LTC3555/LTC3555-X
High Efficiency USB Power
Manager + Triple
Step-Down DC/DC
DESCRIPTION
FEATURES
Power Manager
n High Efficiency Switching PowerPath™ Controller
with Bat-Track™ Adaptive Output Control
n Programmable USB or Wall Current Limit
(100mA/500mA/1A)
n Full Featured Li-Ion/Polymer Battery Charger
n 1.5A Maximum Charge Current
n Internal 180mΩ Ideal Diode + External Ideal Diode
Controller Powers Load in Battery Mode
n Low No-Load Quiescent Current when Powered from
BAT ( VUVLO, Battery Charger Off, IVOUT = 0µA
VBUS = 0V, IVOUT = 0µA (Ideal Diode Mode)
LTC3555
LTC3555-1/LTC3555-3
Battery Charger
VFLOAT
ICHG
IBAT
Constant Current Mode Charge
Current
Battery Drain Current
4.179
4.165
4.079
l 4.065
980
185
2
l
4.200
4.200
4.100
4.100
1022
204
3.5
4.221
4.235
4.121
4.135
1065
223
5
V
V
V
V
mA
mA
µA
27
32
1.000
38
44
µA
µA
V
VPROG
PROG Pin Servo Voltage
VPROG_TRKL
VC/10
PROG Pin Servo Voltage in Trickle
Charge
C/10 Threshold Voltage at PROG
hPROG
Ratio of IBAT to PROG Pin Current
ITRKL
Trickle Charge Current
BAT < VTRKL
VTRKL
Trickle Charge Threshold Voltage
BAT Rising
2.7
2.85
ΔVTRKL
Trickle Charge Hysteresis Voltage
ΔVRECHRG
Recharge Battery Threshold Voltage
Threshold Voltage Relative to VFLOAT
–75
–100
–125
mV
tTERM
Safety Timer Termination
Timer Starts when BAT = VFLOAT
3.3
4
5
Hour
tBADBAT
Bad Battery Termination Time
BAT < VTRKL
0.42
0.5
0.63
Hour
hC/10
End of Charge Indication Current Ratio (Note 5)
0.088
0.1
0.112
mA/mA
BAT < VTRKL
0.100
V
100
mV
1022
mA/mA
100
mA
3.0
135
V
mV
3555fe
For more information www.linear.com/LTC3555
3
LTC3555/LTC3555-X
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating
temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VBUS = 5V, BAT = 3.8V, DVCC = 3.3V, RPROG = 1k, RCLPROG = 3k,
unless otherwise noted.
SYMBOL
PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
VCHRG
CHRG Pin Output Low Voltage
ICHRG = 5mA
ICHRG
CHRG Pin Leakage Current
VCHRG = 5V
RON_CHG
Battery Charger Power FET On
Resistance (Between VOUT and BAT)
Junction Temperature in Constant
Temperature Mode
TLIM
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
65
100
mV
1
µA
0.18
Ω
110
°C
NTC
VDIS
Cold Temperature Fault Threshold
Voltage
Hot Temperature Fault Threshold
Voltage
NTC Disable Threshold Voltage
INTC
NTC Leakage Current
VCOLD
VHOT
Rising Threshold
Hysteresis
Falling Threshold
Hysteresis
Falling Threshold
Hysteresis
VNTC = VBUS = 5V
75.0
33.4
0.7
76.5
1.5
34.9
1.5
1.7
50
–50
78.0
36.4
2.7
50
%VBUS
%VBUS
%VBUS
%VBUS
%VBUS
mV
nA
Ideal Diode
RDROPOUT
VBUS = 0V, IVOUT = 10mA
IVOUT = 10mA
Internal Diode On Resistance, Dropout VBUS = 0V
IMAX_DIODE
Internal Diode Current Limit
VFWD
Forward Voltage
2
15
0.18
mV
mV
Ω
1.6
A
Always On 3.3V LDO Supply
VLDO3V3
Regulated Output Voltage
RCL_LDO3V3
Closed-Loop Output Resistance
0mA < ILDO3V3 < 25mA
3.1
3.3
4
3.5
Ω
V
ROL_LDO3V3
Dropout Output Resistance
23
Ω
Logic (ILIM0, ILIM1, EN1, EN2, EN3)
VIL
Logic Low Input Voltage
VIH
Logic High Input Voltage
IPD1
ILIM0, ILIM1, EN1, EN2, EN3
Pull-Down Currents
0.4
1.2
V
V
2
µA
I2C Port
DVCC
Input Supply Voltage
IDVCC
DVCC Current
1.6
SCL/SDA = 0kHz
5.5
0.5
µA
V
VDVCC_UVLO
DVCC UVLO
1.0
ADDRESS
I2C Address
0001 001[0]
VIH, SDA, SCL
VIL, SDA, SCL
IPD2 SDA, SCL
Input High Threshold
Input Low Threshold
Pull-Down Current
VOL
Digital Output Low (SDA)
fSCL
Clock Operating Frequency
tBUF
Bus Free Time Between Stop and Start
Condition
Hold Time After (Repeated) Start
Condition
Repeated Start Condition Setup Time
tHD_STA
tSU_STA
4
70
30
%DVCC
%DVCC
µA
0.4
V
400
kHz
2
IPULLUP = 3mA
V
1.3
µs
0.6
µs
0.6
µs
3555fe
For more information www.linear.com/LTC3555
LTC3555/LTC3555-X
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating
temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VBUS = 5V, BAT = 3.8V, DVCC = 3.3V, RPROG = 1k, RCLPROG = 3k,
unless otherwise noted.
SYMBOL
PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
tSU_STD
Stop Condition Time
0.6
tHD_DAT(OUT)
Data Hold Time
225
tHD_DAT(IN)
Input Data Hold Time
tSU_DAT
Data Setup Time
100
ns
tLOW
Clock Low Period
1.3
µs
tHIGH
Clock High Period
0.6
µs
tf
Clock Data Fall Time
20
300
ns
tr
Clock Data Rise Time
20
300
ns
tSP
Spike Suppression Time
50
ns
5.5
V
µs
ns
0
900
ns
General Purpose Switching Regulators 1, 2 and 3
VIN1,2,3
Input Supply Voltage
VOUTUVLO
VOUT UVLO—VOUT Falling
VOUT UVLO—VOUT Rising
fOSC
Oscillator Frequency
IFB1,2,3
FBx Input Current
D1,2,3
Maximum Duty Cycle
RSW1,2,3_PD
SWx Pull-Down in Shutdown
2.7
VIN1,2,3 Connected to VOUT Through Low
Impedance. Switching Regulators are Disabled in
UVLO
VFB1,2,3 = 0.85V
2.5
2.6
2.8
2.9
V
V
1.8
2.25
2.7
MHz
50
nA
–50
100
%
10
kΩ
General Purpose Switching Regulator 1
ILIMSW1
Pulse Skip Mode Input Current
Burst Mode Input Current
Forced Burst Mode® Input Current
LDO Mode Input Current
Shutdown Input Current
PMOS Switch Current Limit
IOUT1 = 0µA (Note 6)
IOUT1 = 0µA (Note 6)
IOUT1 = 0µA (Note 6)
IOUT1 = 0µA (Note 6)
IOUT1 = 0µA, FB1 = 0V
Pulse Skip/Burst Mode Operation
600
IOUT1
Available Output Current
VFB1
VFB1 Servo Voltage
Pulse Skip/Burst Mode Operation (Note 7)
Forced Burst Mode Operation (Note 7)
LDO Mode (Note 7)
(Note 8)
400
60
50
0.78
RP1
PMOS RDS(ON)
0.6
Ω
RN1
NMOS RDS(ON)
0.7
Ω
RLDO_CL1
LDO Mode Closed-Loop ROUT
0.25
Ω
RLDO_OL1
LDO Mode Open-Loop ROUT
(Note 9)
2.5
Ω
IOUT2 = 0µA (Note 6)
IOUT2 = 0µA (Note 6)
IOUT2 = 0µA (Note 6)
IOUT2 = 0µA (Note 6)
IOUT2 = 0µA, FB2 = 0V
Pulse Skip/Burst Mode Operation
225
35
20
20
ILIMSW2
Pulse Skip Mode Input Current
Burst Mode Input Current
Forced Burst Mode Input Current
LDO Mode Input Current
Shutdown Input Current
PMOS Switch Current Limit
600
IOUT2
Available Output Current
Pulse Skip/Burst Mode Operation (Note 7)
Forced Burst Mode Operation (Note 7)
LDO Mode (Note 7)
400
60
50
IVIN1
225
35
20
20
l
800
0.80
60
35
35
1
1100
µA
µA
µA
µA
µA
mA
0.82
mA
mA
mA
V
General Purpose Switching Regulator 2
IVIN2
800
60
35
35
1
1100
µA
µA
µA
µA
µA
mA
mA
mA
mA
3555fe
For more information www.linear.com/LTC3555
5
LTC3555/LTC3555-X
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating
temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VBUS = 5V, BAT = 3.8V, DVCC = 3.3V, RPROG = 1k, RCLPROG = 3k,
unless otherwise noted.
SYMBOL
PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
VFBHIGH2
Maximum Servo Voltage
Full Scale (1, 1, 1, 1) (Note 8)
VFBLOW2
Minimum Servo Voltage
Zero Scale (0, 0, 0, 0) (Note 8)
VLSB2
VFB2 Servo Voltage Step Size
25
mV
RP2
PMOS RDS(ON)
0.6
Ω
RN2
NMOS RDS(ON)
0.7
Ω
RLDO_CL2
LDO Mode Closed-Loop ROUT
RLDO_OL2
LDO Mode Open-Loop ROUT
l
0.78
0.80
0.82
V
0.405
0.425
0.445
V
0.25
Ω
(Note 9)
2.5
Ω
IOUT3 = 0µA (Note 6)
IOUT3 = 0µA (Note 6)
IOUT3 = 0µA (Note 6)
IOUT3 = 0µA (Note 6)
IOUT3 = 0µA, FB3 = 0V
Pulse Skip/Burst Mode Operation
225
35
20
20
ILIMSW3
Pulse Skip Mode Input Current
Burst Mode Input Current
Forced Burst Mode Input Current
LDO Mode Input Current
Shutdown Input Current
PMOS Switch Current Limit
1500
IOUT3
Available Output Current
VFBHIGH3
Maximum Servo Voltage
Pulse Skip/Burst Mode Operation (Note 7)
Forced Burst Mode Operation (Note 7)
LDO Mode (Note 7)
Full Scale (1, 1, 1, 1) (Note 8)
1000
150
50
0.78
VFBLOW3
Minimum Servo Voltage
Zero Scale (0, 0, 0, 0) (Note 8)
0.405
VLSB3
VFB Servo Voltage Step Size
RP3
General Purpose Switching Regulator 3
IVIN3
l
60
35
35
1
2800
µA
µA
µA
µA
µA
mA
0.80
0.82
mA
mA
mA
V
0.425
0.445
V
2000
25
mV
PMOS RDS(ON)
0.18
Ω
RN3
NMOS RDS(ON)
0.30
Ω
RLDOCL3
LDO Mode Closed Loop ROUT
0.25
Ω
RLDOOL3
LDO Mode Open Loop ROUT
(Note 9)
2.5
Ω
tRST3
Power On Reset Time for Switching
Regulator
VFB3 Within 92% of Final Value to RST3 Hi-Z
230
ms
Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute
Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device
reliability and lifetime.
Note 2: The LTC3555E/LTC3555E-X are guaranteed to meet performance
specifications from 0°C to 85°C. Specifications over the – 40°C to 85°C
operating temperature range are assured by design, characterization and
correlation with statistical process controls. The LTC3555I/LTC3555I-X are
guaranteed to meet performance specifications over the full –40°C to 85°C
operating temperature range.
Note 3: The LTC3555/LTC3555-X include overtemperature protection that
is intended to protect the device during momentary overload conditions.
Junction temperature will exceed 125°C when overtemperature protection
is active. Continuous operation above the specified maximum operating
junction temperature may impair device reliability.
6
Note 4: Total input current is the sum of quiescent current, IVBUSQ, and
measured current given by:
VCLPROG/RCLPROG • (hCLPROG +1)
Note 5: hC/10 is expressed as a fraction of measured full charge current
with indicated PROG resistor.
Note 6: FBx above regulation such that regulator is in sleep. Specification
does not include resistive divider current reflected back to VINx.
Note 7: Guaranteed by design but not explicitly tested.
Note 8: Applies to pulse skip, Burst Mode operation and forced Burst
Mode operation only.
Note 9: Inductor series resistance adds to open-loop ROUT.
3555fe
For more information www.linear.com/LTC3555
LTC3555/LTC3555-X
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Ideal Diode Resistance
vs Battery Voltage
Ideal Diode V-I Characteristics
0.20
INTERNAL IDEAL
DIODE ONLY
0.2
0.15
0.10
INTERNAL IDEAL DIODE
WITH SUPPLEMENTAL
EXTERNAL VISHAY
Si2333 PMOS
0.05
VBUS = 0V
VBUS = 5V
0
0.04
0.12
0.16
0.08
FORWARD VOLTAGE (V)
0
2.7
0.20
3.0
3.6
3.9
3.3
BATTERY VOLTAGE (V)
3555 G01
150
500
400
VBUS = 5V
RPROG = 1k
RCLPROG = 3k
300
LTC3555-3
200
LTC3555-1/
LTC3555-3
100
100
VBUS = 5V
RPROG = 1k
RCLPROG = 3k
1x USB SETTING,
BATTERY CHARGER SET FOR 1A
90
3.0
3.3
3.6
3.9
BATTERY VOLTAGE (V)
5x, 10x MODE
EFFICIENCY (%)
80
70
60
VBUS = 5V
(SUSPEND MODE)
0
2.7
4.2
3.0
3.6
3.9
3.3
BATTERY VOLTAGE (V)
3555 G06
50
RCLPROG = 3k
RPROG = 1k
IVOUT = 0mA
LTC3555-1/
LTC3555-3
80
LTC3555-3
70
1x CHARGING EFFICIENCY
50
4.2
VBUS Current vs VBUS Voltage
(Suspend)
90
EFFICIENCY (%)
10
Battery Charging Efficiency vs
Battery Voltage with No External
Load (PBAT/PBUS)
100
1x MODE
15
3555 G05
PowerPath Switching Regulator
Efficiency vs Output Current
BAT = 3.8V
VBUS = 0V
5
2.7
1000
IVOUT = 0µA
20
LTC3555-3
50
0
4.2
25
3555 G04
100
600
800
400
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
Battery Drain Current
vs Battery Voltage
75
25
5x USB SETTING,
BATTERY CHARGER SET FOR 1A
0
3.0
3.3
3.6
3.9
2.7
BATTERY VOLTAGE (V)
200
0
3555 G03
LTC3555
125
CHARGE CURRENT (mA)
CHARGE CURRENT (mA)
LTC3555-1/
LTC3555-3
3.25
4.2
USB Limited Battery Charge
Current vs Battery Voltage
LTC3555
600
BAT = 3.4V
3.75
3555 G02
USB Limited Battery Charge
Current vs Battery Voltage
700
4.00
3.50
BATTERY CURRENT (µA)
0
VBUS = 5V
5x MODE
4.25
INTERNAL IDEAL
DIODE
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
0.6
0.4
4.50
BAT = 4V
RESISTANCE (Ω)
0.8
CURRENT (A)
0.25
INTERNAL IDEAL DIODE
WITH SUPPLEMENTAL
EXTERNAL VISHAY
Si2333 PMOS
QUIESCENT CURRENT (µA)
1.0
Output Voltage vs Output Current
(Battery Charger Disabled)
BAT = 3.8V
IVOUT = 0mA
40
30
20
10
5x CHARGING EFFICIENCY
40
0.01
0.1
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
1
3555 G07
60
2.7
3.0
3.6
3.9
3.3
BATTERY VOLTAGE (V)
4.2
3555 G08
0
0
1
3
2
BUS VOLTAGE (V)
4
5
3555 G09
3555fe
For more information www.linear.com/LTC3555
7
LTC3555/LTC3555-X
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Output Voltage vs Load Current in
Suspend
VBUS Current vs Load Current in
Suspend
5.0
0.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.1
VBUS = 5V
BAT = 3.3V
RCLPROG = 3k
0
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
0.4
VBUS CURRENT (mA)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
4.5
3.4
VBUS = 5V
BAT = 3.3V
RCLPROG = 3k
0.3
0.4
0.2
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
0
0.5
0.1
0
0.3
0.4
0.2
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
3555 G10
200
100
RPROG = 2k
10x MODE
0
–40 –20
0
20 40 60 80
TEMPERATURE (°C)
100 120
3.68
1.000
0.999
0.998
0.997
0.996
–40
–15
35
10
TEMPERATURE (°C)
60
3555 G13
FREQUENCY (MHz)
2.2
BAT = 3V
VBUS = 0V
2.0
3.64
3.62
–15
35
10
TEMPERATURE (°C)
60
VBUS Quiescent Current in
Suspend vs Temperature
70
5x MODE
9
1x MODE
6
85
3555 G15
VBUS = 5V
IVOUT = 0µA
12
25
BAT = 2.7V
IVOUT = 100mA
5x MODE
3.60
–40
85
QUIESCENT CURRENT (µA)
15
QUIESCENT CURRENT (mA)
2.6
VBUS = 5V
15
20
10
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
3.66
VBUS Quiescent Current vs
Temperature
BAT = 3.6V
VBUS = 0V
5
0
3555 G14
Oscillator Frequency vs
Temperature
2.4
BAT = 3V
BAT = 3.1V
BAT = 3.2V
BAT = 3.3V
2.8
Low-Battery (Instant-On) Output
Voltage vs Temperature
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
NORMALIZED FLOAT VOLTAGE
CHARGE CURRENT (mA)
THERMAL REGULATION
BAT = 3.6V
3555 G12
1.001
600
300
BAT = 3.5V
3.0
Normalized Battery Charger Float
Voltage vs Temperature
400
BAT = 3.4V
3555 G11
Battery Charge Current vs
Temperature
500
BAT = 3.9V, 4.2V
3.2
2.6
0.5
3.3V LDO Output Voltage vs Load
Current, VBUS = 0V
IVOUT = 0µA
60
50
40
BAT = 2.7V
VBUS = 0V
1.8
–40
–15
35
10
TEMPERATURE (°C)
60
85
3555 G16
8
3
–40
–15
35
10
TEMPERATURE (°C)
60
85
3555 G17
30
–40
–15
35
10
TEMPERATURE (°C)
60
85
3555 G18
3555fe
For more information www.linear.com/LTC3555
LTC3555/LTC3555-X
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
RST3, CHRG Pin Current vs
Voltage (Pull-Down State)
50
VBUS = 5V
BAT = 3.8V
80
ILDO3V3
5mA/DIV
60
0mA
40
VLDO3V3
20mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
20
0
40
BATTERY CURRENT (µA)
RST3, CHRG PIN CURRENT (mA)
100
Battery Drain Current vs
Temperature
3.3V LDO Step Response
(5mA to 15mA)
BAT = 3.8V
1
3
4
2
RST3, CHRG PIN VOLTAGE (V)
0
30
20
10
3555 G20
20µs/DIV
BAT = 3.8V
VBUS = 0V
BUCK REGULATORS OFF
0
–40
5
–15
35
10
TEMPERATURE (°C)
60
3555 G19
3555 G21
RDS(ON) for Switching Regulator
Power Switches vs Temperature
Switching Regulator Current Limit
vs Temperature
1.0
REGULATORS 1, 2
REGULATOR 3
0.5
NMOS SWITCH
0.2
PMOS SWITCH
0
–40
–15
REGULATORS 1, 2
35
10
TEMPERATURE (°C)
60
60
3555 G22
250
1.80
225
1.75
VOUT1,2 = 1.25V
(PULSE SKIPPING)
–15
35
10
TEMPERATURE (°C)
60
85
3555 G25
LDO MODE
0
–40
85
–15
35
10
TEMPERATURE (°C)
1.70
11
350
10
VIN3 = 3.5V
(CONSTANT FREQUENCY)
300
9
250
8
VIN3 = 3.8V
(PULSE
SKIPPING)
–15
35
10
TEMPERATURE (°C)
85
Switching Regulator Soft-Start
Waveform
VOUT3 = 2.5V
200
–40
60
3555 G24
60
85
INPUT CURRENT (mA)
1.85
INPUT CURRENT (µA)
1.90
VOUT1,2 = 2.5V
(CONSTANT FREQUENCY)
INPUT CURRENT (mA)
INPUT CURRENT (µA)
400
1.95
300
200
–40
20
Switching Regulator 3 Pulse Skip
Mode Quiescent Currents
VIN1,2 = 3.8V
FORCED
Burst Mode
OPERATION
3555 G23
Switching Regulators 1, 2 Pulse
Skip Mode Quiescent Currents
275
30
10
VIN1,2,3 = 3.8V
0
–15
35
–40
10
TEMPERATURE (°C)
85
Burst Mode
OPERATION
VOUT 500mV/DIV
PMOS SWITCH
0.4
1.0
INPUT CURRENT (µA)
0.6
VIN1,2,3 = 3.8V
VOUT1,2,3 = 2.5V
40
1.5
CURRENT LIMIT (A)
ON-RESISTANCE (Ω)
50
REGULATOR 3
NMOS SWITCH
325
Switching Regulator Low Power
Mode Quiescent Currents
2.0
0.8
85
50µs/DIV
3555 G27
7
3555 G26
3555fe
For more information www.linear.com/LTC3555
9
LTC3555/LTC3555-X
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
100
100
90
90
VOUT1,2 = 2.5V
EFFICIENCY (%)
VOUT1,2 = 1.8V
60
50
40
30
50
40
30
20
10
VIN1,2 = 3.8V
1
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
90
1
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
VOUT3 = 1.2V
60
VOUT3 = 1.8V
50
VIN3 = 3.8V
40
30
30
100
90
VOUT3 = 1.8V
60
50
40
30
50
40
30
10
1
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
3555 G31
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
1.200
PULSE SKIP
MODE
1.185
1.170
0.1
FORCED
Burst Mode
OPERATION
1
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
1000
3555 G34
10
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
1.823
2.56
VIN1,2 = 3.8V
Burst Mode OPERATION
PULSE SKIP MODE
1.800
FORCED
Burst Mode
OPERATION
1.778
1.755
0.1
1
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
1000
Switching Regulators 1, 2 Load
Regulation at VOUT1,2 = 2.5V
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
1.845
Burst Mode
OPERATION
1
3555 G33
Switching Regulators 1, 2 Load
Regulation at VOUT1,2 = 1.8V
VIN1,2 = 3.8V
1.215
0
0.1
1000
3555 G32
Switching Regulators 1, 2 Load
Regulation at VOUT1,2 = 1.2V
1.230
VOUT3 = 2.5V
VOUT3 = 1.8V
60
10
1000
1000
VOUT3 = 1.2V
70
10
0
0.1
VIN3 = 3.8V
80
VOUT3 = 1.2V
70
20
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
Switching Regulator 3
Forced Burst Mode Efficiency
20
1
VIN1,2 = 3.8V
1
3555 G30
20
0
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
40
0
0.1
1000
VOUT3 = 2.5V
80
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
100
VOUT3 = 2.5V
70
50
Switching Regulator 3
Burst Mode Efficiency
VIN3 = 3.8V
80
60
3555 G29
Switching Regulator 3
Pulse Skip Mode Efficiency
90
VOUT1,2 = 1.8V
10
VIN1,2 = 3.8V
3555 G28
100
VOUT1,2 = 1.2V
70
20
0
0.1
1000
80
VOUT1,2 = 1.8V
60
10
VOUT1,2 = 2.5V
90
VOUT1,2 = 1.2V
70
20
0
100
VOUT1,2 = 2.5V
80
VOUT1,2 = 1.2V
70
Switching Regulators 1, 2
Forced Burst Mode Efficiency
EFFICIENCY (%)
80
EFFICIENCY (%)
Switching Regulators 1, 2
Burst Mode Efficiency
EFFICIENCY (%)
Switching Regulators 1, 2
Pulse Skip Mode Efficiency
1000
3555 G35
VIN1,2 = 3.8V
2.53 Burst Mode OPERATION
PULSE SKIP MODE
2.50
FORCED
Burst Mode
OPERATION
2.47
2.44
0.1
1
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
1000
3555 G36
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LTC3555/LTC3555-X
PIN FUNCTIONS
LDO3V3 (Pin 1): 3.3V LDO Output Pin. This pin provides
a regulated always-on 3.3V supply voltage. LDO3V3
gets its power from VOUT. It may be used for light loads
such as a watchdog microprocessor or real time clock.
A 1µF capacitor is required from LDO3V3 to ground. If
the LDO3V3 output is not used it should be disabled by
connecting it to VOUT.
CLPROG (Pin 2): USB Current Limit Program and Monitor Pin. A resistor from CLPROG to ground determines
the upper limit of the current drawn from the VBUS pin.
A fraction of the VBUS current is sent to the CLPROG pin
when the synchronous switch of the PowerPath switching
regulator is on. The switching regulator delivers power until
the CLPROG pin reaches 1.188V. Several VBUS current limit
settings are available via user input which will typically
correspond to the 500mA and 100mA USB specifications.
A multi-layer ceramic averaging capacitor or R-C network
is required at CLPROG for filtering.
NTC (Pin 3): Input to the Thermistor Monitoring Circuits.
The NTC pin connects to a battery’s thermistor to determine if the battery is too hot or too cold to charge. If the
battery’s temperature is out of range, charging is paused
until it re-enters the valid range. A low drift bias resistor
is required from VBUS to NTC and a thermistor is required
from NTC to ground. If the NTC function is not desired,
the NTC pin should be grounded.
DVCC (Pin 8): Logic Supply for the I2C Serial Port. If the
serial port is not needed it can be disabled by grounding
DVCC. When DVCC is grounded, chip control is automatically passed to the individual logic input pins.
SCL (Pin 9): Clock Input Pin for the I2C Serial Port. The
I2C logic levels are scaled with respect to DVCC. If DVCC
is grounded, the SCL pin is equivalent to the B5 bit in the
I2C serial port. SCL in conjunction with SDA determine
the operating modes of switching regulators 1, 2 and 3
when DVCC is grounded. See Tables 2 and 5.
SDA (Pin 10): Data Input Pin for the I2C Serial Port. The
I2C logic levels are scaled with respect to DVCC. If DVCC
is grounded, the SDA pin is equivalent to the B6 bit in the
I2C serial port. SDA in conjunction with SCL determine
the operating modes of switching regulators 1, 2 and 3
when DVCC is grounded. See Tables 2 and 5.
VIN3 (Pin 11): Power Input for Switching Regulator 3.
This pin will generally be connected to VOUT. A 1µF MLCC
capacitor is recommended on this pin.
SW3 (Pin 12): Power Transmission Pin for Switching
Regulator 3.
EN3 (Pin 13): Logic Input. This logic input pin independently enables switching regulator 3. This pin is logically
OR-ed with its corresponding bit in the I2C serial port.
See Table 2.
FB2 (Pin 4): Feedback Input for Switching Regulator 2.
When regulator 2’s control loop is complete, this pin servos
to 1 of 16 possible set-points based on the commanded
value from the I2C serial port. See Table 4.
FB3 (Pin 14): Feedback Input for Switching Regulator 3.
When regulator 3’s control loop is complete, this pin servos
to 1 of 16 possible set-points based on the commanded
value from the I2C serial port. See Table 4.
VIN2 (Pin 5): Power Input for Switching Regulator 2. This
pin will generally be connected to VOUT. A 1µF MLCC
capacitor is recommended on this pin.
RST3 (Pin 15): Logic Output. This in an open-drain output
which indicates that switching regulator 3 has settled to
its final value. It can be used as a power-on reset for the
primary microprocessor or to enable the other switching
regulators for supply sequencing.
SW2 (Pin 6): Power Transmission Pin for Switching
Regulator 2.
EN2 (Pin 7): Logic Input. This logic input pin independently
enables switching regulator 2. This pin is logically OR-ed
with its corresponding bit in the I2C serial port. See Table 2.
EN1 (Pin 16): Logic Input. This logic input pin independently enables switching regulator 1. This pin is logically
OR-ed with its corresponding bit in the I2C serial port.
See Table 2.
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11
LTC3555/LTC3555-X
PIN FUNCTIONS
SW1 (Pin 17): Power Transmission Pin for Switching
Regulator 1.
VIN1 (Pin 18): Power Input for Switching Regulator 1.
This pin will generally be connected to VOUT. A 1µF MLCC
capacitor is recommended on this pin.
FB1 (Pin 19): Feedback Input for Switching Regulator 1.
When regulator 1’s control loop is complete, this pin
servos to a fixed voltage of 0.8V.
PROG (Pin 20): Charge Current Program and Charge
Current Monitor Pin. Connecting a resistor from PROG
to ground programs the charge current. If sufficient input power is available in constant-current mode, this pin
servos to 1V. The voltage on this pin always represents
the actual charge current.
CHRG (Pin 21): Open-Drain Charge Status Output. The
CHRG pin indicates the status of the battery charger. Four
possible states are represented by CHRG: charging, not
charging, unresponsive battery and battery temperature
out of range. CHRG is modulated at 35kHz and switches
between a low and a high duty cycle for easy recognition
by either humans or microprocessors. See Table 1. CHRG
requires a pull-up resistor and/or LED to provide indication.
GATE (Pin 22): Analog Output. This pin controls the gate
of an optional external P-channel MOSFET transistor used
to supplement the ideal diode between VOUT and BAT. The
external ideal diode operates in parallel with the internal
ideal diode. The source of the P-channel MOSFET should
be connected to VOUT and the drain should be connected
to BAT. If the external ideal diode FET is not used, GATE
should be left floating.
12
BAT (Pin 23): Single Cell Li-Ion Battery Pin. Depending on
available VBUS power, a Li-Ion battery on BAT will either
deliver power to VOUT through the ideal diode or be charged
from VOUT via the battery charger.
VOUT (Pin 24): Output voltage of the Switching PowerPath
Controller and Input Voltage of the Battery Charger. The
majority of the portable product should be powered from
VOUT. The LTC3555 family will partition the available power
between the external load on VOUT and the internal battery
charger. Priority is given to the external load and any extra
power is used to charge the battery. An ideal diode from
BAT to VOUT ensures that VOUT is powered even if the load
exceeds the allotted power from VBUS or if the VBUS power
source is removed. VOUT should be bypassed with a low
impedance ceramic capacitor.
VBUS (Pin 25): Primary Input Power Pin. This pin delivers
power to VOUT via the SW pin by drawing controlled current from a DC source such as a USB port or wall adapter.
SW (Pin 26): Power Transmission Pin for the USB Power
Path. The SW pin delivers power from VBUS to VOUT via the
step-down switching regulator. A 3.3µH inductor should
be connected from SW to VOUT.
ILIM0, ILIM1 (Pins 27, 28): Logic Inputs. ILIM0 and ILIM1
control the current limit of the PowerPath switching
regulator. See Table 3. Both of the ILIM0 and ILIM1 pins are
logically OR-ed with their corresponding bits in the I2C
serial port. See Table 2.
Exposed Pad (Pin 29): Ground. The Exposed Pad should
be connected to a continuous ground plane on the second
layer of the printed circuit board by several vias directly
under the part.
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LTC3555/LTC3555-X
BLOCK DIAGRAM
VBUS 25
2.25MHz
PowerPath
SWITCHING
REGULATOR
26 SW
1 LDO3V3
3.3V LDO
SUSPEND
LDO
500µA
–
+
BATTERY
TEMPERATURE
MONITOR
1.188V
+
IDEAL
CC/CV
CHARGER
+
+
–
CLPROG 2
NTC 3
24 VOUT
–
+
0.3V
+–
–
22 GATE
15mV
23 BAT
3.6V
20 PROG
18 VIN1
CHRG 21
ENABLE
CHARGE
STATUS
17 SW1
400mA 2.25MHz
SWITCHING
REGULATOR 1
19 FB1
5 VIN2
ENABLE
D/A
400mA 2.25MHz
SWITCHING
REGULATOR 2
4 FB2
4
ILIM
DECODE
LOGIC
6 SW2
11 VIN3
ENABLE
D/A
1A 2.25MHz
SWITCHING
REGULATOR 3
ILIM0 27
12 SW3
14 FB3
ILIM1 28
15 RST3
4
EN1 16
EN2 7
EN3 13
DVCC 8
SDA 10
I2C PORT
SCL 9
29
GND
3555 BD
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13
LTC3555/LTC3555-X
TIMING DIAGRAM
ADDRESS
DATA BYTE A
WR
A7
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
SDA
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
ACK
SCL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A6
A5
A4
A3
DATA BYTE B
A2
A1
A0
B7
B6
B5
B4
B3
B2
B1
B0
START
STOP
ACK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
ACK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
SDA
tSU, DAT
tLOW
tHD, DAT
tSU, STA
tHD, STA
tBUF
tSU, STO
3555 TD
SCL
tHIGH
tHD, STA
START
CONDITION
14
tr
tSP
tf
REPEATED START
CONDITION
STOP
CONDITION
START
CONDITION
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LTC3555/LTC3555-X
OPERATION
Introduction
The LTC3555 family are highly integrated power management ICs which include a high efficiency switch mode
PowerPath controller, a battery charger, an ideal diode,
an always-on LDO and three general purpose step-down
switching regulators. The entire chip is controlled by either
direct digital control, by an I2C serial port or both.
Designed specifically for USB applications, the PowerPath
controller incorporates a precision average input current
step-down switching regulator to make maximum use of
the allowable USB power. Because power is conserved, the
LTC3555 family allows the load current on VOUT to exceed
the current drawn by the USB port without exceeding the
USB load specifications.
The PowerPath switching regulator and battery charger
communicate to ensure that the input current never violates
the USB specifications.
The ideal diode from BAT to VOUT guarantees that ample
power is always available to VOUT even if there is insufficient or absent power at VBUS.
An “always on” LDO provides a regulated 3.3V from
available power at VOUT. Drawing very little quiescent
current, this LDO will be on at all times and can be used
to supply up to 25mA.
The three general purpose switching regulators can be
independently enabled via either direct digital control or
by operating the I2C serial port. Under I2C control, two of
the three switching regulators have adjustable set-points
so that voltages can be reduced when high processor
performance is not needed. Along with constant frequency
PWM mode, all three switching regulators have a low
power burst-only mode setting as well as automatic Burst
Mode operation and LDO modes for significantly reduced
quiescent current under light load conditions.
High Efficiency Switching PowerPath Controller
Whenever VBUS is available and the PowerPath switching
regulator is enabled, power is delivered from VBUS to VOUT
via SW. VOUT drives the combination of the external load
(switching regulators 1, 2 and 3) and the battery charger.
If the combined load does not exceed the PowerPath switching regulator’s programmed input current limit, VOUT will
track 0.3V above the battery. By keeping the voltage across
the battery charger low, efficiency is optimized because
power lost to the linear battery charger is minimized.
Power available to the external load is therefore optimized.
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15
LTC3555/LTC3555-X
OPERATION
If the voltage at BAT is below 3.3V, or the battery is not
present, and the load requirement does not cause the
switching regulator to exceed the USB specification, VOUT
will regulate at 3.6V. If the load exceeds the available power,
VOUT will drop to a voltage between 3.6V and the battery
voltage. If there is no battery present when the load exceeds
the available USB power, VOUT can drop toward ground.
The power delivered from VBUS to VOUT is controlled
by a 2.25MHz constant-frequency step-down switching
regulator. To meet the USB maximum load specification,
the switching regulator includes a control loop which
ensures that the average input current is below the level
programmed at CLPROG.
The current at CLPROG is a fraction (hCLPROG–1) of the VBUS
current. When a programming resistor and an averaging
capacitor are connected from CLPROG to GND, the voltage
on CLPROG represents the average input current of the
switching regulator. When the input current approaches
the programmed limit, CLPROG reaches VCLPROG, 1.188V,
and power out is held constant. The input current limit
is programmed by the ILIM0 and ILIM1 pins or by the I2C
serial port. It can be configured to limit average input
current to one of several possible settings as well as be
deactivated (USB suspend). The input current limit will
be set by the VCLPROG servo voltage and the resistor on
CLPROG according to the following expression:
IVBUS = IVBUSQ +
VCLPROG
• (hCLPROG + 1)
RCLPROG
Figure 1 shows the range of possible voltages at VOUT as
a function of battery voltage.
16
4.5
4.2
3.9
VOUT (V)
If the combined load at VOUT is large enough to cause the
switching power supply to reach the programmed input
current limit, the battery charger will reduce its charge current by that amount necessary to enable the external load
to be satisfied. Even if the battery charge current is set to
exceed the allowable USB current, the USB specification
will not be violated. The switching regulator will limit the
average input current so that the USB specification is never
violated. Furthermore, load current at VOUT will always be
prioritized and only excess available power will be used
to charge the battery.
3.6
NO LOAD
300mV
3.3
3.0
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.7
3.0
3.6
3.3
BAT (V)
3.9
4.2
3555 F01
Figure 1. VOUT vs BAT
The LTC3555 vs the LTC3555-1 and LTC3555-3
For very low battery voltages, the battery charger acts
like a load and, due to limited input power, its current will
tend to pull VOUT below the 3.6V “instant-on” voltage. To
prevent VOUT from falling below this level, the LTC3555-1
and LTC3555-3 include an undervoltage circuit that automatic detects that VOUT is falling and reduces the battery
charge current as needed. This reduction ensures that load
current and output voltage are always prioritized and yet
delivers as much battery charge current as possible. The
standard LTC3555 does not include this circuit and thus
favors maximum charge current at all times over output
voltage preservation.
If instant-on operation under low battery conditions is a
requirement then the LTC3555-1 or LTC3555-3 should be
used. If maximum charge efficiency at low battery voltages
is preferred, and instant-on operation is not a requirement,
then the standard LTC3555 should be selected. All versions
of the LTC3555 family will start up with a removed battery.
The LTC3555-3 has a battery charger float voltage of
4.100V rather than the 4.200V float voltage of the LTC3555
and LTC3555-1.
Ideal Diode from BAT to VOUT
The LTC3555 family has an internal ideal diode as well as
a controller for an optional external ideal diode. The ideal
diode controller is always on and will respond quickly
whenever VOUT drops below BAT.
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LTC3555/LTC3555-X
OPERATION
If the load current increases beyond the power allowed
from the switching regulator, additional power will be
pulled from the battery via the ideal diode. Furthermore,
if power to VBUS (USB or wall power) is removed, then all
of the application power will be provided by the battery
via the ideal diode. The transition from input power to
battery power at VOUT will be quick enough to allow only
the 10µF capacitor to keep VOUT from drooping. The ideal
diode consists of a precision amplifier that enables a large
on-chip P-channel MOSFET transistor whenever the voltage
at VOUT is approximately 15mV (VFWD) below the voltage
2200
VISHAY Si2333
OPTIONAL EXTERNAL
IDEAL DIODE
2000
1800
CURRENT (mA)
If the LTC3555 family is configured for USB suspend
mode, the switching regulator is disabled and the suspend
LDO provides power to the VOUT pin (presuming there is
power available to VBUS). This LDO will prevent the battery from running down when the portable product has
access to a suspended USB port. Regulating at 4.6V, this
LDO only becomes active when the switching converter
is disabled (suspended). To remain compliant with the
USB specification, the input to the LDO is current limited
so that it will not exceed the 500µA low power suspend
LTC3555
IDEAL DIODE
1200
1000
800
600
ON
SEMICONDUCTOR
MBRM120LT3
400
200
0
0
60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480
FORWARD VOLTAGE (mV) (BAT – VOUT)
3555 F02
25
VBUS
SW
VOUT
PWM AND
GATE DRIVE
IDEAL
DIODE
ISWITCH/
hCLPROG
CONSTANT CURRENT
CONSTANT VOLTAGE
BATTERY CHARGER
15mV
2
CLPROG
1.188V
–
+
AVERAGE INPUT
CURRENT LIMIT
CONTROLLER
+
+
–
TO USB
OR WALL
ADAPTER
When an external P-channel MOSFET transistor is present, the GATE pin of the LTC3555 family drives its gate for
automatic ideal diode control. The source of the external
P-channel MOSFET should be connected to VOUT and the
drain should be connected to BAT. Capable of driving a
1nF load, the GATE pin can control an external P-channel
MOSFET transistor having an on-resistance of 40mΩ or
lower.
Suspend LDO
1600
1400
at BAT. The resistance of the internal ideal diode is approximately 180mΩ. If this is sufficient for the application, then
no external components are necessary. However, if more
conductance is needed, an external P-channel MOSFET
transistor can be added from BAT to VOUT.
0.3V
3.6V
+–
–
+
+
–
GATE
BAT
3.5V TO
(BAT + 0.3V)
TO SYSTEM
LOAD
26
24
OPTIONAL
EXTERNAL
IDEAL DIODE
PMOS
22
23
AVERAGE OUTPUT
VOLTAGE LIMIT
CONTROLLER
+
SINGLE CELL
Li-Ion
3555 F03
Figure 3. PowerPath Block Diagram
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3555fe
17
LTC3555/LTC3555-X
OPERATION
specification. If the load on VOUT exceeds the suspend
current limit, the additional current will come from the
battery via the ideal diode.
3.3V Always-On LDO Supply
The LTC3555 family includes a low quiescent current low
dropout regulator that is always powered. This LDO can be
used to provide power to a system pushbutton controller,
standby microcontroller or real time clock. Designed to
deliver up to 25mA, the always-on LDO requires at least
a 1µF low impedance ceramic bypass capacitor for compensation. The LDO is powered from VOUT , and therefore
will enter dropout at loads less than 25mA as VOUT falls
near 3.3V. If the LDO3V3 output is not used, it should be
disabled by connecting it to VOUT.
VBUS Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO)
An internal undervoltage lockout circuit monitors VBUS and
keeps the PowerPath switching regulator off until VBUS
rises above 4.30V and is about 200mV above the battery
voltage. Hysteresis on the UVLO turns off the regulator if
VBUS drops below 4.00V or to within 50mV of BAT. When
this happens, system power at VOUT will be drawn from
the battery via the ideal diode.
Battery Charger
The LTC3555 family includes a constant-current/
constant-voltage battery charger with automatic recharge,
automatic termination by safety timer, low voltage trickle
charging, bad cell detection and thermistor sensor input
for out-of-temperature charge pausing.
Battery Preconditioning
When a battery charge cycle begins, the battery charger
first determines if the battery is deeply discharged. If the
battery voltage is below VTRKL, typically 2.85V, an automatic
trickle charge feature sets the battery charge current to
10% of the programmed value. If the low voltage persists
for more than 1/2 hour, the battery charger automatically
terminates and indicates via the CHRG pin that the battery
was unresponsive.
Once the battery voltage is above 2.85V, the battery charger
begins charging in full power constant-current mode. The
18
current delivered to the battery will try to reach 1022V/
RPROG. Depending on available input power and external
load conditions, the battery charger may or may not be
able to charge at the full programmed rate. The external
load will always be prioritized over the battery charge
current. The USB current limit programming will always
be observed and only additional power will be available to
charge the battery. When system loads are light, battery
charge current will be maximized.
Charge Termination
The battery charger has a built-in safety timer. When the
voltage on the battery reaches the pre-programmed float
voltage, the battery charger will regulate the battery voltage and the charge current will decrease naturally. Once
the battery charger detects that the battery has reached
the float voltage, the four hour safety timer is started.
After the safety timer expires, charging of the battery will
discontinue and no more current will be delivered.
Automatic Recharge
After the battery charger terminates, it will remain off
drawing only microamperes of current from the battery.
If the portable product remains in this state long enough,
the battery will eventually self discharge. To ensure that
the battery is always topped off, a charge cycle will automatically begin when the battery voltage falls below the
recharge threshold which is typically 100mV less than
the charger’s float voltage. In the event that the safety
timer is running when the battery voltage falls below the
recharge threshold, it will reset back to zero. To prevent
brief excursions below the recharge threshold from resetting the safety timer, the battery voltage must be below
the recharge threshold for more than 1.3ms. The charge
cycle and safety timer will also restart if the VBUS UVLO
cycles low and then high (e.g., VBUS is removed and then
replaced), or if the battery charger is cycled on and off
by the I2C port.
Charge Current
The charge current is programmed using a single resistor from PROG to ground. 1/1022th of the battery charge
current is sent to PROG which will attempt to servo to
1.000V. Thus, the battery charge current will try to reach
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LTC3555/LTC3555-X
OPERATION
1022 times the current in the PROG pin. The program
resistor and the charge current are calculated using the
following equations:
1022V
1022V
, ICHG =
ICHG
RPROG
In either the constant-current or constant-voltage charging
modes, the voltage at the PROG pin will be proportional to
the actual charge current delivered to the battery. Therefore, the actual charge current can be determined at any
time by monitoring the PROG pin voltage and using the
following equation:
RPROG =
IBAT =
VPROG
• 1022
RPROG
duty cycles are disparate enough to make an LED appear
to be on or off thus giving the appearance of “blinking”.
Each of the two faults has its own unique “blink” rate for
human recognition as well as two unique duty cycles for
machine recognition.
The CHRG pin does not respond to the C/10 threshold if
the LTC3555 family is in VBUS current limit. This prevents
false end-of-charge indications due to insufficient power
available to the battery charger.
Table 1 illustrates the four possible states of the CHRG
pin when the battery charger is active.
Table 1. CHRG Signal
In many cases, the actual battery charge current, IBAT, will
be lower than ICHG due to limited input power available
and prioritization with the system load drawn from VOUT.
STATUS
FREQUENCY
MODULATION
(BLINK) FREQUENCY
DUTY CYCLES
Charging
0Hz
0Hz (Lo-Z)
100%
0Hz
0Hz (Hi-Z)
0%
NTC Fault
35kHz
1.5Hz at 50%
6.25% to 93.75%
Charge Status Indication
Bad Battery
35kHz
6.1Hz at 50%
12.5% to 87.5%
The CHRG pin indicates the status of the battery charger.
Four possible states are represented by CHRG which include charging, not charging, unresponsive battery, and
battery temperature out of range.
An NTC fault is represented by a 35kHz pulse train whose
duty cycle varies between 6.25% and 93.75% at a 1.5Hz
rate. A human will easily recognize the 1.5Hz rate as a
“slow” blinking which indicates the out-of-range battery
temperature while a microprocessor will be able to decode
either the 6.25% or 93.75% duty cycles as an NTC fault.
The signal at the CHRG pin can be easily recognized as
one of the above four states by either a human or a microprocessor. An open-drain output, the CHRG pin can
drive an indicator LED through a current limiting resistor
for human interfacing or simply a pull-up resistor for
microprocessor interfacing.
To make the CHRG pin easily recognized by both humans
and microprocessors, the pin is either low for charging,
high for not charging, or it is switched at high frequency
(35kHz) to indicate the two possible faults, unresponsive
battery and battery temperature out of range.
When charging begins, CHRG is pulled low and remains
low for the duration of a normal charge cycle. When
charging is complete, i.e., the BAT pin reaches the float
voltage and the charge current has dropped to one tenth
of the programmed value, the CHRG pin is released (Hi-Z).
If a fault occurs, the pin is switched at 35kHz. While
switching, its duty cycle is modulated between a low
and high value at a very low frequency. The low and high
Not Charging
If a battery is found to be unresponsive to charging (i.e.,
its voltage remains below 2.85V for 1/2 hour), the CHRG
pin gives the battery fault indication. For this fault, a human
would easily recognize the frantic 6.1Hz “fast” blink of the
LED while a microprocessor would be able to decode either
the 12.5% or 87.5% duty cycles as a bad battery fault.
Note that the LTC3555 family is a three terminal PowerPath
product where system load is always prioritized over battery
charging. Due to excessive system load, there may not be
sufficient power to charge the battery beyond the trickle
charge threshold voltage within the bad battery timeout
period. In this case, the battery charger will falsely indicate
a bad battery. System software may then reduce the load
and reset the battery charger to try again.
Although very improbable, it is possible that a duty cycle
reading could be taken at the bright-dim transition (low
duty cycle to high duty cycle). When this happens the
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19
LTC3555/LTC3555-X
OPERATION
duty cycle reading will be precisely 50%. If the duty cycle
reading is 50%, system software should disqualify it and
take a new duty cycle reading.
than worst-case conditions with the assurance that the
battery charger will automatically reduce the current in
worst-case conditions.
NTC Thermistor
I2C Interface
The battery temperature is measured by placing a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor close to the
battery pack.
The LTC3555 family may receive commands from a host
(master) using the standard I2C 2-wire interface. The Timing
Diagram shows the timing relationship of the signals on
the bus. The two bus lines, SDA and SCL, must be high
when the bus is not in use. External pull-up resistors or
current sources, such as the LTC1694 I2C accelerator, are
required on these lines. The LTC3555 family is a receiveonly slave device. The I2C control signals, SDA and SCL
are scaled internally to the DVCC supply. DVCC should be
connected to the same power supply as the microcontroller
generating the I2C signals.
To use this feature, connect the NTC thermistor, RNTC,
between the NTC pin and ground and a resistor, RNOM,
from VBUS to the NTC pin. RNOM should be a 1% resistor
with a value equal to the value of the chosen NTC thermistor at 25°C (R25). For applications requiring greater
than 750mA of charging current, a 10k NTC thermistor is
recommended due to increased interference.
The LTC3555 family will pause charging when the
resistance of the NTC thermistor drops to 0.54 times
the value of R25 or approximately 5.4k. For a Vishay
“Curve 1” thermistor, this corresponds to approximately
40°C. If the battery charger is in constant voltage (float)
mode, the safety timer also pauses until the thermistor
indicates a return to a valid temperature. As the temperature drops, the resistance of the NTC thermistor rises. The
LTC3555 family is also designed to pause charging when
the value of the NTC thermistor increases to 3.25 times
the value of R25. For Vishay “Curve 1” this resistance,
32.5k, corresponds to approximately 0°C. The hot and cold
comparators each have approximately 3°C of hysteresis
to prevent oscillation about the trip point. Grounding the
NTC pin disables the NTC charge pausing function.
Thermal Regulation
To optimize charging time, an internal thermal feedback
loop may automatically decrease the programmed charge
current. This will occur if the die temperature rises to
approximately 110°C. Thermal regulation protects the
LTC3555 family from excessive temperature due to high
power operation or high ambient thermal conditions and
allows the user to push the limits of the power handling
capability with a given circuit board design without risk of
damaging the part or external components. The benefit of
the LTC3555 family thermal regulation loop is that charge
current can be set according to actual conditions rather
20
The I2C port has an undervoltage lockout on the DVCC
pin. When DVCC is below approximately 1V, the I2C serial
port is cleared and switching regulators 2 and 3 are set
to full scale.
Bus Speed
The I2C port is designed to be operated at speeds of up
to 400kHz. It has built-in timing delays to ensure correct
operation when addressed from an I2C compliant master
device. It also contains input filters designed to suppress
glitches should the bus become corrupted.
Start and Stop Conditions
A bus-master signals the beginning of a communication to
a slave device by transmitting a START condition. A START
condition is generated by transitioning SDA from high
to low while SCL is high. When the master has finished
communicating with the slave, it issues a STOP condition
by transitioning SDA from low to high while SCL is high.
Byte Format
Each byte sent to the LTC3555 family must be eight bits
long followed by an extra clock cycle for the acknowledge
bit to be returned by the LTC3555 family. The data should be
sent to the LTC3555 family most significant bit (MSB) first.
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OPERATION
Table 2. I2C Serial Port Mapping
A7
A6
A5
A4
A3
Switching Regulator 2
Voltage (See Table 4)
A2
A1
A0
Switching Regulator 3
Voltage (See Table 4)
B7
Disable
Battery
Charger
Table 3. USB Current Limit Settings
B1
B0
(ILIM1)
(ILIM0)
B6
B5
Switching
Regulator
Modes
(See Table 5)
B4
B3
B2
Enable
Regulator
1
Enable
Regulator
2
Enable
Regulator
3
B1
B0
Input Current
Limit
(See Table 3)
Acknowledge
USB SETTING
0
0
1x Mode (USB 100mA Limit)
0
1
10x Mode (Wall 1A Limit)
1
0
Suspend
1
1
5x Mode (USB 500mA Limit)
Table 4. Switching Regulator Servo Voltage
The acknowledge signal is used for handshaking between
the master and the slave. An acknowledge (active low)
generated by the slave (LTC3555 family) lets the master
know that the latest byte of information was received.
The acknowledge related clock pulse is generated by the
master. The master releases the SDA line (high) during
the acknowledge clock cycle. The slave-receiver must pull
down the SDA line during the acknowledge clock pulse
so that it remains a stable low during the high period of
this clock pulse.
A7
A6
A5
A4
Switching Regulator 2 Servo Voltage
A3
A2
A1
A0
Switching Regulator 3 Servo Voltage
0
0
0
0
0.425V
0
0
0
1
0.450V
Slave Address
0
0
1
0
0.475V
0
0
1
1
0.500V
0
1
0
0
0.525V
0
1
0
1
0.550V
0
1
1
0
0.575V
0
1
1
1
0.600V
1
0
0
0
0.625V
1
0
0
1
0.650V
1
0
1
0
0.675V
The LTC3555 family responds to only one 7-bit address
which has been factory programmed to 0001001. The
eighth bit of the address byte (R/W) must be 0 for the
LTC3555 family to recognize the address since it is a write
only device. This effectively forces the address to be eight
bits long where the least significant bit of the address is
0. If the correct seven bit address is given but the R/W bit
is 1, the LTC3555 family will not respond.
1
0
1
1
0.700V
Bus Write Operation
1
1
0
0
0.725V
1
1
0
1
0.750V
1
1
1
0
0.775V
1
1
1
1
0.800V
The master initiates communication with the LTC3555
family with a START condition and a 7-bit address followed
by the write bit R/W = 0. If the address matches that of the
LTC3555 family, the LTC3555 family returns an acknowledge. The master should then deliver the most significant
data byte. Again the LTC3555 family acknowledges and
the cycle is repeated for a total of one address byte and
two data bytes. Each data byte is transferred to an internal
holding latch upon the return of an acknowledge. After both
data bytes have been transferred to the LTC3555 family,
the master may terminate the communication with a STOP
condition. Alternatively, a REPEAT-START condition can be
initiated by the master and another chip on the I2C bus
can be addressed. This cycle can continue indefinitely and
Table 5. General Purpose Switching Regulator Modes
B6
(SDA)*
B5
(SCL)*
0
0
Switching Regulator Mode
Pulse Skip
0
1
Forced Burst Mode Operation
1
0
LDO Mode
1
1
Burst Mode Operation
*SDA and SCL take on this context only when DVCC = 0V.
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21
LTC3555/LTC3555-X
OPERATION
the LTC3555 family will remember the last input of valid
data that it received. Once all chips on the bus have been
addressed and sent valid data, a global STOP condition can
be sent and the LTC3555 family will update its command
latch with the data that it had received.
In certain circumstances the data on the I2C bus may
become corrupted. In these cases the LTC3555 family
responds appropriately by preserving only the last set of
complete data that it has received. For example, assume
the LTC3555 family has been successfully addressed and is
receiving data when a STOP condition mistakenly occurs.
The LTC3555 family will ignore this STOP condition and
will not respond until a new START condition, correct address, new set of data and STOP condition are transmitted.
Likewise, with only one exception, if the LTC3555 family was
previously addressed and sent valid data but not updated
with a STOP, it will respond to any STOP that appears on
the bus, independent of the number of REPEAT-STARTS
that have occurred. If a REPEAT-START is given and the
LTC3555 family successfully acknowledges its address and
first byte, it will not respond to a STOP until both bytes
of the new data have been received and acknowledged.
Disabling the I2C Port
The I2C serial port can be disabled by grounding the DVCC
pin. In this mode, control automatically passes to the individual logic input pins EN1, EN2, EN3, ILIM0, ILIM1, SDA
and SCL. Some functionality is not available in this mode
such as the programmability of switching regulators 2
and 3’s output voltage and the battery charger disable
feature. In this mode, both of the programmable switching
regulators have a fixed servo voltage of 0.8V.
Because the SDA and SCL pins have no other context when
DVCC is grounded, these pins are re-mapped to control
the switching regulator mode bits B5 and B6. SCL maps
to B5 and SDA maps to B6.
RST3 Pin
The RST3 pin is an open-drain output used to indicate that
switching regulator 3 has reached its final voltage. RST3
22
remains low impedance until regulator 3 reaches 92% of
its regulation value. A 230ms delay is included to allow a
system microcontroller ample time to reset itself. RST3
may be used as a power-on reset to the microprocessor
powered by regulator 3 or may be used to enable regulators
1 and/or 2 for supply sequencing. RST3 is an open-drain
output and requires a pull-up resistor to the output voltage of regulator 3 or another appropriate power source.
General Purpose Step-Down Switching Regulators
The LTC3555 family contains three general purpose
2.25MHz step-down constant-frequency current mode
switching regulators. Two regulators provide up to 400mA
and a third switching regulator can produce up to 1A.
All three switching regulators can be programmed for a
minimum output voltage of 0.8V and can be used to power
a microcontroller core, microcontroller I/O, memory, disk
drive or other logic circuitry. Two of the switching regulators
have I2C programmable set-points for on-the-fly power
savings. All three converters support 100% duty cycle
operation (low dropout mode) when their input voltage
drops very close to their output voltage. To suit a variety
of applications, selectable mode functions can be used
to trade-off noise for efficiency. Four modes are available
to control the operation of the LTC3555 family’s general
purpose switching regulators. At moderate to heavy loads,
the pulse skip mode provides the least noise switching
solution. At lighter loads, either Burst Mode operation,
forced Burst Mode operation or LDO mode may be selected.
The switching regulators include soft-start to limit inrush
current when powering on, short-circuit current protection
and switch node slew limiting circuitry to reduce radiated
EMI. No external compensation components are required.
The operating mode of the regulators may be set by either
I2C control or by manual control of the SDA and SCL pins
if the I2C port is not used. Each converter may be individually enabled by either their external control pins EN1, EN2,
EN3 or by the I2C port. Switching regulators 2 and 3 have
individual programmable feedback servo voltages via I2C
control. The switching regulator input supplies VIN1, VIN2
and VIN3 will generally be connected to the system load
pin VOUT.
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Step-Down Switching Regulator Output Voltage
Programming
All three switching regulators can be programmed for
output voltages greater than 0.8V. Switching regulators 2
and 3 have I2C programmable set-points while regulator 1
has a single fixed set-point. The full-scale output voltage for
each switching regulator is programmed using a resistor
divider from the switching regulator output connected to
the feedback pins (FB1, FB2 and FB3) such that:
⎛ R1 ⎞
VOUTX = VFBX ⎜ + 1⎟
⎝ R2 ⎠
where VFBX ranges from 0.425V to 0.8V for switching
regulators 2 and 3 and VFBX is fixed at 0.8V for switching
regulator 1. See Figure 4
VINx
L
VOUTx
SWx
LTC3555/
LTC3555-X
CFB
R1
COUT
FBx
R2
GND
3555 F04
Figure 4. Buck Converter Application Circuit
Typical values for R1 are in the range of 40k to 1M. The
capacitor CFB cancels the pole created by feedback resistors and the input capacitance of the FB pin and also helps
to improve transient response for output voltages much
greater than 0.8V. A variety of capacitor sizes can be used
for CFB but a value of 10pF is recommended for most applications. Experimentation with capacitor sizes between
2pF and 22pF may yield improved transient response.
Step-Down Switching Regulator Operating Modes
The LTC3555 family’s general purpose switching regulators
include four possible operating modes to meet the noise/
power needs of a variety of applications.
In pulse skip mode, an internal latch is set at the start of
every cycle which turns on the main P-channel MOSFET
switch. During each cycle, a current comparator compares
the peak inductor current to the output of an error amplifier.
The output of the current comparator resets the internal
latch which causes the main P-channel MOSFET switch to
turn off and the N-channel MOSFET synchronous rectifier
to turn on. The N-channel MOSFET synchronous rectifier
turns off at the end of the 2.25MHz cycle or if the current
through the N-channel MOSFET synchronous rectifier
drops to zero. Using this method of operation, the error
amplifier adjusts the peak inductor current to deliver the
required output power. All necessary compensation is
internal to the switching regulator requiring only a single
ceramic output capacitor for stability. At light loads in PWM
mode, the inductor current may reach zero on each pulse
which will turn off the N-channel MOSFET synchronous
rectifier. In this case, the switch node (SW) goes high
impedance and the switch node voltage will “ring”. This
is discontinuous mode operation, and is normal behavior
for a switching regulator. At very light loads in pulse skip
mode, the switching regulators will automatically skip
pulses as needed to maintain output regulation.
At high duty cycles (VOUTx > VINx /2) it is possible for the
inductor current to reverse, causing the regulator to operate
continuously at light loads. This is normal and regulation is
maintained, but the supply current will increase to several
milliamperes due to continuous switching.
In forced Burst Mode operation, the switching regulators
use a constant current algorithm to control the inductor
current. By controlling the inductor current directly and
using a hysteretic control loop, both noise and switching
losses are minimized. In this mode output power is limited.
While in forced Burst Mode operation, the output capacitor
is charged to a voltage slightly higher than the regulation
point. The step-down converter then goes into sleep mode,
during which the output capacitor provides the load current. In sleep mode, most of the regulator’s circuitry is
powered down, helping conserve battery power. When the
output voltage drops below a pre-determined value, the
switching regulator circuitry is powered on and another
burst cycle begins. The duration for which the regulator
operates in sleep mode depends on the load current. The
sleep time decreases as the load current increases. The
maximum output current in forced Burst Mode operation is
about 100mA for switching regulators 1 and 2, and about
250mA for switching regulator 3. The step-down switching
regulators will not enter sleep mode if the maximum output
current is exceeded in forced Burst Mode operation and
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23
LTC3555/LTC3555-X
OPERATION
the output will drop out of regulation. Forced Burst Mode
operation provides a significant improvement in efficiency
at light loads at the expense of higher output ripple when
compared to pulse skip mode. For many noise-sensitive
systems, forced Burst Mode operation might be undesirable
at certain times (i.e., during a transmit or receive cycle
of a wireless device), but highly desirable at others (i.e.,
when the device is in low power standby mode). The I2C
port can be used to enable or disable forced Burst Mode
operation at any time, offering both low noise and low
power operation when they are needed.
In Burst Mode operation, the switching regulator automatically switches between fixed frequency PWM operation and
hysteretic control as a function of the load current. At light
loads, the regulators operate in hysteretic mode in much
the same way as described for the forced Burst Mode
operation. Burst Mode operation provides slightly less
output ripple at the expense of slightly lower efficiency than
forced Burst Mode operation. At heavy loads the switching regulator operates in the same manner as pulse skip
operation at high loads. For applications that can tolerate
some output ripple at low output currents, Burst Mode
operation provides better efficiency than pulse skip at light
loads while still providing the full specified output current
of the switching regulator.
Finally, the switching regulators have an LDO mode that
gives a DC option for regulating their output voltages. In
LDO mode, the switching regulators are converted to linear
regulators and deliver continuous power from their SWx
pins through their respective inductors. This mode gives
the lowest possible output noise as well as low quiescent
current at light loads.
the switching regulator input supply leaving only a few
nanoamperes of leakage current. The step-down switching regulator outputs are individually pulled to ground
through a 10k resistor on the switch pins (SW1-SW3)
when in shutdown.
General Purpose Switching Regulator Dropout
Operation
It is possible for a switching regulator’s input voltage,
VINx, to approach its programmed output voltage (e.g., a
battery voltage of 3.4V with a programmed output voltage
of 3.3V). When this happens, the PMOS switch duty cycle
increases until it is turned on continuously at 100%. In this
dropout condition, the respective output voltage equals the
regulator’s input voltage minus the voltage drops across
the internal P-channel MOSFET and the inductor.
Step-Down Switching Regulator Soft-Start Operation
Soft-start is accomplished by gradually increasing the
peak inductor current for each switching regulator over
a 500μs period. This allows each output to rise slowly,
helping minimize the battery surge current. A soft-start
cycle occurs whenever a given switching regulator is
enabled, or after a fault condition has occurred (thermal
shutdown or UVLO). A soft-start cycle is not triggered by
changing operating modes. This allows seamless output
operation when transitioning between forced Burst Mode,
Burst Mode, pulse skip mode or LDO operation.
Step-Down Switching Regulator Switching Slew Rate
Control
The step-down switching regulators allow mode transition
on the fly, providing seamless transition between modes
even under load. This allows the user to switch back and
forth between modes to reduce output ripple or increase
low current efficiency as needed.
The step-down switching regulators contain new patent
pending circuitry to limit the slew rate of the switch nodes
(SWx). This new circuitry is designed to transition the
switch nodes over a period of a couple of nanoseconds,
significantly reducing radiated EMI and conducted supply
noise.
Step-Down Switching Regulator in Shutdown
Low Supply Operation
The step-down switching regulators are in shutdown when
not enabled for operation. In shutdown, all circuitry in
the step-down switching regulator is disconnected from
24
The LTC3555 family incorporates an undervoltage lockout
circuit on VOUT which shuts down the general purpose
switching regulators when VOUT drops below VOUTUVLO.
This UVLO prevents unstable operation.
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LTC3555/LTC3555-X
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
CLPROG Resistor and Capacitor
As described in the High Efficiency Switching PowerPath
Controller section, the resistor on the CLPROG pin determines the average input current limit when the switching
regulator is set to either the 1x mode (USB 100mA), the
5x mode (USB 500mA) or the 10x mode. The input current will be comprised of two components, the current
that is used to drive VOUT and the quiescent current of the
switching regulator. To ensure that the USB specification
is strictly met, both components of input current should
be considered. The Electrical Characteristics table gives
values for quiescent currents in either setting as well as
current limit programming accuracy. To get as close to
the 500mA or 100mA specifications as possible, a 1%
resistor should be used. Recall that
IVBUS = IVBUSQ + VCLPROG/RCLPPROG • (hCLPROG +1)
An averaging capacitor or an R-C combination is required
in parallel with the CLPROG resistor so that the switching
regulator can determine the average input current. This
network also provides the dominant pole for the feedback
loop when current limit is reached. To ensure stability,
the capacitor on CLPROG should be 0.47µF or larger.
Alternatively, faster transient response may be achieved
with 0.1µF in series with 8.2Ω.
Choosing the PowerPath Inductor
Because the average input current circuit does not measure
reverse current (i.e., current from SW to VBUS), current
reversal in the inductor at light loads will contribute an
error to the average VBUS current measurement. The error
is conservative in that if the current reverses, the voltage
at CLPROG will be higher than what would represent the
actual average input current drawn. The current available
for battery charging plus system load is thus reduced but
the USB specification will not be violated.
This reduction in available VBUS current will happen when
the peak-peak inductor ripple is greater than twice the
average current limit setting. For example, if the average
current limit is set to 100mA, the peak-peak ripple should
not exceed 200mA. If the input current is less than 100mA,
the measurement accuracy may be reduced. However, this
will not affect the average current loop since it will not be
in regulation.
The LTC3555 family includes a current-reversal comparator which monitors inductor current and disables the
synchronous rectifier as current approaches zero. This
comparator will minimize the effect of current reversal
on the average input current measurement. For some low
inductance values, however, the inductor current may still
reverse slightly. This value depends on the speed of the
comparator in relation to the slope of the current waveform, given by VL/L. VL is the voltage across the inductor
(approximately –VOUT) and L is the inductance value.
An inductance value of 3.3μH is a good starting value. The
ripple will be small enough for the regulator to remain in
continuous conduction at 100mA average VBUS current.
At lighter loads the current-reversal comparator will disable the synchronous rectifier for currents slightly above
0mA. As the inductance is reduced from this value, the
LTC3555 family will enter discontinuous conduction mode
at progressively higher loads. Ripple at VOUT will increase
directly proportionally to the magnitude of inductor ripple.
Transient response, however, will improve. The current
mode controller controls inductor current to exactly the
amount required by the load to keep VOUT in regulation. A
transient load step requires the inductor current to change
to a new level. Since inductor current cannot change instantaneously, the capacitance on VOUT delivers or absorbs the
difference in current until the inductor current can change
to meet the new load demand. A smaller inductor changes
its current more quickly for a given voltage drive than a
larger inductor, resulting in faster transient response. A
larger inductor will reduce output ripple and current ripple,
but at the expense of reduced transient performance and
a physically larger inductor package size. For this reason
a larger CVOUT will be required for larger inductor sizes.
The input regulator has an instantaneous peak current
clamp to prevent the inductor from saturating during transient load or start-up conditions. The clamp is designed
so that it does not interfere with normal operation at high
loads and reasonable inductor ripple. It is intended to prevent inductor current runaway in case of a shorted output.
The DC winding resistance and AC core losses of the inductor will affect efficiency, and therefore available output
power. These effects are difficult to characterize and vary
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25
LTC3555/LTC3555-X
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
by application. Some inductors that may be suitable for
this application are listed in Table 6.
Table 6. Recommended Inductors
INDUCTOR
L
TYPE
(µH)
LPS4018
3.3
D53LC
DB318C
WE-TPC
Type M1
CDRH6D12
CDRH6D38
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
MAX
IDC
(A)
2.2
MAX
DCR
(Ω)
0.08
SIZE in mm
(L × W × H) MANUFACTURER
3.9 × 3.9 × 1.7 Coilcraft
www.coilcraft.com
2.26 0.034
5×5×3
Toko
1.55 0.070 3.8 × 3.8 × 1.8 www.toko.com
1.95 0.065 4.8 × 4.8 × 1.8 Wurth Elektronik
www.we-online.com
2.2 0.0625 6.7 × 6.7 × 1.5 Sumida
3.5 0.020
7×7×4
www.sumida.com
VBUS and VOUT Bypass Capacitors
The style and value of capacitors used with the LTC3555
family determine several important parameters such as
regulator control-loop stability and input voltage ripple.
Because the LTC3555 family uses a step-down switching
power supply from VBUS to VOUT, its input current waveform contains high frequency components. It is strongly
recommended that a low equivalent series resistance (ESR)
multilayer ceramic capacitor be used to bypass VBUS.
Tantalum and aluminum capacitors are not recommended
because of their high ESR. The value of the capacitor on
VBUS directly controls the amount of input ripple for a
given load current. Increasing the size of this capacitor
will reduce the input ripple.
To prevent large VOUT voltage steps during transient load
conditions, it is also recommended that a ceramic capacitor be used to bypass VOUT. The output capacitor is used
in the compensation of the switching regulator. At least
4μF of actual capacitance with low ESR are required on
VOUT. Additional capacitance will improve load transient
performance and stability.
Multilayer ceramic chip capacitors typically have exceptional ESR performance. MLCCs combined with a tight
board layout and an unbroken ground plane will yield very
good performance and low EMI emissions.
There are several types of ceramic capacitors available,
each having considerably different characteristics. For
example, X7R ceramic capacitors have the best voltage and
temperature stability. X5R ceramic capacitors have apparently higher packing density but poorer performance over
26
their rated voltage and temperature ranges. Y5V ceramic
capacitors have the highest packing density, but must be
used with caution because of their extreme non-linear
characteristic of capacitance verse voltage. The actual
in-circuit capacitance of a ceramic capacitor should be
measured with a small AC signal as is expected in-circuit.
Many vendors specify the capacitance versus voltage with
a 1VRMS AC test signal and as a result, overstate the capacitance that the capacitor will present in the application.
Using similar operating conditions as the application, the
user must measure or request from the vendor the actual
capacitance to determine if the selected capacitor meets
the minimum capacitance that the application requires.
General Purpose Switching Regulator Inductor
Selection
Many different sizes and shapes of inductors are available from numerous manufacturers. Choosing the right
inductor from such a large selection of devices can be
overwhelming, but following a few basic guidelines will
make the selection process much simpler.
The general purpose step-down converters are designed
to work with inductors in the range of 2.2µH to 10µH. For
most applications a 4.7µH inductor is suggested for the
lower power switching regulators 1 and 2 and 2.2µH is
recommended for the more powerful switching regulator 3. Larger value inductors reduce ripple current which
improves output ripple voltage. Lower value inductors result
in higher ripple current and improved transient response
time. To maximize efficiency, choose an inductor with a
low DC resistance. For a 1.2V output, efficiency is reduced
about 2% for 100mΩ series resistance at 400mA load current, and about 2% for 300mΩ series resistance at 100mA
load current. Choose an inductor with a DC current rating
at least 1.5 times larger than the maximum load current to
ensure that the inductor does not saturate during normal
operation. If output short circuit is a possible condition,
the inductor should be rated to handle the maximum peak
current specified for the step-down converters.
Different core materials and shapes will change the size/
current and price/current relationship of an inductor. Toroid
or shielded pot cores in ferrite or Permalloy materials are
small and don’t radiate much energy, but generally cost
more than powdered iron core inductors with similar
3555fe
For more information www.linear.com/LTC3555
LTC3555/LTC3555-X
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
electrical characteristics. Inductors that are very thin or
have a very small volume typically have much higher core
and DCR losses, and will not give the best efficiency. The
choice of which style inductor to use often depends more
on the price vs size, performance and any radiated EMI
requirements than on what the LTC3555 family requires
to operate.
The inductor value also has an effect on forced Burst
Mode and Burst Mode operations. Lower inductor values
will cause the Burst and forced Burst Mode switching
frequencies to increase.
Table 7 shows several inductors that work well with the
LTC3555 family’s general purpose regulators. These inductors offer a good compromise in current rating, DCR
and physical size. Consult each manufacturer for detailed
information on their entire selection of inductors.
Table 7. Recommended Inductors
INDUCTOR L
MAX
MAX
TYPE
(µH) IDC (A) DCR (Ω)
DE2818C
0.072
1.25
4.7
0.053
1.45
3.3
D312C
0.24
0.79
4.7
0.20
0.90
3.3
0.14
1.14
2.2
DE2812C
0.13*
1.2
4.7
0.10*
1.4
3.3
0.067*
1.8
2.0
CDRH3D16 4.7
0.11
0.9
0.085
1.1
3.3
0.072
1.2
2.2
CDRH2D11 4.7
0.17
0.5
0.123
0.6
3.3
0.098
0.78
2.2
CLS4D09
0.19
0.75
4.7
SD3118
0.162
1.3
4.7
0.113
1.59
3.3
0.074
2.0
2.2
SD3112
0.246
0.8
4.7
0.165
0.97
3.3
0.14
1.12
2.2
SD12
0.117*
1.29
4.7
0.104*
1.42
3.3
0.075*
1.80
2.2
SD10
0.153*
1.08
4.7
0.108*
1.31
3.3
0.091*
1.65
2.2
LPS3015
4.7
1.1
0.2
3.3
1.3
0.13
2.2
1.5
0.11
*Typical DCR
SIZE in mm
(L × W × H)
3.0 × 2.8 × 1.8
3.0 × 2.8 × 1.8
3.6 × 3.6 × 1.2
3.6 × 3.6 × 1.2
3.6 × 3.6 × 1.2
3.0 × 2.8 × 1.2
3.0 × 2.8 × 1.2
3.0 × 2.8 × 1.2
4 × 4 × 1.8
4 × 4 × 1.8
4 × 4 × 1.8
3.2 × 3.2 × 1.2
3.2 × 3.2 × 1.2
3.2 × 3.2 × 1.2
4.9 × 4.9 × 1
3.1 × 3.1 × 1.8
3.1 × 3.1 × 1.8
3.1 × 3.1 × 1.8
3.1 × 3.1 × 1.2
3.1 × 3.1 × 1.2
3.1 × 3.1 × 1.2
5.2 × 5.2 × 1.2
5.2 × 5.2 × 1.2
5.2 × 5.2 × 1.2
5.2 × 5.2 × 1.0
5.2 × 5.2 × 1.0
5.2 × 5.2 × 1.0
3.0 × 3.0 × 1.5
3.0 × 3.0 × 1.5
3.0 × 3.0 × 1.5
MANUFACTURER
Toko
www.toko.com
Sumida
www.sumida.
com
Cooper
www.cooperet.
com
Coil Craft
www.coilcraft.
com
General Purpose Switching Regulator Input/Output
Capacitor Selection
Low ESR (equivalent series resistance) MLCC capacitors
should be used at both switching regulator outputs as well
as at each switching regulator input supply (VINX). Only X5R
or X7R ceramic capacitors should be used because they
retain their capacitance over wider voltage and temperature
ranges than other ceramic types. A 10μF output capacitor is sufficient for most applications. For good transient
response and stability the output capacitor should retain
at least 4μF of capacitance over operating temperature
and bias voltage. Each switching regulator input supply
should be bypassed with a 1μF capacitor. Consult with
capacitor manufacturers for detailed information on their
selection and specifications of ceramic capacitors. Many
manufacturers now offer very thin (90%, Adjustable Outputs at 800mA and 400mA,
Charge Current Programmable up to 950mA, USB Compatible, 16-Lead 5mm × 3mm DFN
Package
LTC3557/LTC3557-1
USB Power Manager with
Li-Ion/Polymer Charger, Triple
Synchronous Buck Converter plus
LDO
Complete Multi Function PMIC: Linear Power Manager and Three Buck Regulators Charge
Current Programmable up to 1.5A from Wall Adapter Input, Thermal Regulation Synchronous
Buck Converters Efficiency: >95%, ADJ Outputs: 0.8V to 3.6V at 400mA/400mA/600mA BatTrack™ Adaptive Output Control, 200mΩ Ideal Diode, 4mm × 4mm QFN-28 Package.
LTC4085
USB Power Manager with Ideal
Charges Single Cell Li-Ion Batteries Directly from a USB Port, Thermal Regulation, 200mΩ
Diode Controller and Li-Ion Charger Ideal Diode with
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