73M1903
Modem Analog Front End
Simplifying System IntegrationTM
DATA SHEET
March 2010
DESCRIPTION
FEATURES
The Teridian 73M1903 Analog Front End (AFE) IC
includes fully differential hybrid driver outputs, which
connect to the telephone line interface through a
transformer-based DAA. The receive pins are also
fully differential for maximum flexibility and
performance. This arrangement allows for the
design of a high performance hybrid circuit to
improve signal to noise performance under low
receive level conditions, and compatibility with any
standard transformer intended for PSTN
communications applications.
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The device incorporates a programmable sample
rate circuit to support soft modem and DSP based
implementations of all speeds up to V.92 (56 kbps).
The sampling rates supported are from 7.2 kHz to
14.4 kHz by programming pre-scaler NCO and PLL
NCO.
The 73M1903 device incorporates a digital host
interface that is compatible with the serial ports
found on most commercially available DSPs and
processors and exchanges both payload and control
information with the host.
Cost-saving features of the device include an input
reference frequency circuit, which accepts a range
of crystals from 9-27 MHz. It also accepts external
reference clock values between 9-40 MHz
generated by the host processor. In most
applications, this eliminates the need for a dedicated
crystal oscillator and reduces the bill of material
(BOM).
The 73M1903 also supports two analog loop back
and one digital loop back test modes.
VBG
(HYBRID)
TXAP
TXAN
RXAP
RXAN
GPIO
Transmit
Drivers/
Filters
Analog
Sigma
Delta
Ref.
•
Up to 56 kbps (V.92) performance
Programmable sample rates (7.2 - 14.4 kHz)
Reference clock range of 9-40 MHz
Crystal frequency range of 9-27 MHz
Host synchronous serial interface operation
Pin compatible with 73M2901CL/CE
modems
Low power modes
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On board line interface drivers
Fully differential receiver and transmitter
Drivers for transformer interface
3.0 V – 3.6 V operation
5 V tolerant I/O
Industrial temperature range (-40 to +85 °C)
•
•
JATE compliant transmit spectrum
Package options:
• 32-pin QFN
• 20-pin TSSOP
•
RoHS compliant (6/6) lead-free packages
APPLICATIONS
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•
Set Top Boxes
Personal Video Recorders (PVR)
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Multifunction Peripherals (MFP)
Fax Machines
Internet Appliances
Game Consoles
Point of Sale Terminals
Automatic Teller Machines
Speaker Phones
RF Modems
SCLK
SDIN
Receive
Mux/
Filters
DAC
DAA
Controls
Clocks
Control
Registers
Serial
Port
SDOUT
FSB
HOOK
Control
Logic
Crystal
Rev. 2.1
© 2010 Teridian Semiconductor Corporation
1
73M1903 Data Sheet
DS_1903_032
Table of Contents
1
Signal Description ......................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Serial Interface ........................................................................................................................ 5
2
Control and Status Registers ........................................................................................................ 8
2.1 GPIO .................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.1 GPIO Data (GPIO): Address 02h .............................................................................. 10
2.1.2 GPIO Direction (DIR): Address 03h .......................................................................... 10
2.2 Analog I/O............................................................................................................................. 10
2.2.1 Control Register (CTRL 11): Address 0Bh ................................................................. 11
2.2.2 Control Register (CTRL 12): Address 0Ch ................................................................. 11
2.2.3 Control Register (CTRL 13): Address 0Dh ................................................................. 12
2.2.4 Control Register (CTRL 14): Address 0Eh ................................................................. 12
3
Clock Generation ......................................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Crystal Oscillator and Pre-scaler NCO................................................................................... 13
3.1.1 Control Register (CTRL 8): Address 08h.................................................................... 13
3.1.2 Control Register (CTRL 9): Address 09h.................................................................... 13
3.1.3 Control Register (CTRL 10): Address 0Ah ................................................................. 13
4
Modem Receiver .......................................................................................................................... 18
5
Modem Transmitter ..................................................................................................................... 21
5.1 Transmit Levels..................................................................................................................... 22
5.2 Transmit Power - dBm........................................................................................................... 23
5.3 Control Register (CTRL1): Address 00h ............................................................................... 23
5.4 Control Register (CTRL2): Address 01h ............................................................................... 24
5.5 Revision Register: Address 06h ............................................................................................ 24
6
Test Modes................................................................................................................................... 25
7
Power Saving Modes ................................................................................................................... 25
8
Electrical Specifications.............................................................................................................. 26
8.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings ................................................................................................... 26
8.2 Recommended Operating Conditions .................................................................................... 26
8.3 Digital Specifications ............................................................................................................. 27
8.3.1 DC Characteristics..................................................................................................... 27
8.3.2 AC Timing ................................................................................................................. 28
8.4 Analog Specifications ............................................................................................................ 29
8.4.1 DC Specifications ...................................................................................................... 29
8.4.2 AC Specifications ...................................................................................................... 29
8.5 Performance ......................................................................................................................... 30
8.5.1 Receiver .................................................................................................................... 30
8.5.2 Transmitter ................................................................................................................ 31
9
Pinouts ......................................................................................................................................... 33
9.1 32-Pin QFN Pinout ................................................................................................................ 33
9.2 20-Pin TSSOP Pinout ........................................................................................................... 34
10 Mechanical Specifications .......................................................................................................... 35
10.1 32-Pin QFN Mechanical Drawings ......................................................................................... 37
10.2 20-Pin TSSOP Mechanical Drawings .................................................................................... 38
11 Ordering Information ................................................................................................................... 39
Appendix A – 73M1903 DAA Resistor Calculation Guide .................................................................. 40
Appendix B – Crystal Oscillator.......................................................................................................... 42
Revision History .................................................................................................................................. 47
2
Rev. 2.1
DS_1903_032
73M1903 Data Sheet
Figures
Figure 1: Effect of the TYPE (FS mode) pin on FS with SckMode = 0....................................................... 7
Figure 2: Control Frame Position versus SPOS........................................................................................ 7
Figure 3: Serial Port Timing Diagram ....................................................................................................... 9
Figure 4: Analog Block Diagram............................................................................................................. 11
Figure 5: Clock Generation .................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 6: Overall Receiver Frequency Response ................................................................................... 19
Figure 7: Rx Passband Response.......................................................................................................... 19
Figure 8: RXD Spectrum of 1 kHz Tone ................................................................................................. 20
Figure 9: RXD Spectrum of 0.5 kHz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 3 kHz and 3.5 kHz Tones of Equal Amplitudes ......... 20
Figure 10: Frequency Response of TX Path for DC to 4 kHz in Band Signal........................................... 21
Figure 11: Serial Port Data Timing ......................................................................................................... 28
Figure 12: 32-Pin QFN Pinout ................................................................................................................ 33
Figure 13: 20-Pin TSSOP Pin out .......................................................................................................... 34
Figure 14: 73M1903 Schematic ............................................................................................................. 35
Figure 14: 32-Pin QFN Mechanical Specifications .................................................................................. 37
Figure 15: 20-Pin TSSOP Mechanical Specifications ............................................................................. 38
Figure 16: NCO Block Diagram.............................................................................................................. 42
Figure 17: PLL Block Diagram ............................................................................................................... 43
Tables
Table 1: Inputs Selected in Regular and Alternate Multiplexer Cycles ....................................................... 4
Table 2: Memory Map .............................................................................................................................. 8
Table 3: PLL Loop Filter Settings ........................................................................................................... 11
Table 4: Kvco versus Settings at Vc=1.6 V, 25 °C .................................................................................. 13
Table 5: PLL Power Down ..................................................................................................................... 14
Table 6: Examples of NCO Settings ....................................................................................................... 14
Table 7: Clock Generation Register Settings for Fxtal = 27 MHz ............................................................ 15
Table 8: Clock Generation Register Settings for Fxtal = 24.576 MHz...................................................... 16
Table 9: Clock Generation Register Settings for Fxtal = 9.216 MHz........................................................ 16
Table 10: Clock Generation Register Settings for Fxtal = 24.000 MHz.................................................... 17
Table 11: Clock Generation Register Settings for Fxtal = 25.35 MHz...................................................... 17
Table 12: Receive Gain ......................................................................................................................... 18
Table 13: Peak to RMS Ratios for Various Modulation Types ................................................................. 23
Table 14: Serial I/F Timing ..................................................................................................................... 28
Table 15: Reference Voltage Specifications ........................................................................................... 29
Table 16: Maximum Transmit Levels ...................................................................................................... 29
Table 17: Receiver Performance Specifications ..................................................................................... 30
Table 18: Transmitter Performance Specifications ................................................................................. 31
Table 19: 32-Pin QFN Pin Definitions..................................................................................................... 33
Table 20: 20-Pin TSSOP Pin Definitions ................................................................................................ 34
Table 21: Bill of Materials ....................................................................................................................... 36
Table 22: Ordering Information .............................................................................................................. 39
Rev. 2.1
3
73M1903 Data Sheet
DS_1903_032
1 Signal Description
The Teridian 73M1903 modem AFE IC is available in a 20-pin TSSOP or 32-pin QFN package with the
same pin out. The following table describes the function of each pin. There are two pairs of power
supply pins, VPA (analog) and VPD (digital). They should be decoupled separately from the supply
source in order to isolate digital noise from the analog circuits internal to the chip. Failure to adequately
isolate and decouple these supplies will compromise device performance.
Table 1: Inputs Selected in Regular and Alternate Multiplexer Cycles
Pin Name
Type
32QFN
Pin #
20VT
Pin#
VND
GND
1,22
2,18
Negative Digital Ground
VNA
GND
16
13
Negative Analog Ground
VPD
PWR
2,25
3
Positive Digital Supply
VPA
PWR
10
8
Positive Analog Supply
VPPLL
PWR
20
17
Positive PLL Supply, shared with VPD
VNPLL
PWR
17
14
Negative PLL Ground
RST
I
9
7
Master reset. When this pin is a logic 0 all registers are
reset to their default states; Weak-pulled high- default.
OSCIN
I
19
16
Crystal oscillator input. When providing an external clock
source, drive OSCIN.
OSCOUT
O
18
15
Crystal oscillator circuit output pin.
GPIO(0-7)
I/O
3, 4, 5, 6,
23,
24,30,31
N/A
Software definable digital input/output pins. Not available in
the 20VT (TSSOP) package.
VREF
O
13
6
Reference voltage pin (Reflects VREF).
RXAP
I
15
12
Receive analog positive input.
RXAN
I
14
11
Receive analog negative input.
TXAP
O
12
10
Transmit analog positive output.
TXAN
O
11
9
Transmit analog negative output.
SCLK
O
8
5
Serial interface clock. With SCLK continuous selected,
Frequency = 256*Fs ( =2.4576 MHz for Fs=9.6 kHz)
SDOUT
O
32
1
Serial data output (or input to the host).
SDIN
I
29
20
Serial data input (or output from the host).
FS
O
7
4
Frame synchronization. (Active Low)
TYPE
I
27
19
Type of frame sync. Open, weak-pulled high = early
(mode1); tied low = late (mode0).
SckMode
I
28
4
NA
Description
Controls the SCLK behavior after FS. Open, weak-pulled
high = SCLK Continuous; tied low = 32 clocks per R/W
cycle. Not available in 20VT.
Rev. 2.1
DS_1903_032
1.1
73M1903 Data Sheet
Serial Interface
The serial data port is a bi-directional port that is supported by many DSPs. Although the 73M1903 is a
peripheral to the DSP (host controller), the 73M1903 is the master of the serial port. It generates a serial
bit clock, Sclk, from a system clock, Sysclk, which is normally an output from an on-chip PLL that is
programmed by the user. The serial bit clock is derived by dividing the system clock by 18. The sclk rate,
Fsclk, is related to the frame synchronization rate, Fs, by the relationship Fsclk = 256 x Fs or Fs = Fsclk /
256 = Fsys / 18 / 256 = Fsys / 4608, where Fsys is the frequency of Sysclk. Fs is also the rate at which
both the transmit and receive data bytes are sent (received) to (by) the Host. Throughout this document
two pairs of sample rates, Fs, and crystal frequency, Fxtal, will be often cited to facilitate discussions.
They are:
1. Fxtal1 = 27 MHz, Fs1 = 7.2 kHz
2. Fxtal2 = 18.432 MHz, Fs2 = 8 kHz.
3. Fxtal3 = 24.576 MHz, Fs3 = 9.6 kHz – chip default.
Upon reset, until a switch to the PLL based clock, Pllclk, occurs, the system clock will be at the crystal
frequency, Fxtal, and therefore the serial bit clock will be Sclk = Fsys/18 = Fxtal/18.
Examples:
1. If Fxtal1 = 27.000 MHz, then sclk=1.500 MHz and Fs=sclk/256 = 5.859375 kHz.
2. If Fxtal2 = 18.432 MHz, then sclk=1.024 MHz and Fs=sclk/256 = 4.00 kHz.
3. If Fxtal3 = 24.576 MHz, then sclk=1.3653 MHz and Fs=sclk/256 = 5.33 kHz.
When 73M1903 is programmed through the serial port to a desired Fs and the PLL has settled out, the
system clock will transition to the PLL-based clock in a glitch-less manner.
Examples:
1. If Fs1 = 7.2 kHz, Fsys = 4608 * Fs = 33.1776 MHz and sclk = Fsys / 18 = 1.8432 MHz.
2. If Fs2 = 8.0 kHz, Fsys = 4608 * Fs = 36.8640 MHz and sclk = Fsys / 18 = 2.048 MHz.
3. If Fs3 = 9.6 kHz, Fsys = 4608 * Fs = 44.2368 MHz and sclk = Fsys / 18 = 2.4576 MHz.
This transition is entirely controlled by the host. Upon reset or power down of PLL and/or analog front
end, the chip will automatically run off the crystal until the host forces the transition by setting a bit in a
designated serial port register – location bit 7, 0Eh. The transition is forced on or after the second Frame
Synch period following the write to a designated PLL programming register (0Dh).
When reprogramming the PLL the host should first transition the system clock to the crystal before
reprogramming the PLL so that any transients associated with it will not adversely impact the serial port
communication.
Power saving is accomplished by disabling the analog front end by clearing bit 7 of CTRL1 (address 00h),
ENFE=0.
During the normal operation, a data FS is generated by the 73M1903 at the rate of Fs. For every data FS
there are 16 bits transmitted and 16 bits received. The frame synchronization (FS) signal is pin
programmable for type. FS can either be early or late determined by the state of the TYPE input pin.
When the TYPE pin is left open, an early FS is generated in the bit clock prior to the first data bit
transmitted or received. When held low, a late FS operates as a chip select; the FS signal is active for all
bits that are transmitted or received. The TYPE input pin is sampled when the reset pin is active (low)
and ignored at all other times. The final state of the TYPE pin as the reset pin is de-asserted determines
the frame synchronization mode used.
Rev. 2.1
5
73M1903 Data Sheet
DS_1903_032
The bits transmitted on the SDOUT pin are defined as follows:
Bit15 Bit14 Bit13 Bit12 Bit11 Bit10 Bit9
Bit8
Bit7
Bit6
Bit5
Bit4
Bit3
Bit2
Bit1
Bit0
RX15 RX14 RX13 RX12 RX11 RX10 RX9 RX8 RX7 RX6 RX5 RX4 RX3 RX2 RX1 RX0
If the Hardware Control bit (bit 0 of register 01h) is set to zero, the 16 bits that are received on the SDIN
are defined as follows:
Bit15 Bit14 Bit13 Bit12 Bit11 Bit10 Bit9
Bit8
Bit7
Bit6
Bit5
Bit4
Bit3
Bit2
Bit1
Bit0
TX15 TX14 TX13 TX12 TX11 TX10 TX9
TX8
TX7
TX6
TX5
TX4
TX3
TX2
TX1
CTL
In this case TX0=0 is forced.
If the Hardware Control bit (bit 0 of register 01h) is set to one, the 16 bits that are received on the SDIN
input are defined as follows:
Bit15 Bit14 Bit13 Bit12 Bit11 Bit10 Bit9
Bit8
Bit7
Bit6
Bit5
Bit4
Bit3
Bit2
Bit1
Bit0
TX15 TX14 TX13 TX12 TX11 TX10 TX9
TX8
TX7
TX6
TX5
TX4
TX3
TX2
TX1
TX0
Bit 15 is transmitted/received first. Bits RX15:0 are the receive code word. Bits TX15:0 are the transmit
code word. If the hardware control bit is set to one, a control frame is initiated between every pair of data
frames. If the hardware control bit is set to zero, CTL (TX bit 0) is used by software to request a control
frame. If CTL is high, a control frame is initiated before the next data frame. A control frame allows the
controller to read or write status and control to the 73M1903.
The control word received on the SDIN pin is defined as follows:
Bit15 Bit14 Bit13 Bit12 Bit11 Bit10 Bit9
R/W
A6
A5
A4
A3
A2
A1
Bit8
Bit7
Bit6
Bit5
Bit4
Bit3
Bit2
Bit1
Bit0
A0
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
The control word transmitted on the SDOUT pin is defined as follows:
Bit15 Bit14 Bit13 Bit12 Bit11 Bit10 Bit9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bit8
Bit7
Bit6
Bit5
Bit4
Bit3
Bit2
Bit1
Bit0
0
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
If the R/W bit is set to a 0, the data byte transmitted on the SDOUT pin is all zeros and the data received
on the SDIN pin is written to the register pointed to by the received address bits; A6-A0. If the R/W bit is
set to a 1, there is no write to any register and the data byte transmitted on the SDOUT pin is the data
contained in the register pointed to by address bits A6-A0. Only one control frame can occur between
any two data frames.
Writes to unimplemented registers are ignored. Reading an unimplemented register returns a value of 0.
The position of a control data frame is controlled by the SPOS; bit 1 of register 01h. If SPOS is set to a 0
the control frames occur mid way between data frames, i.e., the time between data frames is equal. If
SPOS is set to a 1, the control frame is ¼ of the way between consecutive data frames, i.e., the control
frame is closer to the first data frame. This is illustrated in Figure 2.
New to the 73M1903 modem AFE IC is a feature that shuts off the serial clock (SCLK) after 32 cycles of
SCLK following the frame synch (Figure 1). This feature is unavailable in the 20 TSSOP package
option. This mode is controlled by the SckMode pin. If this pin is left open, the clock will run
continuously. If SckMode is low the clock will be gated on for 32 clocks for each FS. The SDOUT and FS
pins change values following a rising edge of SCLK. The SDIN pin is sampled on the falling edge of
SCLK. Figure 4 shows the timing diagrams for the serial port.
6
Rev. 2.1
DS_1903_032
73M1903 Data Sheet
32 Cycles of sclk
SCLK
FS(mode1)
SCLK and FS in mode 1
32 Cycles of sclk
SCLK
FS(mode0)
SCLK and FS in mode 0
Figure 1: Effect of the TYPE (FS mode) pin on FS with SckMode = 0
Figure 2: Control Frame Position versus SPOS
Rev. 2.1
7
73M1903 Data Sheet
DS_1903_032
2 Control and Status Registers
Table 2 shows the memory map of addressable registers in the 73M1903. Each register and its bits are
described in detail in the following sections.
Table 2: Memory Map
Address Default Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
00
08h
ENFE
Unused
TXBST1
TXBST0 TXDIS
01
00h
TMEN
DIGLB
ANALB
INTLB
Reserved RXPULL SPOS
HC
02
FFh
GPIO7
GPIO 6
GPIO 5
GPIO 4
GPIO 3
GPIO 2
GPIO 1
GPIO 0
03
FFh
DIR7
DIR6
DIR5
DIR4
DIR3
DIR2
DIR1
DIR0
04
00h
Reserved Reserved
Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved
05
00h
Reserved Reserved
Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved
06
10h
Rev3
Rev2
Rev1
07
00h
Unused
Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved
08
00h
Pseq7
Pseq6
Pseq5
Pseq4
Pseq3
Pseq2
Pseq1
Pseq0
09
0Ah
Prst2
Prst1
Prst0
Pdvsr4
Pdvsr3
Pdvsr2
Pdvsr1
Pdvsr0
0A
22h
Ichp3
Ichp2
Ichp1
Ichp0
FL
Kvco2
Kvco1
Kvco0
0B
12h
Unused
Ndvsr6
Ndvsr5
Ndvsr4
Ndvsr3
Ndvsr2
Ndvsr1
Ndvsr0
0C
00h
Nseq7
Nseq6
Nseq5
Nseq4
Nseq3
Nseq2
Nseq1
Nseq0
0D
C0h
Xtal1
Xtal0
Reserved Reserved Unused
Nrst2
Nrst1
Nrst0
0E
00h
Frcvco
PwdnPLL
Reserved Unused
Unused
Unused
Unused
Unused
Unused
Unused
Unused
Unused
Unused
Unused
Unused
0F-7F
Rev0
Unused
Bit 3
Unused
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
RXG1
RXG0
RXGAIN
Reserved Reserved Reserved
To prevent unintended operation, do not write to reserved or unused locations. These locations are for
factory test or future use only and are not intended for customer programming.
8
Rev. 2.1
DS_1903_032
73M1903 Data Sheet
SCLK
FS(mode1)
SDIN
TX15
TX14
TX13
TX12
TX11
TX10
SDOUT
RX15
RX14
RX13
RX12
RX11
RX10
TX9
TX8
TX7
TX6
TX5
TX4
TX3
TX2
TX1
CTL
RX9
RX8
RX7
RX6
RX5
RX4
RX3
RX2
RX1
RX0
Data Frame With Early Frame Sync
SCLK
FS(mode1)
SDIN
R/W
A6
A5
A4
A3
A2
SDOUT
zero
zero
zero
zero
zero
zero
A1
A0
DI7
DI6
DI5
DI4
DI3
DI2
DI1
DI0
zero
zero
DO7
DO6
DO5
DO4
DO3
DO2
DO1
DO0
Control Frame With Early Frame Sync
SCLK
FS(mode0)
SDIN
R/W
A6
A5
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0
DI7
DI6
DI5
DI4
DI3
DI2
DI1
DI0
zero
zero
zero
zero
zero
zero
zero
zero
DO7
DO6
DO5
DO4
DO3
DO2
DO1
DO0
SDOUT
Control Frame With Late Frame Sync
7.2KHz (8KHz)
SCLK
FS
SDIN
SDOUT
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
1
R
A
A
A
DI
DI
DI
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
0
RX
RX
RX
RX
RX
RX
0
0
0
0
DO
DO
DO
RX
RX
RX
RX
RX
RX
Data Frame
Control Frame
Data Frame
Relation Between the Data and Control Frames
Figure 3: Serial Port Timing Diagram
Rev. 2.1
9
73M1903 Data Sheet
2.1
DS_1903_032
GPIO
The 73M1903 modem AFE device provides 8 user defined I/O pins. Each pin is programmed separately
as either an input or an output by a bit in a direction register. If the bit in the direction register is set high,
the corresponding pin is an input whose value is read from the GPIO data register. If it is low, the pin will
be treated as an output whose value is set by the GPIO data register.
To avoid unwanted current contention and consumption in the system from the GPIO port before the
GPIO is configured after a reset, the GPIO port I/Os are initialized to a high impedance state. The input
structures are protected from floating inputs, and no output levels are driven by any of the GPIO pins.
The GPIO pins are configured as inputs or outputs when the host controller (or DSP) writes to the GPIO
direction register. The GPIO direction and data registers are initialized to all ones (FFh) upon reset.
2.1.1 GPIO Data (GPIO): Address 02h
Reset State FFh
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
GPIO7
GPIO6
GPIO5
GPIO4
GPIO3
GPIO2
GPIO1
GPIO0
Bits in this register will be asserted on the GPIO(7:0) pins if the corresponding direction register bit is a 0.
Reading this address will return data reflecting the values of pins GPIO(7:0).
2.1.2 GPIO Direction (DIR): Address 03h
Reset State FFh
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
DIR7
DIR6
DIR5
DIR4
DIR3
DIR2
DIR1
DIR0
This register is used to designate the GPIO pins as either inputs or outputs. If the register bit is low, the
corresponding GPIO pin is programmed as an output. If the register bit is a 1, the corresponding pin will
be treated as an input.
2.2
Analog I/O
Figure 4 shows the block diagram of the analog front end. The analog interface circuit uses differential
transmit and receive signals to and from the external circuitry.
The hybrid driver in the 73M1903 IC is capable of connecting directly, but not limited to, a transformerbased Direct Access Arrangement (DAA). The hybrid driver is capable of driving the DAA’s line coupling
transformer, which carries an impedance on the primary side that is typically rated at 600 Ω, depending
on the transformer and matching network. The hybrid drivers can also drive high impedance loads
without modification. The class AB behavior of the amplifiers provides load dependent power
consumption.
An on-chip band gap voltage is used to provide an internal voltage reference and bias currents for the
analog receive and transmit channels. The reference derived from the bandgap, nominally 1.25 Volts, is
multiplied to 1.36 Volts and output at the VREF pin. Several voltage references, nominally 1.25 Volts, are
used in the analog circuits. The band gap and reference circuits are disabled after a chip reset since the
ENFE bit is reset to a default state of zero. When ENFE=0, the band gap voltage and the analog bias
currents are disabled. In this case all of the analog circuits are powered down and draw less than 5 μA of
current.
A clock generator (CKGN) is used to create all of the non-overlapping phase clocks needed for the time
sampled switched-capacitor circuits, ASDM, DAC1, and TLPF. The CKGN input is two times the
analog/digital interface sample rate or 3.072 MHz clock for Fs=8 kHz.
10
Rev. 2.1
DS_1903_032
73M1903 Data Sheet
Figure 4: Analog Block Diagram
Table 3: PLL Loop Filter Settings
FL
PLLloop Filter Settings
0
R1=32 kΩ,C1=100 pF,C2=2.5 pF
1
R1=16 kΩ, C1=100 pF,C2=2.5 pF
2.2.1 Control Register (CTRL 11): Address 0Bh
Reset State 12h
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Ndvsr6
Ndvsr5
Ndvsr4
Ndvsr3
Ndvsr2
Ndvsr1
Ndvsr0
Ndvsr[6:0] represents the divisor. If Nrst{2:0] =0 this register is ignored.
2.2.2 Control Register (CTRL 12): Address 0Ch
Reset State 00h
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Nseq7
Nseq6
Nseq5
Nseq4
Nseq3
Nseq2
Nseq1
Nseq0
Nseq[7:0] represents the divisor sequence.
Rev. 2.1
11
73M1903 Data Sheet
DS_1903_032
2.2.3 Control Register (CTRL 13): Address 0Dh
Reset State 48h
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Xtal1
Xtal0
Reserved Reserved Unused
Xtal[1:0] :
00
01
10
11
= Xtal osc. bias current at 120
= Xtal osc. bias current at 180
= Xtal osc. bias current at 270
= Xtal osc. bias current at 450
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Nrst2
Nrst1
Nrst0
μA
μA
μA
μA
If OSCIN is used as a Clock input, “00” setting should be used to save power(=167 μA at 27.648 MHz).
Nrst[3:0] represents the rate at which the NCO sequence register is reset.
The address 0Dh must be the last register to be written to when effecting a change in PLL.
2.2.4 Control Register (CTRL 14): Address 0Eh
Reset State 00h
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Frcvco
PwdnPLL Reserved Unused
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Unused
Unused
Unused
Unused
Frcvco = 1 forces VCO as system clock. This is reset upon RST, PwdnPLL = 1 or ENFE = 0. Both
PwdnPLL and ENFE are delayed coming out of digital section to keep PLL alive long enough to transition
the system clock to crystal clock when Frcvco is reset by PwdnPLL or ENFE.
PwdnPll = 1 forces Power down of PLL analog section.
12
Rev. 2.1
DS_1903_032
73M1903 Data Sheet
3 Clock Generation
3.1
Crystal Oscillator and Pre-scaler NCO
The crystal oscillator operates over wide choice of crystals (from 9 MHz to 27 MHz) and it is first input to
an NCO based pre-scaler (divider) prior to being passed onto an on-chip PLL. The intent of the prescaler is to convert the crystal oscillator frequency, Fxtal, to a convenient frequency to be used as a
reference frequency, Fref, for the PLL. The NCO pre-scaler requires a set of three numbers to be
entered through the serial port (Pseq[7:0], Prst[2:0] and Pdvsr[2:0]. The PLL also requires 3 numbers as
for programming; Ndvsr[6:0], Nseq[7:0], and Nrst[2:0]. The following is a brief description of the registers
that control the NCOs, PLLs, and sample rates for the 73M1903 IC. The tables show some examples of
the register settings for different clock and sample rates. A more detailed discussion on how these values
are derived can be found in Appendix B.
3.1.1 Control Register (CTRL 8): Address 08h
Reset State 00h
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Pseq7
Pseq6
Pseq5
Pseq4
Pseq3
Pseq2
Pseq1
Pseq0
This corresponds to the sequence of divisor. If Prst{2:0] =0 this register is ignored.
3.1.2 Control Register (CTRL 9): Address 09h
Reset State 0Ah
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Prst2
Prst1
Prst0
Pdvsr4
Pdvsr3
Pdvsr2
Pdvsr1
Pdvsr0
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Kvco2
Kvco1
Kvco0
Prst[2:0] represents the rate at which the sequence register is reset.
Pdvsr[4:0] represents the divisor.
3.1.3 Control Register (CTRL 10): Address 0Ah
Reset State 22h
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Ichp3
Ichp2
Ichp1
Ichp0
Bit 3
FL
Kvco2:0 represents the magnitude of Kvco associated with the VCO within PLL. This indicates the center
frequency of the VCO when the control voltage is 1.6 Volts and the slope of the VCO freq versus control
voltage (i.e., Kvco.). FL represents the PLL loop filter settings.
Table 4: Kvco versus Settings at Vc=1.6 V, 25 °C
Rev. 2.1
Kvco2
Kvco1
Kvco0
Fvco
Kvco
0
0
0
33 MHz
38 MHz/v
0
0
1
36 MHz
38 MHz/v
0
1
0
44 MHz
40 MHz/v
0
1
1
48 MHz
40 MHz/v
1
0
0
57 MHz
63 MHz/v
1
0
1
61 MHz
63 MHz/v
1
1
0
69 MHz
69 MHz/v
1
1
1
73 MHz
69 MHz/v
13
73M1903 Data Sheet
DS_1903_032
Table 5: PLL Power Down
Addr. 00h bit 7
ENFE
Addr. 0Eh bit 6
PwdnPLL
PLL
0
X
PLL Power Off
1
0
PLL Power On
1
1
PLL Power Off
Table 6: Examples of NCO Settings
Fxtal(Mhz)=9.216
Fxtal(Mhz)=24.576
Fxtal(Mhz)=27.0
14
PsSeq(7:0)
PsRst
=Dnco1
-1
Nnco2
Dnco2
PllSeq(7:0)
PllDiv
Nnco1
Dnco1
PsDiv
Fs
(kHz)
PllRst
=Dnco2
-1
Fvco
(Mhz)
PPM
7.2
8/125
15
11011010
7
5/96
19
XXX10000
4
33.177600
0
8.0
2.4*8/7*3
=8.22857142858
8.4
9.0
9.6
2.4*10/7*3
=10.2857142857
2.4*8/7*4
=10.9714285714
11.2*
12.0
8/125
8/169
15
11011010
7
3/64
3/89
21
XXXXX100
2
36.864000
0
21
15
15
15
10000000
11011010
11011010
11011010
7
7
7
7
29
22
24
25
XXXXX110
XXX10100
XXXXXXXX
XXX11010
2
4
0
4
37.917160*
38.707200
41.472000
44.236800
-3
0
0
0
15
11011010
7
X1010110
6
47.396571
0
13
14
32
10100100
XXX10000
XXXXXXXX
7
4
0
50.557500*
51.611538*
55.296000
23
38
0
12.8*
2.4*10/7*4
=13.7142857143
14.4
7.2
8.0
2.4*8/7*3
=8.22857142858
8.4
9.0
9.6
2.4*10/7*3
=10.2857142857
2.4*8/7*4
=10.9714285714
11.2
12
8/65
7/80
17
XXXX1110
3
58.984615*
38
12.8
2.4*10/7*4
=13.7142857143
14.4
7.2
8.0
8.4
9.0
9.6
2.4*8/7*4
=10.9714285714
11.2
12
8/125
8/125
8/125
8/125
7/50
5/112
1/24
5/128
7/192
27
8/107
7
7
15
X1000000
X1010100
11011010
6
6
7
8
10000000
7
11
15
10
10
X1010100
11011010
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
6
7
0
0
5/192
2/27
1/15
26
38
13
15
XXXX1110
XXX10100
XXXXXX10
XXXXXXXX
3
4
1
0
63.196875*
66.355200
33.177600
36.864000
23
0
0
0
1/10
1/10
1/10
8
10
10
10
XXXX1110
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
3
0
0
0
2/27
4/63
8/135
1/18
13
15
16
18
XXXXXX10
XXXX1110
11111110
XXXXXXXX
1
3
7
0
37.917257…
38.707200
41.472000
44.236800
0
0
0
0
3/28
9
XXXXX100
2
18
XXXXXXXX
0
47.3965714..
0
4/35
1/10
1/10
8
10
10
XXXX1110
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
3
0
0
1/18
1/21
2/45
18
21
22
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXX10
0
0
1
50.5563429..
51.609600
55.296000
0
0
0
1/10
10
XXXXXXXX
0
1/24
24
XXXXXXXX
0
58.982400
0
1/7
1/10
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
2/7
7
10
4
4
4
4
4
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1/18
1/27
5/72
1/16
5/84
1/18
5/96
5/96
18
27
14
16
16
18
19
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
XXX10100
XXXXXXXX
XXX11110
XXXXXXXX
XXX10000
0
0
4
0
4
0
4
63.19542…
66.355200
33.177600
36.864000
38.707200
41.472000
44.236800
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
4
4
XXXXXX10
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
4
0
0
19
22
24
XXX10000
XXX10100
XXXXXXXX
4
4
0
50.556343
51.609600
55.296000
0
0
0
7/52
8/125
8/125
1/10
1/10
4/35
1/4
1/4
5/71
1/32
4/71
4/107
1/18
5/112
1/24
Rev. 2.1
Fxtal(Mhz)=
25.35
Fxtal(Mhz)=24.000
DS_1903_032
73M1903 Data Sheet
12.8
14.4
7.2
8.0
2.4*8/7*3
=8.22857142858
8.4
9.0
9.6
1/4
1/8
8/125
2/25
2.4*10/7*3
=10.2857142857
2.4*8/7*4
=10.9714285714
11.2
12.0
12.8
2.4*10/7*4
=13.7142857143
14.4
7.2
PsSeq(7:0)
PsRst
=Dnco1
-1
Nnco2
Dnco2
PllSeq(7:0)
PllRst
=Dnco2
-1
4
8
15
12
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
11011010
XXXXXX10
0
0
7
1
5/128
5/288
5/108
5/96
25
57
21
19
XXX11010
XXX11010
XXX11010
XXX10000
4
4
4
4
58.982400
66.355200
33.1776
36.864
4/73
8/125
4/25
8/125
18
15
6
15
XXXX1000
11011010
XXXX1000
11011010
3
7
3
7
6/173
5/126
5/54
5/144
28
25
10
28
XX111110
XXX10000
XXX11110
XXX11110
5
4
4
4
37.91781*
38.7072
41.472
44.2368
15
0
0
0
8/125
15
11011010
7
7/216
30
X1111110
6
47.39657
0
6/59
8/125
4/25
8/125
9
15
6
15
XX111110
11011010
XXXX1000
11011010
5
7
3
7
7/145
5/168
5/72
5/192
20
33
14
38
X1110110
XXX11010
XXX10100
XXX10100
6
4
4
4
50.5569*
51.6096
55.296
58.9824
12
0
0
0
5/61
7/73
8/163
12
10
20
XXX10000
X1010100
10010010
4
6
7
8/257
6/173
3/80
32
28
26
10000000
XX111110
110
7
5
2
63.19672*
66.35616*
33.177914*
21
15
10
PllDiv
Nnco1
Dnco1
PsDiv
Fs
(kHz)
Fvco
(Mhz)
PPM
0
0
0
0
Table 7: Clock Generation Register Settings for Fxtal = 27 MHz
Reg Address
Fs (kHz)
7.2
DA EF 20 13 10 C4
8
0
8.0
DA EF 31 15 04 C2
10
1
2.4*8/7*3
80 F5 41 1D 06 C2
=8.22857142858
12
1
8.4
DA EF 31 16 14 C4
10
1
9.0
DA EF 31 18 XX C0
10
1
9.6
DA EF 32 19 1A C4
10
2
2.4*10/7*3
DA EF 43 1B 54 C6
=10.2857142857
12
3
2.4*8/7*4
40 C7 23 0D A4 C7
=10.9714285714*
8
3
11.2*
54 C7 23 0E 10 C4
8
3
12.0
DA EF 24 20 XX C0
8
4
12.8*
80 E8 15 11 0E C3
6
5
2.4*10/7*4
54 CB 26 1A 0E C3
=13.7142857143
8
6
12
6
14.4
Rev. 2.1
Dh Ichp Kvco
8h 9h Ah Bh Ch * (μA) [2:0]
DA EF 46 26 14 C4
15
73M1903 Data Sheet
DS_1903_032
Table 8: Clock Generation Register Settings for Fxtal = 24.576 MHz
Reg Address
Fs (kHz)
Ichp Kvco
8h 9h Ah Bh Ch Dh* (μA) [2:0]
7.2
XX 0A 10 0D 02 C1
6
0
8.0
XX 0A 11 0F XX C0
6
1
2.4*8/7*3
0E 68 11 0D 02 C1
=8.22857142858
6
1
8.4
XX 0A 21 0F 0E C3
8
1
9.0
XX 0A 21 10 FE C7
8
1
9.6
XX 0A 22 12 XX C0
8
2
2.4*10/7*3
04 49 23 12 XX C0
=10.2857142857
8
3
2.4*8/7*4
0E 68 23 12 XX C0
=10.9714285714
8
3
11.2
XX 0A 23 15 XX C0
8
3
12
XX 0A 14 16 02 C1
6
4
12.8
XX 0A 15 18 XX C0
6
5
2.4*10/7*4
XX 07 16 12 XX C0
=13.7142857143
6
6
8
6
14.4
XX 0A 26 1B XX C0
Table 9: Clock Generation Register Settings for Fxtal = 9.216 MHz
Reg
Address
Fs (kHz)
7.2
XX 04 20 0E 14 C4
8
0
8.0
XX 04 31 10 XX C0 10
1
8.4
XX 04 31 10 1E C4 10
1
9.0
XX 04 31 12 XX C0 10
1
9.6
XX 04 32 13 10 C4 10
2
2.4*8/7*4
02 23 33 13 10 C4 10
=10.9714285714
3
11.2
XX 04 33 16 14 C4 10
3
XX 04 24 18 XX C0
8
4
12.8
XX 04 35 19 1A C4 10
5
14.4
XX 08 66 39 1A C4 16
6
12
16
Ichp Kvco
8h 9h Ah Bh Ch Dh* (μA) [2:0]
Rev. 2.1
DS_1903_032
73M1903 Data Sheet
Table 10: Clock Generation Register Settings for Fxtal = 24.000 MHz
Reg Address
Ichp
(μA)
Kvco
[2:0]
30 15 1A C4
10
0
2C
31 13 10 C4
10
1
08
72
41 1C 3E C5
12
1
8.4
DA
EF
41 19 10 C4
12
1
9.0
08
66
11 0A 1E C4
6
1
9.6
DA
EF
42 1C 1E C4
12
2
2.4*10/7*3
=10.2857142857
DA
EF
43 1E 7E C6
12
3
2.4*8/7*4
=10.9714285714
3E
A9
33 14 76 C6
10
3
11.2
DA
EF
53 21 1A C4
14
3
12
08
66
14 0E 14 C4
6
4
12.8
DA
EF
45 26 14 C4
12
5
2.4*10/7*4
=13.7142857143
10
8C
46 20 80 C7
12
6
14.4
54
CA
46 1C 3E C5
12
6
Fs (kHz)
8h
9h Ah Bh Ch Dh*
7.2
DA
EF
8.0
02
2.4*8/7*3
=8.22857142858
Table 11: Clock Generation Register Settings for Fxtal = 25.35 MHz
Reg Address
FS (KHz)
8h
9h
Ah Bh Ch Dh*
7.2
92
F4
50
1A
06
C2
Ichp
(μA)
Kvco
[2:0]
14
0
FrcVco
0
Mux
1
System
Clock
2
Loop Filter Control
VCO Locked
Xtal Oscillator
NCO
Prescaler
Fxtal
Up
Fref
PFD
Kd
Charge
Pump
R1
C1
C2
VCO
Kvco
Fvco
Dn
Ichp Control
2
Kvco Control
2
NCO
Figure 5: Clock Generation
Rev. 2.1
17
73M1903 Data Sheet
DS_1903_032
4 Modem Receiver
A differential receive signal applied at the RXAP and RXAN pins or the output signal at TXAP and TXAN
pass through a multiplexer, which selects the inputs to the ADC. In normal mode, RXAP/RXAN are
selected. In analog loopback mode, TXAP/TXAN are selected. The DC bias for the RXAP/RXAN inputs
is supplied from TXAP/TXAN through the external DAA in normal conditions. (See Appendix A) It can be
supplied internally, in the absence of the external DAA, by setting RXPULL bit in Control Register 2.
The output of the multiplexer goes into a second-order continuous time, Sallen-Key, low-pass filter (AAF)
with a 3 dB point at approximately 40 kHz. The filtered output signal is the input to an analog sigma-delta
modulator (ASDM), clocked at an over sampling frequency of 1.536 MHz for Fs = 8 kHz, which converts
the analog signal to a serial bit stream with a pulse density that is proportional to the amplitude of the
analog input signal.
There are three gain control bits for the receive path. The RXGAIN bit in control register one results in a
+20 dB gain of the receive signal when set to a “1”. This 20 dB of gain compensates for the loss through
the DAA while on hook. It is used for Caller ID reception. This gain is realized in the front end of ASDM.
The other gain bits in control register 1, RXG1:0, compensate for differences in loss through the receive
path.
Table 12: Receive Gain
RXG1
RXG0
Receive Gain Setting
0
0
6 dB
0
1
9 dB
1
0
12 dB
1
1
0 dB
3
3
The output of ASDM is a serial bit stream that feeds three digital sinc filters. Each filter has a [sin(x)/x]
frequency response and provides a 16 bit sample every 288 clock cycles. The filters are synchronized so
that there is one sample available after every 96 analog samples or at a rate of 16 kHz for Fs=8 kHz. The
3
output of the sinc filter is a 17 bit, two’s compliment number representing the amplitude of the input
3
signal. The sinc filter, by virtue of holding action (for 96 sample period), introduces a droop in the
passband that is later corrected for by a 48 tap FIR filter that follows. The maximum digital word that can
be output from the filter is 0d800h. The minimum word is 12800h.
3
The output of the sinc filter is input to another 48 tap digital FIR filter that provides an amplitude
3
correction in the passband to the output of the sinc filter as well as rejecting noise above Fs/2 or 4 kHz
for Fs=8 kHz. The output of this filter is then decimated by a factor of 2; so, the final output is 16 bit, two’s
compliment samples at a rate of 8 kHz.
3
Figure 6 and Figure 7 depict the sinc filter’s frequency response of ASDM along with the 48 tap digital
FIR response that compensates for it and the resulting overall response of the receiver.
18
Rev. 2.1
DS_1903_032
73M1903 Data Sheet
Figure 6: Overall Receiver Frequency Response
Figure 7: Rx Passband Response
It is important to keep in mind that the receive signal should not exceed 1.16 Vpk-diff for proper
performance for Rxg=11 (0 dB). In particular, if the input level exceeds a value such that one’s density of
3
RBS exceeds 99.5%, sinc filter output will exceed the maximum input range of the decimation filter and
consequently the data will be corrupted. Also for stability reasons, the receive signal should not exceed
1.16 Vpk differentially. This value is set at around 65% of the full receive signal of 1.791 Vpkdiff at
RXAP/RXAN pins that “would” corresponds to ASDM putting out all ones.
Figure 8 and Figure 9 show the spectrum of 1 kHz tone received at RXAP/RXAN of 1.16 Vpk-diff and
0.5 kHz and 1.0 kHz tones of 0.6 Vpk-diff each, respectively for Fs=8 kHz. Note the effect of FIR
suppressing the noise above 4 kHz but at the same time enhancing (in order to compensate for the
3
passband droop of sinc filter) it near the passband edge of 4 kHz.
Rev. 2.1
19
73M1903 Data Sheet
DS_1903_032
Figure 8: RXD Spectrum of 1 kHz Tone
Figure 9: RXD Spectrum of 0.5 kHz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 3 kHz and 3.5 kHz Tones of Equal Amplitudes
20
Rev. 2.1
DS_1903_032
73M1903 Data Sheet
5 Modem Transmitter
The modem transmitter begins with an 48 tap Transmit Interpolation Filter (TIF) that takes in the 16-bit,
two’s compliment numbers (TXD) at SDIN pin at Fs=8 kHz rate. It up-samples (interpolates) the data to
16 kHz rate rejecting the images at multiples of 8 kHz that exist in the original TXD data stream and
outputs 16-bit, two’s compliment numbers to a digital sigma-delta modulator. The gain of the interpolation
filter is 0.640625 (–3.8679 dB) at DC.
The digital sigma-delta modulator (DSDM) takes 16-bit, two’s compliment numbers as input and
generates a 1’s bit stream which feeds into a D to A converter (DAC1). The gain through DSDM is 1.0.
DSDM takes 16-bit, two’s compliment numbers as input and generates a 1’s bit stream that feeds into a D
to A converter (DAC1).
DAC1 consists of a 5-tap FIR filter and a first order switched capacitor low pass filter both operating at
1.536 MHz. It possesses nulls at multiples of 384 kHz to allow decimation by the succeeding filter.
DAC1’s differential output is fed to a 3rd-order switched-capacitor low pass filter (TLPF). The output of
TLPF drives a continuous time smoothing filter. The sampling nature of the transmitter leads to an
additional filter response that affects the in-band signals. The response is in the form of sin(x)/x and can
be expressed as 20*log [(sin(PI*f/fs))/(PI*f/fs)] where f = signal frequency and fs = sample frequency = 16
kHz. Figure 10 shows the frequency response of the transmit path from TXD to TXAP/TXAN for a dc to 4
kHz in-band signal including the effect of this sampling process plus those of DAC1, TLPF and SMFLT. It
is important to note that as TXD is sampled at 8 kHz, it be band-limited to 4 kHz.
Figure 10: Frequency Response of TX Path for DC to 4 kHz in Band Signal
Rev. 2.1
21
73M1903 Data Sheet
5.1
DS_1903_032
Transmit Levels
The 16-bit transmit code word written by the DSP to the Digital Sigma-Delta Modulator (DSDM) (via TIF)
has a linear relationship with the analog output signal. So, decreasing a code word by a factor of 0.5 will
result in a 0.5 (-6 dB) gain change in the analog output signal.
The following formula describes the relationship between the transmit code word and the output level at
the transmit pins (TXAP/TXAN):
Vout (V) = 2 * code/32,767 * DSDMgain * dacGAIN * VREF * TLPFgain * SMFLTgain * FreqFctr
Vout is the differential peak voltage at the TXAP and TXAN pins.
Code is the 16-bit, two’s compliment transmit code word written out by the DSP to the DSDM (via TIF).
The code word falls within a range of ± 32,767. For a sinusoidal waveform, the peak code word should
be used in the formula to obtain the peak output voltage.
DSDMgain is the scaling factor used on the transmit code word to reduce the possibility of saturating the
modulator. This value is set to 0.640625(–3.555821 dB) at dc in the 48 tap transmit interpolation filter
(TIF) that precedes DSDM.
dacGAIN is the gain of the DAC. The value dacGAIN is calculated based on capacitor values inside
DAC1 and dacGAIN=8/9=0.8889. The number 32,767 refers to the code word that generates an 82%
“1’s” pulse density at the output of the DSDM. As one can see from the formula, the D to A conversion is
dependent on the level of VREF. Also when TXBST1 bit is set, VREF is increased from 1.36 V to 1.586 V
to allow higher transmit level or 16.6% increase in gain. This bit is intended for enhancing the DTMF
transmit level and should not be used in data mode.
TLPFgain is the gain of TLPF and nominally equals to 0.00 dB or 1.0.
SMFLTgain is the gain of SMFLT and nominally equal to 1.445 or 3.2 dB.
When TXBST0 bit is set, the gain is further increased by 1.65 dB (1.21) for the total of 4.85 dB. This is to
accommodate greater hybrid insertion loss encountered in some applications.
FreqFctr shows dependency of the entire transmit path on frequency. See Figure 10.
With the transmit code word of +/- 32,767, the nominal differential swing at the transmit pins at dc is:
Vout (V) = 2 * code/32,767 * DSDMgain * dacGAIN * VREF * TLPFgain * SMFLTgain * FreqFctr
= 2 * 32,767/32767 * 0.6640625 * 0.8889 * 1.36 * 1.0 * 1.4454 * 1.0 = 2.31Vpk diff.
When TXBST1 bit is set, Vout (V) = 1.166 * 2.31= 2.693 Vpk diff.
When TXBST0 bit is set, Vout (V) = 1.21 * 2.31= 2.795 Vpk diff, if not limited by power supply or internal
reference.
When both TXBST1 and TXBST0 are set to 1, Vout (V) = 1.166 * 1.21 * 2.31 = 3.259 Vpk diff.
22
Rev. 2.1
DS_1903_032
5.2
73M1903 Data Sheet
Transmit Power - dBm
To calculate the analog output power, the peak voltage is calculated and the peak to rms ratio (crest
factor) must be known. The following formula is used to calculate the output power, in dBm referenced to
600 Ω.
Pout (dBm) = 10 * log [ ( Vout (V) / cf )2 / ( 0.001 * 600 ) ]
The following example demonstrates the calculation of the analog output power given a 1.2 kHz FSK tone
(sine wave) with a peak code word value of 11,878 sent out by the DSP.
The differential output voltage at TXAP-TXAN will be:
With FreqFctr = 1.02, (See Figure 10)
Vout (V) = 2 * (11,878/32,767) * 0.6640625 * 0.8889 * 1.36 * 1.0 * 1.4454 * 1.02 = 0.841 Vpk.
The output signal power will be:
2
Pout (dBm) = 10 * log [(0.841 / 1.41) / (0.001 * 600) ] = - 2.29 dBm.
Table 13: Peak to RMS Ratios for Various Modulation Types
5.3
Transmit Type
Crest Factor
Max Line Level
V.90
4.0
-12 dBm
QAM
2.31
-9 dBm
DPSK
1.81
-9 dBm
FSK
DTMF
1.41
1.99
-9 dBm
-5.7 dBm
Control Register (CTRL1): Address 00h
Reset State 08h
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
ENFE
Unused
TXBST1
TXBST0
TXDIS
RXG1
RXG0
RXGAIN
ENFE
1 = Enable the digital filters and analog front end.
0 = Disable the analog blocks shut off the clocks to the digital and analog receive/transmit
circuits.
TXBST1
1 = Add a gain of 1.335 dB (16.6%) to the transmitter; also the common mode voltage of the
transmit path is increased to 1.375 V. This is intended for enhancing DTMF transmit
power only and should not be used in data mode.
0 = No gain is added
TXBST0
1 = A gain of 1.65 dB (21%) is added to the transmitter
0 = The gain of the transmitter is nominal
TXDIS
1 = Tri-state the TXAP and TXAN pins, provides a bias of VBG into 80 kΩ for each output pin
RXG1:0
These bits control the receive gain as shown in Table 12.
RXGAIN
1 = Increase the gain of the receiver by 20 dB.
Rev. 2.1
23
73M1903 Data Sheet
5.4
DS_1903_032
Control Register (CTRL2): Address 01h
Reset State 00h
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
TMEN
DIGLB
ANALB
INTLB
CkoutEn
RXPULL
SPOS
HC
TMEN
1 = Enable test modes.
DIGLB
1 = Tie the serial bit stream from the digital transmit filter output to the digital receive filter
input. DIGITAL LOOPBACK
ANALB
1 = Tie the analog output of the transmitter to the analog input of the receiver. ANALOG
LOOPBACK
INTLB
1 = Tie the digital serial bit stream from the analog receiver output to the analog transmitter
input. INTERNAL LOOPBACK
CkoutEn
1 = Enable the CLKOUT output; 0 = CLKOUT tri-stated. For test purposes only; do not use
in normal operation.
RXPULL
1 = Pulls DC Bias to RXAP/RXAN pins, through 100 kΩ each, to VREF, to be used in testing
Rx path.
0 = No DC Bias to RXAP/RXAN pins.
SPOS
1 = Control frames occur after one quarter of the time between data frames has elapsed.
0 = Control frames occur half way between data frames.
HC
1 = FS is under hardware control, bit 0 of data frames on SDIN is bit 0 of the transmit word
and control frames happen automatically after every data frame.
0 = FS is under software control, bit 0 of data frames on SDIN is a control frame request bit
and control frames happen only on request.
5.5
Revision Register: Address 06h
Reset State 30h
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Rev3
Rev2
Rev1
Rev0
Unused
Reserved Reserved Reserved
Bits 7-4 contain the revision level of the 73M1903 device. The rest of this register is for chip development
purposes only and is not intended for customer use. Do not write to shaded locations.
24
Rev. 2.1
DS_1903_032
6
73M1903 Data Sheet
Test Modes
There are two loop back test modes that affect the configuration of the analog front end. The internal
loop back mode connects the serial bit stream generated by the analog receiver to the input of the analog
transmitter. This loop back mode is similar to a remote analog loop back mode and can be used to
evaluate the operation of the analog circuits. When using this loop back mode, the TXAN/TXAP pins
should not be externally coupled to the RXAP/RXAN pins. Set bit 4 (INTLB) in register 1h (CTRL2) to
enter this loop back mode.
The second loop back test mode is the external loop back mode, or local analog loop back mode. In this
mode, the analog transmitter outputs are fed back into the input of the analog receiver. Set bit 5 (ANALB)
in register 1h (CTRL2) to enter this loop back mode. In this mode, TBS must be kept to below a value
that corresponds to less than 1.16 V/2.31 V x -6 dB = 25% of the full scale code of +/- 32768 at TXD in
order to ensure that the receiver is not overdriven beyond the maximum of 1.16 Vpkpk diff for Rxg=11(0
dB) setting. See Table 16 for the maximum allowed transmit levels. Check the transmitted data against
received data via serial interface. This tests the functionality of essentially all blocks, both digital and
analog, of the chip.
There is a third loopback mode that bypasses the analog circuits entirely. Digital loop back forces the
3
transmitter digital serial bit stream (from DSDM) to be routed into the digital receiver’s sinc filters. Set bit
6 (DIGLB) in register 1h (CTRL2) to enter this loop back mode.
7
Power Saving Modes
The 73M1903 has only one power conservation mode. When the ENFE, bit 7 in register 0h, is zero the
clocks to the filters and the analog are turned off. The transmit pins output a nominal 80 kΩ impedance.
The clock to the serial port is running and the GPIO and other registers can be read or updated.
Rev. 2.1
25
73M1903 Data Sheet
DS_1903_032
8 Electrical Specifications
8.1
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Operation above maximum rating may permanently damage the device.
Parameter
Rating
Supply Voltage
-0.5 V to +4.0 V
Pin Input Voltage (except OSCIN)
-0.5 V to 6.0 V
Pin Input Voltage (OSCIN)
-0.5 V to VDD + 0.5 V
8.2
Recommended Operating Conditions
Parameter
Rating
Supply Voltage (VDD) with respect to VSS
3.0 V to 3.6 V
Oscillator Frequency
24.576 MHz ±100ppm
Operating Temperature
-40 C to +85 °C
26
Rev. 2.1
DS_1903_032
8.3
73M1903 Data Sheet
Digital Specifications
8.3.1 DC Characteristics
Parameter
Symbol
Conditions
Min
Nom
Max
Unit
Input Low Voltage
VIL
-0.5
0.2 * VDD
V
Input High Voltage
(Except OSCIN)
VIH1
0.7 VDD
5.5
V
Input High Voltage
OSCIN
VIH2
0.7 VDD
VDD + 5.5
V
Output Low Voltage
(Except OSCOUT, FS,
SCLK, SDOUT)
VOL
IOL = 4 mA
0.45
V
Output Low Voltage
OSCOUT
VOLOSC
IOL = 3.0 mA
0.7
V
Output Low Voltage
FS,SCLK,SDOUT
VOL
IOL = 1 mA
0.45
V
Output High Voltage
(Except OSCOUT, FS,
SCLK, SDOUT)
VOH
IOH = -4 mA
VDD - 0.45
V
Output High Voltage
OSCOUT
VOHOSC
IOH = -3.0 mA
VDD - 0.9
V
Output High Voltage
FS, SCLK, SDOUT
VOH
IOH = -1 mA
VDD - 0.45
V
Input Low Leakage
Current
(Except OSCIN)
IIL1
VSS < Vin < VIL1
1
μA
VIH1 < Vin < 5.5
1
μA
Input High Leakage
Current
(Except OSCIN)
IIH1
Input Low Leakage
Current
OSCIN
IIL2
VSS < Vin < VIL2
1
30
μA
Input High Leakage
Current
OSCIN
IIH2
VIH2 < Vin {1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0} =DAh.
In the second example, Fxtal/Fref =4.0. This is a constant divide by 4. Thus Pdvsr is 4, Prst = 1 –1
=0 and Pseq = {x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x).
42
Rev. 2.1
DS_1903_032
73M1903 Data Sheet
Example 2:
Fxtal = 18.432 MHz, Fref = 2.304 MHz.
Pdvsr = Integer [Fxtal/Fref] = 8 = 8h;
Prst[2:0] = 1- 1 = 0 from Fref/Fxtal = 18.432/2.304 = 8/1;
Pseq = {x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x} = xxh
Example 3:
Fxtal = 24.576 MHz, fref = 2.4576 MHz.
Pdvsr = Integer [ Fxtal/Fref] = 10 = Ah;
Prst[2:0] = 1- 1 = 0 from Fref/Fxtal = 24.576/2.4576 = 10/1;
Pseq = {x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x} = xxh
It is also important to note that when Fxtal/Fref is an integer the output of the pre-scaler is a straight
frequency divider (example 2). As such there will be no jitter generated at Fref. However if Fxtal/Fref is
a fractional number, Fref, at the output of the pre-scaler NCO would be exact only in an average sense
(example 1) and there will be a certain amount of fixed pattern (repeating) jitter associated with Fref which
can be filtered out by the PLL that follows by appropriately programming the PLL. It is important to note,
however, that the fixed pattern jitter does not degrade the performance of the sigma delta modulators so
long as its frequency is >> 4 kHz.
PLL
NCO
Prescaler
Up
Fref
PFD
Kd
Charge
Pump
R1
C2
C1
VCO
Kvco
Divide
by 2/1
Dn
Ichp Control
3
Kvco Control
3
NCO
Figure 18: PLL Block Diagram
1903B has a built in PLL circuit to allow an operation over wide range of Fs. It is of a conventional design
with the exception of an NCO based feedback divider. See Figure 18. The architecture of the 73m1903
dictates that the PLL output frequency, Fvco, be related to the sampling rate, fs, by fvco = 2 x 2304 x fs.
The nco must function as a divider whose divide ratio equals Fref/Fvco.
Just as in the NCO pre-scaler, a set of three numbers– Ndvsr (7 bits), Nrst (3 bit ) and Nseq (8 bits)
must be entered through a serial port to effect this divide:
Ndvsr = Integer [ Fref/Fxtal ] ;
Nrst = denominator of the ratio (Fvco/Fref), Dnco1, minus 1, when it is expressed as a ratio of two
smallest integers = Nnco1/Dnco1;
Nseq = Divide Sequence
Example 1:
Fs = 7.2 kHz or Fvco = 2 x 2304 x 7.2 kHz =33.1776 MHz, Fref = 1.728 MHz.
Ndvsr = Integer [ Fvco/Fref ] = 19
Nrst = 5 – 1 = 4 from Fvco/Fref = 19.2 = 96/5;
Nseq = ÷19, ÷19, ÷19, ÷19, ÷20 => {0,0,0,0,1} =xxx00001 = 01h.
Rev. 2.1
43
73M1903 Data Sheet
DS_1903_032
Example 2:
Fs = 8.0 kHz or Fvco = 2 x 2304 x 8 kHz =36.864 MHz, Fref = 2.304 MHz.
Ndvsr = Integer [Fvco/Fref] = 16 = 10h;
Nrst= 1-1 = 0 from Fvco/Fref = 16/1;
Nseq = {x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x} = xxh.
Example 3:
Fs = 9.6 kHz or Fvco = 2 x 2304 x 9.6 kHz =44.2368 MHz, Fref = 2.4576 MHz.
Ndvsr = Integer [Fvco/Fref] = 18 = 16h;
Nrst= 1-1 = 0 from Fvco/Fref = 18/1;
Nseq = {x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x} = xxh.
It is important to note that in general the NCO based feedback divider will generate a fixed jitter pattern
whose frequency components are at Fref/Accreset2 and its integer multiples. The overall jitter frequency
will be a nonlinear combination of jitters from both pre-scaler and PLL NCO. The fundamental frequency
component of this jitter is at Fref/Prst/Nrst. The PLL parameters should be selected to remove this jitter.
Three separate controls are provided to fine tune the PLL as shown in the following sections.
To ensure quick settling of PLL, a feature was designed into the 73m1903 where Ichp is kept at a higher
value until lokdet becomes active or Frcvco bit is set to 1, whichever occurs first. Thus PLL is guaranteed
to have the settling time of less than one frame synch period after a new set of NCO parameters had
been written to the appropriate registers. The serial port register writes for a particular sample rate should
be done in sequence starting from register 08h ending in register 0dh. 0dh register should be the last one
to be written to. This will be followed by a write to the next register in sequence (0eh) to force the
transition of Sysclk from Xtal to Pllclk.
Upon the system reset, the system clock is reset to Fxtal/9. The system clock will remain at Fxtal/9 until
the host forces the transition, but no sooner the second frame synch period after the write to 0dh. When
this happens, the system clock will transition to pllclk without any glitches through a specially designed
deglitch mux.
Examples of NCO Settings
Example 1:
Crystal Frequency = 24.576 MHz; Desired Sampling Rate, Fs = 13.714 kHz(=2.4 kHz x 10/7 x 4)
Step 1. First compute the required VCO frequency, Fvco, corresponding to
Fs = 2.4 kHz x 10/7 x 4 = 13.714 kHz, or
Fvco = 2 x 2304 x Fs = 2 x 2304 x 2.4 kHz x 10/7 x 4 = 63.19543 MHz.
Step 2. Express the required VCO frequency divided by the Crystal Frequency as a ratio of two integers.
This is initially given by:
Fvco / Fxtal
=
2 • 2304 • 2.4kHz • 10/7 • 4
24.576 MHz
.
After a few rounds of simplification this ratio reduces to:
Fvco / Fxtal
=
44
=
18
7
Nnco1
Dnco1
Nnco2
Dnco2
1
7
=(
=
)•(
18
1
)
1
7
1
18
Rev. 2.1
DS_1903_032
73M1903 Data Sheet
where Nnco1 and Nnco2 must be < or equal to 8.
The ratio, Nnco1/Dnco1 = 1/7, is used to form a divide ratio for the NCO in prescaler and Nnco2/Dnco2 =
1/18 for the NCO in the PLL.
Prescaler NCO: From Nnco1/Dnco1 = 1/7,
Pdvsr = Integer [ Dnco1/Nnco1 ] = 7;
Prst[2:0] = Nnco1 – 1 = 0; this means NO fractional divide. It always does ÷7. Thus Pseq becomes
“don’t care” and is ignored.
Pseq = {x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x} = xxh.
PLL NCO: From Nnco2/Dnco2 = 1/18,
Ndvsr = Integer [ Dnco2/Nnco2 ] = 18;
Nrst[2:0] = Nnco2 – 1 = 0; this means NO fractional divide. It always does ÷18. Thus Pseq becomes
“don’t care” and is ignored.
Nseq = {x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x} = xxh.
Example 2:
Crystal Frequency = 24.576 MHz; Desired Sampling Rate, Fs = 10.971 kHz=2.4 kHz x 8/7 x4
Step 1. First compute the required VCO frequency, Fvco, corresponding to
Fs = 2.4 kHz x 8/7 x 4 =10.971 kHz.
Fvco = 2 x 2304 x Fs = 2 x 2304 x 2.4 kHz x 8/7 x 4 = 50.55634 MHz.
Step 2. Express the required VCO frequency divided by the Crystal Frequency as a ratio of two integers.
This is initially given by:
Fvco / Fxtal
=
2 • 2304 • 2.4kHz • 8/7 • 4
24.576 MHz
.
After a few rounds of simplification this ratio reduces to:
4
18
Fvco / Fxtal = (
)•(
)
35
1
Nnco1
4
Dnco1
35
=
=
Nnco2
1
Dnco2
18
, where Nnco1 and Nnco2 must be < or equal to 8.
The ratio, Nnco1/Dnco1 = 4/35, is used to form a divide ratio for the NCO in pre-scaler and Nnco2/Dnco2
=1/18 for the NCO in the PLL.
Pre-scaler NCO: From Nnco1/Dnco1 = 4/35,
Pdvsr = Integer [ Dnco1/Nnco1 ] = 8;
Prst[2:0] = Nnco1 – 1 = 3;
Dnco1/Nnco1 = 35/4 = 8.75 suggests a divide sequence of {÷9,÷9,÷9,÷8}, or
Pseq = {x,x,x,x,1,1,1,0} = xDh.
PLL NCO: From Nnco2/Dnco2 = 1/18,
Ndvsr = Integer [ Dnco2/Nnco2 ] = 18;
Nrst[2:0] = Nnco2 – 1 = 0; this means NO fractional divide. It always does ÷18. Thus Pseq becomes
“don’t care”.
Nseq = {x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x} = xxh.
Rev. 2.1
45
73M1903 Data Sheet
DS_1903_032
Example 3:
Crystal Frequency = 27 MHz; Desired Sampling Rate, Fs = 7.2 kHz
Step 1. First compute the required VCO frequency, Fvco, corresponding to
Fs = 2.4 kHz x 3 = 7.2 kHz.
Fvco = 2 x 2304 x Fs = 2 x 2304 x 2.4 kHz x 3 = 33.1776 MHz.
Step 2. Express the required VCO frequency divided by the Crystal Frequency as a ratio of two integers.
This is initially given by:
=
Fvco / Fxtal
2 • 2304 • 2.4kHz • 3
27 MHz
.
After a few rounds of simplification this reduces to:
Fvco / Fxtal
=
8
125
Nnco1
Dnco1
Nnco2
Dnco2
=(
96
5
)•(
=
)
8
125
5
96
The two ratios are not unique and many other possibilities exist. But for this particular application, they
are found to be the best set of choices within the constraints of Prst and Nrst allowed. (Nnco1, Nnco2
must be less than or equal to 8.)
The ratio, Nnco1/Dnco1 = 8/125, is used to form a divide ratio for the NCO in prescaler and Nnco2/Dnco2
=5/96 for the NCO in the PLL.
Pre-scaler NCO: From Nnco1/Dnco1 = 8/125,
Pdvsr = Integer [ Dnco1/Nnco1 ] = 15;
Prst[2:0] = Nnco1 – 1 = 7;
Dnco1/Nnco1 = 125/8 = 15.625 suggests a divide sequence of {÷16,÷16,÷15,÷16,÷16,÷15,÷16,÷15}, or
Pseq = {1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0} = DAh.
PLL NCO: From Nnco2/Dnco2 = 5/96,
Ndvsr = Integer [ Dnco2/Nnco2 ] = 19;
Nrst[2:0] = Nnco2 – 1 = 4;
Dnco2/Nnco2 = 19.2 suggests a divide sequence of {÷19, ÷19, ÷19, ÷19, ÷20}, or
Nseq = {x,x,x,0,0,0,0,1} = x1h.
46
Rev. 2.1
DS_1903_032
73M1903 Data Sheet
Revision History
Rev. #
Date
Comments
1.0
4/16/2004
First publication.
1.1
12/13/2004
Minor format modification.
1.2
7/15/2005
Company logo change and minor format modification.
1.4
9/14/2006
Corrected QFN pin-out drawing.
1.5
5/23/2007
Added 20-VT package information.
1.6
12/14/2007
Changed 32-QFN from punched to SAWN.
Removed the leaded package option.
1.7
1/17/2008
Changed the bottom view package dimension for 32-QFN package.
2.0
2/23/2009
Removed all references to the 32-pin TQFP package.
Formatted to the new corporate standard.
2.1
3/9/2010
Added the schematic and bill of materials in Section 10.
Formatted to the new corporate standard.
© 2010 Teridian Semiconductor Corporation. All rights reserved.
Teridian Semiconductor Corporation is a registered trademark of Teridian Semiconductor Corporation.
Simplifying System Integration is a trademark of Teridian Semiconductor Corporation.
MicroDAA is a registered trademark of Teridian Semiconductor Corporation.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Teridian Semiconductor Corporation makes no warranty for the use of its products, other than expressly
contained in the Company’s warranty detailed in the Teridian Semiconductor Corporation standard Terms
and Conditions. The company assumes no responsibility for any errors which may appear in this
document, reserves the right to change devices or specifications detailed herein at any time without
notice and does not make any commitment to update the information contained herein. Accordingly, the
reader is cautioned to verify that this document is current by comparing it to the latest version on
http://www.teridian.com or by checking with your sales representative.
Teridian Semiconductor Corp., 6440 Oak Canyon, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92618
TEL (714) 508-8800, FAX (714) 508-8877, http://www.teridian.com
Rev. 2.1
47