Datasheet, Rev. 1.0, July 2008
BTM7710GP
TrilithIC
Automotive Power
BTM7710GP
Table of Contents
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 2 2.1 2.2 3 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6 7 8 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Pin Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Pin Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Circuit Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Input Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Output Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Circuit Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overtemperature Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Undervoltage Lockout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Status Flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electrical Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Absolute Maximum Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Functional Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermal Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electrical Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
10 10 11 11 11
Application Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Package Outlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Datasheet
2
Rev. 1.0, 2008-07-07
TrilithIC
BTM7710GP
1
Features • • • •
Overview
Quad D-MOS switch driver Free configurable as bridge or quad-switch Optimized for DC motor management applications Low RDS ON High side: 70 mΩ typ. @ 25°C, 165 mΩ max. @ 110°C Low side: 40 mΩ typ. @ 25°C, 75 mΩ max. @ 110°C Peak current: typ. 15 A @ 25 °C Very low quiescent current: typ. 5 μA @ 25 °C Thermally optimized power package Operates up to 40 V Load and GND-short-circuit-protection Overtemperature shut down with hysteresis Undervoltage detection with hysteresis Status flag diagnosis Internal clamp diodes Isolated sources for external current sensing Green Product (RoHS compliant) AEC Qualified
• • • • • • • • • • • •
PG-TO263-15-1
Description The BTM7710GP is part of the TrilithIC family containing three dies in one package: One double high-side switch and two low-side switches. The drains of these three vertical DMOS chips are mounted on separated lead frames. The sources are connected to individual pins, so the BTM7710GP can be used in H-bridge- as well as in any other configuration. The double high-side switch is manufactured in SMART SIPMOS® technology which combines low RDS ON vertical DMOS power stages with CMOS circuitry for control, protection and diagnosis. To achieve low RDS ON and fast switching performance, the low-side switches are manufactured in S-FET logic level technology.
Type BTM7710GP Datasheet
Package PG-TO263-15-1 3
Marking BTM7710GP Rev. 1.0, 2008-07-07
BTM7710GP
2
2.1
Pin Configuration
Pin Assignment
Molding Compound IL1 NC SL1 NC SH1 GND IH1 DHVS ST IH2 SH2 NC IL2 NC SL2 1 Heat-Slug 1 2 18 3 4 5 Heat-Slug 2 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Heat-Slug 3 13 16 14 15 DL2 17 DHVS DL1
Figure 1
Pin Assignment BTM7710GP (Top View)
Datasheet
4
Rev. 1.0, 2008-07-07
BTM7710GP
Table 1 Pin No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Pin Definitions and Functions Symbol Function IL1 NC SL1 NC SH1 GND IH1 DHVS ST IH2 SH2 NC IL2 NC SL2 DL2 DHVS DL1 Analog input of low-side switch 1 Not connected Source of low-side switch 1 Not connected Source of high-side switch 1 Ground of high-side switches Digital input of high-side switch 1 Drain of high-side switches and power supply voltage Status; open Drain output Digital input of high-side switch 2 Source of high-side switch 2 Not connected Analog input of low-side switch 2 Not connected Source of low-side switch 2 Drain of low-side switch 2 Heat-Slug 3 or Heat-Dissipator Drain of high-side switches and power supply voltage Heat-Slug 2 or Heat-Dissipator Drain of low-side switch 1 Heat-Slug 1 or Heat-Dissipator
Pins written in bold type need power wiring.
Datasheet
5
Rev. 1.0, 2008-07-07
BTM7710GP
2.2
Terms
IS
VS=12V CS 470nF CL 100µF
IFH1,2 DHVS IST LK IST ST
9 8, 17
VDSH2 -VFH2 Diagnosis Biasing and Protection
VDSH1 -VFH1
VST VSTL VSTZ
IIH1
IH1
7
Gate Driver RO1 RO2
16 11
IIH1 VIH1 VIH2
SH2 DL2
ISH2 IDL2 IDL LK 2 VUVON VUVOFF
IH2 GND IGND ILKCL
10
Gate Driver
6
5 18
SH1 DL1
ISH1 IDL1 IDL LK 1
IIL1
IL1
1
VIL1 VIL th 1
IIL2
IL2
13
VIL2 VIL th 2
3
15
VDSL1 -VFL1
VDSL2 -VFL2
SL1 ISCP L 1 ISL1
SL2 ISCP L 2 ISL2
Figure 2 Table 2
Terms BTM7710GP
HS-Source-Current
Named during Short Circuit
Named during Leakage-Cond.
ISH1,2
ISCP H
IDL LK
Datasheet
6
Rev. 1.0, 2008-07-07
BTM7710GP
3
Block Diagram
DHVS
8, 17 9
ST Diagnosis Biasing and Protection
IH1
7
IH2 GND
10
Driver IN OUT 00LL 01LH 10HL 11HH
RO1
RO2
16
11
SH2 DL2
6
5 18
SH1 DL1
1
IL1
13
IL2
3
15
SL1
SL2
Figure 3
Block Diagram BTM7710GP
Datasheet
7
Rev. 1.0, 2008-07-07
BTM7710GP
4
4.1
Circuit Description
Input Circuit
The control inputs IH1,2 consist of TTL/CMOS compatible Schmitt-Triggers with hysteresis. Buffer amplifiers are driven by these stages and convert the logic signal into the necessary form for driving the power output stages. The inputs are protected by ESD clamp-diodes. The inputs IL1 and IL2 are connected to the gates of the standard N-channel vertical power-MOS-FETs.
4.2
Output Stages
The output stages consist of an low RDSON Power-MOS H-bridge. In H-bridge configuration, the D-MOS body diodes can be used for freewheeling when communicating inductive loads. If the high-side switches are used as single switches, positive and negative voltage spikes which occur when driving inductive loads are limited by integrated power clamp diodes.
4.3
Short Circuit Protection
The outputs are protected against short circuit to ground and short circuit over load An internal OP-Amp controls the Drain-Source-Voltage by comparing the DS-Voltage-Drop with an internal reference voltage. Above this trip point the OP-Amp reduces the output current depending on the junction temperature and the drop voltage.
4.4
Overtemperature Protection
The high-side switches also incorporate an over temperature protection circuit with hysteresis which switches off the output transistors and sets the status output to low.
4.5
Undervoltage Lockout
When VS reaches the switch-on voltage VUVON the IC becomes active with a hysteresis. The high-side output transistors are switched off if the supply voltage VS drops below the switch off value VUVOFF.
4.6
Status Flag
The status flag output is an open drain output with zener-diode which requires a pull-up resistor, as shown in the application circuit in Figure 4 “Application Example BTM7710GP” on Page 15. Various errors as listed in the table “Diagnosis” are reported by switching the open drain output ST to low.
Datasheet
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Rev. 1.0, 2008-07-07
BTM7710GP
Table 3 Flag
Truth table and Diagnosis (valid only for the High-Side-Switches) IH1 0 0 1 1 0 1 X X 0 X 1 X IH2 0 1 0 1 X X 0 1 0 1 X X SH1 SH2 ST Remarks Outputs L L H H L L X X L L L L L H L H X X L L L L L L 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 stand-by mode switch2 active switch1 active both switches active detected detected detected detected not detected Inputs
Normal operation; identical with functional truth table Overtemperature high-side switch1 Overtemperature high-side switch2 Overtemperature both high-side switches
Under voltage
Inputs: 0 = Logic LOW 1 = Logic HIGH X = don’t care
Outputs: Z = Output in tristate condition L = Output in sink condition H = Output in source condition X = Voltage level undefined
Status: 1 = No error 0 = Error
Datasheet
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Rev. 1.0, 2008-07-07
BTM7710GP
5
5.1
Electrical Characteristics
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Absolute Maximum Ratings1) – 40 °C < Tj < 110 °C Pos. Parameter Symbol Limit Values min. High-Side-Switches (Pins DHVS, IH1,2 and SH1,2) 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 5.1.6 5.1.7 5.1.8 5.1.9 5.1.10 5.1.11 5.1.12 5.1.13 5.1.14 5.1.15 5.1.16 5.1.17 5.1.18 LS-input voltage Junction temperature Storage temperature
3)
Unit Remarks
max. 42 28
2)
Supply voltage Supply voltage for full short circuit protection HS-drain current HS-input current HS-input voltage Status pull up voltage Status Output current Drain-Source-Clamp voltage LS-drain current
VS VS(SCP) IS IIH VIH VST IST VDSL IDL
– 0.3 – – 10 –5 – 10 – 0.3 –5 55 – 12 – –
V V A mA V V mA V A A A V °C °C kV kV kV kV
– –
TA = 25°C; tP < 100 ms
Pin IH1 and IH2 Pin IH1 and IH2 – Pin ST
5 16 5.4 5 – 12 20 30 20 110 150 0.3 1 2 8
Status Output ST
Low-Side-Switches (Pins DL1,2, IL1,2 and SL1,2)
VIL = 0 V; ID ≤ 1 mA Tj = 25°C TC = 125°C; DC TC = 85°C; tP < 100 ms;
duty cycle < 0.1
TC = 85°C; tP < 1 ms;
duty cycle < 0.1 Pin IL1 and IL2 – – – – – all other pins connected to Ground
VIL Tj Tstg VESD VESD VESD VESD
– 20 – 40 – 55 – – – –
Temperatures
ESD Protection
Input LS-Switch Input HS-Switch Status HS-Switch Output LS and HS-Switch
1) Not subject to production test; specified by design 2) Internally limited 3) ESD susceptibility HBM according to EIA/JESD22-A114-B (1.5kΩ, 100pF)
Note: Stresses above the ones listed here may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. Note: Integrated protection functions are designed to prevent IC destruction under fault conditions described in the data sheet. Fault conditions are considered as “outside” normal operating range. Protection functions are not designed for continuous repetitive operation. Datasheet 10 Rev. 1.0, 2008-07-07
BTM7710GP
5.2
Pos. 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5
Functional Range
Parameter Supply voltage Input voltage HS Input voltage LS Status output current Junction temperature Symbol Limit Values min. max. 42 15 20 2 110 V V V mA °C After VS rising above VUVON – – – – Unit Remarks
VS VIH VIL IST Tj
VUVOFF
– 0.3 – 0.3 0 – 40
Note: Within the functional range the IC operates as described in the circuit description. The electrical characteristics are specified within the conditions given in the related electrical characteristics table
5.3
Pos. 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3
Thermal Resistance
Parameter LS-junction to Case1) HS-junction to Case Junction to Ambient
1) 1)
Symbol Min.
Limit Values Typ. – – 16 Max. 1.7 1.7 – – – –
Unit K/W K/W K/W
Conditions measured to pin 3 or 12 measured to pin 19
2)
RthJA = Tj(HS) / (P(HS)+ P(LS))
RthJC L RthJC H RthJA
1) Not subject to production test, specified by design. 2) Specified RthJA value is according to Jedec JESD51-2,-5,-7 at natural convection on FR4 2s2p board; The Product (chip+package) was simulated on a 76.2 x 114.3 x 1.5 mm board with 2 inner copper layers (2 x 70µm Cu, 2 x 35µm Cu). Where applicable a thermal via array under the exposed pad contacted the first inner copper layer.
5.4
Electrical Characteristics
ISH1 = ISH2 = ISL1 = ISL2 = 0 A; – 40 °C < Tj < 110 °C; 8 V < VS < 18 V unless otherwise specified
Pos.
Parameter
Symbol
Limit Values min. typ. 5 – 1.5 3 – – max. 9 12 3 6 6 10
Unit Test Condition
Current Consumption HS-switch 5.4.4 Quiescent current
IS
– –
μA μA mA mA μA mA
IH1 = IH2 = 0 V Tj = 25 °C IH1 = IH2 = 0 V1) IH1 or IH2 = 5 V V S = 12 V IH1 and IH2 = 5 V V S = 12 V
5.4.5 5.4.6 5.4.7 5.4.8
Supply current; one HS-switch active Supply current; both HS-switches active Leakage current of high-side switch Leakage current through logic GND in free wheeling condition
IS IS ISH LK
– – –
ILKCL = IFH + – ISH
VIH = VSH = 0 V V S = 12 V IFH = 3 A V S = 12 V
Datasheet
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Rev. 1.0, 2008-07-07
BTM7710GP
ISH1 = ISH2 = ISL1 = ISL2 = 0 A; – 40 °C < Tj < 110 °C; 8 V < VS < 18 V unless otherwise specified
Pos.
Parameter
Symbol
Limit Values min. typ. 10 – max. 100 10
Unit Test Condition
Current Consumption LS-switch 5.4.9 5.4.10 Input current Leakage current of low-side switch
IIL IDL LK
– –
nA μA
VIL = 20 V; VDSL = 0V VIL = 0 V VDSL = 40V
VS increasing VS decreasing VUVON – VUVOFF IFH = 3 A IFL = 3 A
Under Voltage Lockout HS-switch 5.4.11 5.4.12 5.4.13 5.4.14 5.4.15 5.4.16 Switch-ON voltage Switch-OFF voltage Switch ON/OFF hysteresis Inverse diode of high-side switch; Forward-voltage Inverse diode of low-side switch; Forward-voltage Static drain-source on-resistance of high-side switch
VUVON VUVOFF VUVHY VFH VFL RDS ON H
– 1.8 – – – – –
– – 1 0.8 0.8 70 110 40 50
4.8 3.5 – 1.2 1.2 – 165 – 75
V V V V V mΩ mΩ mΩ mΩ
Output stages
5.4.17
Static drain-source on-resistance of low-side switch
RDS ON L
– –
ISH = 1 A; VS = 12 V Tj = 25 °C ISH = 1 A; VS = 12 V Tj = 110 °C1) ISL = 1 A; VIL = 5 V Tj = 25 °C ISL = 1 A; VIL = 5 V Tj = 110 °C1)
Datasheet
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Rev. 1.0, 2008-07-07
BTM7710GP
ISH1 = ISH2 = ISL1 = ISL2 = 0 A; – 40 °C < Tj < 110 °C; 8 V < VS < 18 V unless otherwise specified
Pos.
Parameter
Symbol
Limit Values min. typ. 18 15 12 15 180 170 10 0.2 – – 75 60 – – 5 25 15 25 4 8 17 2.5 max. 20 – 15 35 190 180 – 0.6 10 – 160 160 1.8 2.1 – – – – – – 40 -
Unit Test Condition
Short Circuit of high-side switch to GND 5.4.18 Initial peak SC current tdel = 100 µs; VS = 12 V; VDSH = 12V
ISCP H
15 – 10
A A A kΩ °C °C °C V μA V μs μs V/μs V/μs ns ns ns ns nC nC nC V
Tj = – 40 °C Tj = + 25 °C Tj = + 110 °C1) VDSL = 3 V
Short Circuit of high-side switch to VS 5.4.19 5.4.20 5.4.21 5.4.22 5.4.23 5.4.24 5.4.25 5.4.26 5.4.27 5.4.28 5.4.29 5.4.30 5.4.31 5.4.32 5.4.33 5.4.34 5.4.35 5.4.36 5.4.37 Output pull-down-resistor Thermal shutdown junction temperature Thermal switch-on junction temperature Temperature hysteresis Low output voltage Leakage current Zener-limit-voltage
1)
RO Tj SD Tj SO
ΔΤ
8 155 150 – – – 5.4 – – – – – – – – – – – –
Thermal Shutdown1) – –
ΔΤ = TjSD – TjSO
IST = 1.6 mA VST = 5 V IST = 1.6 mA
Status Flag Output ST of high-side switch
VST L IST LK VST Z tON tOFF dV/dtON -dV/dtOFF td(on) tr td(off) tf QIS QID QI V(plateau)
Switching times of high-side switch Turn-ON-time to 90% VSH Turn-OFF-time to 10% VSH
RLoad = 12 Ω V S = 12 V
Slew rate on 10 to 30% VSH Slew rate off 70 to 40% VSH
1)
Switching times of low-side switch Turn-ON Delay Time Rise Time Switch-OFF Delay Time Fall Time
1)
resistive load ISL= 3A; VDSL=12V VIL = 5V; RG = 16Ω
Gate charge of low-side switch Input to source charge Input to drain charge Input charge total Input plateau voltage
ISL = 3 A; VDSL=12 V ISL = 3 A; VDSL=12 V ISL = 3 A; VDSL=12 V VIL = 0 to 5 V ISL = 3 A; VDSL=12 V
1)Not subject to production test; specified by design
Datasheet
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Rev. 1.0, 2008-07-07
BTM7710GP
ISH1 = ISH2 = ISL1 = ISL2 = 0 A; – 40 °C < Tj < 110 °C; 8 V < VS < 18 V unless otherwise specified
Pos.
Parameter
Symbol
Limit Values min. typ. – – 0.3 30 – 4 – 1.7 max. 2.5 – – 60 20 5.5 – 2.35
Unit Test Condition
Control Inputs of high-side switches IH 1, 2 5.4.38 5.4.39 5.4.40 5.4.41 5.4.42 5.4.43 5.4.44 5.4.45 H-input voltage L-input voltage Input voltage hysteresis H-input current L-input current Input series resistance Zener limit voltage Gate-threshold-voltage
VIH High VIH Low VIH HY IIH High IIH Low RI VIH Z VIL th
– 1 – 15 5 2.7 5.4 0.9
V V V μA μA kΩ V V
– – –
VIH = 5 V VIH = 0.4 V
–
IIH = 1.6 mA IDL = 1.0 mA
Control Inputs IL1, 2
1) Not subject to production test; specified by design
Note: The listed characteristics are ensured over the operating range of the integrated circuit. Typical characteristics specified mean values expected over the production spread. If not otherwise specified, typical characteristics apply at TA = 25 °C and the given supply voltage.
Datasheet
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Rev. 1.0, 2008-07-07
BTM7710GP
6
Application Information
Note: The following simplified application examples are given as a hint for the implementation of the device only and shall not be regarded as a description or warranty of a certain functionality, condition or quality of the device. The function of the described circuits must be verified in the real application
Watchdog Reset Q
TLE 4278G
D CD 47nF
I
VS=12V
RQ 100 kΩ
CQ 22µF
D01 Z39
CS 10µF
WD R
VCC
DHVS
8, 17
RS 10 kΩ
ST
9
Diagnosis
Biasing and Protection
IH1
7
Gate Driver RO1 RO2
16 11
SH2 DL2
IH2
10
Gate Driver
XC866 µP
GND
6
5 18
SH1 DL1
M
IL1
1
IL2
13
3
15
GND
SL1
SL2
Figure 4
Application Example BTM7710GP
Datasheet
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Rev. 1.0, 2008-07-07
BTM7710GP
7
Package Outlines
21.6 ±0.2 1±0.2 8.3 1) 1.27 ±0.1 B A 0.1 0.05 8.18 ±0.15 4.4 5.56 ±0.15 4.8
1)
1±0.3
8.21)
(15)
9.25 ±0.2
8.41)
2.4
14x1.4
0...0.15 0.8 ±0.1
4.7 ±0.5
2.7 ±0.3
0.5 ±0.1
8˚ max.
0.25
1) M
AB
0.1
Typical All metal surfaces tin plated, except area of cut.
Footprint
0.8
21.6 8.4
16
9.5
0.4
1
Figure 5
PG-TO263-15-1 (Plastic Transistor Single Outline Package)
Green Product (RoHS compliant) To meet the world-wide customer requirements for environmentally friendly products and to be compliant with government regulations the device is available as a green product. Green products are RoHS-Compliant (i.e Pb-free finish on leads and suitable for Pb-free soldering according to IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020).
For further information on alternative packages, please visit our website: http://www.infineon.com/packages. Datasheet 16
4
Dimensions in mm
Rev. 1.0, 2008-07-07
BTM7710GP
8
Rev. 1.0 Date
Revision History
Changes
2008-07-07
Initial version
Datasheet
17
Rev. 1.0, 2008-07-07
Edition 2008-07-07 Published by Infineon Technologies AG 81726 Munich, Germany © 7/10/08 Infineon Technologies AG All Rights Reserved. Legal Disclaimer The information given in this document shall in no event be regarded as a guarantee of conditions or characteristics. With respect to any examples or hints given herein, any typical values stated herein and/or any information regarding the application of the device, Infineon Technologies hereby disclaims any and all warranties and liabilities of any kind, including without limitation, warranties of non-infringement of intellectual property rights of any third party. Information For further information on technology, delivery terms and conditions and prices, please contact the nearest Infineon Technologies Office (www.infineon.com). Warnings Due to technical requirements, components may contain dangerous substances. For information on the types in question, please contact the nearest Infineon Technologies Office. Infineon Technologies components may be used in life-support devices or systems only with the express written approval of Infineon Technologies, if a failure of such components can reasonably be expected to cause the failure of that life-support device or system or to affect the safety or effectiveness of that device or system. Life support devices or systems are intended to be implanted in the human body or to support and/or maintain and sustain and/or protect human life. If they fail, it is reasonable to assume that the health of the user or other persons may be endangered.