TMC2302AKEC1

www.fairchildsemi.com TMC2302A Image Manipulation Sequencer 40 MHz Features • Asynchronous loading of control parameters • Rapid (25ns per pixel) rotation, warping, panning, and scaling of images • Three-dimensional image addressing capability • General third-order polynomial transformations in two dimensions on-chip • Three-dimensional transformation of up to order 1.5 also supported • Flexible, user-configurable pixel datapath timing structure • Static convolutional filtering of up to 16 x 16 Pixel (onepass), 256 x 256 pixel (two-pass) or 256 x 256 x 256 pixel (three-pass) windows • User-selectable source image subpixel resolution of 2-8 to 2-16 • Pin-compatible upgrade to TMC2302 • 24-bit (optional 36-bit) positioning precision within the source image space, 48-bit internal precision • Low power CMOS process • Available in a 120-pin Plastic Pin Grid Array and 120-lead Metric Quad Flat Pack Applications • • • • • High-performance video special-effects generators Guidance systems Image recognition Robotics High-precision image registration Preliminary Information Description The TMC2302A, a pin-compatible replacement for the TMC2302, is a high-speed self-sequencing address generator which supports image manipulations such as rotation, rescaling, warping, filtering, and resampling. It remaps the pixel locations of a target (display) space back into those of a source image space. The degree and type of image manipulation is determined by the remapping selected. To remap from the target to the source space, this integrated circuit computes a series of polynomials of the target space coordinates, based on user-assigned coefficients. Two TMC2302A chips can generate third-order warps of a twodimensional image, whereas three can second-order warp a three-dimensional image. Simplified Block Diagram OES IDAT15-0 ASYNCHRONOUS HOST INTERFACE IADR6-0 ICS IWR WALK COUNTER SYNC NOOP SYNCHRONOUS HOST INTERFACE INIT CONTROL PARAMETER REGISTERS SOURCE ADDRESS GENERATOR SADR23-0 SVAL OEK KADR7-0 ACC TWR OET CONTROL TARGET ADDRESS GENERATOR TADR11-0 TVAL END SYNC FLAGS DONE 65-2302-01 SOURCE MEMORY INTERFACE CONVOLUTIONAL CONTROL TARGET MEMORY INTERFACE CLK Rev. 0.9.2 TMC2302A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION Description (continued) A system based on two TMC2302As can nearest-neighbor resample a two-dimensional 512 x 512 pixel image in 6.5 milliseconds, translating, rotating, or warping it, depending on the user-selected transformation parameters. A complete bilinear interpolation of the sample image can be completed in 26 milliseconds (or 6.5ms with a TMC2246A companion chip), while a nearest-neighbor resampling of a 3D image 128 pixels on a side takes only 53 milliseconds with three TMC2302As. Image resampling speed is independent of angle of rotation, degree of warp, or amount of zoom specified. The TMC2302A can process image data fields with up to 24 bits of binary resolution (224 pixels) per dimension, with 0 to 16-bit subpixel resolution. Along with the original Plastic Pin Grid Array (PPGA) package, the TMC2302A is offered in a 120-lead Metric Quad FlatPack (MQFP) as well. All TMC2302 electrical, functional, and environmental specifications are improved or remain unchanged in the TMC2302A. Preliminary Information Block Diagram SOURCE MEMORY INTERFACE ASYNCHRONOUS HOST INTERFACE SOURCE (47-24) ADDRESS GENERATOR CONTROL PARAMETER AND ADDRESS BUFFER 48-BITS KERNEL WALK OFFSET ACCUMULATOR 24-BITS 36-BITS CONVOLUTIONAL CONTROL (23-12) (7-0) WALK COUNTER 8-BITS SYNCHRONOUS HOST INTERFACE TARGET MEMORY INTERFACE TWR NOOP INT CONTROL INTERNAL CLOCK X(11-0) Y(11-0) Z(11-0) 3-D BOUNDARY COMPARATOR TARGET ADDRESS GENERATOR 3 X 13-BITS 3 x 13 BITS END TADR11-0 OET KADR7-0 OEK ACC SADR23-0 OES BOUNDARY COMPARATOR SVAL IDAT15-0 IADR6-0 ICS IWR CLK SYNC TVAL PROGRAMMABLE DELAY 0 TO 7 CLOCKS DONE 65-2302-02 2 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TMC2302A Functional Description General Information The TMC2302A is a versatile, high-performance address generator which can control, under user direction, filtering or remapping of two or three-dimensional images by resampling them from one set of Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) into a new, transformed set (u, v, w). Most applications utilize two identical devices for two-dimensional, or three devices for three-dimensional, image processing. The host CPU initializes the system by loading the input image buffer RAM with the source image pixel data and the TMC2302As with the image transformation and system configuration control parameters. These parameters are loaded by a separate, asynchronous input clock. The IMS-based system then executes the entire transformation as programmed, generating a DONE flag upon completion of the transform. The user can program the chip to repeat the transform continuously or to halt at the end. The IMSs continuously compute the target bit plane (u, v) or bit space addresses (u, v, w) in typical line-by-line, rasterscan serial sequence. For each output pixel address, they compute the corresponding remapped source image coordinates, each of whose upper 24 bits become the source bit plane addresses (x, y). An additional lower twelve bits are available through the target address port in the optional extended address mode. Source image addresses may be generated at up to 40MHz, with the corresponding target image addresses then appearing at up to (40/k)MHz, where “k” is the size of the interpolation kernel implemented. In the two-IMS system, one TMC2302A computes the horizontal coordinates x and u while the other generates the y and v (vertical) addresses. In a three-dimensional system, one additional IMS would provide the z and w (depth or time) coordinates. To support a wide range of image transformations, the “row” or x/u device implements a 16-term polynomial of the form: x = a + bu + cu2 + du3 + ev + fvu + gvu2 + hvu3 + iv2 + jv2u + kv2u2 + lv2u3 + mv3 + nv3u + ov3u2 + pv3u3 where "a" through "p" are the user-defined image transformation parameters. The TMC2302A steps sequentially through the pixels within a user-defined rectangle in the target image space, computing the “old” source image address (x, y, z) corresponding to each “new” target image pixel (u, v, w). User-programmable flags are available to indicate when the source and target image addresses have fallen outside of a defined rectangular area, simplifying the generation of complex images or image windows. Here, u = U-UMIN and v = V-VMIN, where (u,v) is the target address output by the TMC2302A. In the three-dimensional mode, the x/u transformation equation is: x = a + bu + ev + kw + fuv + ivw + luw + juvw See “The Image Transformation Polynomial” section of the Applications Discussion. Preliminary Information (XMIN, YMIN) x y ORIGINAL (SOURCE) IMAGE (UMIN, VMIN) U V NEW (TARGET) IMAGE NEW PIXEL (U0, V0) NOTE 2 NOTE 1 (XMAX, YMAX) Notes: 1. Coordinate transformation U, V pixel mapped into X, Y coordinates. 2. Bilinear pixel interpolation walk. New U, V pixel intensity calculated from surrounding X, Y pixel neigborhood. (UMAX, VMAX) 65-2302-03 Figure 1. Image resampling geometry showing two-dimensional image rotation and expansion 3 TMC2302A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION Preliminary Information The TMC2302A utilizes an external multiplier-accumulator or interpolator, connected to the system clock, to calculate the interpolated pixel value for each color. The products of the original source image pixel values surrounding the remapped pixel location (interpolation kernel) and the appropriate weights stored in the coefficient lookup table are summed. The resulting new interpolated image pixel value is then stored in the corresponding (u, v, w) memory location in the target image memory buffer. Next, the target image address is incremented by one in the “u” direction until UMAX is reached (end of line), when u is reset to UMIN, and the v counter is incremented to give the first pixel location in the next line. The process is repeated, proceeding line-by-line through the image, until VMAX is reached. In the case of three-dimensional images, the IMS system also steps through each page in the image, incrementing in the “w” direction with the completion of each image plane until WMAX is reached, and the transformation is complete. The Image Manipulation Sequencer can support any nearestneighbor, bilinear interpolation, or cubic convolution resampling. Interpolation kernels of more than one pixel require an external interpolation coefficient lookup table and multiplier- accumulator or multiple multiplier array. One, two, and three-pass algorithms are supported. For each output point in a typical two-dimensional single-pass static image filter, the TMC2302A implements a spiralling pixel resampling algorithm, “walking” around the resampling neighborhood in two dimensions and generating the appropriate coefficient table addresses to sum up the interpolated pixel value in the external pixel interpolator. At the end of each walk, the TMC2302A will advance one pixel along the output scan line and then execute the walk for that next pixel. When performing multiple-pass interpolation, the TMC2302A system proceeds along only one dimension per pass, which requires dimensionally separable, preferably orthogonal, coefficients. A basic, two-dimensional TMC2302A-based system is shown in Figure 2. In this typical arrangement, two Image Manipulation Sequencers process the image. The only other components needed beyond the source and target image buffer memories are a multiplier-accumulator or pixel interpolator such as the TMC2246A Image Mixer or TMC2250A Matrix Multiplier, and the Interpolation Coefficient Lookup Table RAM or ROM. IMAGE DATA IN 8 16 INITIALIZATION DATA IDAT15-0 SADR23-8 ACC TWR 16 2 x 16 SOURCE ADDRESS CONTROL TMC2302A ROW (X) IDAR6-0 SOURCE IMAGE BUFFER RAM TADR11-0 KADR7-0, SADR7-0 16 X ADDRESS INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENT DATA BUFFER RAM DATA IN OUT CLOCK Y ACC X, Y, P MULTIPLIERACCUMULATOR 8 ADDRESS 8 SADR7-0 SADR23-8 IDAT15-0 TMC2302A ROW (Y) IDAR6-0 2 x 24 TADR11-0 16 WR DESTINATION ADDRESS DESTINATION IMAGE BUFFER RAM 8 CLOCK IMAGE DATA OUT 65-2302-04 8 Figure 2. Basic two-dimensional image convolver using TMC2302A IMS with typical 8-bit data path 4 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TMC2302A Pin Assignments 120 Pin Plastic Pin Grid Array, PPGA 1 A B C D E F G H J K L M N 65-2302-05 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 KEY Top View Cavity Up Pin A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 B13 C1 C2 C3 C4 Name GND SADR16 SADR17 VDD SADR21 OES IADR6 IADR3 IADR0 IDAT15 IDAT12 IDAT9 VDD SADR14 SADR15 VDD SADR18 SADR20 SADR23 IADR4 IADR2 ICS IDAT13 IDAT11 IDAT8 IDAT7 SADR13 VDD VDD GND Pin C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 D1 D2 D3 D11 D12 D13 E1 E2 E3 E11 E12 E13 F1 F2 F3 F11 F12 F13 G1 G2 G3 Name SADR19 SADR22 IADR5 IADR1 IDAT14 IDAT10 GND GND IDAT6 SADR11 SADR12 GND VDD IDAT5 IDAT4 SADR9 SADR10 GND GND IDAT3 IDAT2 SADR7 SADR8 VDD VDD GND IDAT1 SADR6 GND VDD Pin G11 G12 G13 H1 H2 H3 H11 H12 H13 J1 J2 J3 J11 J12 J13 K1 K2 K3 K11 K12 K13 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 Name GND VDD IDAT0 SADR5 SADR4 GND GND VDD SYNC SADR3 SADR2 VDD VDD CLK IWR SADR1 SADR0 GND VDD INIT GND SVAL VDD NC VDD GND KADR0 VDD TADR4 TADR8 Pin L10 L11 L12 L13 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 Name DONE VDD GND NOOP ACC OEK KADR6 KADR4 KADR2 OET TADR0 TADR3 TADR6 TADR9 GND GND TVAL GND KADR7 KADR5 KADR3 KADR1 TWR TADR1 TADR2 TADR5 TADR7 TADR10 TADR11 ENDD Preliminary Information 5 TMC2302A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION Pin Assignments (continued) 120 Lead Metric Quad Flat Pack, MQFP Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Name Pin 31 VDD SADR15 32 SADR14 33 34 GND 35 VDD SADR13 36 SADR12 37 38 GND SADR11 39 SADR10 40 41 SADR9 42 VDD 43 SADR8 44 SADR7 45 GND 46 VDD 47 SADR6 48 SADR5 49 SADR4 50 GND 51 SADR3 52 SADR2 53 SADR1 54 VDD 55 SADR0 56 SVAL 57 ACC 58 GND 59 VDD 60 GND Name OEK KADR7 VDD KADR6 KADR5 KADR4 GND KADR3 KADR2 KADR1 KADR0 OET TWR TADR0 VDD TADR1 TADR2 TADR3 TADR4 TADR5 TADR6 TADR7 TADR8 TADR9 TADR10 TADR11 DONE GND NC ENDD Pin 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 Name VDD GND TVAL VDD GND NOOP INIT VDD GND CLK IWR GND VDD SYNC VDD GND IDAT0 IDAT1 GND VDD IDAT2 IDAT3 IDAT4 GND IDAT5 IDAT6 IDAT7 VDD GND VDD Pin 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 Name GND IDAT8 IDAT9 IDAT10 IDAT11 IDAT12 IDAT13 IDAT14 IDAT15 ICS IADR0 IADR1 IADR2 IADR3 IADR4 IADR5 IADR6 OES SADR23 SADR22 SADR21 SADR20 VDD SADR19 SADR18 SADR17 SADR16 GND VDD GND 120 1 91 90 Preliminary Information 30 31 61 60 65-2302-06 Pin Descriptions Pin Number Pin Name Power VDD C3, C2, F3, G3, J3, L2, L4, L7, L11, K11, J11, H12, G12, F11, D11, A13, A4, B3 D3, E3, G2, H3, K3, N1, L5, M11, M12, L12, K13, H11, G11, F12, E11, C12, C11, C4, A1 1, 5, 12, 16, 24, 29, 33, 45, 61, 64, 68, 73, 75, 80, 88, 90, 113, 119 4, 8, 15, 20, 28, 30, 37, 58, 62, 65, 69, 72, 76, 79, 84, 89, 91, 118, 120 Supply Voltage. The TMC2302A operates from a single +5V supply. All pins must be connected. PPGA MQFP Pin Function Description GND Ground. 6 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TMC2302A Pin Descriptions (continued) Pin Number Pin Name Clocks CLK J12 70 System Clock . The pixel clock of the TMC2302A strobes all internal registers except the control parameter preload registers. All timing specifications except those are referenced to the rising edge of CLK. Input Parameter Write Clock. The internal image transformation and configuration control parameter registers are double buffered to simplify interfacing with system controllers. Depending on the state of the chip selects ICS, control words input to IDAT15-0 and the corresponding addresses presented to IADR6-0 are strobed into the outer preload registers on the rising edge of the Input parameter Write clock IWR. The last parameter must be loaded twice on two consecutive rising edges of IWR. Input Parameter Data. Configuration and transformation parameter Input Data are presented, along with the appropriate input register address word IADR6-0, to the parameter Input Data port, and are latched into the preload registers on the next rising edge of IWR. Preload register updates are disabled by the chip select control ICS. See Figure 3. PPGA MQFP Pin Function Description IWR J13 71 Preliminary Information Inputs IDAT15-0 A10, C9, B10, A11, B11, C10, A12, B12, B13, C13, D12, D13, E12, E13, F13, G13 A7, C7, B7, A8, B8, C8, A9 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 87, 86, 85, 83, 82, 81, 78, 77 IADR6-0 107, 106, 105, 104, 103, 102, 101 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41 Input Parameter Address. The input parameter preload register currently indicated by the Input parameter register Address IADR6-0 is loaded with the data presented to input port IDAT on the rising edge of IWR, as demonstrated in Figure 3. Source Address. The 24-bit address of one dimension (X, Y, Z) of the source image pixel value currently being resampled is output through the Source Address port SADR23-0. This port can be forced to the high-impedance state by the enable control OES. Outputs SADR23-0 B6, C6, A5, B5, C5, B4, A3, A2, B2, B1, C1, D2, D1, E2, E1, F2, F1, G1. H1, H2, J1, J2, K1, K2 N2, M3, N3, M4, N4, M5, N5, L6 KADR7-0 Coefficient Address. The integer address steps for each dimension of the spiral interpolation walk performed by the TMC2302A, as determined by the transform parameter KERNEL, are generated by the internal walk counter and output at the Coefficient Address output port KADR7-0. This port can be forced to the high-impedance state by the enable control OEK. 7 TMC2302A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION Pin Descriptions (continued) Pin Number Pin Name TADR11-0 PPGA N12, N11, M10, L9, N10, M9, N9, L8, M8, N8, N7, M7 MQFP 56, 55, 54, 53, 52, 51, 50, 49, 48, 47, 46, 44 Pin Function Description Target Address. The 12-bit address of one dimension (U, V, W) of the target image pixel value just resampled is output through the Target Address Port TADR11-0. This port is forced into the highimpedance state by the enable control OET. TADR11-0 can be delayed up to seven clock cycles after the nominal sequence shown in Table 4 by utilization of the pipeline delay parameter PIPTAD. For systems requiring greater spatial resolution in the source image than that offered by the SADR23-0 alone, the Target Address Port can be reconfigured to output 12 additional LSBs of the source address by placing the device into the Extended mode, in which case the pipeline delay parameter must be set to 0 to maintain alignment with the current source address port output. See the Device Configuration and Control Parameters section. Initialize. The TMC2302A control logic is cleared and initialized for the start of a new image transformation, and the internal working registers are updated with the contents of the current control parameter preload registers when the registered control input INIT is HIGH. The image transformation then commences with the first source image pixel address nine clocks after INIT is returned low. Run/Halt. The user can select between continuous or one-frame operation with the registered input control SYNC. Assuming that INIT remains LOW and NOOP remains HIGH, if SYNC remains HIGH at the end of a transform the TMC2302A will begin the next image transformation without interruption. This assumes either that the user is not changing the parameter set, or that a new set of parameters has already been loaded into the preload registers midframe, prior to the beginning of the last line in the transform. If SYNC is LOW during the last clock cycle of a transform, the device will complete the image, having loaded the new transform parameter set during the first clock of the final line of the transform, and halt in the state set on the first clock cycle of the next transform. These outputs are held until SYNC is again brought HIGH, and operation resumes on the next clock. See Figure 5. Input Parameter Chip Select. The input parameter preload register write clock IWR, and thus the preloading of all configuration and transformation parameters, is disabled on the next clock when the registered Input parameter Chip Select input is HIGH. When ICS returns LOW, they are enabled on the next clock. See Figure 3. Accumulate. The external pixel interpolator or multiplieraccumulator is initialized for a new accumulation of products by the registered Accumulator Control output ACC. On the first cycle of each interpolation walk, this output goes LOW for one cycle, effectively clearing the register by loading in only the first new resampled pixel value. When performing nearest-neighbor resampling, this control will remain LOW throughout the entire transform. This output can be delayed up to seven clock cycles after the nominal sequence shown in Table 4 by the pipeline delay parameter PIPACC. See the Device Configuration and Control Parameters section. Preliminary Information Controls INIT K12 67 SYNC H13 74 ICS B9 100 ACC M1 27 8 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TMC2302A Pin Descriptions (continued) Pin Number Pin Name TWR N6 PPGA 43 MQFP Pin Function Description Target Memory Write Enable. On the last cycle of each interpolation walk, the Target Write Enable goes LOW for one clock cycle, returning HIGH for all but the last cycle of the next walk. When performing nearest-neighbor resampling, this control will remain LOW throughout the entire transform. This output can be forced to the high-impedance state by the enable control OET, and can be delayed up to seven clock cycles after the nominal sequence shown in Table 4 by the pipe-line delay parameter PIPTWR. See the Device Configuration and Control Parameters section. Preliminary Information NOOP L13 66 No Operation. Assuming that INIT remains LOW, the internal system clock of the TMC2302A will be disabled on the next clock, halting the current transform, when the registered control input NOOP goes LOW. When NOOP returns HIGH, normal operation resumes on the next clock. This control does not affect the loading of the configuration and transformation parameter preread registers. Source Address Output Enable. The source address port SADR23-0 is enabled when the asynchronous output enable OES is LOW. When OES is HIGH, the port is in the high-impedance state. Coefficient Address Output Enable. The interpolation coefficient address port KADR7-0 is enabled when the asynchro- nous output enable OEK is LOW. When OEK is HIGH, the port is in the highimpedance state. Target Address Output Enable. The target address port TADR110 and target write enable TWR are enabled when the asynchronous Target Output Enable OET is LOW. When OET is HIGH, these outputs are in the high-impedance state. This control functions in both the normal and extended addressing modes. Source Address Valid. When the current source image address component output is within the working space defined by the parameters XMIN and XMAX (or YMIN, YMAX for the column (Y/V) device or ZMIN, ZMAX for the page (Z/W) device), the Source Address Valid flag SVAL for that device is LOW. This flag will go HIGH on the clock in which the corresponding component address falls outside the defined region. In a typical system, the SVAL outputs of all IMS devices are OR’ed together to generate a global boundary violation flag. The user might then insert zeroes into the pixel interpolator to ignore that portion of the image outside the defined space, or insert a background color or image. This output can be delayed up to seven clock cycles after the nominal sequence shown in Table 4 by the pipeline delay parameter PIPSVA. See the Device Configuration and Control Parameters section. OES A6 108 OEK M2 31 OET M6 42 Flags SVAL L1 26 9 TMC2302A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION Pin Descriptions (continued) Pin Number Pin Name TVAL PPGA M13 63 MQFP Pin Function Description Target Address Valid. When the current target image addresses are within the working space defined by the parameters UMINI and UMAXI, and VMINI and VMAXI (and WMINI and WMAXI for systems processing three-dimensional images), the Target Address Valid flag TVAL for that device is LOW. This flag will go HIGH on the clock in which the current target address outputs fall outside the defined region, which must fall inside the target area defined by UMIN, UMAX, etc. Since each TMC2302A device is programmed with distinct MINI/MAXI parameters and generates a separate TVAL flag, the user may define separate two or threedimensional target space windows for each device. TVAL can be delayed up to seven clock cycles after the nominal sequence shown in Table 4 by the pipeline delay parameter PIPTVA. See the Device Configuration and Control Parameters section. End of Dimension. During the last pixel interpolation walk of a row (X/U device), the last row in a page (Y/V device), or the last page in a three-dimensional transform (Z/W device), the flag ENDD goes HIGH for the entire walk, indicating End of the transform in that dimension. It remains LOW otherwise. This output can be delayed up to seven clock cycles after the nominal sequence shown in Table 4 by the pipeline delay parameter PIPEND. See the Device Configuration and Control Parameters section. Done. On the last clock cycle of the current image transform, the DONE flags on all TMC2302As go HIGH for one clock cycle. On the next clock cycle, all devices output the first addresses and control signals for the next image transform. If SYNC is LOW, the IMS system halts. If SYNC is HIGH, operation continues without interruption. See “SYNC,” in the Controls section. This flag can be delayed up to seven clock cycles after the nominal sequence shown in Table 4 by the pipeline delay parameter PIPDON. Also see “PFLS,” in the Device Configuration and Control Parameters section. No Connect. Index Pin. Preliminary Information ENDD N13 60 DONE L10 57 No Connects NC L3 D4 59 — 10 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TMC2302A Transformation Coefficient and Configuration and Control Parameters The TMC2302A is intended to act as a co-processor, requiring only that the user program the device to perform the image transformation desired by loading in the appropriate device configuration and transformation control parameters discussed in this section. The user then issues an “Init” command, allowing his system to run unattended until the completion of the image when a “Done” flag is generated to inform the host system. The capabilities and flexibility of the TMC2302A Image Manipulation Sequencer are apparent when reviewing the following tables which define the transformation coefficient and configuration and control parameters. These tables are broken up into two separate groups. The first parameters discussed are the control words which select the dimension calculated, the functional configuration of each device, the working space in which they will operate, the size of the interpolation kernel desired, and the timing of the various address and control signals involved in handling the pixel data pipeline. The second parameters are the polynomial transform coefficients used in performing image manipulation. The TMC2302A utilizes three levels of internal 48-bit accumulators to calculate these values by forward difference accumulation, generating no significant cumulative spatial error for most applications. The user must be aware that all internal parameter and coefficient registers must be set by the user, including resetting after powerup any unused control words or coefficients. As mentioned above, the TMC2302A also features userprogrammable image data pipeline configuration controls. All output signals except the source and coefficient address outputs can be individually delayed by the user up to seven clocks after the nominal system timing illustrated in Table 4. This allows the user to software-configure the TMC2302As in his system to match his pixel interpolator, image buffer, and interpolation coefficient RAM structure timing. The user can also program the device to continue into the next image for a set number of clock cycles after the Done flag has appeared. First, this “flushes” the final resampled pixel data word through the interpolation pipeline, all the way to the target image RAM. Also, valid pixel data will then appear on the first clock of the next transform independent of the length of the pixel pipeline, incurring no lost clock cycles. Device Configuration and Control Parameters UMIN, VMIN, WMIN The memory addresses of the target image boundaries corresponding to the top, left side, and front page of the new image being generated are defined in all devices of the user's system by the parameters UMIN, VMIN, and WMIN, respectively. At the beginning of the transformation, the initial source image coordinate (X0, Y0, Z0) will be mapped to this coordinate set. The numeric format assumed is 12-bit unsigned binary integer. The memory addresses of the target image boundaries corresponding to the bottom, right side, and last page of the image being generated are defined in all devices by the parameters UMAX, VMAX, and WMAX, respectively. These values should be greater than the UMIN/VMIN/WMIN values defined above. Numeric format assumed is unsigned 12-bit binary integer. UMAX, VMAX, WMAX Preliminary Information Note: The parameter UMAX must exceed UMIN so as to ensure that a minimum of 5 system clock cycles in twodimensional operation, or 15 clock cycles in three-dimensional operation, pass between the periods in which these two target address values are generated. Thus in 2D nearest neighbor operation UMAX must be 5 greater than UMIN. In 2D bilinear interpolation mode (4-pixel two-dimensional kernel) the distance must be two pixels in the target image (actually enforcing a spacing of 8 system clocks). UMINI, VMINI, WMINI The target image addresses corresponding to those of the top, left side, and front page of the 2 or 3 dimensional region indicated by the valid target address flag TVAL are UMINI, VMINI, and WMINI, respectively. Thus, to define a valid region beginning at “m,” the MINI parameter value is “m,” These parameters are assumed to be in 12-bit unsigned binary integer format. Proper TVAL operation requires UMIN < UMINI < UMAXI < UMAX, etc. The target image addresses one more than those of the right side, bottom and back page of the region indicated by the valid target address flag TVAL are UMAXI, VMAXI, and WMAXI, respectively. Thus, to define a valid region ending at “n,” the MAXI parameter value is “n+1”. These parameters are assumed to be in 12-bit unsigned integer format. UMAXI, VMAXI, WMAXI 11 TMC2302A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION XMIN, XMAX The source image boundaries are defined for each device by the parameters XMIN and XMAX, in the case of the row device. The column device then contains YMIN and YMAX, and the page device (in systems performing three-dimensional operations) ZMIN and ZMAX. The value of XMAX should be greater than XMIN if the boundary violation flag SVAL is to operate correctly. These values are assumed to be in 32-bit unsigned binary integer format. The user can set the number of clock cycles that the TMC2302A continues in to the next image following the DONE flag, allowing his system to Flush all control and data pipeline paths and halt after a maximum of seven cycles. The numeric format assumed is threebit unsigned binary integer. As mentioned above, the control signals and target image pixel addresses generated by the TMC2302A can be delayed up to seven clock cycles after the nominal timing shown in Table 4 by setting the appropriate Pipeline delay word. The numeric format assumed for all delay words is three-bit unsigned binary integer. When the user sets the control bit XTND to 1, the TMC2302A operates in an extendedresolution source address bus configuration. Assuming that the user has his own raster scan generator available elsewhere to manage the flow of output pixels from the TMC2302A system, the target address output bus TADR11-0 is reconfigured internally into an extension of the source address bus, as SADR11-0. The original source address bus SADR23-0 is then SADR35-12, providing 36 bits of spatial resolution in the source address space. An XTND of 0 puts the device in the standard 24-bit source, 12-bit target address configuration. Setting this control bit to 0 indicates a two-dimensional image transform is to be performed. When the E3D is set to 1, a threedimensional image is assumed, using three TMC2302A devices. The user sets each TMC2302A to operate in a specific dimension as follows: DIM1,0 00 01 10 11 Dimension X/U (Row) Device Y/V (Column) Device Z/W (Page) Device No Operation MODE PFLS Preliminary Information In systems performing the standard two-dimensional spiral interpolation walk, MODE is set to 11, indicating single-pass operation. When performing multiple-pass resampling, the user must set this two-bit control word pass-by-pass in all IMSs, to implement each pass direction. For instance, setting MODE to 00 causes the TMC2302A system to increment only in the X-direction, holding the Y (and Z) addresses constant until the end of that pixel walk. On the next pass through the image, the user sets MODE = 01, with the kernel increment in Y only. In 3D, the IMS system then proceeds again through the (U, V) target image space, walking kernels only along the Z direction. Mode1,0 00 01 10 11 Resampling Performed X-Pass Y-Pass Z-Pass Two-Dimension Spiral Walk PTAD, PDON, PEND, PTVA, PSVA, PTWR, PACC XTND KERNEL This parameter determines the size of the interpolation walk performed. To implement a convolutional sum of K+1 pixels, the parameter KERNEL is set to K, up to a maximum of 255. In single-pass operation, this value must be identical in all devices, giving a square interpolation kernel. In multiple-pass operation, however, non- square kernels may be implemented, with different K values in each dimension. Or, the user could utilize a banded memory architecture in two-pass mode to access an entire row or column of a kernel in one clock, completing the entire sum in a single pass through the other dimension of the kernel. Numeric format is 8-bit unsigned integer. FOV The user determines the size of each step in an interpolation walk, in terms of the number of source image pixels, by setting the Field Of View control. The binary weighting of the image transformation parameters and source address must be taken into account when determining this value. See Table 6 and the Applications Discussion section. The numeric format assumed is unsigned 16-bit integer. E3D DIM 12 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TMC2302A Table 1. Control Parameter Registers Binary Format (Row, Column or Page Device) Addr Name UMIN UMAX UMINI UMAXI VMIN VMAX VMINI VMAXI WMIN WMAX WMINI WMAXI XMINL XMINM XMAXL XMAXM PFLS PTAD PDON PEND PTVA PSVA PTWR PACC XTND E3D DIM MODE KERNEL FOV Hex MSB 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 3F 40 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 42 43 21 5 Format LSB 21 1 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 7 Limits Dec 4095 0 4095 0 4095 0 4095 0 4095 0 4095 0 4095 0 4095 0 4095 0 4095 0 4095 0 4095 0 0 232-1 0 232-1 7 0 Hex FFF 000 FFF 000 FFF 000 FFF 000 FFF 000 FFF 000 FFF 000 FFF 000 FFF 000 FFF 000 FFF 000 FFF 000 00000000 FFFFFFFF 00000000 FFFFFFFF 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 219 23 219 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 218 22 218 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 217 21 217 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 216 20 216 21 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 22 5 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 22 4 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 22 3 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 22 2 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 221 25 221 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 220 24 220 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 5 1 5 1 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 21 22 Preliminary Information 21 4 0 4 0 21 3 9 3 9 21 2 8 2 8 21 22 21 22 23 21 23 23 21 23 22 22 21 22 21 22 21 22 20 29 22 5 28 22 4 27 22 3 26 22 2 22 21 20 22 21 20 22 21 20 22 21 20 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 22 21 20 22 21 20 22 21 20 XTND E3D DIM1 DIM0 7 0 7 0 27 21 4 26 26 25 25 24 24 23 23 22 22 MODE1 MODE0 21 20 255 0 21 20 216-1 0 FF 00 FFFF 0000 21 3 21 2 21 1 21 0 29 28 27 13 TMC2302A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION Transformation Parameter Registers The Transformation Parameter Word storage register addresses for the X/U device are listed in Table 2, along with the differential terms for each polynomial coefficient for both two and three-dimensional transforms. The polynomial terms for the other IMS device(s) are found by replacing every “X” in the table with a Y (or Z). A TMC2302A-based system can perform image manipulations of up to third order in two dimensions, and three-dimensional transforms of up to order 1.5 (“first-and-a-half order”). Also, see “The Image Transformation Polynomial”, in the Applications Discussion section. The notation used to define each polynomial coefficient term in Table 2 is easily interpreted. Each differential is of course defined by a differential in X, followed by the corresponding dependent U, V, or W terms. Thus, DXUV is equivalent to d2X/dUdV and DXUUUV to d4X/dU3dV. Preliminary Information Table 2. Transformation Polynomial Coefficient Register Addresses Parameter Name A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P 2D Term X0 DXU DXUU DXUUU DXV DXUV DXUUV DXUUUV DXVV DXUVV DXUUVV DXUUUVV DXVVV DXUVVV DXUUVVV DXUUUVVV DXV DXUV X0 DXU DXVW DXUVW DXW DXUW 3D Term X0 DXU Coefficient Word Addresses (hex) MSW 00 03 06 09 0C 0F 12 15 18 1B 1E 21 24 27 2A 2D CSW 01 04 07 0A 0D 10 13 16 19 1C 1F 22 25 28 2B 2E LSW 02 05 08 0B 0E 11 14 17 1A 1D 20 23 26 29 2C 2F Note: 1. The X0 and DXU terms must each be loaded into two different registers when performing 3D transforms. Table 2 shows the binary weighting of all of the Transformation Parameter words, which are 48-bit signed fractional binary. Table 3. Integer Binary Weighting of Transformation Parameters Format MSB MSB CSW LSW -247 231 215 246 230 214 245 229 213 244 228 212 243 227 211 242 226 210 241 225 29 240 224 28 239 223 27 238 222 26 237 221 25 236 220 24 235 219 23 234 218 22 233 217 21 LSB 232 216 20 0 000000000000 Dec 248-1 Limits Hex FFFFFFFFFFFF Note: 1. A minus sign indicates a sign bit. 14 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TMC2302A TMC2302A 16 IDAT15-0 PRELOAD REGISTER INTERNAL REGISTER TO REST OF CHIP IWR 7 IADR6-0 ICS CLK INIT SYNC DECODE EN 68 EN PIXEL CLOCK (a) (a) Internal logic. Registers are enabled for the start of each new transition or by INIT HIGH. Preliminary Information 65-2302-07 Figure 3. Image transformation and configuration control parameters register structure Figure 3 depicts the control preload register structure and Figure 4B gives the corresponding timing relationships. Table 4. Nominal Output Signal Timing SADR23-01 XI-1,J,0 XI-1,J,1 XI-1,J,2 • • • XI-1,J,K XI,J,0 XI,J,1 XI,J,2 • • • XI,J,K Note: 1. KADR7-0 timing identical. ACC 0 1 1 TADR11-0 UL-1,M UL-1,M UL-1,M TWR 1 1 1 END 0 0 0 DONE 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 UL-1,M UL,M UL,M UL,M 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 UL,M 0 1 1 The nominal sequence of address and control signals of a two-dimensional, single-pass-programmed TMC2302A system, with all PIPE parameters set to 0, is shown in Table 4. Here, the values of the last two new target image pixels UL-l,M and UL,M are being calculated, and the beginning and end of the interpolation walks of length K which sample source image pixels in the neighborhod of locations (XI-1,J, XI,J) can be seen. Utilizing the arrival of the source image address (SADR31-0) as a reference point, the other signals shown can be delayed up to seven clock cycles from the nominal timing shown here, allowing the user to configure these outputs to match the timing latencies of his pixel data path structure. Considerable speed and timing variations in image buffer memory, data register, and pixel interpolator structure can thus be accomodated, with minimal corresponding support hardware. Also see “PFLS,” in the Device Configuration and Control Parameters section. 15 TMC2302A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION Equivalent Circuits and Threshold Levels VDD n SUBSTRATE D1 p+ CONTROL INPUT 1k½ n+ D2 p WELL GND 65-2302-08 VDD n SUBSTRATE p p D1 p+ n+ n D2 p WELL GND 65-2302-09 Preliminary Information Figure 5. Equivalent Input Circuit Figure 6. Equivalent Output Circuit OES, OEK, OET tENA tDIS 0.5V 2.0V 0.8V 0.5V High Impedance Three-State Outputs 65-2302-10 Figure 7. Threshold Levels for Three-State Measurements Absolute Maximum Ratings (beyond which the device may be damaged)1 Parameter Supply Voltage Input Voltage Output applied voltage Short-circuit duration (single output in HIGH state to ground) Operating, case temperature Junction temperature Lead, soldering temperature (10 seconds) Storage temperature -65 -60 Min. -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 Max. + 7.0 VDD + 0.5 VDD + 0.5 1 130° 175° 300° +150° C Units V V V second C C Notes: 1. Absolute maximum ratings are limiting values applied individually while all other parameters are within specified operating conditions. Functional operation under any of these conditions is NOT implied. 16 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TMC2302A Operating Conditions -1 Parameter VDD VIL VIH lOL IOH tCY tPWL tPWH tS tH TA Supply Voltage Input Voltage, Logic LOW Input Voltage, Logic HIGH Output Current, Logic LOW Output Current, Logic HIGH Cycle Time Clock Pulse Width, LOW Clock Pulse Width, HIGH Input Setup Time Input Hold Time Ambient Temperature, Still Air VDD = Min VDD = Min VDD = Min 33 15 15 10 2 0 70 2.0 8.0 -4.0 25 12.5 10 8 2 0 70 Test Conditions Min. Nom. Max. 4.75 5.0 5.25 0.8 2.0 8.0 -4.0 Min. Nom. Max. 4.75 5.0 5.5 0.8 Units V V V mA mA ns ns ns Preliminary Information ns ns °C Electrical Characteristics1 Parameter IDDQ IDDU IIL IIH VOL VOH IOZL IOZH IOS Supply Current Quiescent Supply Current, Unloaded Input Current, Logic LOW Input Current, Logic HIGH Output Voltage, Logic LOW Output Voltage, Logic HIGH High-Z Output Leakage Current, Output LOW Hi-Z Output Leakage Current, Output HIGH Short-Circuit Output Current Test Conditions VDD = Max, VIN = 0V VDD = Max, f = 20MHz, OES = OEK = OET = 5V VDD = Max, VIN = 0V VDD = Max, VIN = VDD VDD = Min, IOL = Max VDD = Min, IOH = Max VDD = Max, VIN = 0V VDD = Max, VIN = VDD VDD = Max, Output HIGH, one pin to ground, one second duration max. TA = 25°C, f = 1MHz TA = 25°C, f = 1MHz -20 2.4 -40 40 -70 -10 10 0.4 Min. Max. 10 70 Units mA mA mA mA V V mA mA mA CI CO Input Capacitance Output Capacitance 10 10 pF pF Note: 1. Actual test conditions may vary from those shown, but guarantee operation as specified. 17 TMC2302A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION Switching Characteristics -1 Parameter tDO tHO tENA tDIS Output Delay Output Hold Time Three-State Output Enable Delay Three-State Output Disable 1 Test Conditions VDD = Min, CLOAD = 25pF VDD = Max, CLOAD = 25pF VDD = Min, CLOAD = 25pF VDD = Min, CLOAD = 25pF Delay1 Min. 4 Max. 15 Min. 4 Max. Units 12 12 15 ns ns ns ns 12 15 Note: 1. All transitions are measured at a 1.5V level except for tDIS and TEMA. Preliminary Information Timing Diagrams tCY tPWH tPWL IWR CLK tS INPUTS1 tD OUTPUTS2 VALID tHO VALID 65-2302-11 tS tH tPWL tH IDAT DAT 1 IADR ADR 1 ICS 65-2302-12 Notes: 1. Except OES, OET, and OEK. 2. Assumes OES, OET, and OEK = LOW. All pipeline latency parameters set to 0. Value "DAT 1" is loaded into address "ADR 1" on the second rising edge of IWR, since ICS = 0, having been acquired by the input register on the first edge. Figure 4a. Timing Diagram, Pixel Clock, Control, and Outputs Figure 4b. Timing Diagram, Preload Parameters Applications Discussion The Image Transformation Polynomial On any given clock cycle, when performing a two-dimensional geometric transformation the addresses output by the row (X/U) TMC2302A are generated by forward difference accumulation according to the following third-order polynomial: x(u,v) = a + bu + cu2 +du3 + ev + fvu + gvu2 + hvu3 + iv2 + jv2 u + kv2 u2 + Iv2 u3 + mv3 + nv3u + ov3u2 + pv3u3 + FOV • CAX(ca) The polynomial utilized for three-dimensional transforms is: x(u,v,w) = a + bu + ev + kw + fuv + ivw + luw + juvw + FOV • CAX (ca) where 0 £ u £ UMAX-UMIN, 0 £ v £ VMAX-VMIN, 0 £ w £ WMAX-WMIN, and the polynomials for the column or page devices are obtained by replacing the x by a y or z, as appropriate. 18 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TMC2302A FOV is the 16-bit field-of-view parameter, normally set so that the spiral walk proceeds in single-pixel steps. FOV can be increased to expand the step size and thus the spiral walk, subsampling the image. See Table 1 and Table 6. Also, CAX(ca) is the current value of the coefficient address. See the Interpolation Coefficient Lookup Table Addressing. If the spiral walk isn’t used, CAX = 0 and FOV is ignored. We can reform the two-dimensional polynomial as: x(u,v) = (a + ev + iv2 + mv3) + (b + fv + jv2 + nv3)u + (c + gv + kv2 + ov3)u2 + (d + hv + Iv2 + pv3)u3, and retain the simpler three-dimensional form: x(u, v, w) = a + bu + ev + kw + fuv + ivw + luw + juvw and define each of the polynomial coefficients in arithmetic terms as shown in Table 5. Table 5. Transformation Polynomial Coefficients Preliminary Information Parameter Two-Dimensional Name A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P X0 DXU DXUU DXUUU DXV DXUV DXUUV DXUUUV DXVV DXUVV DXUUVV DXUUUVV DXVVV DXUVVV DXUUVVV DXUUUVVV Term a b+c+d 2c + 6d 6d e+i+m f+g+h+j+k+I+n+o+p 2(g + k + o) + 6(h + I +p) 6(h + I + p) 2i + 6m 2(j + k + I) + 6(n + o + p) 4k + 12I + 12o + 36p 12I + 36p 6m 6(n + o + p) 12o + 36p 36p Coefficient X0 DXU — — DXV DXUV X0 DXU DXVW DXUVW DXW DXUW — — — — Three-Dimensional Term Coefficient a b 0 0 e f a b i j k I 0 0 0 0 Understanding the Polynomial Coefficients An Overview As the formulae indicate, the source address is a polynomial function of the two (or three) dimensions of the target address. Each of the 16 terms of the equation is of the form: d x ------------------------------m n p du dv dw m+n+p The simplest term, X0, is a zeroeth (non-) function of the target addresses; it specifies the source address point corresponding to the upper left point in the target space. X0 generates image translation or “pan.” The next-simplest terms, dX/dU and dY/dV, govern the relative scales of the source and target images, i.e., how large a step in source space corresponds to a unit step in the corresponding direction in the target space. As long as the crossterms, dX/dV and dY/dU, are zero, this is a straight scale (“zoom”) operation, without rotation or shear. 19 and may be treated approximately as a mixed partial difference of order m, n, and p. TMC2302A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION The first-order cross terms, dX/dV and dY/dU, generate source space displacements perpendicular to unit displacements in the target space, thereby causing shearing of the image. In conjunction with the parallel source terms described above, they govern rotation, shear, and scaling of the image. Although the actions of the higher-order terms become progressively difficult to describe, all terms behave essentially as partial differences of various orders, and a little thought and common sense will generally lead the user to the proper conclusions. For example, the term dXUU (using the notation of Table 2) is a horizontal scale factor which increases as one progresses across each row, causing a quadratic horizontal warp. In fact, all terms of the form dmx/dum or dny/dvn cause only stretching of the image, never rotation. Internal and External Data Formats The source address value output by the TMC2302A is a 24-bit two's complement number, with binary point assignable by the user anywhere in the 16 lower bits. The Extended mode appends 12 additional fractional bits for greater output precision. All internal computations include these 24 plus 12 bits, plus an additional 12 lower bits, for 48-bit precision. See Table 6. Intemally, each TMC2302A's source address (X, Y,or Z) generator computes a 48-bit address through a mode-specific accumulation of the sixteen 48-bit user-specified resampling parameters. The 24 most significant bits of the final accumulation emerge via the source address port whereas the "extend" mode makes the 12 next most-significant bits available at the target address port. The 12 least significant bits are truncated internally. Preliminary Information Interpolation Coefficient Lookup Table Addressing The external coefficient lookup table RAM stores the interpolation coefficient values used to calculate the value of the new pixel. These values are selected by the user, allowing maximum filtering flexibility. In simple filtering applications, the source and target pixel addresses map one-to-one, and only one interpolation coefficient set is required. These integer addresses are generated for each dimension by the internal walk counters of each TMC2302A. However, applications performing a coordinate transformation will almost always generate non-integer source pixel addresses; that is, the U (or V) locations will not map to the X (or Y) addresses exactly, and a fractional source address components are generated. The user must then expand the interpolation coefficient lookup table to include spatiallycorrected values, as detemnined by the subpixel resolution of the system. The TMC2301 Image Resampling Sequencer allows the user to trade subpixel resolution against interpolation step size by obtaining the interpolation coefficient addresses directly from the fractional part of the source address. The TMC2302A gives the user 16 different interpolation bit weighting positions. The complete Interpolation Coefficient Address for that dimension then consists of both the 8-bit interpolation walk address KADR7-0, weighted to match the source address binary point by the parameter FOV, and the fractional portion of the source pixel address SADR23-0, to the desired subpixel resolution. See Table 6. Source Address Bit Weighting and Setting the Binary Point When performing nearest-neighbor resampling, the user may arbitrarily trade source image size against subpixel resolution merely by adhering to a single binary point position for all resampling parameters. For example, if the binary point follows the 16 most significant bits in each resampling parameter, then it will appear following the source address’16 most significant bits, leaving 8 (20 in extended mode) bits of subpixel resolution on SADRn. Since the TMC2302A has no internal limiter, the user should select the source address weighting appropriately. Moving the source address connections to the right and reducing the resampling parameters accordingly, reduces the chance of arithmetic overflow while increasing arithmetic round-error. In any filtering or resampling operation performing an interpolation walk, the user should set the Field or View (FOV) parameter according to the desired binary point position determined above, as follows. To provide 224 integral pixel positions per dimension, with no subpixel resolution, set FOV = 001 (hex). For 223 positions with 1-bit (0,5) subpixel resolution, FOV = 0010 (hex). Similarly, for 29 positions and 15-bit subpixel resolution. FOV = 8000 (hex). As shown in Table 6, using the parameter FOV the user effectively “shifts” the bit weight of the coefficient address word KADR7-0 to match the established location of his source address binary point. In each case, the EXTEND mode provides 12 additional bits of subpixel resolution but eliminates the separate target or raster address, which must then be generated elsewhere in the user's system. 20 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TMC2302A Table 6. Relative Bit Weighting – Source Address Weight Word Transform Parameters Internal Source Address Generator Source Address Output SADR23-0 Extended Mode Only TADR11-0 KADR7-0 FOV = 0001 FOV = 0002 • • • FOV = 8000 27 … 21 20 … 27 27 … 21 26 … 20 20 247 246 … 240 239 … 232 231 … 225 224 223 … 216 215 … 212 … 28 27 … 20 -47 46 -47 46 -23 22 … 40 … 40 … 16 39 … 32 39 … 32 15 … 8 11 … 4 3 …0 31 31 … 25 24 … 25 24 23 … 16 23 … 16 7 7 …0 …0 Preliminary Information Note: 1. A minus sign indicates a sign bit. Utilization of the Image Boundary Flags SVAL and TVAL As mentioned above, the TMC2302A provides two programmable valid address, or boundary flags. The source valid flag SVAL is asserted when the current source image address output for that device's source image dimension is within the space defined by the configuration parameters XMIN and XMAX, or YMIN and YMAX, or ZMIN and ZMAX, as appropriate. Also, the target valid flag TVAL is available to indicate when the current target image address values fall within the space defined by the configuration parameters UMINI, UMAXI, VMINI, VMAXI, and also WMINI and WMAXI in three-dimensional systems. Note that all of these parameters are each programmed into each individual TMC2302A. Thus, the user could define two (or three) different working spaces, one indicated by each IMS device. Figure 8 may help clarify the relationships among (X0, Y0, Z0), (UMIN, VMIN, WMIN), and (UMAX, VMAX, WMAX), for the two-dimensional case. With positive first derivatives, (X0, Y0) and (UMIN, VMIN) represent the upper left corners of the original image and the new destination field, respectively. The lower right corner of the new transformed image is located at (UMAX, VMAX); the location of the corresponding corner of the original image depends on the values of the derivatives. Not to be confused with (X0, Y0), the points (XMIN, YMIN) and (XMAX, YMAX) define the “usable” rectangular portion of the original image which is indicated by the valid address flag SVAL; points (X, Y) lying outside this region are ignored in most resampling and filtering applications. Specifically, the point (X0, Y0) is the location from which the TMC2302A system begins the image resampling sequence. Every step beyond that point in the source image space is defined by the address generators implementing the image transformation polynomials. The valid source address flag feature permits one to construct a mosaic of several abutting subimages in the (X, Y) plane, without danger of edge effect interference between adjacent subimages. Note in the figure that the upper right corner of the resampled source image lies outside the admissible region; in practice, the values fetched at these locations will not be included in the convolutional sums. One might, for instance, program these boundary values to alert the system that an edge is being approached and to modify the interpolation coefficients appropriately, or simply to ignore pixel values outside the defined space. The TVAL however is utilized somewhat differently. Working in unison with the target address working space defined by UMIN/UMAX, etc. the target address valid flag could be programmed to delineate image areas other than the immediate working space, and the flag of each TMC2302A to indicate the unique regions anywhere within the target image. With this flexibility, the user can generate windows, “picture-in-picture” composite multiple images, or simply switch to a background image or border color. To make TVAL function properly, the used must set UMIN < UMINI < UMAXI < UMAX; likewise for V and, if used, W. 21 TMC2302A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION X U (UMIN, VMIN) Y (XMIN, YMIN) V (UMIN, VMIN) (X0, Y0) (UMAX, VMAX) Preliminary Information SVAL = 0 (XMAX, YMAX) TVAL = 0 TVAL = 1 (UMAX, VMAX) TARGET IMAGE SPACE 65-2302-13 SVAL = 1 SOURCE IMAGE SPACE Figure 8. Pixel maps demonstrating source and destination image boundaries, violation flags, and image clipping (note shaded areas) Real-Time Bilinear Interpolation Using the TMC2302A or TMC2301 Image transformations and translations in bit mapped systems are done by taking an original (source) image, performing coordinate remapping and interpolation, then restoring the image into a new (destination) image space. The coordinates are remapped according to a transformation ORIGINAL (SOURCE) IMAGE x y (UMIN,VMIN) U V NEW PIXEL (U,V) polynomial. The polynomial, evaluated at destination pixel addresses, maps the transformed pixel addresses (U, V) to pixel addresses in the original image addresses (U,V) to pixel addresses in the original image (X, Y), i.e., (X, Y) is a polynomial function of (U, V). NEW (TARGET) IMAGE (0,0) ERINT OR LAT PO NOTE 1 (X0,Y0) NOTE 2 65-2302-14 (UMIN,VMAX) (UMAX,VMAX) Notes: 1. Coordinate transformation: Each pixel in (U, V) space is mapped to a location in (X,Y) space. 2. Interpolation: Unless the pixel in (U, V) space coincides with one in (X, Y) space, its amplitude must be estimated as a weighted average of those of the surrounding pixels in (X, Y) space. If the interpolation is done serially, throughput suffers in proportion to the size of the interpolation kernel. However, the interpolation can also be performed in parallel to preserve throughput, as discussed here. 22 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TMC2302A The TMC2302A Image Manipulation Sequencer The TMC2302A is a controller/address generator, around which an image filtering and resampling system can be built. Under limited supervision from an external controller, the TMC2302A will generate the sequence of memory read and write addresses to transform, resample, and/or filter an image. In all cases, it fetches data from one image buffer, governs its convolution with a user-specified kernel of coefficients, and directs the results to another image memory space. With 24-bit source address buses the device can operate from a source frame size of, for example, 64K X 64K pixels with spatial resolution of 1/256th pixel. A simplified block diagram of the TMC2302A is shown in Figure 9. Although the 24 source addresses bits of each TMC2302A can be designed arbitrarily with the source image address bus, assume for the current discussion that bits SADR (19:8) will correspond to the source image address and that SADR (7:4) therefore denote subpixel postponing to 1/16 pixel resolution. The basic 2-D system, shown in Figure 10, consists of data source and destination memories, coefficient lookup table, multplier-accumulator, TMC2302A parameters to define the transform and starts the operation. It may also control the loading of the source image into RAM and provide the screen refresh, if needed. Preliminary Information OES IDAT15-0 ASYNCHRONOUS HOST INTERFACE IADR 6-0 ICS IWR WALK COUNTER CONTROL PARAMETER REGISTERS SOURCE ADDRESS GENERATOR SADR 23-0 SVAL OEK KADR 7-0 ACC TWR OET CONTROL TARGET ADDRESS GENERATOR TADR 11-0 TVAL END SYNC DONE 65-2302-15 SOURCE MEMORY INTERFACE CONVOLUTIONAL CONTROL NOOP SYNCHRONOUS HOST INTERFACE INIT TARGET MEMORY INTERFACE CLK SYNC FLAGS Figure 9. TMC2302A Block Diagram 23 TMC2302A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION DATA IN 8 HERE 4 X 4K WORDS IMAGE SIZE ONE SET PER COLOR COMPONENT (Not recommended for composite video) 12 DATA CONTROL 2302A ROW (X) SADR19-8 12 SOURCE ADDRESS A 24 SOURCE IMAGE BUFFER RAM TADR11-0 4 ADDRESS X CLK 8 8 Preliminary Information COEFF. BUFFER RAM 1024 x 8 X,Y,P 8x8 Y MAC DOUT 8 ONE SET PER COLOR COMPONENT 6 ADDRESS SADR7-4 KADR1-0 2302A COLUMN (Y) TADR11-0 SADR19-8 24 DESTINATION IMAGE A BUFFER RAM 8 65-2302-16 ONE SET PER COLOR COMPONENT 12 DESTINATION ADDRESS CLOCK DATA OUT Figure 10. Basic 2-D Image Transformation Systems Inexact Transformations In many cases, evaluation of the transformation polynomial results in a non-integer result (non-integer address in the X, Y image space). In such cases, the mapping from original image to transformed image will be inexact. When this occurs, the user has the option of accepting the pixel “nearest” to the address generated, or performing interpolation, a weighted average of nearby pixel values. Using the pixel nearest the address generated is the fastest method since one transformed pixel can be generated on every cycle. The resulting image will include jagged biasing artifacts, however. Performing several transformations on the same image will further degrade the resulting image. plier accumulator. At the end of the walk, the accumulated result from the four nearest pixels is written into the destination image RAM and the TMC2302A proceeds to the next group. The obvious disadvantage to using bilinear interpolation is that one new destination pixel is generated only on every fourth cycle, reducing the output bandwidth by a factor of four. One method of “real-time” bilinear interpolation consists of using four memories, each containing the entire source image. The storage arrangement of the pixels within each bank is staggered so that a single address fed to the memories will result in the access of the proper four pixel group. The TMC2302A is programmed to generate the nearest neighbor address and the four nearest pixels are accessed simultaneously and input to the four independent multipliers of a TMC2246 quad multiplier chip. The four pixels are multiplied by their associated weighting factors and added to determine the destination pixel sum. The major drawback of this method is the prohibitive cost for additional memory required to store four copies of the entire source image. For large images, the memory cost and additional board space makes this method unattractive. One Cycle Bilinear Interpolation A better image can be obtained by finding the four pixels nearest the address generated and performing a weighted averaging to determine the new pixel value. This is known as bilinear interpolation. The TMC2302A eases the control logic required for such a function by performing a “walk” around the four closest pixels in the source image space. Essentially, the TMC2302A generates the addresses of the four walk cycles, and the current source pixel is multiplied by a weighting factor and accumulated by the external multi24 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TMC2302A A more efficient method is to divide the original source image into a “four-color checker board” and to store it into four separate pixel memory banks, each containing 14th of the source image. Since the image is separated into four memories rather than duplicated, no additional image memory is required. The goal is to separate the image so that any square of four adjacent pixel locations can be accesssed simultaneously. Thus, the user must organize the memory such that the four pixels of any cluster will reside in separate memory banks. With this method, only one set of address generators (TMC2302As) is necessary, and only a slight address modification is necessary to guarantee that the correct group of pixels is accessed and output to the multipliers. Since all pixels are accessed simultaneously, no “walk” is performed, and the TMC2302A system is able to generate one destination pixel on each clock cycle. For example, a 1024 x 768 image can be generated every 20ms for a frame refresh rate of 50Hz. This method which will be described below. Using Banded Pixel Memory The TMC2302A should be programmed to do “nearestneighbor” transformations (Kernel, K = 0 and the X0 and Y0 start boundaries programmed without 1/2-LSB truncation debiasing to force address truncation when evaluating the transformation polynomial for the nearest-pixel address). The biased X0 and Y0 guarantee that when the exact pixel address falls within the region of four pixels, the upper leftmost pixel will always be selected as “nearest-neighbor.” The key to performing real-time bilinear interpolation is to arrange the pixels in memory so that the four pixels of every grouping will be stored in separate memories. The four nearest pixels will form a square. Figure 11 shows a sample 512 x 512 pixel image and the arrangement into four separate memory banks designated A, B, C, and D. It can be seen from the figure that any (square) grouping of four pixels will have one pixel located in each bank. Thus, one memory sector will hold even row-even column pixels, another, even-row-add column pixels, etc. Preliminary Information A0,0 (0,0) C0,0 (0,1) A0,1 (0,2) C0,1 (0,3) A0,2 (0,4) C0,2 (0,5) … A0,255 (0,510) C0,255 (0,511) B0,0 (1,0) D0,0 (1,1) B0,1 (1,1) D0,1 (1,3) B0,2 (1,4) D0,2 (1,5) … B0,255 (1,510) D0,255 (1,511) A1,0 (2,0) C1,0 (2,1) A1,1 (2,1) C1,1 (2,3) A1,2 (2,4) C1,2 (2,5) … A1,255 (2,510) C1,255 (2,511) B1,0 (3,0) D1,0 (3,1) B1,1 (3,2) D1,1 (3,3) Bl,2 (3,4) D1,2 (3,5) … B1,255 (3,510) D1,255 (3,511) A2,0 (4,0) C2,0 (4,1) A2,1 (4,2) C2,1 (4,3) A2,2 (4,4) C2,2 (4,5) … A2,255 (4,510) C2,255 (4,511) B2,0 (5,0) D2,0 (5,1) B2,1 (5,2) D2,1 (5,3) B2,2 (5,4) D2,2 (5,5) … B2,255 (5,510) D2,255 (5,511) A3,0…A255,0 (6,0)…(510, 0) C3,0…C255,0 (6,1)…(510,1) A3,1…A255,1 (6,2)…(510,2) C3,1…C255,1 (6,3)…(510,3) A3,2…A255,2 (6,4)…(510,4) C3,2…C255,2 (6,5)…(510,5) … A3,255…A255,255 (6,510)…(510,510) C3,255…C255,255 (6,511)…(510,511) B255.0 (511, 0) D255,0 (511,1) B255,1 (511,2) D255,1 (511,3) B255,2 (511,4) D255,2 (511,5) … B255,255 (511,510) D255,255 (511,511) Figure 11. Source Image Pixel Arrangement Subscripts i, j for A, B, C, and D denote relative addresses in memory respectively. The ordered pairs (a, b) denote the physical (X,Y) pixel locations and the TMC2302A SAPR(X) and SADR(Y) address outputs. The pixels of the original image should be stored in the source RAM banks as shown in Figure 12. The original source image can be loaded by decoding the TMC2302A least significant address bits (SADRX(8). SADRY(8) to determine the memory bank for the pixel while the most-significant address bits (SADRX(19:9), SADRY (19:9)) are used as common address lines to all four memory banks. 25 TMC2302A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TMC2302A Address XA m, 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 255 255 YAm 0 1 2 255 0 1 2 254 255 Bank A XA0YA0 = 00 A0,0 A0,1 A0,2 A0,255 A1,0 A1,1 A1,2 A255,254 A255,254 Bank B XA0YA0 = 10 B0,0 B0,1 B0,2 B0,255 B1,0 B1,1 B1,2 B255,254 B255,254 Bank C XA0YA0 = 01 C0,0 C0,1 C0,2 C0,255 C1,0 C1,1 C1,2 C255,254 C255,254 Bank D XA0YA0 = 11 D0,0 D0,1 D0,2 D0,255 Dl,0 D1,1 D1,2 D255,254 D255,254 Preliminary Information In the following discussion, the TMC2302A address outputs SADRX and SADRY will be designated as: Horizontal Source XA0 XAm YA0 Yam Least-Significant Horizontal Source X-Address Bit SADRX (8) Upper Horizontal Source Address Bits SADRX (19:9) Least-Significant Vertical Source Y-Address Bit SADRX(8) Upper Vertical-Source Address Bits SADRY (19:9) B A *-1 B *-2 D *-3 *-4 B A B A B D C C D C D B A A B A B D C D C D C D 65-2302-17 Figure 14. Possible Selections for Nearest Neighbor Memory Address Modification Interpolation Kernel Pi, j Pi, j+1 * - actual Pixel Pi+1, j Pi+1, j+1 Using the address LSBs (XA0, YA0) from each TMC2302A external logic can determine which bank contains the nearest neighbor. (This same decoding is used when loading the original image into the source image RAMs.) Case* XA0 YA0 1 2 3 4 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 Nearest Neighbor (Upper Leftmost) Pixel A Memory Bank contains Nearest Neighbor B Memory Bank contains Nearest Neighbor C Memory Bank contains Nearest Neighbor D Memory Bank contains Nearest Neighbor Figure 13. TMC2302A Serial Walk Sequence in real time bilinear resampling, this is executed in parallel When the transformation polynomial is evaluated and the resulting pixel address falls within a group of four nearby pixels (non-integer result), the TMC2302A will always choose the upper leftmost pixel (Pij) as the nearest neighbor (due to the fractional address truncation in the X and Y directions). Since the four pixels will reside in independent banks, the upper leftmost pixel might be located in any of the four memory banks (A,B,C, or D). The bank which contains the nearest neighbor must be known, since in each case, different memory address modification is required to select the correct pixel from each bank. *from Figure 14 above 26 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TMC2302A Addressing for each memory bank (A, B, C, D) is done using the uppermost address bits (XAm) of the TMC2302As. The LSB of each TMC2302A is used to determine both the upper leftmost pixel and the address modification required. In the following paragraphs, the lower case subscripts (i,j) denote the address of a pixel within a given memory bank (A, B, C, or D), and XA, YA are used to denote physical address outputs of the TMC2302A pairs. Pixel address modification use to access the correct four pixel group is determined as follows: Case A: Memory Addressing Becomes: A address = XAm YAm + 1 B address = XAm, Yam + 1 C address = XAm, YAm D address = XAm, YAm Case D: Di,j is the nearest neighbor (Modify A, B & C addresses, X and Y components) (XA0 = 1, YA0 = 1) Di,j * Bi, j + 1 Ai +1,j +1 Ci + 1,j Ai,j is nearest upperleft neighbor, (No address modifications) (XA0 = YA0 = 0) Ai,j * Ci,j Di,j Bi,j Preliminary Information Figure 18. Pixel Pattern for D = Upper Leftmost Figure 15. Pixel Memory Mapping for A = Upper Leftmost Memory Addressing Becomes: A address = XAm + 1, YAm + 1 B address = XAm, Yam + 1 C address = XAm + 1, YAm D address = XAm, YAm Taking a close look at the address modifications required for each case above, a simple pattern can be seen. This pattern leads to a set of address modification “rules” based on the values of the least-signficant address bits from the TMC2301s (XA0 and YA0). These rules are: When YA0 = 0. (Case A & B) No modificaton to the Y address component (YAm) is necessary. When YA0 = 1, (Case C & D) The Y component (YAm) of addresses to the A & B memory banks must be incremented by 1. When XA0 = 0. (Case A & C) No modification to the X address component (XAm) is necessary. When XA0 = 1, (Case B & D) The X component (XAm,) of addresses to the A & C memory banks must be incremented by 1. A system can easily be designed to modify the pixel memory addresses according to the above criteria, to select the correct four pixels to be interpolated. Rather than actually performing a “conditional” address increment as discussed above. It requires less logic simply to add the LSB address bit to the memory bank addresses (XAm, YAm). Figure 12 shows the logic to perform the required address modifications. The addition (XAm, + XA0, YAm, +YA0) can be done using half-adders with the XA0 (YA0) address output of the TMC2302A connected to the carry-in of each adder. It can also be done using high-speed programmable logic. Memory Addressing Becomes: A address = XAm, YAm B address = XAm, YAm C address = XAm, YAm D address = XAm, YAm i.e., no modification is required. Case B: Bi,j is upperleft neighbor, (Modify X component of A & C memory addresses) (XA0 = 1, YA0 = 0) Bi,j * Di,j Ci + 1,j Ai + 1,j Figure 16. Pixel Memory Pattern for B = Upper Leftmost Memory Addressing Becomes: A address = (XAm + 1, YAm) B address = (XAm, YAm) C address = (XAm + 1, Yam) D address = (XAm YAm) Case C: Ci,j is upperleft neighbor, (Modify Y component of A & B memory addresses) (XA0 = 0, YA0 = 1) Ci,J * Ai,j + 1 Bi, j + 1 Di,j Figure 17. Pixel Pattern for C = Upper Leftmost 27 TMC2302A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION Note: Only modifications to the source image memory are necessary. The destination image memory may be arranged in a linear or other type array as required by the refresh circuitry. With spatial resolution of 4 bits in both the X and Y directions, there can be as many as 256 unique coefficient values. This requires a coefficient memory of at least 256 bytes. However, as shown below, each of the four different cases requires its own set of 256 coefficients. One-cycle bilinear interpolation requires four independent coeffficient memories, so that a parallel multiplication can be performed with the four pixel values. Coefficient Memory Typically, the 4 highest fractional source address bits from each TMC2302A (SADR (7:4) in the example) are used to reflect the offset from the nearest XA (YA) pixel location. U 12 TO DEST. MEMORY V TADR (11:0) 12 Preliminary Information TMC2302A (ROW) TADR (11:0) SADR (19:9) XAµ 11 SADR (8) XA0 U TMC2302A (COLUMN) SADR (19:9) YAµ 11 SADR (8) YAO 11 11 X11-1 Y11-1 ADDRESS IN BANK A OUT 8* TO MPY A X11-1 Y11-1 X11-1 Y11-1 X11-1 Y11-1 BANK C OUT 8 TO MPY C BANK B OUT 8 TO MPY B BANK D OUT 8 TO MPY D 65-2302-18 *Number of bits of intensity per pixel, per column component, typically 8 to 12. Figure 19. Memory Address Modification 28 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TMC2302A 16 STEPS/PIXEL Pi, j Pi, j+1 16 STEPS 256 Discrete Coefficient Values Preliminary Information Pi +1, j Pi +1, j+1 65-2302-17 Figure 20. Intrapixel Resolution Similar to determining the correct four pixel group, the coefficients must take into account the memory bank (A, B, C, or D) that contains the upper leftmost pixel, and adjust the coefficients accordingly. These adjustments are necessary since the fractional address outputs (SADRX 7:4), SADRY (7,4) from the TMC2302As reflect the spatial distance only from the upper leftmost pixel within the pixel group. Assuming that the fractional addresses SADRX (7:4) and SADRY (7:4) plus the integer LSBs SADRX (8) and SADRY (8) are to be used directly to address the 1024-byte coefficient memory, the loading of the coefficients is shown below with FX = SADRX (7:4) and FY = SADRY (7:4) Case A through D are the same as discussed previously for the pixel address modifications. Case A: Case C: C is nearest neighbor (XA0 = 0, YA0 = 1) Coeff A = (1- fX) fY Coeff B = fX fY Coeff C = (1 - fX) (1 - fY)Coeff D = fX * (1 - fY) Case D: D is nearest neighbor (XA0 = 1, YA0 = 1) Coeff A = fXfY Coeff B = (1 - fX)fY Coeff C = fX * (1 - fY) Coeff D = (1 - fX) (1 - fY) Incorporating the concepts outlined in this discussion, the final system for one-cycle blinear interpolation is shown in Figure 21. This figure shows a small increase in logic over the basic 2-D system shown in Figure 10. The additional logic required includes: TMC2246 (rather than a single multiply/accumulate), and three additional coefficient memories. Some additional decoding logic is required to load the four pixel memory banks as well as some data and address pipelining (registering) to meet timing requirements. The solution, however, provides an increased pixel bandwidth, by a factor of four, and only a small increase in part count. A is nearest neighbor (XA0 = 0, YA0 = 0) Coeff A = (1 - fX) * (1 - fY) Coeff B = (fX) *(1 - fY) Coeff C = (1 - fX) * (fY) Coeff D = fX * fY Case B: B is nearest neighbor (XA0 = 1, YA0 = 0) Coeff A = fX * (1-fY) Coeff B =(1-fX) * (1-fY) Coeff C = fX * fY Coeff D = (l-fX)fY 29 TMC2302A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION D C SADR (19:9) TMC2302A +1 (ROW) SADR (8) TDAR SADR (8:4) 5 D C B 10 10 10 10 TMC2246A +1 8 8 B A SOURCE IMAGE RAM 8 8 Preliminary Information A COEFF. RAM 1K x 8 SADR (19:9) 5 SADR (8:4) TMC2302A (COLUMN) TADR SADR (8) DEST. IMAGE RAM 65-2302-20 Figure 14. One-Cycle Bilinear Interpolation System Related Products • • • • TMC2301 Image Resampling Sequencer TMC2246A Image Filter TMC2249A Digital Mixer TMC2242B Half-Band Filter 30 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TMC2302A Notes: Preliminary Information 31 TMC2302A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION Notes: Preliminary Information 32 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TMC2302A Notes: Preliminary Information 33 TMC2302A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION Mechanical Dimensions 121-Lead PPGA Package Symbol A A1 A2 øB øB2 D D1 e L L1 M N P Inches Min. Max. Millimeters Min. Max. Notes: Notes 1. Pin #1 identifier shall be within shaded area shown. 2. Pin diameter excludes solder dip finish. 3. Dimension "M" defines matrix size. 4. Dimension "N" defines the maximum possible number of pins. 2 2 SQ 5. Orientation pin is at supplier's option. 6. Controlling dimension: inch. .080 .160 .040 .060 .125 .215 .016 .020 .050 NOM. 1.340 1.380 1.200 BSC .100 BSC .110 .145 .170 .190 13 120 .003 — 2.03 4.06 1.01 1.53 3.17 5.46 0.40 0.51 1.27 NOM. 33.27 35.05 30.48 BSC 2.54 BSC 2.79 3.68 4.31 4.83 13 120 .076 — Preliminary Information 3 4 A2 A1 L D e øB øB2 P A Top View Cavity Up D1 Pin 1 Identifier 34 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TMC2302A Mechanical Dimensions (continued) 120-Lead MQFP Package Inches Min. A A1 A2 B C D/E D1/E1 e L N ND a ccc Symbol Millimeters Min. — .25 3.17 .30 Max. Notes: Notes 1. All dimensions and tolerances conform to ANSI Y14.5M-1982. 2. Controlling dimension is millimeters. 3. Dimension "B" does not include dambar protrusion. Allowable dambar protrusion shall be .08mm (.003in.) maximum in excess of the "B" dimension. Dambar cannot be located on the lower radius or the foot. 4. "L" is the length of terminal for soldering to a substrate. 5. "B" & "C" includes lead finish thickness. Max. .154 — .144 .018 .009 .005 1.219 1.238 1.098 1.106 .0315 BSC .026 .037 120 30 0¡ — 7¡ .004 — .010 .125 .012 3.92 — 3.67 .45 .23 .13 30.95 31.45 27.90 28.10 .80 BSC .65 .95 120 30 0¡ — 7¡ .10 3, 5 5 Preliminary Information 4 .20 (.008) Min. D D1 e PIN 1 IDENTIFIER E 0.063" Ref (1.60mm) Lead Detail E1 0¡ Min. .13 (.005) R Min. .13/.30 R .005/.012 C L a See Lead Detail A A2 B A1 Seating Plane Base Plane -CLEAD COPLANARITY ccc C 35 TMC2302A PRODUCT SPECIFICATION Ordering Information Product Number TMC2302AH5C TMC2302AKEC Temperature Range 0°C to 70°C 0°C to 70°C Speed Grade Screening Package 120 Pin Plastic Pin Grid Array 120 Pin Plastic Pin Grid Array 120 Lead Metric Quad FlatPack 120 Lead Metric Quad FlatPack Package Marking 2302AH5C 2302AH5C1 2302AKEC 2302AKEC1 30 MHz Commercial 40 MHz Commercial 30 MHz Commercial 40 MHz Commercial TMC2302AH5C1 0°C to 70°C TMC2302AKEC1 0°C to 70°C Preliminary Information LIFE SUPPORT POLICY FAIRCHILD’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein: 1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and (c) whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury of the user. www.fairchildsemi.com 5/20/98 0.0m 001 Stock#DS70002302A Ó 1998 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation 2. A critical component in any component of a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.