changed
states since the last time it was read by the CPU. When this bit is set and the modem status interrupt is
enabled, a modem status interrupt is generated.
D Bit 2: This bit is the trailing edge of ring indicator (TERI) detector. Bit 2 indicates that the RI input to the chip
has changed from a low to a high state. When this bit is set and the modem status interrupt is enabled, a
modem status interrupt is generated.
D Bit 3: This bit is the delta data carrier detect (DDCD) indicator. Bit 3 indicates that the DCD input to the chip
has changed state since the last time it was read by the CPU. When this bit is set and the modem status
interrupt is enabled, a modem status interrupt is generated.
D Bit 4: This bit is the complement of the clear to send (CTS) input. When bit 4 (loop) of the MCR is set, this
bit is equivalent to the MCR bit 1 (RTS).
D Bit 5: This bit is the complement of the data set ready (DSR) input. When bit 4 (loop) of the MCR is set,
this bit is equivalent to the MCR bit 0 (DTR).
D Bit 6: This bit is the complement of the ring indicator (RI) input. When bit 4 (loop) of the MCR is set, this
bit is equivalent to the MCRs bit 2 (OUT1).
D Bit 7: This bit is the complement of the data carrier detect (DCD) input. When bit 4 (loop) of the MCR is set,
this bit is equivalent to the MCRs bit 3 (OUT2).
programmable baud generator
The ACE contains a programmable baud generator that takes a clock input in the range between dc and 9 MHz
and divides it by a divisor in the range between 1 and (216 −1). The output frequency of the baud generator is
sixteen times (16×) the baud rate. The formula for the divisor is:
divisor # = XTAL1 frequency input B (desired baud rate × 16)
Two 8-bit registers, called divisor latches, store the divisor in a 16-bit binary format. These divisor latches must
be loaded during initialization of the ACE in order to ensure desired operation of the baud generator. When either
of the divisor latches is loaded, a 16-bit baud counter is also loaded to prevent long counts on initial load.
Tables 7 and 8 illustrate the use of the baud generator with crystal frequencies of 1.8432 MHz and 3.072 MHz,
respectively. For baud rates of 38.4 kilobits per second and below, the error obtained is very small. The accuracy
of the selected baud rate is dependent on the selected crystal frequency.
Refer to Figure 10 for examples of typical clock circuits.
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SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
Table 7. Baud Rates Using a 1.8432-MHz Crystal
DESIRED
BAUD RATE
DIVISOR USED
TO GENERATE
16 × CLOCK
50
2304
75
1536
PERCENT ERROR
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
DESIRED AND ACTUAL
110
1047
0.026
134.5
857
0.058
150
768
300
384
600
192
1200
96
1800
64
2000
58
2400
48
3600
32
4800
24
7200
16
9600
12
19200
6
38400
3
56000
2
0.69
2.86
Table 8. Baud Rates Using a 3.072-MHz Crystal
DESIRED
BAUD RATE
50
22
DIVISOR USED
TO GENERATE
16 × CLOCK
3840
PERCENT ERROR
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
DESIRED AND ACTUAL
75
2560
110
1745
0.026
134.5
1428
0.034
150
1280
300
640
600
320
1200
160
1800
107
2000
96
2400
80
3600
53
4800
40
7200
27
9600
20
19200
10
38400
5
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0.312
0.628
1.23
SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
VCC
Driver
External
Clock
XTAL1
Optional
Oscillator Clock
to Baud
Generator
Logic
Optional
Clock
Output
XTAL2
VCC
XTAL1
C1
RP
Crystal
RX2
Oscillator Clock
to Baud
Generator
Logic
XTAL2
C2
TYPICAL CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR NETWORK
CRYSTAL
RP
1 MΩ
RX2
C1
C2
3.1 MHz
1.5 kΩ
10 −30 pF
40 −60 pF
1.8 MHz
1 MΩ
1.5 kΩ
10 −30 pF
40 −60 pF
Figure 10. Typical Clock Circuits
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SLLS037C − MARCH 1988 − REVISED JANUARY 2006
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
receiver buffer register (RBR)
The ACE receiver section consists of a receiver shift register and a RBR. Timing is supplied by the 16× receiver
clock (RCLK). Receiver section control is a function of the ACE line control register.
The ACE receiver shift register receives serial data from the serial input (SIN) terminal. The receiver shift
register then converts the data to a parallel form and loads it into the RBR. When a character is placed in the
RBR and the received data available interrupt is enabled, an interrupt is generated. This interrupt is cleared
when the data is read out of the RBR.
scratch register
The scratch register is an 8-bit register that is intended for programmer use as a scratchpad, in the sense that
it temporarily holds programmer data without affecting any other ACE operation.
transmitter holding register (THR)
The ACE transmitter section consists of a THR and a transmitter shift register. Timing is supplied by the baud
out (BAUDOUT) clock signal. Transmitter section control is a function of the ACE line control register.
The ACE THR receives data from the internal data bus and, when the shift register is idle, moves it into the
transmitter shift register. The transmitter shift register serializes the data and outputs it at the serial output
(SOUT). If the THR is empty and the transmitter holding register empty (THRE) interrupt is enabled, an interrupt
is generated. This interrupt is cleared when a character is loaded into the register.
24
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PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com
10-Dec-2020
PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device
Status
(1)
Package Type Package Pins Package
Drawing
Qty
Eco Plan
(2)
Lead finish/
Ball material
MSL Peak Temp
Op Temp (°C)
(3)
Device Marking
(4/5)
(6)
TL16C450FN
ACTIVE
PLCC
FN
44
26
RoHS & Green
NIPDAU
Level-3-260C-168 HR
0 to 70
TL16C450FN
TL16C450FNR
ACTIVE
PLCC
FN
44
500
RoHS & Green
NIPDAU
Level-3-260C-168 HR
0 to 70
TL16C450FN
(1)
The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2)
RoHS: TI defines "RoHS" to mean semiconductor products that are compliant with the current EU RoHS requirements for all 10 RoHS substances, including the requirement that RoHS substance
do not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, "RoHS" products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes. TI may
reference these types of products as "Pb-Free".
RoHS Exempt: TI defines "RoHS Exempt" to mean products that contain lead but are compliant with EU RoHS pursuant to a specific EU RoHS exemption.
Green: TI defines "Green" to mean the content of Chlorine (Cl) and Bromine (Br) based flame retardants meet JS709B low halogen requirements of