19-0495; Rev 3; 9/99
Switched-Capacitor Voltage Inverters
Applications
Features
♦ 5-Pin SOT23-5 Package
♦ 95% Voltage Conversion Efficiency
♦ Inverts Input Supply Voltage
♦ 60µA Quiescent Current (MAX828)
♦ +1.5V to +5.5V Input Voltage Range
♦ Requires Only Two Capacitors
♦ 25mA Output Current
Ordering Information
PART
TEMP. RANGE
PINPACKAGE
SOT
TOP MARK
MAX828EUK
-40°C to +85°C
5 SOT23-5
AABI
MAX829EUK
-40°C to +85°C
5 SOT23-5
AABJ
Small LCD Panels
Cell Phones
Medical Instruments
Handy-Terminals, PDAs
Battery-Operated Equipment
Pin Configuration
Typical Operating Circuit
TOP VIEW
5
IN
C1+
2
INPUT
SUPPLY
VOLTAGE
MAX828
MAX829
3
1
IN
2
C1-
3
5
C1+
4
GND
MAX828
MAX829
C1OUT
4
OUT
1
GND
NEGATIVE
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
SOT23-5
NEGATIVE VOLTAGE CONVERTER
________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products
1
For price, delivery, and to place orders, please contact Maxim Distribution at 1-888-629-4642,
or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com.
MAX828/MAX829
General Description
The ultra-small MAX828/MAX829 monolithic, CMOS
charge-pump inverters accept input voltages ranging
from +1.5V to +5.5V. The MAX828 operates at 12kHz,
and the MAX829 operates at 35kHz. Their high efficiency
(greater than 90% over most of the load-current range)
and low operating current (60µA for the MAX828) make
these devices ideal for both battery-powered and boardlevel voltage-conversion applications.
The MAX828/MAX829 combine low quiescent current
and high efficiency. Oscillator control circuitry and four
power MOSFET switches are included on-chip.
Applications include generating a -5V supply from a +5V
logic supply to power analog circuitry. Both parts come
in a 5-pin SOT23-5 package and can deliver 25mA with
a voltage drop of 500mV.
For a similar device with logic-controlled shutdown,
refer to the MAX1719/MAX1720/MAX1721. For applications requiring more power, the MAX860 delivers up to
50mA with a voltage drop of 600mV, in a space-saving
µMAX package.
MAX828/MAX829
Switched-Capacitor Voltage Inverters
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
IN to GND .................................................................+6.0V, -0.3V
OUT to GND .............................................................-6.0V, +0.3V
OUT Output Current ...........................................................50mA
OUT Short-Circuit to GND ............................................Indefinite
Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70°C)
SOT23-5 (derate 7.1mW/°C above +70°C)...................571mW
Operating Temperature Range
MAX828EUK/MAX829EUK ...............................-40°C to +85°C
Storage Temperature Range .............................-65°C to +160°C
Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional
operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to
absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(VIN = +5V, C1 = C2 = 10µF (MAX828), C1 = C2 = 3.3µF (MAX829), TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values
are at TA = +25°C.)
PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
Supply Current
TA = +25°C
Minimum Supply Voltage
RLOAD = 10kΩ
Maximum Supply Voltage
RLOAD = 10kΩ
Oscillator Frequency
TA = +25°C
Power Efficiency
RLOAD = 1kΩ, TA = +25°C
Voltage Conversion Efficiency
RLOAD = ∞
Output Resistance
IOUT = 5mA
TYP
MAX
MAX828
MIN
60
90
MAX829
150
260
TA = +25°C
1.25
TA = 0°C to + 85°C
1.5
1.0
MAX828
8.4
12
15.6
MAX829
24.5
35
45.5
94
95
TA = 0°C to + 85°C
V
kHz
%
99.9
20
µA
V
5.5
TA = +25°C
UNITS
%
50
65
Ω
Note 1: Capacitor contribution is approximately 20% of the output impedance [ESR + 1 / (pump frequency x capacitance)].
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(VIN = +5V, C1 = C2 = 10µF (MAX828), C1 = C2 = 3.3µF (MAX829), TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values
are at TA = +25°C.) (Note 2)
PARAMETER
Supply Current
Supply Voltage Range
Oscillator Frequency
Output Resistance
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX828
115
MAX829
325
RLOAD = 10kΩ
1.5
5.5
MAX828
6
20
MAX829
19
54.3
IOUT = 5mA
Note 2: All -40°C to +85°C specifications above are guaranteed by design.
2
MAX
_______________________________________________________________________________________
65
UNITS
µA
V
kHz
Ω
Switched-Capacitor Voltage Inverters
20
MAX828
15
10
25
0
4.5
VIN = 3.3V
20
10
3.5
MAX828/829-02
30
15
2.5
VIN = 1.5V
35
5
1.5
VIN = 5.0V
VIN = 3.15V, VOUT = -2.5V
30
25
20
15
VIN = 1.9V, VOUT = -1.5V
10
5
0
-40
5.5
35
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0
5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
TEMPERATURE (°C)
CAPACITANCE (µF)
MAX829
OUTPUT CURRENT vs. CAPACITANCE
MAX828
OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE
vs. CAPACITANCE
MAX829
OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE
vs. CAPACITANCE
35
VIN = 3.15V, V- = -2.5V
25
20
VIN = 1.9V, V- = -1.5V
15
10
5
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
450
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
300
250
200
150
100
50
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
CAPACITANCE (µF)
CAPACITANCE (µF)
CAPACITANCE (µF)
SUPPLY CURRENT
vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE
MAX828
PUMP FREQUENCY vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX829
PUMP FREQUENCY vs. TEMPERATURE
60
MAX828/829-07
150
125
55
PUMP FREQUENCY (kHz)
175
MAX829
100
75
MAX828
50
45
40
VIN = 1.5V
35
30
25
VIN = 3.3V
20
25
55
PUMP FREQUENCY (kHz)
200
50
350
0
0
30
MAX828/829-08
0
VIN = 4.75V, VOUT = -4.0V
VIN = 3.15V, VOUT = -2.5V
VIN = 1.9V, VOUT = -1.5V
400
MAX828/829-9
30
VIN = 4.75V, VOUT = -4.0V
VIN = 3.15V, VOUT = -2.5V
VIN = 1.9V, VOUT = -1.5V
450
OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE (mVp-p)
40
500
MAX828/829-05
VIN = 4.75V, V- = -4.0V
OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE (mVp-p)
45
SUPPLY CURRENT (µA)
40
VIN = 4.75V, VOUT = -4.0V
40
MAX828/829-06
MAX829
45
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
25
45
OUTPUT RESISTANCE (Ω)
30
MAX828/829-04
OUTPUT RESISTANCE (Ω)
35
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
50
MAX828/829-01
40
MAX828
OUTPUT CURRENT vs. CAPACITANCE
MAX828/829-03
OUTPUT RESISTANCE
vs. TEMPERATURE
OUTPUT RESISTANCE
vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE
50
VIN = 1.5V
45
40
VIN = 3.3V
35
VIN = 5.0V
15
0
2.5
3.5
4.5
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
5.5
VIN = 5.0V
30
10
1.5
-40
-20
0
20
40
TEMPERATURE (°C)
60
80
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
TEMPERATURE (°C)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3
MAX828/MAX829
__________________________________________Typical Operating Characteristics
(Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = +5V, C1 = C2 = C3, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
(Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = +5V, C1 = C2 = C3, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
vs. OUTPUT CURRENT
-0.5
VIN = 3.3V
-2.5
-3.5
80
EFFICIENCY (%)
VIN = 2.0V
-1.5
VIN = 5.0V
90
VIN = 3.3V
VIN = 2.0V
70
MAX828/829-11
EFFICIENCY vs. OUTPUT CURRENT
100
MAX828/829-10
0.5
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
60
50
40
30
VIN = 5.0V
20
-4.5
10
0
-5.5
5
0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
MAX828
OUTPUT NOISE AND RIPPLE
MAX829
OUTPUT NOISE AND RIPPLE
MAX828/829-13
0
MAX828/829-12
MAX828/MAX829
Switched-Capacitor Voltage Inverters
VOUT
20mV/div
VOUT
20mV/div
10µs/div
20µs/div
VIN = 3.3V, VOUT = -3.2V, IOUT = 5mA, AC COUPLED
VIN = 3.3V, VOUT = -3.2V, IOUT = 5mA, AC COUPLED
_____________________Pin Description
PIN
NAME
1
OUT
2
IN
3
C1-
4
GND
Ground
5
C1+
Flying Capacitor’s Positive Terminal
VIN
C3
3.3µF*
FUNCTION
VOUT
Inverting Charge-Pump Output
1
Positive Power-Supply Input
2
Flying Capacitor’s Negative Terminal
C1+
OUT
5
RL
C2
3.3µF*
IN MAX828
MAX829
3
C1-
GND
4
*10µF
(MAX828)
VOLTAGE INVERTER
Figure 1. Test Circuit
4
_______________________________________________________________________________________
C1
3.3µF*
Switched-Capacitor Voltage Inverters
S1
Charge-Pump Output
VOUT = -(VIN - VDROOP-)
Efficiency Considerations
The efficiency of the MAX828/MAX829 is dominated by
its quiescent supply current (IQ) at low output current
and by its output impedance (ROUT) at higher output
current; it is given by:
η≅
IOUT IOUT x ROUT
1−
IOUT + IQ
VIN
S2
IN
During the first half-cycle, switches S2 and S4 open,
switches S1 and S3 close, and capacitor C1 charges to
the voltage at IN (Figure 2). During the second halfcycle, S1 and S3 open, S2 and S4 close, and C1 is level
shifted downward by VIN volts. This connects C1 in parallel with the reservoir capacitor C2. If the voltage across
C2 is smaller than the voltage across C1, then charge
flows from C1 to C2 until the voltage across C2 reaches VIN. The actual voltage at the output is more positive
than -VIN, since switches S1–S4 have resistance and the
load drains charge from C2.
The MAX828/MAX829 are not voltage regulators: the
charge pump’s output source resistance is approximately 20Ω at room temperature (with VIN = +5V), and
VOUT approaches -5V when lightly loaded. VOUT will
droop toward GND as load current increases. The
droop of the negative supply (VDROOP-) equals the current draw from OUT (IOUT) times the negative converter’s source resistance (RS-):
VDROOP- = IOUT x RSThe negative output voltage will be:
C1
C2
S3
S4
VOUT = -(VIN)
Figure 2. Ideal Voltage Inverter
where the output impedance is roughly approximated
by:
1
ROUT ≅
+ 2R + 4ESRC1 + ESRC2
(fOSC ) x C1 SW
The first term is the effective resistance of an ideal
switched-capacitor circuit (Figures 3a and 3b), and
RSW is the sum of the charge pump’s internal switch
resistances (typically 8Ω to 9Ω at VIN = +5V). The typical
output impedance is more accurately determined from
the Typical Operating Characteristics.
Applications Information
Capacitor Selection
To maintain the lowest output resistance, use capacitors
with low ESR (Table 1). The charge-pump output resistance is a function of C1’s and C2’s ESR. Therefore,
minimizing the charge-pump capacitor’s ESR minimizes
the total output resistance.
f
REQUIV
V+
VOUT
V+
VOUT
1
REQUIV =
f × C1
C1
MAX828/MAX829
_______________Detailed Description
The MAX828/MAX829 capacitive charge pumps invert the
voltage applied to their input. For highest performance,
use low equivalent series resistance (ESR) capacitors.
C2
Figure 3a. Switched-Capacitor Model
RL
C2
RL
Figure 3b. Equivalent Circuit
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5
MAX828/MAX829
Switched-Capacitor Voltage Inverters
Flying Capacitor (C1)
Increasing the flying capacitor’s size reduces the output
resistance. Small C1 values increase the output resistance. Above a certain point, increasing C1’s capacitance has a negligible effect, because the output
resistance becomes dominated by the internal switch
resistance and capacitor ESR.
Output Capacitor (C2)
Increasing the output capacitor’s size reduces the output
ripple voltage. Decreasing its ESR reduces both output
resistance and ripple. Smaller capacitance values can
be used with light loads if higher output ripple can be
tolerated. Use the following equation to calculate the
peak-to-peak ripple:
I
OUT
VRIPPLE =
+ 2 x IOUT x ESRC2
f
x C2
OSC
Input Bypass Capacitor
Bypass the incoming supply to reduce its AC impedance
and the impact of the MAX828/MAX829’s switching noise.
The recommended bypassing depends on the circuit
configuration and on where the load is connected.
When the inverter is loaded from OUT to GND, current
from the supply switches between 2 x IOUT and zero.
Therefore, use a large bypass capacitor (e.g., equal to
the value of C1) if the supply has a high AC impedance.
When the inverter is loaded from IN to OUT, the circuit
draws 2 x IOUT constantly, except for short switching
spikes. A 0.1µF bypass capacitor is sufficient.
the Capacitor Selection section for suggested capacitor
types and values.
Cascading Devices
Two devices can be cascaded to produce an even
larger negative voltage (Figure 4). The unloaded output
voltage is normally -2 x VIN, but this is reduced slightly
by the output resistance of the first device multiplied by
the quiescent current of the second. When cascading
more than two devices, the output resistance rises dramatically. For applications requiring larger negative
voltages, see the MAX864 and MAX865 data sheets.
Paralleling Devices
Paralleling multiple MAX828s or MAX829s reduces the
output resistance. Each device requires its own pump
capacitor (C1), but the reservoir capacitor (C2) serves
all devices (Figure 5). Increase C2’s value by a factor
of n, where n is the number of parallel devices. The
equation for calculating output resistance is also shown
in Figure 5.
Combined Doubler/Inverter
In the circuit of Figure 6, capacitors C1 and C2 form the
inverter, while C3 and C4 form the doubler. C1 and C3
are the pump capacitors; C2 and C4 are the reservoir
capacitors. Because both the inverter and doubler use
part of the charge-pump circuit, loading either output
causes both outputs to decline toward GND. Make sure
the sum of the currents drawn from the two outputs
does not exceed 40mA.
Voltage Inverter
The most common application for these devices is a
charge-pump voltage inverter (Figure 1). This application
requires only two external components—capacitors C1
and C2—plus a bypass capacitor, if necessary. Refer to
Table 1. Low-ESR Capacitor Manufacturers
MANUFACTURER
FAX
DEVICE TYPE
AVX
(803) 946-0690
(800) 282-4975
(803) 626-3123
Surface-mount, TPS series
Matsuo
(714) 969-2491
(714) 960-6492
Surface-mount, 267 series
USA
(619) 661-6835
(619) 661-1055
Japan
81-7-2070-6306
81-7-2070-1174
(603) 224-1961
(603) 224-1430
Sanyo
Sprague
6
PHONE
Through-hole, OS-CON series
Surface-mount, 595D series
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Switched-Capacitor Voltage Inverters
…
C1
…
+VIN
2
2
3
3
4
4
MAX828
MAX829
“1”
5
C1
1
MAX828/MAX829
ROUT OF SINGLE DEVICE
ROUT = NUMBER OF DEVICES
+VIN
2
MAX828
MAX829
“n”
5
2
3
3
1
…
VOUT
C2
C1
4
5
MAX828
MAX829
“1”
4
C1
1
5
MAX828
MAX829
“n”
1
VOUT
C2
…
VOUT = -nVIN
VOUT = -VIN
Figure 4. Cascading MAX828s or MAX829s to Increase
Output Voltage
C2
Figure 5. Paralleling MAX828s or MAX829s to Reduce Output
Resistance
+VIN
3
C1
D1, D2 = 1N4148
2
GND
4
4
MAX828
MAX829
5
D1
1
VOUT = -VIN
MAX828
MAX829
C2
D2
C3
C4
OUT
VOUT = (2VIN) (VFD1) - (VFD2)
Figure 6. Combined Doubler and Inverter
1
Figure 7. High V- Load Current
Heavy Output Current Loads
Shutting Down the MAX828/MAX829
When under heavy loads, where higher supply is sourcing
current into OUT, the OUT supply must not be pulled
above ground. Applications that sink heavy current into
OUT require a Schottky diode (1N5817) between GND
and OUT, with the anode connected to OUT (Figure 7).
For a similar device with logic-controlled shutdown,
please refer to the MAX1719/MAX1720/MAX1721. To
add manual shutdown control to the MAX828/MAX829,
use the circuit in Figure 8. The output resistance of the
MAX828/MAX829 will typically be 20Ω plus two times
the output resistance of the buffer driving IN. The 0.1µF
capacitor at the IN pin absorbs the transient input currents of the MAX828/MAX829.
Layout and Grounding
Good layout is important, primarily for good noise performance. To ensure good layout, mount all components as
close together as possible, keep traces short to minimize parasitic inductance and capacitance, and use a
ground plane.
The output resistance of the buffer driving the IN pin can
be reduced by connecting multiple buffers in parallel.
The polarity of the SHUTDOWN signal can also be
changed by using a noninverting buffer to drive IN.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7
Chip Information
INPUT
3
C1
5
4
C1-
IN
2
CIN
0.1µF
MAX828
C1+ MAX829
GND
SHUTDOWN
LOGIC
SIGNAL
TRANSISTOR COUNT: 58
SUBSTRATE CONNECTED TO IN
OFF
ON
OUT
1
OUTPUT
C2
Figure 8. Shutdown Control
Package Information
SOT5L.EPS
MAX828/MAX829
Switched-Capacitor Voltage Inverters
Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are
implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time.
8 _____________________Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600
© 1999 Maxim Integrated Products
Printed USA
is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products.
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