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LTC1667IG#TRPBF

LTC1667IG#TRPBF

  • 厂商:

    LINEAR(凌力尔特)

  • 封装:

    SSOP-28_10.2X5.29MM

  • 描述:

    IC D/A CONV 14BIT 50MSPS 28-SSOP

  • 数据手册
  • 价格&库存
LTC1667IG#TRPBF 数据手册
LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 12-Bit, 14-Bit, 16-Bit, 50Msps DACs DESCRIPTIO U FEATURES ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 50Msps Update Rate Pin Compatible 12-Bit, 14-Bit and 16-Bit Devices High Spectral Purity: 87dB SFDR at 1MHz fOUT 5pV-s Glitch Impulse Differential Current Outputs 20ns Settling Time Low Power: 180mW from ±5V Supplies TTL/CMOS (3.3V or 5V) Inputs Small Package: 28-Pin SSOP Operating from ±5V supplies, the LTC1666/LTC1667/ LTC1668 can be configured to provide full-scale output currents up to 10mA. The differential current outputs of the DACs allow single-ended or true differential operation. The – 1V to 1V output compliance of the LTC1666/ LTC1667/LTC1668 allows the outputs to be connected directly to external resistors to produce a differential output voltage without degrading the converter’s linearity. Alternatively, the outputs can be connected to the summing junction of a high speed operational amplifier, or to a transformer. U APPLICATIO S ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ The LTC®1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 are 12-/14-/16-bit, 50Msps differential current output DACs implemented on a high performance BiCMOS process with laser trimmed, thin-film resistors. The combination of a novel currentsteering architecture and a high performance process produces DACs with exceptional AC and DC performance. The LTC1668 is the first 16-bit DAC in the marketplace to exhibit an SFDR (spurious free dynamic range) of 87dB for an output signal frequency of 1MHz. Cellular Base Stations Multicarrier Base Stations Wireless Communication Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) xDSL Modems Arbitrary Waveform Generation Automated Test Equipment Instrumentation The LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 are pin compatible and are available in a 28-pin SSOP and are fully specified over the industrial temperature range. , LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. U TYPICAL APPLICATION LTC1668, 16-Bit, 50Msps DAC 5V LTC1668 SFDR vs fOUT and f CLOCK 0.1µF REFOUT 0.1µF RSET 2k 2.5V REFERENCE VDD 100 LTC1668 5MSPS 90 IREFIN 25MSPS IOUT A + 16-BIT HIGH SPEED DAC – + 52.3Ω IOUT B VOUT 1VP-P DIFFERENTIAL – SFDR (dB) 52.3Ω 80 50MSPS 70 COMP1 C1 0.1µF LADCOM COMP2 C2 0.1µF VSS AGND DGND CLK DB15 DB0 0.1µF DIGITAL AMPLITUDE = 0dBFS 50 1666/7/8 TA01 CLOCK 16-BIT DATA INPUT INPUT 60 0.1 1.0 10 100 fOUT (MHz) 1666/7/8 G05 – 5V 1 LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 W W W AXI U U ABSOLUTE RATI GS (Note 1) Supply Voltage (VDD) ................................................ 6V Negative Supply Voltage (VSS) ............................... – 6V Total Supply Voltage (VDD to VSS) .......................... 12V Digital Input Voltage .................... – 0.3V to (VDD + 0.3V) Analog Output Voltage (IOUT A and IOUT B) ........ (VSS – 0.3V) to (VDD + 0.3V) Power Dissipation ............................................. 500mW Operating Temperature Range LTC1666C/LTC1667C/LTC1668C ........... 0°C to 70°C LTC1666I/LTC1667I/LTC1668I .......... – 40°C to 85°C Storage Temperature Range ................ – 65°C to 150°C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec).................. 300°C U U W PACKAGE/ORDER I FOR ATIO TOP VIEW ORDER PART NUMBER DB9 1 28 DB10 DB8 2 27 DB11 (MSB) DB7 3 26 CLK DB6 4 25 VDD DB5 5 24 DGND DB4 6 23 VSS DB3 7 22 COMP2 DB2 8 21 COMP1 DB1 9 20 IOUT A DB0 (LSB) 10 19 IOUT B LTC1666CG LTC1666IG NC 11 18 LADCOM NC 12 17 AGND NC 13 16 IREFIN NC 14 15 REFOUT G PACKAGE 28-LEAD PLASTIC SSOP TJMAX = 110°C, θJA = 100°C/W TOP VIEW DB11 1 28 DB12 DB10 2 27 DB13 (MSB) DB9 3 26 CLK DB8 4 25 VDD DB7 5 24 DGND ORDER PART NUMBER LTC1667CG LTC1667IG TOP VIEW DB13 1 28 DB14 DB12 2 27 DB15 (MSB) DB11 3 26 CLK DB10 4 25 VDD DB9 5 24 DGND 6 23 VSS DB6 6 23 VSS DB8 DB5 7 22 COMP2 DB7 7 22 COMP2 DB4 8 21 COMP1 DB6 8 21 COMP1 DB3 9 20 IOUT A DB5 9 20 IOUT A DB2 10 19 IOUT B DB4 10 19 IOUT B DB1 11 18 LADCOM DB3 11 18 LADCOM DB0 (LSB) 12 17 AGND DB2 12 17 AGND NC 13 16 IREFIN DB1 13 16 IREFIN NC 14 15 REFOUT G PACKAGE 28-LEAD PLASTIC SSOP TJMAX = 110°C, θJA = 100°C/W Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. 2 DB0 (LSB) 14 15 REFOUT G PACKAGE 28-LEAD PLASTIC SSOP TJMAX = 110°C, θJA = 100°C/W ORDER PART NUMBER LTC1668CG LTC1668IG LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The ● denotes specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VDD = 5V, VSS = – 5V, LADCOM = AGND = DGND = 0V, IOUTFS = 10mA. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN LTC1666 TYP MAX MIN LTC1667 TYP MAX MIN LTC1668 TYP MAX UNITS DC Accuracy (Measured at IOUT A, Driving a Virtual Ground) Resolution ● Monotonicity INL DNL Integral Nonlinearity (Note 2) Differential Nonlinearity (Note 2) 12 14 16 Bits 12 14 14 Bits ±1 ±1 Offset Error 0.1 Offset Error Drift GE PSRR ±2 ±0.2 0.1 5 Gain Error Internal Reference, RIREFIN = 2k External Reference, VREF = 2.5V, RIREFIN = 2k Gain Error Drift Internal Reference External Reference Power Supply Rejection Ratio VDD = 5V ±5% VSS = – 5V ±5% ±8 ±1 ±1 ±4 ±0.2 0.1 ±0.2 5 2 1 5 2 1 50 30 ±0.1 ±0.2 50 30 ±0.1 ±0.2 LSB % FSR ppm/°C 2 1 50 30 LSB % FSR % FSR ppm/°C ppm/°C ±0.1 % FSR/V ±0.2 % FSR/V AC Linearity SFDR Spurious Free Dynamic Range to Nyquist Spurious Free Dynamic Range Within a Window fCLK = 25Msps, fOUT = 1MHz 0dB FS Output – 6dB FS Output –12dB FS Output 87 87 83 dB dB dB fCLK = 50Msps, fOUT = 1MHz 85 dB fCLK = 50Msps, fOUT = 2.5MHz 81 dB fCLK = 50Msps, fOUT = 5MHz 79 dB fCLK = 50Msps, fOUT = 20MHz 70 dB 96 dB 88 dB fCLK = 25Msps, fOUT = 1MHz, 2MHz Span 76 78 85 78 86 86 fCLK = 50Msps, fOUT = 5MHz, 4MHz Span THD Total Harmonic Distortion fCLK = 25Msps, fOUT = 1MHz fCLK = 50Msps, fOUT = 5MHz –75 –77 – 84 – 78 – 77 dB dB 3 LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The ● denotes specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VDD = 5V, VSS = – 5V, LADCOM = AGND = DGND = 0V, IOUTFS = 10mA. SYMBOL PARAMETER LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 MIN TYP MAX CONDITIONS UNITS Analog Output IOUTFS Full-Scale Output Current ● 1 Output Compliance Range IFS = 10mA ● –1 Output Resistance; RIOUT A, RIOUT B IOUT A, B to LADCOM ● 0.7 Output Capacitance 10 1 1.1 1.5 5 mA V kΩ pF Reference Output Reference Voltage REFOUT Tied to IREFIN Through 2kΩ 2.475 Reference Output Drift Reference Output Load Regulation 2.5 2.525 V 25 ppm/°C ILOAD = 0mA to 5mA 6 mV/mA IFS = 10mA, CCOMP1 = 0.1µF 20 kHz Reference Input Reference Small-Signal Bandwidth Power Supply VDD Positive Supply Voltage ● 4.75 5 5.25 VSS Negative Supply Voltage IDD Positive Supply Current IFS = 10mA, fCLK = 25Msps, fOUT = 1MHz ● ISS Negative Supply Current IFS = 10mA, fCLK = 25Msps, fOUT = 1MHz ● PDIS Power Dissipation IFS = 10mA, fCLK = 25Msps, fOUT = 1MHz IFS = 1mA, fCLK = 25Msps, fOUT = 1MHz V ● –4.75 –5 –5.25 3 5 mA 33 40 mA V 180 85 mW mW 75 Msps Dynamic Performance (Differential Transformer Coupled Output, 50Ω Double Terminated, Unless Otherwise Noted) fCLOCK Maximum Update Rate tS Output Settling Time tPD Output Propagation Delay Glitch Impulse ● 50 To 0.1% FSR Single Ended Differential 20 ns 8 ns 15 5 pV-s pV-s tr Output Rise Time 4 ns tf Output Fall Time 4 ns iNO Output Noise 50 pA/√Hz Digital Inputs VIH Digital High Input Voltage ● VIL Digital Low Input Voltage ● 0.8 V IIN Digital Input Current ● ±10 µA CIN Digital Input Capacitance tDS Input Setup Time ● 8 ns tDH Input Hold Time ● 4 ns tCLKH Clock High Time ● 5 ns tCLKL Clock Low Time ● 8 ns Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which the life of the device may be impaired. 4 2.4 V 5 pF Note 2: For the LTC1666, ±1LSB = ±0.024% of full scale; for the LTC1667, ±1LSB = ±0.006% of full scale = ±61ppm of full scale; for the LTC1668, ±1LSB = ±0.0015% of full scale = ±15.3ppm of full scale. LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 U W TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Single Tone SFDR at 50MSPS 2-Tone SFDR –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –10 0 5 10 15 FREQUENCY (MHz) 20 25 5.0 FREQUENCY (MHz) –80 SFDR > 82dB fCLOCK = 5MSPS fOUT1 = 0.5MHz fOUT2 = 0.65MHz fOUT3 = 1.10MHz fOUT4 = 1.25MHz AMPL = 0dBFS 1 4.6 8.2 11.8 15.4 FREQUENCY (MHz) 100 90 80 50MSPS SFDR (dB) SFDR (dB) 25MSPS –70 19 SFDR vs f OUT and Digital Amplitude (dBFS) at fCLOCK = 5MSPS 5MSPS –60 –70 1666/7/8 G03 100 0 –50 –60 SFDR vs f OUT and fCLOCK –10 –40 –50 1666/7/8 G02 4-Tone SFDR, f CLOCK = 5MSPS –30 –40 –110 5.5 1666/7/8 G01 –20 SFDR > 74dB fCLOCK = 50MSPS fOUT1 = 5.02MHz fOUT2 = 6.51MHz fOUT3 = 11.02MHz fOUT4 = 12.51MHz AMPL = 0dBFS –30 –100 –100 4.5 –100 –20 –90 –90 –90 SIGNAL AMPLITUDE (dBFS) 0 SIGNAL AMPLITUDE (dBFS) –20 SFDR > 86dB fCLOCK = 50MSPS fOUT1 = 4.9MHz fOUT2 = 5.09MHz AMPL = 0dBFS –10 SIGNAL AMPLITUDE (dBFS) SFDR = 87dB fCLOCK = 50MSPS fOUT = 1.002MHz AMPL = 0dBFS = –8.25dBm –10 SIGNAL AMPLITUDE (dBFS) 4-Tone SFDR, f CLOCK = 50MSPS 0 0 70 95 0dBFS 90 –6dBFS 85 –12dBFS 80 75 70 65 –80 60 60 –90 55 –100 –110 0.1 DIGITAL AMPLITUDE = 0dBFS 50 0.46 0.82 1.18 1.54 FREQUENCY (MHz) 1.0 0.1 1.9 10 50 100 0 –6dBFS 90 95 85 90 SFDR (dB) 70 65 80 75 70 –12dBFS –6dBFS 65 75 60 55 55 55 50 50 2 6 fOUT (MHz) 4 8 10 1666/7/8 G07 IOUTFS = 2.5mA 65 60 0 IOUTFS = 5mA 70 60 50 IOUTFS = 10mA 85 SFDR (dB) 80 2.0 DIGITAL AMPLITUDE = 0dBFS 0dBFS 80 –12dBFS 1.6 SFDR vs f OUT and IOUTFS at fCLOCK = 25MSPS 0dBFS 75 1.2 fOUT (MHz) 1666/7/8 G06 SFDR vs f OUT and Digital Amplitude (dBFS) at fCLOCK = 50MSPS 95 85 0.8 1666/7/8 G05 SFDR vs f OUT and Digital Amplitude (dBFS) at fCLOCK = 25MSPS 90 0.4 fOUT (MHz) 1666/7/8 G04 SFDR (dB) (LTC1668) 0 5 10 fOUT (MHz) 15 20 1666/7/8 G08 0 2.5 5 fOUT (MHz) 7.5 10 1666/7/8 G09 5 LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 U W TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS SFDR vs Digital Amplitude (dBFS) and fCLOCK at fOUT = fCLOCK/11 SFDR vs Digital Amplitude (dBFS) and fCLOCK at fOUT = fCLOCK/5 Single-Ended Outputs Full-Scale Transition 100 100 95 95 455kHz AT 5MSPS 90 90 85 85 80 80 SFDR (dB) SFDR (dB) (LTC1668) 4.55MHz AT 50MSPS 75 2.277MHz AT 25MSPS 70 1MHz AT 5MSPS 5MHz AT 25MSPS 75 70 65 60 60 55 55 50 –20 50 –20 0 0000 FFFF 10MHz AT 50MSPS 65 –15 –10 –5 DIGITAL AMPLITUDE (dBFS) V(IOUTB) 100mV /DIV V(IOUTA) CLOCK INPUT CLK IN 5V/DIV –15 –10 –5 DIGITAL AMPLITUDE (dBFS) 1666/7/8 G10 0 5ns/DIV 1666/7/8 G12 1666/7/8 G11 Differential Output Full-Scale Transition Differential Output Full-Scale Transition Single-Ended Output Full-Scale Transition V(IOUTA) – V(IOUTB) V(IOUTA) – V(IOUTB) V(IOUTA) 100mV /DIV 0000 100mV /DIV FFFF FFFF 100mV /DIV 0000 FFFF 0000 V(IOUTB) CLOCK INPUT CLK IN 5V/DIV CLK IN 5V/DIV 5ns/DIV 5ns/DIV 5ns/DIV 1666/7/8 G14 1666/7/8 G13 Single-Ended Midscale Glitch Impulse 1666/7/8 G15 Differential Midscale Glitch Impulse V(IOUTA) – V(IOUTB) 8000 7FFF 1mV/DIV Integral Nonlinearity 8000 1mV/DIV CLK IN 5V/DIV CLK IN 5V/DIV 5ns/DIV 4 3 2 1 0 –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 5ns/DIV 1666/7/8 G16 5 INTEGRAL NONLINEARITY (LSB) V(IOUTA), V(IOUTB) 7FFF CLK IN 5V/DIV 1666/7/8 G17 49152 32768 16384 DIGITAL INPUT CODE 65535 1666/7/8 G18 6 LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 U W TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS (LTC1668) Differential Nonlinearity DIFFERENTIAL NONLINEARITY (LSB) 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 –0.5 –1.0 –1.5 –2.0 0 32768 16384 49152 DIGITAL INPUT CODE 65535 1666/7/8 G19 U U U PI FU CTIO S LTC1666 REFOUT (Pin 15): Internal Reference Voltage Output. Nominal value is 2.5V. Requires a 0.1µF bypass capacitor to AGND. COMP1 (Pin 21): Current Source Control Amplifier Compensation. Bypass to VSS with 0.1µF. COMP2 (Pin 22): Internal Bypass Point. Bypass to VSS with 0.1µF. IREFIN (Pin 16): Reference Input Current. Nominal value is 1.25mA for IFS = 10mA. IFS = IREFIN • 8. VSS (Pin 23): Negative Supply Voltage. Nominal value is – 5V. AGND (Pin 17): Analog Ground. DGND (Pin 24): Digital Ground. LADCOM (Pin 18): Attenuator Ladder Common. Normally tied to GND. VDD (Pin 25): Positive Supply Voltage. Nominal value is 5V. IOUT B (Pin 19): Complementary DAC Output Current. Fullscale output current occurs when all data bits are 0s. CLK (Pin 26): Clock Input. Data is latched and the output is updated on positive edge of clock. DB11 to DB0 (Pins 27, 28, 1 to 10 ): Digital Input Data Bits. IOUT A (Pin 20): DAC Output Current. Full-scale output current occurs when all data bits are 1s. 7 LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 U U U PI FU CTIO S LTC1667 LTC1668 REFOUT (Pin 15): Internal Reference Voltage Output. Nominal value is 2.5V. Requires a 0.1µF bypass capacitor to AGND. REFOUT (Pin 15): Internal Reference Voltage Output. Nominal value is 2.5V. Requires a 0.1µF bypass capacitor to AGND. IREFIN (Pin 16): Reference Input Current. Nominal value is 1.25mA for IFS = 10mA. IFS = IREFIN • 8. IREFIN (Pin 16): Reference Input Current. Nominal value is 1.25mA for IFS = 10mA. IFS = IREFIN • 8. AGND (Pin 17): Analog Ground. AGND (Pin 17): Analog Ground. LADCOM (Pin 18): Attenuator Ladder Common. Normally tied to GND. LADCOM (Pin 18): Attenuator Ladder Common. Normally tied to GND. IOUT B (Pin 19): Complementary DAC Output Current. Fullscale output current occurs when all data bits are 0s. IOUT B (Pin 19): Complementary DAC Output Current. Fullscale output current occurs when all data bits are 0s. IOUT A (Pin 20): DAC Output Current. Full-scale output current occurs when all data bits are 1s. IOUT A (Pin 20): DAC Output Current. Full-scale output current occurs when all data bits are 1s. COMP1 (Pin 21): Current Source Control Amplifier Compensation. Bypass to VSS with 0.1µF. COMP1 (Pin 21): Current Source Control Amplifier Compensation. Bypass to VSS with 0.1µF. COMP2 (Pin 22): Internal Bypass Point. Bypass to VSS with 0.1µF. COMP2 (Pin 22): Internal Bypass Point. Bypass to VSS with 0.1µF. VSS (Pin 23): Negative Supply Voltage. Nominal value is – 5V. VSS (Pin 23): Negative Supply Voltage. Nominal value is – 5V. DGND (Pin 24): Digital Ground. DGND (Pin 24): Digital Ground. VDD (Pin 25): Positive Supply Voltage. Nominal value is 5V. VDD (Pin 25): Positive Supply Voltage. Nominal value is 5V. CLK (Pin 26): Clock Input. Data is latched and the output is updated on positive edge of clock. CLK (Pin 26): Clock Input. Data is latched and the output is updated on positive edge of clock. DB13 to DB0 (Pins 27, 28, 1 to 12 ): Digital Input Data Bits. DB15 to DB0 (Pins 27, 28, 1 to 14 ): Digital Input Data Bits. 8 LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 W BLOCK DIAGRA LTC1666 5V 0.1µF 25 VDD VREF 15 REFOUT 2.5V REFERENCE 0.1µF ATTENUATOR LADDER RSET 2k 16 IFS/8 + IINT 22 0.1µF IOUT A 20 + IOUT B 19 – 52.3Ω 52.3Ω VOUT 1VP-P DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT SOURCE ARRAY – 21 18 SEGMENTED SWITCHES FOR DB15–DB12 LSB SWITCHES IREFIN LADCOM ••• ••• COMP1 INPUT LATCHES COMP2 0.1µF VSS 23 AGND DGND 17 24 DB11 ••• DB0 27 10 1666 BD ••• 0.1µF –5V CLK 26 CLOCK INPUT 12-BIT DATA INPUT LTC1667 5V 0.1µF 25 VDD VREF 15 REFOUT 2.5V REFERENCE 0.1µF ATTENUATOR LADDER RSET 2k 16 IFS/8 + IINT 22 0.1µF IOUT A 20 + IOUT B 19 – 52.3Ω 52.3Ω VOUT 1VP-P DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT SOURCE ARRAY – 21 18 SEGMENTED SWITCHES FOR DB15–DB12 LSB SWITCHES IREFIN LADCOM ••• ••• COMP1 INPUT LATCHES COMP2 0.1µF VSS 23 –5V 0.1µF AGND DGND 17 24 CLK 26 DB13 ••• 27 DB0 12 1667 BD ••• CLOCK INPUT 14-BIT DATA INPUT 9 LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 W BLOCK DIAGRA LTC1668 5V 0.1µF 25 VDD VREF 15 REFOUT 2.5V REFERENCE 0.1µF IFS/8 + IINT 22 0.1µF 20 + IOUT B 19 – 52.3Ω CURRENT SOURCE ARRAY – 21 IOUT A SEGMENTED SWITCHES FOR DB15–DB12 LSB SWITCHES IREFIN 18 ATTENUATOR LADDER RSET 2k 16 LADCOM ••• ••• COMP1 INPUT LATCHES COMP2 0.1µF VSS 23 AGND DGND 17 24 DB15 26 ••• DB0 27 14 1668 BD ••• 0.1µF –5V CLK CLOCK INPUT 16-BIT DATA INPUT WU W TI I G DIAGRA DATA INPUT N–1 N tDS N+1 tDH CLK tCLKL tCLKH tST tPD IOUT A/IOUT B N–1 N 0.1% 1666/7/8 TD 10 52.3Ω VOUT 1VP-P DIFFERENTIAL LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Theory of Operation The LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 are high speed current steering 12-/14-/16-bit DACs made on an advanced BiCMOS process. Precision thin film resistors and well matched bipolar transistors result in excellent DC linearity and stability. A low glitch current switching design gives excellent AC performance at sample rates up to 50Msps. The devices are complete with a 2.5V internal bandgap reference and edge triggered latches, and set a new standard for DAC applications requiring very high dynamic range at output frequencies up to several megahertz. Referring to the Block Diagrams, the DACs contain an array of current sources that are steered to IOUTA or IOUTB with NMOS differential current switches. The four most significant bits are made up of 15 current segments of equal weight. The remaining lower bits are binary weighted, using a combination of current scaling and a differential resistive attenuator ladder. All bits and segments are precisely matched, both in current weight for DC linearity, and in switch timing for low glitch impulse and low spurious tone AC performance. Setting the Full-Scale Current, IOUTFS The reference control loop requires a capacitor on the COMP1 pin for compensation. For optimal AC performance, CCOMP1 should be connected to VSS and be placed very close to the package (less than 0.1"). For fixed reference voltage applications, CCOMP1 should be 0.1µF or more. The reference control loop small-signal bandwidth is approximately 1/(2π) • CCOMP1 • 80 or 20kHz for CCOMP1 = 0.1µF. Reference Operation The onboard 2.5V bandgap voltage reference drives the REFOUT pin. It is trimmed and specified to drive a 2k resistor tied from REFOUT to IREFIN, corresponding to a 1.25mA load (IOUTFS = 10mA). REFOUT has nominal output impedance of 6Ω, or 0.24% per mA, so it must be buffered to drive any additional external load. A 0.1µF capacitor is required on the REFOUT pin for compensation. Note that this capacitor is required for stability, even if the internal reference is not being used. External Reference Operation Figure 1, shows how to use an external reference to control the LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 full-scale current. The full-scale DAC output current, IOUTFS, is nominally 10mA, and can be adjusted down to 1mA. Placing a resistor, RSET, between the REFOUT pin, and the IREFIN pin sets IOUTFS as follows. The internal reference control loop amplifier maintains a virtual ground at IREFIN by servoing the internal current source, IINT, to sink the exact current flowing into IREFIN. IINT is a scaled replica of the DAC current sources and IOUTFS = 8 • (IINT), therefore: IOUTFS = 8 • (IREFIN) = 8 • (VREF/RSET) (1) For example, if RSET = 2k and is tied to VREF = REFOUT = 2.5V, IREFIN = 2.5/2k = 1.25mA and IOUTFS = 8 • (1.25mA) = 10mA. REFOUT 5V 2.5V REFERENCE 0.1µF EXTERNAL REFERENCE IREFIN LTC1666/ LTC1667/ LTC1668 RSET + – 1666/7/8 F02 Figure 1. Using the LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 with an External Reference 11 LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Adjusting the Full-Scale Output VOUT A = IOUT A • RLOAD (8) In Figure 2, a serial interfaced DAC is used to set IOUTFS. The LTC1661 is a dual 10-bit VOUT DAC with a buffered voltage output that swings from 0V to VREF. VOUT B = IOUT B • RLOAD (9) 5V 2.5V REFERENCE REF 0.1µF IREFIN 1/2 LTC1661 RSET 1.9k VDIFF = VOUT A – VOUT B = (IOUT A – IOUT B) • (RLOAD) (10) Substituting the values found earlier for IOUT A, IOUT B and IOUTFS (LTC1668): LTC1666/ LTC1667/ LTC1668 VDIFF = {2 • DAC Code – 65535)/65536} • 8 • (RLOAD/RSET) • (VREF) + – 1666/7/8 F03 Figure 2. Adjusting the Full-Scale Current of the LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 with a DAC DAC Transfer Function The LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 use straight binary digital coding. The complementary current outputs, IOUT A and IOUT B, sink current from 0 to IOUTFS. For IOUTFS = 10mA (nominal), IOUT A swings from 0mA when all bits are low (e.g., Code␣ = 0) to 10mA when all bits are high (e.g., Code = 65535 for LTC1668) (decimal representation). IOUT B is complementary to IOUT A. IOUT A and IOUT B are given by the following formulas: LTC1666: IOUT A = IOUTFS • (DAC Code/4096) (2) IOUT B = IOUTFS • (4095 – DAC Code)/4096 (3) LTC1667: IOUT A = IOUTFS • (DAC Code/16384) (4) IOUT B = IOUTFS • (16383 – DAC Code)/16384 (5) LTC1668: IOUT A = IOUTFS • (DAC Code/65536) (6) IOUT B = IOUTFS • (65535 – DAC Code)/65536 (7) In typical applications, the LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 differential output currents either drive a resistive load directly or drive an equivalent resistive load through a transformer, or as the feedback resistor of an I-to-V converter. The voltage outputs generated by the IOUT A and IOUT B output currents are then: 12 The differential voltage is: (11) From these equations some of the advantages of differential mode operation can be seen. First, any common mode noise or error on IOUT A and IOUT B is cancelled. Second, the signal power is twice as large as in the single-ended case. Third, any errors and noise that multiply times IOUT A and IOUT B, such as reference or IOUTFS noise, cancel near midscale, where AC signal waveforms tend to spend the most time. Fourth, this transfer function is bipolar; e.g. the output swings positive and negative around a zero output at mid-scale input, which is more convenient for AC applications. Note that the term (RLOAD/RSET) appears in both the differential and single-ended transfer functions. This means that the Gain Error of the DAC depends on the ratio of RLOAD to RSET, and the Gain Error tempco is affected by the temperature tracking of RLOAD with RSET. Note also that the absolute tempco of RLOAD is very critical for DC nonlinearity. As the DAC output changes from 0mA to 10mA the RLOAD resistor will heat up slightly, and even a very low tempco can produce enough INL bowing to be significant at the 16-bit level. This effect disappears with medium to high frequency AC signals due to the slow thermal time constant of the load resistor. Analog Outputs The LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 have two complementary current outputs, IOUT A and IOUT B (see DAC Transfer Function). The output impedance of IOUT A and IOUT B (RIOUT A and RIOUT B) is typically 1.1kΩ to LADCOM. (See Figure 3.) LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO LADCOM LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 RIOUT B 1.1k RIOUT A 1.1k IOUT A IOUT B Output Compliance 18 The specified output compliance voltage range is ±1V. The DC linearity specifications, INL and DNL, are trimmed and guaranteed on IOUT A into the virtual ground of an I-to-V converter, but are typically very good over the full output compliance range. Above 1V the output current will start to increase as the DAC current steering switch impedance decreases, degrading both DC and AC linearity. Below –1V, the DAC switches will start to approach the transition from saturation to linear region. This will degrade AC performance first, due to nonlinear capacitance and increased glitch impulse. AC distortion performance is optimal at amplitudes less than ±0.5VP-P on IOUT A and IOUT B due to nonlinear capacitance and other large-signal effects. At first glance, it may seem counter-intuitive to decrease the signal amplitude when trying to optimize SFDR. However, the error sources that affect AC performance generally behave as additive currents, so decreasing the load impedance to reduce signal voltage amplitude will reduce most spurious signals by the same amount. 20 52.3Ω 19 52.3Ω 5pF 5pF VSS – 5V 23 1666/7/8 F04 Figure 3. Equivalent Analog Output Circuit LADCOM The LADCOM pin is the common connection for the internal DAC attenuator ladder. It usually is tied to analog ground, but more generally it should connect to the same potential as the load resistors on IOUT A and IOUT B. The LADCOM pin carries a constant current to VSS of approximately 0.32 • (IOUTFS), plus any current that flows from IOUT A and IOUT B through the RIOUT A and RIOUT B resistors. 5V 0.1µF REFOUT 0.1µF RSET 2k 2.5V REFERENCE VDD LTC1668 MINI-CIRCUITS T1–1T IREFIN IOUT A + 16-BIT HIGH SPEED DAC – 110Ω IOUT B COMP1 C1 0.1µF 50Ω 50Ω LADCOM COMP2 C2 0.1µF TO HP3589A SPECTRUM ANALYZER 50Ω INPUT AGND DGND VSS CLK DB15 DB0 16 0.1µF DIGITAL DATA – 5V OUT 1 OUT 2 CLK HP8110A DUAL IN PULSE GENERATOR HP1663EA CLK LOGIC ANALYZER WITH IN PATTERN GENERATOR 1666/7/8 F05 LOW JITTER CLOCK SOURCE Figure 4. AC Characterization Setup (LTC1668) 13 LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Operating with Reduced Output Currents Differential Transformer-Coupled Outputs The LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 are specified to operate with full-scale output current, IOUTFS, from the nominal 10mA down to 1mA. This can be useful to reduce power dissipation or to adjust full-scale value. However, the DC and AC accuracy is specified only at IOUTFS = 10mA, and DC and AC accuracy will fall off significantly at lower IOUTFS values. At IOUTFS = 1mA, the LTC1668 INL and DNL typically degrade to the 14-bit to 13-bit level, compared to 16-bit to 15-bit typical accuracy at 10mA IOUTFS. Increasing IOUTFS from 1mA, the accuracy improves rapidly, roughly in proportion to 1/IOUTFS. Note that the AC performance (SFDR) is affected much more by reduced IOUTFS than it is by reduced digital amplitude (see Typical Performance Characteristics). Therefore it is usually better to make large gain adjustments digitally, keeping IOUTFS equal to 10mA. Differential transformer-coupled output configurations usually give the best AC performance. An example is shown in Figure 5. The advantages of transformer coupling include excellent rejection of common mode distortion and noise over a broad frequency range and convenient differential-to-single-ended conversion with isolation or level shifting. Also, as much as twice the power can be delivered to the load, and impedance matching can be accomplished by selecting the appropriate transformer turns ratio. The center tap on the primary side of the transformer is tied to ground to provide the DC current path for IOUT A and IOUT B. For low distortion, the DC average of the IOUT A and IOUT B currents must be exactly equal to avoid biasing the core. This is especially important for compact RF transformers with small cores. The circuit in Figure 5 uses a Mini-Circuits T1-1T RF transformer with a 1:1 turns ratio. The load resistance on IOUT A and IOUT B is equivalent to a single differential resistor of 50Ω, and the 1:1 turns ratio means the output impedance from the transformer is 50Ω. Note that the load resistors are optional, and they dissipate half of the output power. However, in lab environments or when driving long transmission lines it is very desirable to have a 50Ω output impedance. This could also be done with a 50Ω resistor at the transformer secondary, but putting the load resistors on IOUT A and IOUT B is preferred since it reduces the current through the transformer. At signal frequencies lower than about 1MHz, the transformer core size required to maintain low distortion gets larger, and at some lower frequencies this becomes impractical. Output Configurations Based on the specific application requirements, the LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 allow a choice of the best of several output configurations. Voltage outputs can be generated by external load resistors, transformer coupling or with an op amp I-to-V converter. Single-ended DAC output configurations use only one of the outputs, preferably IOUT A, to produce a single-ended voltage output. Differential mode configurations use the difference between IOUT A and IOUT B to generate an output voltage, VDIFF, as shown in equation 11. Differential mode gives much better accuracy in most AC applications. Because the DAC chip is the point of interface between the digital input signals and the analog output, some small amount of noise coupling to IOUT A and IOUT B is unavoidable. Most of that digital noise is common mode and is canceled by the differential mode circuit. Other significant digital noise components can be modeled as VREF or IOUTFS noise. In single-ended mode, IOUTFS noise is gone at zero scale and is fully present at full scale. In differential mode, IOUTFS noise is cancelled at midscale input, corresponding to zero analog output. Many AC signals, including broadband and multitone communications signals with high peak to average ratios, stay mostly near midscale. 14 MINI-CIRCUITS T1-1T IOUT A LTC1666/ LTC1667/ LTC1668 50Ω 110Ω RLOAD IOUT B 50Ω 1666/7/8 F06 Figure 5. Differential Transformer-Coupled Outputs LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Resistor Loaded Outputs A differential resistor loaded output configuration is shown in Figure 6. It is simple and economical, but it can drive only differential loads with impedance levels and amplitudes appropriate for the DAC outputs. The recommended single-ended resistor loaded configuration is essentially the same circuit as the differential resistor loaded, case—simply use the IOUT A output, referred to ground. Rather than tying the unused IOUT B output to ground, it is preferred to load it with the equivalent RLOAD of IOUT A. Then IOUT B will still swing with a waveform complementary to IOUT A. 52.3Ω 52.3Ω IOUT A LTC1666/ LTC1667/ LTC1668 IOUT B 1666/7/8 F07 Figure 6. Differential Resistor-Loaded Output Op Amp I to V Converter Outputs Adding an op amp differential to single-ended converter circuit to the differential resistor loaded output gives the circuit of Figure 7. This circuit complements the capabilities of the transformer-coupled application at lower frequencies, since available op amps can deliver good AC distortion performance at signal frequencies of a few MHz down to DC. The optional capacitor adds a single real pole of filtering, and helps reduce distortion by limiting the high frequency signal amplitude at the op amp inputs. The circuit swings ±1V around ground. Figure 8 shows a simplified circuit for a single-ended output using I-to-V converter to produce a unipolar buffered voltage output. This configuration typically has the best DC linearity performance, but its AC distortion at higher frequencies is limited by U1’s slewing capabilities. Digital Interface The LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 have parallel inputs that are latched on the rising edge of the clock input. They accept CMOS levels from either 5V or 3.3V logic and can accept clock rates of up to 50MHz. Referring to the Timing Diagram and Block Diagram, the data inputs go to master-slave latches that update on the rising edge of the clock. The input logic thresholds, VIH = 2.4V min, VIL = 0.8V max, work with 3.3V or 5V CMOS levels over temperature. The guaranteed setup time, tDS, is 8ns minimum and the hold time, tDH, is 4ns minimum. The minimum clock high and low times are guaranteed at 6ns and 8ns, respectively. These specifications allow the LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 to be clocked at up to 50Msps minimum. For best AC performance, the data and clock waveforms need to be clean and free of undershoot and overshoot. Clock and data interconnect lines should be twisted pair, coax or microstrip, and proper line termination is important. If the digital input signals to the DAC are considered as analog AC voltage signals, they are rich in spectral components over a broad frequency range, usually inCOUT 500Ω IOUTFS 10mA 200Ω IOUT A LTC1666/ LTC1667/ LTC1668 RFB 200Ω – 60pF LT1809 200Ω IOUT B IOUT A + ±1V 10dBm VOUT 52.3Ω 52.3Ω LADCOM 500Ω U1 LT®1812 LTC1666/ LTC1667/ LTC1668 IOUT B – + VOUT 0V TO 2V 200Ω 1666/7/8 F09 1666/7/8 F08 Figure 7. Differential to Single-Ended Op Amp I-V Converter Figure 8. Single-Ended Op Amp I to V Converter 15 LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO cluding the output signal band of interest. Therefore, any direct coupling of the digital signals to the analog output will produce spurious tones that vary with the exact digital input pattern. necessity. Figures 11 to 15 are the printed circuit board layers for an AC evaluation circuit for the LTC1668. Ground planes should be split between digital and analog sections as shown. All bypass capacitors should have minimum trace length and be ceramic 0.1µF or larger with low ESR. Clock jitter should be minimized to avoid degrading the noise floor of the device in AC applications, especially where high output frequencies are being generated. Any noise coupling from the digital inputs to the clock input will cause phase modulation of the clock signal and the DAC waveform, and can produce spurious tones. It is normally best to place the digital data transitions near the falling clock edge, well away from the active rising clock edge. Because the clock signal contains spectral components only at the sampling frequency and its multiples, it is usually not a source of in band spurious tones. Overall, it is better to treat the clock as you would an analog signal and route it separately from the digital data input signals. The clock trace should be routed either over the analog ground plane or over its own section of the ground plane. The clock line needs to have accurately controlled impedance and should be well terminated near the LTC1666/ LTC1667/LTC1668. Bypass capacitors are required on VSS, VDD and REFOUT, and all connected to the AGND plane. The COMP2 pin ties to a node in the output current switching circuitry, and it requires a 0.1µF bypass capacitor. It should be bypassed to VSS along with COMP1. The AGND and DGND pins should both tie directly to the AGND plane, and the tie point between the AGND and DGND planes should nominally be near the DGND pin. LADCOM should either be tied directly to the AGND plane or be bypassed to AGND. The IOUT A and IOUT B traces should be close together, short, and well matched for good AC CMRR. The transformer output ground should be capable of optionally being isolated or being tied to the AGND plane, depending on which gives better performance in the system. Suggested Evaluation Circuit Figure 10 is the schematic and Figures 11 to 15 are the circuit board layouts for a suggested evaluation circuit, DC245A. The circuit can be programmed with component selection and jumpers for a variety of differentially coupled transformer output and differential and single-ended resistor loaded output configurations. Printed Circuit Board Layout Considerations— Grounding, Bypassing and Output Signal Routing The close proximity of high frequency digital data lines and high dynamic range, wide-band analog signals makes clean printed circuit board design and layout an absolute 52.3Ω REFOUT 0.1µF IREFIN REF SERIAL INPUT 1/2 LTC1661 U3 LTC1668 U1 I-CHANNEL 2k VOUT LADCOM IOUT A LOCAL OSCILLATOR 2.1k 90° 52.3Ω 21k QUADRATURE MODULATOR LOW-PASS FILTER IOUT B CLK REFOUT ±5% RELATIVE GAIN ADJUSTMENT RANGE 52.3Ω LTC1668 U2 Q-CHANNEL 0.1µF IREFIN LADCOM IOUT A IOUT B ∑ 52.3Ω LOW-PASS FILTER CLK 1666/7/8 F10 CLOCK INPUT Figure 9. QAM Modulation Using LTC1668 with Digitally Controlled I vs Q Channel Gain Adjustment 16 QAM OUTPUT J10 J7 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 +5VD 4 GND + C14 10µF 25V OPTIONAL SIP PULL-UP/ PULL-DOWN RESISTORS (NOT INSTALLED) J11 J8 10 9 7 8 C21 0.1µF 11 6 +5VA 12 5 22Ω 13 4 9 8 14 10 7 15 11 6 3 12 5 2 13 4 16 14 3 1 15 2 22Ω RN6 16 + C15 10µF 25V TP9 TESTPOINT BLK C23 0.1µF 1 16 JP9 2 26 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 28 27 J9 R12 49.9Ω 3 1% CLK IOUT B –5V C17 0.1µF J6 EXTCLK 24 17 25 23 22 21 18 –5V C11 0.1µF C8 0.1µF C20 0.1µF C16 10µF 25V TP8 TESTPOINT RED AGND DGND GROUND PLANE TIE POINT 5V C10 0.1µF C7 0.1µF TP5 TESTPOINT WHT 19 20 15 C22 0.1µF DGND AGND VDD VSS COMP2 COMP1 LADCOM DB0 (LSB) DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DB7 DB8 DB9 DB10 DB11 DB12 DB13 DB14 IOUT A REFOUT DB15 (MSB) REFIN LTC1668 C3 0.1µF Figure 10. Suggested Evaluation Circuit R3 1.91k 0.1% OPTIONAL SIP PULL-UP/ PULL-DOWN RESISTORS (NOT INSTALLED) +5VD R2 200Ω TP7 TESTPOINT RED TP2 TESTPOINT WHT 2.5VREF 1 RN5 6 5 VIN VOUT 4 2 3 JP1 1 2 6 LT1460DCS8-2.5 TP6 TESTPOINT RED C19 0.1µF 3 4 +5VD 1 2 AMP 102159-9 C2 0.1µF 5V C1 0.1µF TP10 TESTPOINT BLK C12 22pF JP6 C8 0.1µF JP5 R9 50Ω 0.1% JP7 JP4 R10 50Ω 0.1% C12 22pF C9 0.1µF J5 IOUT B JP8 TP4 TESTPOINT WHT J2 IOUT A C4 1666/7/8 F11 C18 0.1µF R7 110Ω R6 R5 JP3 R4 5V TP3 TESTPOINT WHT JP2 6 T1 4 R16 0Ω R15 0Ω R14 0Ω R13 0Ω MINICIRCUITS T1–1T 1 2 3 R8 C5 J4 VOUT U U W TP1 APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO U R1 10Ω + J1 EXTREF LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 17 LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Figure 11. Suggested Evaluation Circuit Board—Silkscreen 18 LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Figure 12. Suggested Evaluation Circuit Board—Component Side 19 LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Figure 13. Suggested Evaluation Circuit Board—GND Plane 20 LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Figure 14. Suggested Evaluation Circuit Board—Power Plane 21 LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Figure 15. Suggested Evaluation Circuit Board—Solder Side 22 LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 U PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO G Package 28-Lead Plastic SSOP (5.3mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1640) 10.07 – 10.33* (.397 – .407) 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 7.65 – 7.90 (.301 – .311) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5.20 – 5.38** (.205 – .212) 1.73 – 1.99 (.068 – .078) 0° – 8° .13 – .22 (.005 – .009) .55 – .95 (.022 – .037) NOTE: 1. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETERS MILLIMETERS 2. DIMENSIONS ARE IN (INCHES) .65 (.0256) BSC .25 – .38 (.010 – .015) .05 – .21 (.002 – .008) G28 SSOP 0501 3. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE *DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED .152mm (.006") PER SIDE **DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH. INTERLEAD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED .254mm (.010") PER SIDE Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. 23 LTC1666/LTC1667/LTC1668 U TYPICAL APPLICATIO 5V 1k VDD REFOUT 0.1µF LADCOM RSET 2k 0.1µF 52.3Ω – IOUT A 100pF LTC1668 IREFIN 0.1µF 52.3Ω VOUT ±10V LT1227 + IOUT B COMP1 COMP2 VSS AGND DGND CLK DB15-DB0 1k 1666/7/8 F17 CLOCK 18-BIT INPUT DATA INPUT – 5V Figure 16. Arbitrary Waveform Generator Has ±10V Output Swing, 50Msps DAC Update Rate RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS 8-Bit, 20Msps ADC Undersampling Capability Up to 70MHz Input ADCs LTC1406 LTC1411 14-Bit, 2.5Msps ADC LTC1420 12-Bit, 10Msps ADC 72dB SINAD at 5MHz fIN LTC1604/LTC1608 16-Bit, 333ksps/500ksps ADCs 16-Bit, No Missing Codes, 90dB SINAD, –100dB THD DACs LTC1591/LTC1597 Parallel 14/16-Bit Current Output DACs On-Chip 4-Quadrant Resistors LTC1595/LTC1596 Serial 16-Bit Current Output DACs Low Glitch, ±1LSB Maximum INL, DNL LTC1650 Serial 16-Bit Voltage Output DAC Low Power, Deglitched, 4-Quadrant Multiplying VOUT DAC, ±4.5V Output Swing, 4µs Settling Time LTC1655(L) Single 16-Bit VOUT DAC with Serial Interface in SO-8 5V (3V) Single Supply, Rail-to-Rail Output Swing LTC1657(L) 16-Bit Parallel Voltage Output DAC 5V (3V) Low Power, 16-Bit Monotonic Over Temp., Multiplying Capability LT1809/LT1810 Single/Dual 180MHz, 350V/µs Op Amp Rail-to-Rail Input and Output, Low Distortion LT1812/LT1813 Single/Dual 100MHz, 750V/µs Op Amp 3.6mA Supply Current, 8nV/√Hz Input Noise Voltage AMPLIFIERs 24 Linear Technology Corporation 166678f LT/TP 0701 2K • PRINTED IN USA 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 (408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com  LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2000
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