19-4222; Rev 0; 7/08
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
Features
The MAX15036/MAX15037 high-frequency, DC-DC converters with an integrated n-channel power MOSFET
provide up to 3A of load current. The MAX15036
includes an internal power MOSFET to enable the
design of a nonsynchronous buck or boost topology
power supply. The MAX15037 is for the design of a
synchronous buck topology power supply. These
devices operate from a 4.5V to 5.5V or 5.5V to 23V
input voltage and offer the ability to set the switching
frequency from 200kHz to 2.2MHz with an external
resistor. The voltage-mode architecture with a peak
switch current-limit scheme provides stable operation
up to a 2.2MHz switching frequency. The MAX15036
includes a clock output for driving a second DC-DC
converter 180° out-of-phase and a power-on-reset
(RESET) output. The MAX15037 includes a power-good
output and a synchronous rectifier driver to drive an
external low-side MOSFET in the buck converter configuration for high efficiency.
The MAX15036/MAX15037 protect against overcurrent
conditions by utilizing a peak current limit as well as
overtemperature shutdown providing a very reliable
and compact power source for point-of-load regulation
applications. Additional features include synchronization, internal digital soft-start, and an enable input. The
MAX15036/MAX15037 are available in a thermally
enhanced, space-saving 16-pin TQFN (5mm x 5mm)
package and operate over the -40°C to +125°C temperature range.
o 4.5V to 5.5V or 5.5V to 23V Input Voltage Range
o Output Voltage Adjustable Down to 0.6V (Buck) or
Up to 28V (Boost)
o 3A Output Current
o Synchronous Rectifier Driver Output (MAX15037)
for Higher Efficiency
o Resistor-Programmable Switching Frequency
from 200kHz to 2.2MHz
o External Synchronization and Enable (On/Off)
Inputs
o Clock Output for Driving Second Converter 180°
Out-Of-Phase (MAX15036)
o Integrated 150mΩ High-Side n-Channel Power
MOSFET
o Power-On-Reset Output (MAX15036)/Power-Good
Output (MAX15037)
o Short-Circuit Protection (Buck)/Maximum DutyCycle Limit (Boost)
o Thermal-Shutdown Protection
o Thermally Enhanced 16-Pin TQFN Package
Dissipates 2.7W
Applications
Pin Configurations
Ordering Information
PART
PIN-PACKAGE
MAX15036ATE+
-40°C to +125°C
16 TQFN-EP*
MAX15037ATE+
-40°C to +125°C
16 TQFN-EP*
SGND
CKO
Servers and Networks
PGND
TOP VIEW
SOURCE
+Denotes a lead-free/RoHS-compliant package.
*EP = Exposed pad.
xDSL Modem Power Supplies
Automotive Radio Power Supplies
TEMP RANGE
12
11
10
9
IP Phones/WLAN Access Points
FEATURES
MAX15036ATE
Nonsynchronous
Buck or Boost
RESET Output,
Clock Output
Synchronous Buck
PGOOD Output,
Synchronous FET
Driver
RESET 14
7
V+
6
BYPASS
5
OSC
MAX15036
BST/VDD 15
EN 16
+ EP*
1
DRAIN
MAX15037ATE
VL
Pin Configurations continued at end of data sheet.
*EXPOSED PAD.
2
3
4
FB
CONFIGURATION
8
COMP
PART
SYNC 13
DRAIN
Selector Guide
THIN QFN
5mm x 5mm
________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products
1
For pricing delivery, and ordering information please contact Maxim Direct at 1-888-629-4642,
or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com.
MAX15036/MAX15037
General Description
MAX15036/MAX15037
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
V+ to PGND............................................................-0.3V to +25V
BST/VDD, DRAIN to SGND ....................................-0.3V to +30V
SGND to PGND .....................................................-0.3V to +0.3V
BST/VDD to SOURCE...............................................-0.3V to +6V
SOURCE to SGND..................................................-0.6V to +25V
SOURCE or DRAIN Maximum Peak Current...............5A for 1ms
VL to SGND ................-0.3V to the lower of +6V and (V+ + 0.3V)
SYNC, EN, DL, CKO, OSC, COMP,
FB to SGND...............................................-0.3V to (VL + 0.3V)
BYPASS, CKO, OSC, COMP, FB, EN, SYNC, RESET,
PGOOD Maximum Input Current .................................±50mA
RESET, PGOOD to SGND ........................................-0.3V to +6V
BYPASS to SGND..................................................-0.3V to +2.2V
VL and BYPASS Short-Circuit Duration to SGND ......Continuous
Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70°C)
16-Pin TQFN (derate 33mW/°C above +70°C) ..........2666mW
Junction-to-Case Thermal Resistance (θJC) (Note 1)
16-Pin TQFN................................................................1.7°C/W
Junction-to-Ambient Thermal Resistance (θJA) (Note 1)
16-Pin TQFN.................................................................30°C/W
Operating Temperature Range .........................-40°C to +125°C
Junction Temperature Range ............................-65°C to +150°C
Storage Temperature Range .............................-65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C
Note 1: Package thermal resistances were obtained using the method described in JEDEC specification JESD51-7, using a four-layer
board. For detailed information on package thermal considerations, refer to http://www.maxim-ic.com/thermal-tutorial.
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional
operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to
absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(V+ = VL = 5V or V+ = 5.5V to 23V, VEN = 5V, TA = TJ = -40°C to +125°C, unless otherwise noted. Circuits of Figures 5 and 6. Typical
values are at TA = TJ = +25°C.) (Note 2)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS
Input Voltage Range
V+
V+ Operating Supply Current
IQ
V+ Standby Supply Current
Efficiency
ISTBY
η
V+ = VL
5.5
23.0
4.5
5.5
V+ = 12V, VFB = 0.8V
ROSC = 10kΩ, no switching
V
1.8
2.5
mA
V+ = 12V, VEN = 0V, PGOOD
(MAX15037), RESET, CKO unconnected
(MAX15036), ROSC = 10kΩ
1
1.4
mA
Nonsynchronous (MAX15036),
fSW = 1.25MHz, V+ = 12V, IOUT = 1.5A,
VOUT = 3.3V
79
%
Synchronous (MAX15037),
fSW = 300kHz, V+ = 12V, IOUT = 1.5A,
VOUT = 3.3V
90
VL REGULATOR (VL)/BYPASS OUTPUT (BYPASS)
VL Undervoltage Lockout
VUVLO
VL Undervoltage Lockout
Hysteresis
VHYST
VL Output Voltage
VL
VL falling
V+ = 5.5V to 23V, IVL = 0 to 40mA
IVLSHORT
VIN = 5.5V
BYPASS Output Voltage
VBYPASS
V+ = VL = 5.2V, IBYPASS = 0
2
ΔVBYPASS
4.3
137
VL Regulator Short-Circuit
Current
BYPASS Load Regulation
4.1
IBYPASS steps from 0 to 50μA,
V+ = VL = 5.2V
5.0
5.2
V
mV
5.5
110
V
mA
1.98
2
2.02
V
0
1.2
5
mV
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
(V+ = VL = 5V or V+ = 5.5V to 23V, VEN = 5V, TA = TJ = -40°C to +125°C, unless otherwise noted. Circuits of Figures 5 and 6. Typical
values are at TA = TJ = +25°C.) (Note 2)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
SOFT-START
Digital Soft-Start Period
Internal 6-bit DAC
Soft-Start Steps
4096
Clock
periods
64
Steps
ERROR AMPLIFIER (FB and COMP)
FB to COMP Transconductance
gM
FB Input Bias Current
IFB
FB Input Voltage Set Point
VFB
0.591
0.600
ICOMP
100
150
COMP Sink-and-Source Current
Capability
1.20
1.8
2.75
mS
250
nA
0.609
V
μA
INTERNAL MOSFETs
On-Resistance n-Channel Power
MOSFET
RON
V+ = VL = 5.2V, ISINK = 100mA
Leakage Current
ILEAK
VEN = 0V, VDRAIN = 23V,
SOURCE = PGND
Minimum Output Current
IOUT
VOUT = 3.3V, V+ = 12V (Note 3)
Peak Current Limit
ILIMIT
On-Resistance Internal Low-Side
Switch
RONLSW
0.150
0.302
Ω
20
μA
3
3.56
ISWITCH = 50mA, V+ = VL = 5.2V
A
4.6
5.6
A
20
40
Ω
1
4
Ω
1.9
5
Ω
SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER DRIVER (DL) (MAX15037 Only)
On-Resistance nMOS
RONDLN
ISINK = 10mA
On-Resistance pMOS
RONDLP
ISOURCE = 10mA
Peak Sink Current
Peak Source Current
IIDL_SINK
1
A
IIDL_SOURCE
0.75
A
CLOCK OUTPUT (CKO) (MAX15036 Only)
Clock Output-High Level
VCKOH
VL = 5.2V, ISOURCE = 5mA
Clock Output-Low Level
VCKOL
VL = 5.2V, ISINK = 5mA
Clock Output Phase Delay With
Respect to SOURCE Waveform
CKOPHASE
3.54
V
0.4
ROSC = 10kΩ, SYNC = GND
(Note 4)
115
V
Degrees
OSCILLATOR (OSC)/SYNCHRONIZATION (SYNC)
ROSC = 5.62kΩ
Switching Frequency
fSW
V+ = VL = 5.2V
ROSC = 10kΩ
Minimum Controllable On-Time
Maximum Duty Cycle
2100
ROSC = 41.2kΩ
1250
120
ns
82
87.5
%
tON_MIN
DMAX
fSW = 2.2MHz
kHz
312
1130
1380
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3
MAX15036/MAX15037
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
MAX15036/MAX15037
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
(V+ = VL = 5V or V+ = 5.5V to 23V, VEN = 5V, TA = TJ = -40°C to +125°C, unless otherwise noted. Circuits of Figures 5 and 6. Typical
values are at TA = TJ = +25°C.) (Note 2)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
SYNC Frequency Range
SYNC Input to SOURCE RisingEdge Phase Delay
SYNCPHASE
SYNC High Threshold
VSYNCH
SYNC Low Threshold
VSYNCL
SYNC Input Bias Current
Minimum SYNC High Pulse Width
CONDITIONS
(Note 5)
MIN
TYP
200
ROSC = 10kΩ, fSYNC = 1.2MHz
(Note 6)
MAX
UNITS
2200
kHz
65
Degrees
2.0
V
ISYNC
tSYNC_H
0.8
V
250
nA
100
ns
EN, RESET (MAX15036)/PGOOD (MAX15037)
EN Threshold
VIH
2.0
V
VIL
0.8
EN Input Bias Current
IEN
250
nA
RESET Threshold
VTH
VFB = VOUT (Note 7)
90
92.5
95
% VOUT
PGOOD Threshold
VTH
VFB = VOUT (Note 7)
90
92.5
95
% VOUT
FB to RESET or FB to PGOOD
Propagation Delay
tFD
RESET Active Timeout Period
tRP
RESET, PGOOD Output Voltage
Low
VOL
RESET, PGOOD Output Leakage
Current
ILEAK
V+ = VL = 5.2V, V R ESET or
VPGOOD = 6V, VFB = 0.8V
TSHDN
Temperature rising
3
140
200
ISINK = 3mA
μs
254
ms
0.4
V
2
μA
THERMAL SHUTDOWN
Thermal Shutdown
Thermal-Shutdown Hysteresis
+170
°C
25
°C
Note 2: 100% tested at TA = +25°C and TA = +125°C. Limits from TA = -40°C to +25°C are guaranteed by design.
Note 3: Output current may be limited by the power dissipation of the package. See the Power Dissipation section in the Applications
Information section.
Note 4: From the rising edge of the SOURCE waveform to the rising edge of the CKO waveform.
Note 5: SYNC input frequency is equal to the switching frequency.
Note 6: From the SYNC rising edge to SOURCE rising edge.
Note 7: RESET goes high 200ms after VOUT crosses this threshold, PGOOD goes high after VOUT crosses this threshold.
4
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
60
40
30
VOUT = 2.5V
40
30
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0
0
3.0
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
2.5
MAX15037 SYNCHRONOUS
EFFICIENCY vs. OUTPUT CURRENT
(VIN = 12V, fSW = 330kHz, L = 15μH)
VOUT = 3.3V
90
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
80
VOUT = 3.3V
70
2.5
3.0
60
VOUT = 2.5V
80
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
85
0
MAX15037 SYNCHRONOUS EFFICIENCY vs. OUTPUT
CURRENT (VIN = 12V, fSW = 2.2MHz, L = 4.7μH)
MAX15036 toc04
95
3.0
75
VOUT = 1.2V
70
65
50
40
30
20
60
10
55
L = TOKO DS126C2-150M
0
50
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
2.5
0
3.0
3.299
2.5
5.190
MAX15036 toc06
3.300
1.0
1.5
2.0
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
3.0
VL OUTPUT VOLTAGE
vs. SWITCHING FREQUENCY
MAX15037 OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs. OUTPUT
CURRENT (VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, fSW = 2.2MHz)
3.301
0.5
MAX15036 toc07
0
30
10
0
0
40
20
10
10
VOUT = 2.5V
50
50
20
20
VOUT = 3.3V
60
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
50
70
MAX15036 toc03
VOUT = 3.3V
70
VOUT = 2.5V
60
5.185
VIN = 23V
5.180
3.298
5.175
VL (V)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
EFFICIENCY (%)
70
80
MAX15036 toc02
VOUT = 3.3V
80
MAX15036 toc01
90
MAX15036 BUCK EFFICIENCY vs. OUTPUT
CURRENT (VIN = 16V, fSW = 2.2MHz)
MAX15036 BUCK EFFICIENCY vs. OUTPUT
CURRENT (VIN = 12V, fSW = 2.2MHz)
MAX15036 toc05
MAX15036 BUCK EFFICIENCY vs. OUTPUT
CURRENT (VIN = 5.5V, fSW = 2.2MHz)
3.297
3.296
5.170
VIN = 5.5V
5.165
3.295
5.160
3.294
3.293
5.155
3.292
5.150
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
2.5
3.0
100
600
1100
1600
2100
SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5
MAX15036/MAX15037
Typical Operating Characteristics
(V+ = VL = 5.2V, TA = +25°C, Figures 5 and 6, unless otherwise noted.)
Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
(V+ = VL = 5.2V, TA = +25°C, Figures 5 and 6, unless otherwise noted.)
2350
2100
0.20
V+ = 5V
0.15
FREQUENCY (kHz)
FREQUENCY (kHz)
V+ = 5.25V
1000
1600
1350
850
600
0.05
350
600
1100
1600
0
2100
ROSC = 20kΩ
ROSC = 40kΩ
100
100
100
ROSC = 10kΩ
1100
0.10
0
ROSC = 6.04kΩ
1850
0.30
0.25
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
-40
10
60
TEMPERATURE (°C)
RESISTANCE (kΩ)
SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz)
MAX15037 LOAD-TRANSIENT RESPONSE
(IOUT = 0.2A TO 1A)
MAX15037 LINE-TRANSIENT RESPONSE
(IOUT = 1A, VIN STEP = 14V TO 21V)
MAX15036 toc11
MAX15036 toc12
VOUT = 3.3V
VIN
VIN = 12V
VOUT = 3.3V
5V/div
VOUT
100mV/div
0V
200mV/div
VOUT
500mA/div
IOUT
0A
100μs/div
20μs/div
MAX15037 LOAD-TRANSIENT RESPONSE
(IOUT = 0.5A TO 3A)
MAX15037 SOFT-START AND SHUTDOWN
(NO LOAD)
MAX15036 toc13
MAX15036 toc14
VIN = 12V
VOUT = 3.3V
VOUT
VIN = 12V
200mV/div
1V/div
VOUT
0V
IOUT
1A/div
5V/div
VEN
0A
20μs/div
6
MAX15036 toc10
V+ = 5.5V
0.35
10,000
MAX15036 toc09
MAX15036 toc08
0.40
SWITCHING FREQUENCY
vs. TEMPERATURE
SWITCHING FREQUENCY
vs. ROSC
MAX15037 VL DROPOUT VOLTAGE
vs. SWITCHING FREQUENCY
VL DROPOUT VOLTAGE (V)
MAX15036/MAX15037
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
0V
1ms/div
_______________________________________________________________________________________
110
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
MAX15037 SOFT-START AND SHUTDOWN
(IOUT = 2A)
RESET TIMEOUT
(MAX15036)
VIN STARTUP WAVEFORM
(EN CONNECTED TO VL) (MAX15037)
MAX15036 toc15
MAX15036 toc17
MAX15036 toc16
VEN
5V/div
VIN = 12V
VIN
10V/div
VOUT
2V/div
1V/div
VEN
VPGOOD
5V/div
0V
5V/div
VEN
5V/div
VOUT
2V/div
5V/div
VRESET
0V
VIN
10V/div
1ms/div
40ms/div
1ms/div
MAX15036 EXTERNALLY SYNCHRONIZED
SWITCHING WAVEFORM
STANDBY CURRENT
vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX15036 toc18
1.60
fSW = 2.2MHz
ROSC = 5.62kΩ
VSYNC
0V
5V/div
VCKO
0V
5V/div
VSOURCE_MASTER
0V
STANDBY CURRENT (mA)
5V/div
5V/div
VSOURCE_SLAVE
MAX15036 toc19
VOUT
1.55
1.50
1.45
0V
1.40
-40 -20
100ns/div
SWITCHING SUPPLY CURRENT (ISW)
vs. TEMPERATURE
50
40
fSYNC = 1.2MHz
30
fSYNC = 600kHz
20
10
MAX15036 toc21
fSYNC = 2.2MHz
60
100 120
3.75
VIN = 12V
VOUT = 3.3V
fSW = 1MHz
3.70
MAXIMUM OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
MAX15036
VOUT = 3.3V
IOUT = 1A
70
20 40 60 80
TEMPERATURE (°C)
MAXIMUM OUTPUT CURRENT
vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX15036 toc20
SWITCHING SUPPLY CURRENT (mA)
80
0
3.65
3.60
3.55
3.50
3.45
3.40
3.35
3.30
fSYNC = 300kHz
0
3.25
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
TEMPERATURE (°C)
100
125
-40
10
60
110
TEMPERATURE (°C)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7
MAX15036/MAX15037
Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
(V+ = VL = 5.2V, TA = +25°C, Figures 5 and 6, unless otherwise noted.)
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
MAX15036/MAX15037
Pin Description
PIN
NAME
FUNCTION
1, 2
DRAIN
Internal Power MOSFET Drain Connection. Buck converter operation—use the MOSFET as a high-side switch
and connect DRAIN to the input supply. Boost converter operation (MAX15036 only)—use the MOSFET as a
low-side switch and connect DRAIN to the inductor and diode junction.
3
COMP
Transconductance Error Amplifier Output. Connect a compensation network from COMP to SGND or from
COMP to FB to SGND (see the Compensation section).
4
FB
Feedback Input. Connect a resistive divider from the output to FB to SGND to set the output voltage.
Switching Frequency Set Input. Connect a resistor ROSC from OSC to SGND to set the switching frequency.
When using external synchronization, program ROSC so that (0.8 x fSYNC) ≤ fSW ≤ (1.2 x fSYNC). ROSC is still
required when external synchronization is used.
5
OSC
6
BYPASS
7
V+
Input Supply Voltage. V+ can range from 5.5V to 23V. Connect V+ and VL together for 4.5V to 5.5V input
operation. Bypass V+ to SGND with a minimum of 0.1μF ceramic capacitor.
8
VL
Internal Regulator Output. Bypass VL to SGND with a 4.7μF ceramic capacitor and to PGND with a 0.1μF
ceramic capacitor. Connect V+ to VL for 4.5V to 5.5V operation.
Reference Bypass Connection. Bypass to SGND with a 0.22μF or greater ceramic capacitor.
CKO
Clock Output (MAX15036 Only). CKO is an output with the same frequency as the converter’s switching
frequency and 115° out-of-phase. CKO is used to synchronize the MAX15036 to other MAX15036/MAX15037s.
DL
Low-Side Synchronous Rectifier Driver (MAX15037 Only). DL sources 0.7A and sinks 1A to quickly turn on and
off the external synchronous rectifier MOSFET.
9
10
SGND
Signal Ground
11
PGND
Power Ground. Connect the rectifier diode’s anode, the input capacitor negative terminal, the output capacitor
negative terminal, and VL bypass capacitor negative terminal to PGND.
12
SOURCE
Internal Power MOSFET Source Connection. Buck converter operation—connect SOURCE to the switched side
of the inductor as shown in Figure 5. Boost converter operation (MAX15036 only)—connect SOURCE to PGND.
13
SYNC
External Synchronization Input. Connect SYNC to an external logic-level clock to synchronize the MAX15036/
MAX15037. Connect SYNC to SGND when not used.
RESET
Open-Drain Active-Low Reset Output (MAX15036 Only). RESET remains low while the converter’s output is
below 92.5% of VOUT’s nominal set point. When VOUT rises above 92.5% of its nominal set point, RESET goes
high after the reset timeout period of 200ms (typ).
PGOOD
Open-Drain Power-Good Output (MAX15037 Only). PGOOD remains low while the output is below 92.5% of its
nominal set point.
15
BST/VDD
Internal MOSFET Driver Supply Input. Buck converter operation—bootstrap flying capacitor connection.
Connect BST/VDD to an external ceramic capacitor and diode (see Figure 5). Boost converter operation
(MAX15036 only)—driver bypass capacitor connection. Connect a low-ESR 0.1μF ceramic capacitor from
BST/VDD to PGND.
16
EN
Enable Input. A logic-low turns off the converter. A logic-high turns on the device. Connect EN to VL for an
always-on application.
—
EP
Exposed Pad. Connect to SGND. Solder EP to SGND to enhance thermal dissipation.
14
8
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
MAX15036/MAX15037
V+
DRAIN
VL
LDO
VL = 5.2V
SYNC
RSENSE
CKO
CURRENT-LIMIT
COMPARATOR
OSCILLATOR
OSC
4-PULSE
SKIP
BST/VDD
2V
R
150mΩ
1V
Q
N2
BYPASS
PWM
COMPARATOR
SOURCE
Q
ADAPTIVE
BBM
VREF
20Ω
N3
fSW/4
PGND
EN
DIGITAL
SOFT-START
gm
VREF = 0.6V
FB
COMP
SGND
200mV
RESET
N1
MAX15036
0.925 x VREF
200ms
DELAY
Figure 1. MAX15036 Block Diagram
_______________________________________________________________________________________
9
MAX15036/MAX15037
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
V+
DRAIN
VL
LDO
VL = 5.2V
SYNC
RSENSE
CURRENT-LIMIT
COMPARATOR
OSCILLATOR
OSC
4-PULSE
SKIP
BST/VDD
2V
R
150mΩ
1V
Q
N2
BYPASS
PWM
COMPARATOR
SOURCE
Q
ADAPTIVE
BBM
20Ω
N3
fSW/4
VL
VREF
DL
PGND
EN
DIGITAL
SOFT-START
gm
VREF = 0.6V
FB
COMP
SGND
200mV
PGOOD
N1
MAX15037
0.925 x VREF
Figure 2. MAX15037 Block Diagram
10
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
PWM Controller
The MAX15036/MAX15037 use a pulse-width modulation (PWM) voltage-mode control scheme. The
MAX15036 is a nonsynchronous converter and uses an
external low-forward-drop Schottky diode for rectification. The MAX15037 is a synchronous converter and
drives a low-side, low-gate-charge MOSFET for higher
efficiency. The controller generates the clock signal
from an internal oscillator or the SYNC input when driven by an external clock. An internal transconductance
error amplifier produces an integrated error voltage at
COMP, providing high DC accuracy. The voltage at
COMP sets the duty cycle using a PWM comparator
and an internal 1V P-P voltage ramp. At each rising
edge of the clock, the converter’s high-side n-channel
MOSFET turns on and remains on until either the
appropriate or maximum duty cycle is reached or the
maximum current limit for the switch is detected.
In the case of the MAX15036 boost operation, the
MOSFET is a low-side switch. During each on-time, the
inductor current ramps up. During the second half of
the switching cycle, the low-side switch turns off and
forward biases the Schottky diode. During this time, the
DRAIN voltage is clamped to 0.4V (VD) above VOUT
and the inductor provides energy to the output as well
as replenishes the output capacitor charge.
MAX15036
During each high-side MOSFET on-time (Figure 5), the
inductor current ramps up. During the second half of the
switching cycle, the high-side MOSFET turns off and forward biases the Schottky rectifier (D2 in Figure 5). During
this time, the SOURCE voltage is clamped to 0.5V below
ground. The inductor releases the stored energy as its
current ramps down, and provides current to the output.
During the MOSFET off-time, when the Schottky rectifier is
conducting, the bootstrap capacitor (C10 in Figure 5) is
recharged from the V L output. At light loads, the
MAX15036 goes in to discontinuous conduction mode
operation when the inductor current completely discharges before the next switching cycle commences.
When the MAX15036 operates in discontinuous conduction, the bootstrap capacitor can become undercharged.
To prevent this, an internal low-side 20Ω switch (see N3 in
Figure 1) turns on, during the off-time, once every 4 clock
cycles. This ensures that the negative terminal of the bootstrap capacitor is pulled to PGND often enough to allow it
to fully charge to VL, ensuring the internal power switch
properly turns on. The operation of the bootstrap capacitor wake-up switch causes a small increase in the output
voltage ripple at light loads. Under overload conditions,
when the inductor current exceeds the peak current limit
of the internal switch, the high-side MOSFET turns off
quickly and waits until the next clock cycle.
MAX15037
The MAX15037 is intended for synchronous buck operation only. During the high-side MOSFET on-time, the
inductor current ramps up. When the MOSFET turns off,
the inductor reverses polarity and forward biases the
Schottky rectifier in parallel with the low-side synchronous MOSFET. The SOURCE voltage is clamped to
0.5V below ground until the break-before-make time
(tBBM) of 25ns is over. After tBBM, the synchronous rectifier MOSFET turns on. The inductor releases the
stored energy as its current ramps down, and continues providing current to the output. The bootstrap
capacitor is also recharged from the VL output when
the MOSFET turns off. The synchronous rectifier keeps
the circuit in continuous conduction mode operation
even at light load. Under overload conditions, when the
inductor current exceeds the peak current limit of the
internal switch, the high-side MOSFET turns off and
waits until the next clock cycle.
The MAX15037, with the synchronous rectifier driver output (DL), has an adaptive break-before-make circuit to
avoid cross conduction between the internal power
MOSFET and the external synchronous rectifier MOSFET.
When the synchronous rectifier MOSFET is turning off, the
internal high-side power MOSFET is kept off until VDL falls
below 0.97V. Similarly, DL does not go high until the internal power MOSFET gate voltage falls below 1.24V.
Input Voltage (V+)/Internal Linear
Regulator (VL)
All internal control circuitry operates from an internally regulated nominal voltage of 5.2V (VL). At higher input voltages (V+) of 5.5V to 23V, VL is regulated to 5.2V. At 5.5V
or below, the internal linear regulator operates in dropout
mode, where VL follows V+. Depending on the load on VL,
the dropout voltage can be high enough to reduce VL to
below the undervoltage lockout (UVLO) threshold.
For input voltages of lower than 5.5V, connect V+ and
V L together. The load on V L is proportional to the
switching frequency of the converter. See the V L
Output Voltage vs. Switching Frequency graph in the
Typical Operating Characteristics. For an input voltage
higher than 5.5V, use the internal regulator.
Bypass V+ to SGND with a low-ESR 0.1μF or greater
ceramic capacitor placed as close as possible to the
MAX15036/MAX15037. Current spikes from VL disturb
the internal circuitry powered by VL. Bypass VL with a
low-ESR 0.1μF ceramic capacitor to PGND and a lowESR 4.7μF ceramic capacitor to SGND.
______________________________________________________________________________________
11
MAX15036/MAX15037
Detailed Description
MAX15036/MAX15037
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
Enable
EN is an active-high input that turns the MAX15036/
MAX15037 on and off. EN is a TTL-logic input with 2.0V
and 0.8V logic-high and low levels, respectively. When
EN is asserted high, the internal digital soft-start cycle
slowly ramps up the internal reference and provides
some soft-start at the output. Hysteresis provides immunity to the glitches during logic turn-on of the converter.
Large voltage variations at EN can interrupt the soft-start
sequence and can cause a latch-up. Ensure that EN
remains high for at least 5ms once it is asserted. Force
EN low to turn off the internal power MOSFET and cause
RESET to go low (MAX15036) or cause PGOOD to go
low (MAX15037). Connect EN to VL when not used.
Soft-Start/Soft-Stop
The MAX15036/MAX15037 include UVLO with hysteresis to prevent chattering during startup. The UVLO circuit holds the MAX15036/MAX15037 off until V+
reaches 4.5V and turns the devices off when V+ falls
below 4.3V. The MAX15036/MAX15037 also offer a
soft-start feature that reduces surge currents and
glitches on the input during turn-on. During turn-on
when the UVLO threshold is reached or EN goes from
low to high, the digital soft-start ramps up the reference
(VBYPASS) in 64 steps. During a turn-off (by driving EN
or V+ low), the reference is reduced to zero slowly. The
soft-start and soft-stop periods (tSS) are 4096 cycles of
the internal oscillator. To calculate the soft-start/soft-stop
period use the following equation:
t SS =
4096
fSW
fSW is the switching frequency of the converter.
Oscillator/Synchronization
(SYNC)/Clock Output (CLKOUT)
The clock frequency (or switching frequency) is generated internally and is adjustable through an external
resistor connected from OSC to SGND. The relationship
between ROSC and fSW is:
ROSC =
125 × 108 Ω / s
fSW
The adjustment range for f SW is from 200kHz to
2.2MHz.
Connect a logic-level clock between 200kHz to 2.2MHz
at SYNC to externally synchronize the MAX15036/
MAX15037’s oscillator (see Figure 8). The MAX15036/
MAX15037 synchronize to the rising edge of the SYNC
clock. The rising edge of the SYNC clock corresponds to
12
the turn-on edge of the internal n-channel power MOSFET
with a fixed propagation delay. When operating the
MAX15036/MAX15037 with an external SYNC clock,
ROSC must be installed. Program the internal switching
frequency so that (0.8 x fSYNC) ≤ fSW ≤ (1.2 x fSYNC). The
minimum pulse width for fSYNC is 100ns. Connect SYNC
to SGND if synchronization is not used.
The CKO output (MAX15036 only) is a logic-level clock
with the same frequency as fSW and with 115° phase
shift with respect to SYNC clock. Two MAX15036s can
be connected in a master/slave configuration for twophase (180°) interleaved operation. The CKO output of
the master drives the SYNC input of the slave to form a
dual-phase converter. To achieve the 180° out-of-phase
operation, program the internal switching frequency of
both converters close to each other by using the same
ROSC value. When synchronizing the master-slave configuration using external clock, program the internal
switching frequency using ROSC close to the external
clock frequency (fSYNC) for 180° ripple phase operation
(see Figure 8). Any difference in the internal switching
frequency and fSYNC changes the phase delay. If both
master and slave converters use the same power
source, and share input bypass capacitors, the effective switching frequency at the input is twice the switching frequency of the individual converter. Higher ripple
frequency at the input capacitor means a lower RMS
ripple current into the capacitor.
Current Limit
The MAX15036/MAX15037 protect against output overload and short-circuit conditions when operated in a
buck configuration. An internal current-sensing stage
develops a voltage proportional to the instantaneous
switch current. When the switch current reaches 4.6A
(typ), the power MOSFET turns off and remains off until
the next on cycle.
During a severe overload or short-circuit condition when
the output voltage is pulled to ground, the discharging
slope of the inductor is VDS (the voltage across the synchronous FET), or VF (the voltage across the rectifying
diode) divided by L. The short off-time does not allow
the current to properly ramp down in the inductor, causing a dangerous current runaway and possibly destruction of the device. To prevent this, the MAX15036/
MAX15037 include a frequency foldback feature. When
the current limit is detected the frequency is reduced to
1/4th of the programmed switching frequency. When the
output voltage falls below 1/3rd of its nominal set point
(VFB = 0.2V), the converter is turned off and soft-start
cycle is initiated. This reduces the RMS current sourced
by the converter during the fault condition.
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
Power-On Reset (RESET)
(MAX15036 Only)
RESET is an active-low open-drain output that goes low
when VOUT falls below 92.5% of its nominal set point.
RESET goes high impedance when VOUT rises above
92.5% of its nominal set point, the soft-start period is
complete, and the 200ms (typ) timeout period has
elapsed. Connect a pullup resistor from RESET to a
logic voltage or to VL. The internal open-drain MOSFET
at RESET can sink 3mA while providing a TTL-compatible logic-low signal. Connect RESET to SGND or leave
unconnected when not used.
Power-Good (PGOOD)
(MAX15037 Only)
PGOOD is an open-drain, active-high output that goes
low when VOUT is below 92.5% of its nominal set point
and goes high impedance when V OUT goes above
92.5% its nominal set point. Connect a pullup resistor
from PGOOD to a logic voltage or to VL. PGOOD can sink
up to 3mA while still providing a TTL-compatible logic-low
output. Pulling EN low forces PGOOD low. Connect
PGOOD to SGND or leave unconnected when not used.
Thermal-Overload Protection
During a continuous output short-circuit or overload
condition, the die junction temperature in the
MAX15036/MAX15037 can exceed its limit. The
MAX15036/MAX15037 provide an internal thermal shutdown to turn off the device when the die temperature
reaches +170°C. A thermal sensor monitors the die
temperature and turns the device on again when the
temperature reduces by +25°C. During thermal shutdown, the internal power MOSFET shuts off, DL pulls to
SGND, VL shuts down, RESET (MAX15036)/PGOOD
(MAX15037) goes low, and soft-start resets.
Applications Information
Setting the Switching Frequency
The controller generates the switching frequency (fSW)
through the internal oscillator or the signal at SYNC
(f SYNC ), when driven by an external oscillator. The
switching frequency is equal to fSW or fSYNC.
A resistor, ROSC, from OSC to SGND sets the internal
oscillator. The relationship between fSW and ROSC is:
ROSC =
125 × 108
fSW
where fSW is in Hertz, and ROSC is in ohms. For example, a 1.25MHz switching frequency is set with ROSC =
10kΩ. Higher frequencies allow designs with lower
inductor values and less output capacitance.
Consequently, peak currents and I2R losses are lower
at higher switching frequencies, but core losses, gatecharge currents, and switching losses increase.
Rising clock edges on SYNC are interpreted as a synchronization input. If the SYNC signal is lost, the internal
oscillator takes control of the switching rate, returning
the switching frequency to that set by ROSC. This maintains output regulation even with intermittent SYNC signals. When using an external synchronization signal, set
ROSC so that (0.8 x fSYNC) ≤ fSW ≤ (1.2 x fSYNC).
Buck Converter
Use the internal n-channel power MOSFET as a highside switch to configure the MAX15036/MAX15037 as a
buck converter. In this configuration, SOURCE is connected to the inductor, DRAIN is connected to the
input, and BST/VDD connects to the cathode of the
bootstrap diode and capacitor. Figures 5 and 6 show
the typical application circuits for MAX15036/
MAX15037, respectively, in a buck configuration.
______________________________________________________________________________________
13
MAX15036/MAX15037
At high input-to-output differential, and high switching
frequency, the on-time drops to the order of 100ns.
Even though the MAX15036/MAX15037 can control the
on-time as low as 100ns, the internal current-limit circuit
may not detect the overcurrent within this time. In that
case, the output current during the fault may exceed the
current limit specified in the Electrical Characteristics
table. The MAX15036/MAX15037 may still be protected
against the output short-circuit fault through the
overtemperature shutdown. However, the output switch
current may be as high as 5.6A. If the minimum on-time
for a given frequency and duty cycle is less than
200ns, choose the inductor with a saturation current of
greater than 5.6A.
MAX15036/MAX15037
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
Effective Input Voltage Range
The MAX15036/MAX15037 can operate with input supplies ranging from 4.5V to 5.5V or 5.5V to 23V. The
input voltage range (V+) can be constrained to a minimum by the duty-cycle limitations and to a maximum by
the on-time limitation. The minimum input voltage is
determined by:
V
+ VDROP1
VIN _ MIN = OUT
+ VDROP2 − VDROP1
DMAX
D MAX is the maximum duty cycle of 87.5% (typ).
VDROP1 is the total drop in the inductor discharge path
that includes the diode’s forward voltage drop (or the
drop across the synchronous rectifier MOSFET), and
the drops across the series resistance of the inductor
and PCB traces. VDROP2 is the total drop in the inductors charging path, which includes the drop across the
internal power MOSFET, and the drops across the
series resistance of the inductor and PCB traces.
The maximum input voltage can be determined by:
VIN _ MAX =
VOUT
t ON _ MIN × fSW
where tON_MIN = 100ns and fSW is the switching frequency.
Setting the Output Voltage
For 0.6V or greater output voltages, connect a resistive
divider from VOUT to FB to SGND. Select the FB to
SGND resistor (R2) from 1kΩ to 10kΩ and calculate the
resistor from OUT to FB (R1) by the following equation:
⎡V
⎤
R1 = R2 × ⎢ OUT − 1⎥
⎣ VFB
⎦
where VFB = 0.6V, see Figure 3.
For designs that use a Type III compensation scheme,
first calculate R1 for stability requirements (see the
Compensation section) then choose R2 so that:
R2 =
R1 × VFB
VOUT − VFB
See Figure 4.
Inductor Selection
Three key inductor parameters must be specified for
operation with the MAX15036/MAX15037: inductance
value (L), peak inductor current (IPEAK), and inductor
saturation current (ISAT). The minimum required induc-
14
tance is a function of operating frequency, input-to-output voltage differential, and the peak-to-peak inductor
current (ΔIP-P). Higher ΔIP-P allows for a lower inductor
value, while a lower ΔIP-P requires a higher inductor
value. A lower inductor value minimizes size and cost,
improves large-signal and transient response, but
reduces efficiency due to higher peak currents and
higher peak-to-peak output voltage ripple for the same
output capacitor. On the other hand, higher inductance
increases efficiency by reducing the ripple current.
Resistive losses due to extra wire turns can exceed the
benefit gained from lower ripple current levels especially when the inductance is increased without also allowing for larger inductor dimensions. A good compromise
is to choose ΔIP-P equal to 30% of the full load current.
Use the following equation to calculate the inductance:
V
(V − V
)
L = OUT IN OUT
VIN × fSW × ΔIP−P
VIN and VOUT are typical values so that efficiency is
optimum for typical conditions. The switching frequency
is set by ROSC (see the Setting the Switching Frequency
section). The peak-to-peak inductor current, which
reflects the peak-to-peak output ripple, is worse at the
maximum input voltage. See the Output Capacitor
Selection section to verify that the worst-case output ripple is acceptable. The inductor saturation current is also
important to avoid runaway current during continuous
output short-circuit. At high input-to-output differential,
and high switching frequency, the on-time drops to the
order of 100ns. Though the MAX15036/MAX15037 can
control the on-time as low as 100ns, the internal currentlimit circuit may not detect the overcurrent within this
time. In that case, the output current during the fault
may exceed the current limit specified in the Electrical
Characteristics table. The overtemperature shutdown
protects the MAX15036/MAX15037 against the output
short-circuit fault. However, the output current may
reach 5.6A. Choose an inductor with a saturation current
of greater than 5.6A when the minimum on-time for a
given frequency and duty cycle is less than 200ns.
Input Capacitors
The discontinuous input current of the buck converter
causes large input ripple current. The switching frequency, peak inductor current, and the allowable peak-topeak input voltage ripple dictate the input capacitance
requirement. Increasing the switching frequency or the
inductor value lowers the peak-to-average current ratio
yielding a lower input capacitance requirement.
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
ESR =
CIN =
ΔVESR
ΔIP−P ⎞
⎛
⎜IOUT +
⎟
⎝
2 ⎠
IOUT × D(1− D)
ΔVQ × fSW
where
ΔIP−P =
(VIN − VOUT ) × VOUT
VIN × fSW × L
V
D = OUT
VIN
and
where IOUT is the output current, D is the duty cycle,
and f SW is the switching frequency. Use additional
input capacitance at lower input voltages to avoid possible undershoot below the UVLO threshold during
transient loading.
Output Capacitor Selection
The allowable output voltage ripple and the maximum
deviation of the output voltage during step load currents determine the output capacitance and its ESR.
The output ripple comprises of ΔVQ (caused by the
capacitor discharge) and ΔVESR (caused by the ESR of
the output capacitor). Use low-ESR ceramic or aluminum electrolytic capacitors at the output. For aluminum electrolytic capacitors, the entire output ripple is
contributed by ΔVESR. Use the ESROUT equation to calculate the ESR requirement and choose the capacitor
accordingly. If using ceramic capacitors, assume the
contribution to the output ripple voltage from the ESR
and the capacitor discharge to be equal. The following
equations show the output capacitance and ESR
requirement for a specified output voltage ripple.
ΔVESR
ΔIP-P
ΔIP-P
COUT =
8 × ΔVQ × fSW
ESR =
where:
ΔIP −P =
(VIN − VOUT ) × VOUT
VIN × fSW × L
VOUT _ RIPPLE ≅ ΔVESR + ΔVQ
ΔIP-P is the peak-to-peak inductor current as calculated
above and fSW is the individual converter’s switching
frequency.
The allowable deviation of the output voltage during
fast transient loads also determines the output capacitance and its ESR. The output capacitor supplies the
step load current until the controller responds with a
greater duty cycle. The response time (t RESPONSE)
depends on the closed-loop bandwidth of the converter. The high switching frequency of the MAX15036/
MAX15037 allows for a higher closed-loop bandwidth,
thus reducing tRESPONSE and the output capacitance
requirement. The resistive drop across the output
capacitor’s ESR and the capacitor discharge causes a
voltage droop during a step load. Use a combination of
low-ESR tantalum and ceramic capacitors for better
transient load and ripple/noise performance. Keep the
maximum output voltage deviation below the tolerable
limits of the electronics being powered. When using a
ceramic capacitor, assume an 80% and 20% contribution from the output capacitance discharge and the
ESR drop, respectively. Use the following equations to
calculate the required ESR and capacitance value:
ΔVESR
ISTEP
ISTEP × t RESPONSE
COUT =
ΔVQ
ESROUT =
where I STEP is the load step and t RESPONSE is the
response time of the controller. The controller response
time depends on the control-loop bandwidth.
Boost Converter
The MAX15036 can be configured for step-up conversion since the internal MOSFET can be used as a lowside switch. Use the following equations to calculate
the inductor (LMIN), input capacitor (CIN), and output
capacitor (COUT) when using the converter in boost
operation.
______________________________________________________________________________________
15
MAX15036/MAX15037
The input ripple comprises mainly of ΔVQ (caused by the
capacitor discharge) and ΔVESR (caused by the ESR of
the input capacitor). The total voltage ripple is the sum of
ΔVQ and ΔVESR. Assume the input voltage ripple from
the ESR and the capacitor discharge is equal to 50%
each. The following equations show the ESR and capacitor requirement for a target voltage ripple at the input:
MAX15036/MAX15037
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
Inductor
Choose the minimum inductor value so the converter
remains in continuous mode operation at minimum output current (IOUTMIN).
LMIN =
V 2IN × D × η
2 × fSW × VOUT × IOUTMIN
where
V
+ VD − VIN
D = OUT
VOUT + VD − VDS
and IOUTMIN = 0.25 x IOUT.
The V D is the forward voltage drop of the external
Schottky diode, D is the duty cycle, and VDS is the voltage drop across the internal switch. Select the inductor
with low DC resistance and with a saturation current (ISAT)
rating higher than the peak switch current limit of 5.6A.
Input Capacitor
The input current for the boost converter is continuous
and the RMS ripple current at the input is low. Calculate
the capacitor value and ESR of the input capacitor
using the following equations.
CIN =
ΔIP − P × D
4 × fSW × ΔVQ
ESR =
ΔVESR
ΔIP − P
where
ΔIP − P =
( VIN − VDROP ) × D
L × fSW
where VDROP is the total voltage drop across the internal MOSFET plus the voltage drop across the inductor
ESR. ΔIP-P is the peak-to-peak inductor ripple current
as calculated above. ΔVQ is the portion of input ripple
due to the capacitor discharge and ΔVESR is the contribution due to ESR of the capacitor.
Output Capacitor
For the boost converter, the output capacitor supplies
the load current when the main switch is on. The
required output capacitance is high, especially at higher duty cycles. Also, the output capacitor ESR needs to
be low enough to minimize the voltage drop due to the
ESR while supporting the load current. Use the following equation to calculate the output capacitor for a
specified output ripple tolerance.
ESR =
ΔVESR
IOUT
I
× DMAX
COUT = OUT
ΔVQ × fSW
IOUT is the load current, ΔVQ is the portion of the ripple
due to the capacitor discharge, and ΔVESR is the contribution due to the ESR of the capacitor. DMAX is the
maximum duty cycle at minimum input voltage.
Power Dissipation
The MAX15036/MAX15037 are available in thermally
enhanced 16-pin, 5mm x 5mm TQFN packages that
dissipate up to 2.7W at TA = +70°C. When the die temperature reaches +170°C, the MAX15036/MAX15037
shut down (see the Thermal-Overload Protection section). The power dissipated in the device is the sum of
the power dissipated from supply current (PQ), power
dissipated due to switching the internal power MOSFET
(PSW), and the power dissipated due to the RMS current through the internal power MOSFET (PMOSFET).
The total power dissipated in the package must be limited so the junction temperature does not exceed its
absolute maximum rating of +150°C at maximum ambient temperature.
The power dissipated in the switch is:
PMOSFET = IRMS_MOSFET x RON
For the buck converter:
2
⎛ ΔI
×D⎞
IRMS _ MOSFET = (IOUT2 × D) + ⎜ P−P
⎟⎟
⎜
12
⎝
⎠
ΔIP-P is the peak-to-peak inductor current ripple.
16
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
D
IRMS_MOSFET = (I DC +I PK +(IDC × IPK )) × MAX
3
2
2
V
×I
IIN = OUT OUT
VIN × η
ΔIP − P =
( VIN − VDROP ) × D
L × fSW
IDC = IIN −
ΔIP − P
2
IPK = IIN +
ΔIP − P
2
The power lost due to switching the internal power
MOSFET is:
PSW =
VIN × IOUT × (tR + tF ) × fSW
4
tR and tF are the rise and fall times of the internal power
MOSFET measured at SOURCE.
The power lost due to the switching quiescent current
of the device is:
PQ = VIN x ISW
(MAX15036)
The switching quiescent current (I SW ) of the
MAX15036/MAX15037 is dependent on switching frequency. See the Typical Operating Characteristics section for the value of ISW at a given frequency.
In the case of the MAX15037, the switching current
includes the synchronous rectifier MOSFET gate-drive
current (ISW-DL). The ISW-DL depends on the total gate
charge (Qg-DL) of the synchronous rectifier MOSFET
and the switching frequency.
PQ = VIN x (ISW + ISW-DL)
(MAX15037)
ISW-DL = Qg-DL x fSW
where the Qg-DL is the total gate charge of the synchronous rectifier MOSFET at VGS = 5V.
The total power dissipated in the device is:
PTOTAL = PMOSFET + PSW + PQ
θJC is the junction-to-case thermal resistance equal to
1.7°C/W. TC is the temperature of the case and TJ is
the junction temperature, or die temperature. The caseto-ambient thermal resistance is dependent on how
well heat can be transferred from the PCB to the air.
Solder the underside exposed pad to a large copper
GND plane. If the die temperature reaches +170°C the
MAX15036/MAX15037 shut down and do not restart
again until the die temperature cools by 25°C.
Compensation
The MAX15036/MAX15037 have an internal transconductance error amplifier with an inverting input (FB)
and output (COMP) available for external frequency
compensation. The flexibility of external compensation
and high switching frequencies for the MAX15036/
MAX15037 allow a wide selection of output filtering
components, especially the output capacitor. For costsensitive applications, use high-ESR aluminum electrolytic capacitors. For size-sensitive applications, use
low-ESR tantalum or ceramic capacitors at the output.
Before designing the compensation components, first
choose all the passive power components that meet
the output ripple, component size, and component cost
requirements. Secondly, choose the compensation
components to achieve the desired closed-loop bandwidth and phase margin. Use a simple 1-zero, 2-pole
pair (Type II) compensation if the output capacitor ESR
zero frequency (f ZESR ) is below the unity-gain
crossover frequency (fC). Use a 2-zero, 2-pole (Type
III) compensation when the fZESR is higher than fC.
Buck Converter Compensation
Use procedure 1 to calculate the compensation network components when fZESR < fC.
Procedure 1 (see Figure 3)
Calculate the fZESR and fLC double pole:
fZESR =
fLC =
1
2π × ESR × COUT
1
2π × L × COUT
Calculate the unity-gain crossover frequency as:
f
fC = SW
20
Calculate the temperature rise of the die using the following equation:
______________________________________________________________________________________
17
MAX15036/MAX15037
TJ = TC + (PTOTAL x θJC)
For the boost converter:
MAX15036/MAX15037
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
If fZESR is lower than fC and close to fLC, use a Type II
compensation network where RFCF provides a midband
zero (fmid,zero) and RFCCF provides a high-frequency pole.
Calculate the modulator gain (GM) at the crossover
frequency.
First, select the crossover frequency so that:
f
fC ≤ SW
20
Calculate the LC double-pole frequency, fLC:
fLC =
VIN
V
ESR
GM =
×
× FB
VOSC ESR+ (2π × fC × L) VOUT
where VOSC is the 1VP-P ramp amplitude and VFB = 0.6V.
The transconductance error amplifier gain at fC is:
GE/A = gm x RF
The total loop gain at fC should be equal to 1:
GM = GE/A = 1
or
RF =
VOSC (ESR + 2π × fC × L)VOUT
VFB × VIN × gm × ESR
Place a zero fZ =
1
2π × RF × fLC
Place a high-frequency pole at fP = 0.5 x fSW. Therefore
CCF is:
CCF =
1
π × RF × fSW
Procedure 2 (see Figure 4)
When using a low-ESR ceramic-type capacitor as the
output capacitor, the ESR frequency is much higher
than the targeted unity-gain crossover frequency (fC).
In this case, Type III compensation is recommended.
Type III compensation provides a low-frequency pole
(≈DC) and two pole-zero pairs. The locations of the
zero and poles should be such that the phase margin
peaks at fC.
fC fP
=
=5
The fZ fC
is a good number to get approximately 60° of phase margin at fC. However, it is important to
place the two zeros at or below the double pole to
avoid conditional stability.
18
2π × L × COUT
1
at 0.75 × fLC
2π × RF × CF
where:
1
2π × 0.75 × fLC × RF
CF =
with RF ≥ 10kΩ.
Calculate CA for a target unity crossover frequency, fC:
CA =
Place a zero at or below the LC double pole:
CF =
1
2π × fC × L × COUT × VOSC
VIN × RF
Place a pole ( fP1 =
1
) at fZESR.
2π × R A × C A
RA =
1
2π × fZESR × C A
Place a second zero, fZ2, at 0.2 x fC or at fLC, whichever is lower.
R1 =
1
2π × fZ2 × C A
Place a second pole (f P2 =
− RA
1
2π × RF × CCF
at 1/2 the switching frequency.
CCF =
)
CF
(2π × 0.5 × fSW × RF × CF ) -1
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
MAX15036/MAX15037
VOUT
R1
COMP
gm
R2
VREF
CCF
RF
CF
Figure 3. Type II Compensation Network
VOUT
CCF
RA
R1
CF
RF
CA
gm
R2
COMP
VREF
Figure 4. Type III Compensation Network
______________________________________________________________________________________
19
MAX15036/MAX15037
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
Boost Converter Compensation
The boost converter compensation gets complicated
due to the presence of a right-half-plane zero fZERO,RHP.
The right-half-plane zero causes a drop in-phase while
adding positive (+1) slope to the gain curve. It is important to drop the gain significantly below unity before the
RHP frequency. Use the following procedure to calculate
the compensation components. (See Figure 4.)
1) Calculate the LC double-pole frequency, fLC, and
the right half plane zero frequency.
fLC =
1− D
2π × LCOUT
where ωC = 2π fC.
(fP1 =
4) Place a pole
RA =
1
)
2 π × RA × C A
1
2π × fZERO ,RHP × CA
(fZ2 =
5) Place the second zero
R1 =
(1 − D)2 R(MIN)
fZERO, RHP =
2π × L
D = 1−
R(MIN) =
6) Place the second pole
the switching frequency.
VIN
VOUT
VOUT
CCF =
1
)
2π × R1 × CA
at fLC.
1
− RA
2π × fLC × CA
(fP2 =
where:
at fZERO,RHP.
1
2π × RF × CCF
)
at 1/2
CF
(2π × 0.5 × fSW × RF × CF) − 1
IOUT(MAX)
Target the unity-gain crossover frequency for:
fC ≤
(fZ1 =
2) Place a zero
CF =
Improving Noise Immunity
fZERO, RHP
5
1
2π × R F × C F
)
at 0.75 x fLC.
1
2π × 0.75 × fLC × RF
where RF ≥ 10kΩ.
3) Calculate CA for a target crossover frequency, fC:
VOSC ⎡(1 − D)2 + ω C2LCOUT ⎤
⎣
⎦
CA =
ω CRF VIN
20
When using the MAX15036/MAX15037 in noisy environments, adjust the controller’s compensation to improve
the system’s noise immunity. In particular, high-frequency noise coupled into the feedback loop causes
duty-cycle jitter. One solution is to lower the crossover
frequency (see the Compensation section).
PCB Layout Guidelines
Careful PCB layout is critical to achieve low-switching
power losses and clean stable operation. Use a multilayer board whenever possible for better noise immunity. Follow these guidelines for good PCB layout:
1) Solder the exposed pad to a large copper plane
under the IC. To effectively use this copper area as
a heat exchanger between the PCB and the ambient, expose this copper area on the top and bottom
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
3)
4)
5)
6) Ensure that the feedback connection from FB to
COUT is short and direct.
7) Route high-speed switching nodes (BST/VDD,
SOURCE) away from the sensitive analog areas
(BYPASS, COMP, FB, and OSC). Use internal PCB
layers for SGND as EMI shields to keep radiated
noise away from the IC, feedback dividers, and the
analog bypass capacitors.
Layout Procedure
1) Place the power components (inductor, CIN, and
C OUT) first, with ground terminals close to each
other. Make all these connections on the top layer
with wide, copper-filled areas (2oz copper recommended).
2) Group the gate-drive components (boost diodes
and capacitors, and VL bypass capacitor) together
near the controller IC.
3) Make the ground connections as follows:
a) Create a small-signal ground plane underneath
the IC.
b) Connect this plane to SGND and use this plane
for the ground connection for BYPASS, COMP,
FB, and OSC.
c) Connect SGND and PGND together at the
return terminal of V+ and VL bypass capacitors
near the IC. Make this the only connection
between SGND and PGND.
______________________________________________________________________________________
21
MAX15036/MAX15037
2)
side of the PCB. Do not make a direct connection of
the exposed pad copper plane to the SGND (pin 10)
underneath the IC. Connect this plane and SGND
together at the return terminal of the V+ bypass
capacitor
Isolate the power components and high-current
paths from sensitive analog circuitry.
Keep the high-current paths short, especially at the
ground terminals. This practice is essential for stable, jitter-free operation.
Connect SGND and PGND together close to the
return terminals of the VL and V+ high-frequency
bypass capacitors near the IC. Do not connect them
together anywhere else.
Keep the power traces and load connections short.
This practice is essential for high efficiency. Use
thick copper PCBs to enhance full-load efficiency
and power dissipation capability.
22
PGND
VIN
+
Figure 5. MAX15036 Buck Configuration
______________________________________________________________________________________
SGND
R2
6.04kΩ
1%
PGND
R3
750Ω
1%
R1
27.4kΩ
1%
C5
330pF
VOUT
C1
47μF
35V
VIN
C8
0.1μF
C6
0.1μF
VL
C9
4.7μF
R5
6.04kΩ
1%
VIN
C3
1200pF
R4
10kΩ
1%
C7
0.22μF
C4
22pF
C2
10μF
10
8
5
6
11
7
4
3
2
1
SGND
VL
OSC
SYNC
RESET
EN
CKO
SOURCE
BST/VDD
MAX15036
BYPASS
PGND
V+
FB
COMP
DRAIN
DRAIN
9
12
15
13
14
16
JU1
R8
10kΩ
R7
15Ω
VL
VL
D2
C10
0.1μF
D1
VL
R10
10kΩ
R9
10kΩ
L1
4.7μH
C11
22μF
C12
0.1μF
VOUT
SYNC
SGND
PGND
VOUT
PGOOD
MAX15036/MAX15037
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
PGND
VIN
+
SGND
R2
6.04kΩ
1%
R3
750Ω
1%
R1
27.4kΩ
1%
PGND
C5
330pF
VOUT
C1
47μF
35V
VIN
C8
0.1μF
C6
0.1μF
VL
C9
4.7μF
R5
6.04kΩ
1%
VIN
C3
1200pF
R4
10kΩ
1%
C7
0.22μF
C4
22pF
C2
10μF
10
8
5
6
11
7
4
3
2
1
SGND
VL
OSC
EN
DL
SOURCE
BST/VDD
SYNC
PGOOD
MAX15037
BYPASS
PGND
V+
FB
COMP
DRAIN
DRAIN
9
12
15
13
14
16
R6
4.7Ω
R7
15Ω
JU1
R8
10kΩ
VL
3
N1
C10
0.1μF
D1
VL
R10
10kΩ
4
1 256
R9
10kΩ
D2
C11
22μF
L1
4.7μH
C12
0.1μF
VOUT
SYNC
SGND
PGND
VOUT
PGOOD
MAX15036/MAX15037
VL
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
Figure 6. MAX15037 Buck Configuration
______________________________________________________________________________________
23
MAX15036/MAX15037
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
VL
VOUT
R8
10kΩ
JU1
VOUT
C12
0.1μF
PGND
C11
22μF
EN
16
D2
VIN
PGND
C1
47μF
35V
R9
10kΩ
L1
4.7μH
VIN
1
2
C2
10μF
DRAIN
SYNC
14
C4
22pF
R4
22.1kΩ
1%
C3
2200pF
R2
6.04kΩ
1%
COMP
SOURCE
4
FB
CKO
VIN
OSC
7
C6
0.1μF
11
6
C7
0.22μF
R10
10kΩ
VL
BST/VDD
15
C10
0.1μF
12
9
5
PGND
BYPASS
SGND PGND
R5
6.04kΩ
1%
V+
VL
VL
SGND
8
10
C9
4.7μF
C8
0.1μF
Figure 7. MAX15036 Boost Configuration
24
PGOOD
SYNC
13
MAX15036
3
R3
1kΩ
1%
C5
560pF
RESET
DRAIN
VOUT
R1
27.4kΩ
1%
SGND
VL
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.2MHz, 3A Buck or Boost Converters
with an Integrated High-Side Switch
CIN
V+
V+
DRAIN
DRAIN
OUTPUT1
OUTPUT2
SOURCE
SOURCE
DUTY CYCLE = 50%
SYNC
CLKIN
SYNC
CLKOUT
SLAVE
MASTER
SYNC
CLKOUT
(MASTER)
SOURCE
(MASTER)
SYNCPHASE
SOURCE
(SLAVE)
CLKOUTPHASE
Figure 8. Synchronized Converters
Chip Information
Pin Configurations (continued)
SOURCE
PGND
SGND
DL
TOP VIEW
PROCESS: BiCMOS
12
11
10
9
SYNC 13
PGOOD 14
MAX15037
BST/VDD 15
*EXPOSED PAD.
2
3
4
FB
DRAIN
1
COMP
EP*
+
DRAIN
EN 16
Package Information
8
VL
7
V+
6
BYPASS
5
OSC
For the latest package outline information and land patterns, go
to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.
PACKAGE TYPE
PACKAGE CODE
DOCUMENT NO.
16 TQFN
T1655-2
21-0140
THIN QFN
5mm x 5mm
Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are
implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time.
Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600 ____________________ 25
© 2008 Maxim Integrated Products
is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.
MAX15036/MAX15037
VIN
工商网监
湘ICP备2023018690号
