LT1239

Contact Linear Technology for Potential Replacement FOR INFORMATION PURPOSES ONLY OBSOLETE: LT1239 Backup Battery Management Circuit I I I I I I I I I I I I Micropower Operation (IQ = 20µA) Adjustable Regulator for Battery Charging 4.85V Regulator for Battery Regulation Cell Voltage Equalization in 2-Cell Systems Low-Battery Detector Protects Lithium Cells Comparator for Automatic Power Switching Shutdown Output Current Sensing Current and Thermal Limiting Reverse Output Protection 16-Pin SO Package Operates on 7V to 30V Input APPLICATIONS I I I Backup Battery Management Systems for Portable Computers Lithium-Ion Backup Systems NiCd Backup Systems The LT ® 1239 is a micropower backup battery management system for portable computers and instrumentation. It contains two regulators for regulating the battery voltage and memory voltage and a comparator for switching between main power and backup power. The first regulator provides a constant voltage charge for the backup batteries and is adjustable from 3.75V up to 20V. An equalization amplifier combined with the first regulator provides precision charge equalization for a 2-cell lithium-ion system. A second regulator with 4.85V output provides a regulated backup battery voltage to the memory when main power is lost. The second regulator also isolates the backup battery from the main 5V supply during normal operation when the memory is being powered by the 5V supply. A comparator is included which provides automatic switchover from main 5V power to backup power ensuring uninterrupted power for memory and power monitor, LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. TYPICAL APPLICATION U Lithium-Ion Backup System INPUT 2 14 22µF 3 SHDN1 INPUT 1 10 OUT 1 REGULATOR #1 ADJ IMON1 E/A (IN) INPUT 2 GND 2 IN LOW-BATTERY DETECT GND 16 1 15 7 681k 1% 8 3.4V Li-Ion CELL 13 5V SYSTEM POWER 69.8k 1% 120Ω* 120Ω* 604k 1% 300pF MAIN BATTERY PACK 7V TO 24V + E/A (OUT) 5VIN GND 4 GND 5 IN REGULATOR #2 OUT INPUT 1 + – GND OUT 2 12 MEMORY POWER MANAGEMENT * REQUIRED BY SOME SAFETY AGENCIES SEE APPLICATIONS INFORMATION FOR INFORMATION ON SELECTING VALUES. LTC1239 • TA01 6 SHDN2 IMON2 11 U FEATURES DESCRIPTION + – U + 22µF 3.4V Li-Ion CELL 1 LT1239 DESCRIPTION ing circuitry. A low-battery detector with a 5V threshold powers down the second regulator and the error amplifier to limit the discharge voltage of the backup cells. This prevents deep discharge damage to the lithium cells. Both regulators have independent shutdown and current monitor functions. ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Input 1 Voltage ...................................................... ± 30V Input 2 Voltage ............................................. 30V, – 0.6V Output 1 Voltage ........................................... 30V, – 0.6V Output 2 Voltage ............................................. 6V, – 0.6V Adjust Pin Current ................................................ 10mA SHDN1, SHDN2 (Note 2) Input Voltage .............................................. 6V, – 0.6V Input Current ...................................................... 5mA IMON1 Voltage (Note 3) .......................... (VIN1 – 30V) < IMON1 < VIN1 IMON2 Voltage (Note 4) .......................... (VIN2 – 30V) < IMON2 < VIN2 E/A Output Voltage (Note 5) .... – 0.6V < VE/A(OUT) < VIN2 E/A Input Voltage (Note 5) .......... – 0.6V < VE/A(IN) < VIN2 5V Input Voltage ............................................. 6V, – 0.6V Operating Temperature Range ......................... 0 to 70°C Junction Temperature Range .............................(Note 6) Storage Temperature Range ................. – 65°C to 150°C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec).................. 300°C (Note 1) PACKAGE/ORDER INFORMATION TOP VIEW ADJ 1 GND 2 SHDN1 3 GND 4 GND 5 SHDN2 6 E/A (IN) 7 E/A (OUT) 8 16 OUT 1 15 IMON1 14 INPUT 1 13 5VIN 12 OUT 2 11 IMON2 10 INPUT 2 9 NC ORDER PART NUMBER LT1239CS S PACKAGE 16-LEAD PLASTIC SO TJMAX = 100°C, θJA = 120°C/ W Consult factory for Industrial and Military grade parts. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS PARAMETER Regulator 1 (Notes 7, 8) Regulated Output Voltage (VADJ = VOUT1) Line Regulation Load Regulation VIN1 = 4.3V, IOUT = 1mA, TJ = 25°C VIN1 = 4.8V to 24V, IOUT = 1mA to 30mA ILOAD = 1mA, VIN1 = 4.3V to 30V VIN1 = 5V, ILOAD = 1mA to 30mA, TJ = 25°C VIN1 = 5V, ILOAD = 1mA to 30mA VIN1 = 5V, ILOAD = 1mA to 50mA, TJ = 25°C VIN1 = 5V, ILOAD = 1mA to 50mA ILOAD = 1mA, TJ = 25°C ILOAD = 30mA, TJ = 25°C ILOAD = 50mA, TJ = 25°C ILOAD = 0mA, VIN1 = 3.75V ILOAD = 30mA, VIN1 = 3.75V ILOAD = 50mA, VIN1 = 3.75V TJ = 25°C q q q q q CONDITIONS MIN 3.700 3.650 TYP 3.750 3.750 2 – 12 – 20 – 20 – 30 0.15 0.25 0.30 20 0.80 1.35 40 MAX 3.800 3.825 10 – 25 – 50 UNITS V V mV mV mV mV mV V V V µA mA mA nA Dropout Voltage (Note 9) 0.20 0.40 30 1.2 120 Ground Pin Current (Notes 10, 11) Adjust Pin Bias Current (Note 12) 2 U W U U WW U W LT1239 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS PARAMETER Regulator 1 (Notes 7, 8) Shutdown Threshold Shutdown Pin Current (Note 13) Quiescent Current in Shutdown (Note 10) Ripple Rejection Current Limit Reverse Output Current Current Monitor Pin Output Current VOUT1 = Off to On VOUT1 = On to Off VSHDN1 = 0V VIN1 = 24V, VSHDN1 = 0V VIN1 = 5V (Avg), VRIPPLE = 0.5VP-P fRIPPLE = 120Hz, ILOAD = 20mA, TJ = 25°C VIN1 = 7V, VOUT1 = 0V, TJ = 25°C VOUT1 = VOUT1(NOM) – 100mV, TJ = 25°C VOUT1 = 3.75V, VIN1 < 3.75V VOUT1 = 3.75V, VIN1 = Open Circuit VOUT1 = 3.75V, VIMON1 = 0V, IOUT1 = 1mA VOUT1 = 3.75V, VIMON1 = 0V, IOUT1 = 10mA VOUT1 = 3.75V, VIMON1 = 0V, IOUT1 = 50mA VIN1 = 7V, VIN2 = 0V, V5VIN = 5V, IOUT2 = 1mA VIN1 = 7V, VIN2 = 0V, V5VIN = 5V, IOUT2 = 30mA VIN1 = 7V, VIN2 = 0V, V5VIN = 5V, IOUT2 = 50mA TJ = 25°C TJ = 25°C TJ = 25°C VIN2 = 6.8V, IOUT = 1mA, TJ = 25°C IOUT2 = 1mA, VIN2 = 5.4V to 10V VIN2 = 6.8V, ILOAD = 1mA to 30mA, TJ = 25°C VIN2 = 6.8V, ILOAD = 1mA to 30mA VIN2 = 6.8V, ILOAD = 1mA to 50mA, TJ = 25°C VIN2 = 6.8V, ILOAD = 1mA to 50mA ILOAD = 0mA, VIN2 = 5.4V ILOAD = 30mA, VIN2 = 5.4V ILOAD = 50mA, VIN2 = 5.4V VOUT2 = Off to On VOUT2 = On to Off VSHDN2 = 0V VIN2 = 6.4V (Avg), VRIPPLE = 0.5VP-P fRIPPLE = 120Hz, ILOAD = 20mA, TJ = 25°C VIN2 = 6.8V, VOUT2 = 0V, TJ 25°C VOUT2 = VOUT2(NOM) – 100mV, TJ = 25°C VOUT2 = 4.85V, VIN2 < 4.85V VOUT2 = 4.85V, VIN2 = Open Circuit VOUT2 = 6.8V, VIMON2 = 0V, IOUT2 = 1mA VOUT2 = 6.8V, VIMON2 = 0V, IOUT2 = 10mA VOUT2 = 6.8V, VIMON2 = 0V, IOUT2 = 50mA VE/A(IN) = 3.4V, VIN2 = 6.8V q q q q q q q q q q q q CONDITIONS MIN TYP 1.20 0.75 2 10 MAX 2.8 4 16 UNITS V V µA µA dB mA mA 0.25 50 30 40 59 50 70 6 6 12 12 50 µA µA µA µA µA mV mV mV V V V 38 4.6 44 215 12 110 135 Comparator Output Saturation Voltage (V5VIN – VOUT2) q q q 40 150 220 5.15 Low-Battery Detector Turn-Off Threshold Turn-On Threshold Hysteresis Regulator 2 Regulated Output Voltage Output Voltage Temperature Coefficient Line Regulation Load Regulation 4.775 4.850 – 0.5 2 – 12 – 20 – 20 – 30 16 0.80 1.35 0.25 1.20 0.75 1.7 50 30 40 58 50 70 6 6 35 4.7 41 210 3 12 12 47 5 – 25 – 50 4.925 V mV/°C mV mV mV mV mV µA mA mA V V µA dB mA mA µA µA µA µA µA nA 4.85 0.2 5.00 5.3 0.3 Ground Pin Current q q q q q q 25 1.2 2.8 4 Shutdown Threshold Shutdown Pin Current Ripple Rejection Current Limit Reverse Output Current Current Monitor Pin Output Current Error Amplifier Bias Current q 20 3 LT1239 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS PARAMETER Offset Voltage Output Current Sourcing Sinking Quiescent Current VIN2 = 6.8V, VE/A(IN) = 3.4V, TJ = 25°C VIN2 = 6.8V, VE/A(IN) = 3.4V, TJ = 25°C VIN2 = 6.8V, 5VIN = 0V, VE/A(IN) = 3.4V VIN2 = 6.8V, 5VIN = 0V, VE/A(IN) = 3.4V, VPIN6 = 0V VIN2 = 4.8V, 5VIN = 0V, VE/A(IN) = 2.4V q q q CONDITIONS q MIN 3 3 TYP 0 5 5 20 8 3 MAX 15 UNITS mV mA mA Regulator 2, Low Battery Detector and Error Amplifier 30 12 6 µA µA µA The q denotes specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range. Note 1: All voltages are with respect to the ground pins of the device (pins 2, 4, 5) unless otherwise specified. Note 2: The shutdown pin input voltage rating is required for a low impedance source. Internal protection devices connected to the shutdown pin will turn on and clamp the pin to approximately 7V or – 0.6V. This range allows the use of 5V logic devices to drive the pin directly. For high impedance sources or logic running on supply voltages greater than 5.5V, the maximum current driven into the shutdown pin must be limited to 5mA. Note 3: The current monitor pin for regulator 1 (pin 15) can be pulled 30V below the input pin (pin 14). The current monitor pin must not be pulled above the input pin. Note 4: The current monitor pin for regulator 2 (pin 11) can be pulled 30V below the input pin (pin 10). The current monitor pin must not be pulled above the input pin. Note 5: E/A (OUT) pin should not be pulled below ground or above the voltage at Input 2. Note 6: The device is specified to an operating temperature range of 0°C to 70°C. The device is guaranteed to be functional up to the thermal shutdown temperature. The thermal shutdown temperature for this device is approximately 100°C. Note 7: Operating conditions are limited by maximum junction temperature. The regulated output specification will not apply for all possible combinations of input voltage and output current. When operating at maximum output current, the input voltage range must be limited. When operating at maximum input voltage, the output current range must be limited. Note 8: Regulator 1 of the LT1239 is tested and specified with the adjust pin (pin 1) tied to the output pin (pin 16). See Applications Information. Note 9: Dropout voltage is the minimum input/output voltage required to maintain regulation at the specified output current. In dropout, the output voltage measured at the package pins will be equal to (VIN – VDROPOUT). Note 10: The quiescent current of the comparator is included in the ground pin current and quiescent current specifications for regulator 1. The comparator output is turned off (pin 13 = 0V, pin 12 = 5V) during these tests. Note 11: Ground pin current for regulator 1 is tested with VIN = VOUT (nominal) and a current source load. This means that the device is tested in it’s dropout region. Ground pin current will decrease slightly at higher input voltages. Note 12: Adjust pin current flows into the adjust pin. Note 13: Shutdown pin current at VSHDN = 0V flows out of the shutdown pin. Note 14: 6.8V is the nominal voltage of two lithium-ion cells. TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Low-Battery Detector Thresholds vs Temperature LOW-BATTERY DETECTOR THRESHOLD (V) 5.60 5.50 5.40 START-UP THRESHOLD 5.30 5.20 5.10 SHUTDOWN THRESHOLD 5.00 4.90 –50 4.975 REGULATOR 2 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 4.900 4.875 4.850 4.825 4.800 4.775 4.750 4.725 –50 –25 25 50 0 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 100 ADJUST PIN VOLTAGE (V) –25 50 25 0 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4 UW 75 LT1239 • TPC01 Regulator 2 Output Voltage vs Temperature 3.80 3.79 3.78 3.77 3.76 3.75 3.74 3.73 3.72 3.71 4.950 4.925 Regulator 1 Adjust Pin Voltage vs Temperature 100 3.70 –50 –25 25 50 0 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 100 LT1239 • TPC02 LT1239 • TPC03 LT1239 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Regulator 2 IMON2 Current vs Output Current 250 VIN2 = 6.8V VIMON2 = 0V 200 QUIESCENT CURRENT (µA) IMON2 CURRENT (µA) IMON1 CURRENT (µA) 150 100 50 0 0 10 30 40 20 OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) 50 Comparator Output Saturation Voltage vs Output Current 400 OUTPUT SATURATION VOLTAGE (mV) 20 18 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) LT1239 • TPC07 REVERSE OUTPUT CURRENT (µA) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 345678 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 9 10 VIN1 = 0V ADJ (PIN 1) = VOUT (PIN 16) REVERSE OUTPUT CURRENT (µA) Shutdown Pin Threshold 2.0 1.8 SHUTDOWN PIN THRESHOLD (V) 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 –50 –25 (OFF-TO-ON) ILOAD = 1mA QUIESCENT CURRENT (µA) 1.6 50 0 75 25 TEMPERATURE (°C) UW LT1239 • TPC04 Regulator 1 IMON Current vs Output Current 250 VIMON1 = 0V 200 VIN1 = 24V = 6.8V V VIN1 = 5V OUT1 VOUT1 = 3.75V VIN1 = 5V VOUT1 = 3.75V 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 10 30 40 20 OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) 50 0 Regulator 1, Comparator Quiescent Current vs Input Voltage, Pin 14 VADJ (PIN 1) = VOUT (PIN 16) 150 100 50 VPIN3 = 0V (REGULATOR 1 IN SHUTDOWN) 0 5 INPUT VOLTAGE, PIN 14 (V) 10 LT1239 • TPC06 LT1239 • TPC05 Regulator 1 Reverse Output Current vs Output Voltage 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Regulator 2 Reverse Output Current vs Output Voltage 0 1 2 345678 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 9 10 LT1239 • TPC08 LT1239 • TPC09 Regulator 2, Error Amp, LowBattery Detector Quiescent Current 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 VSHDN2 = 0V (REGULATOR 2 IN SHUTDOWN) VSHDN2 = OPEN CIRCUIT (OFF-TO-ON) ILOAD = 30mA (ON-TO-OFF) ILOAD = 1mA 100 125 0 1 2345678 INPUT 2 VOLTAGE, PIN 10 (V) 9 10 LT1239 • TPC10 LT1239 • TPC11 5 LT1239 PIN FUNCTIONS ADJ (Pin 1): Adjust Pin of Regulator 1. The regulator will servo the adjust pin to 3.75V referred to ground. Bias current will be approximately 50nA and will flow into the adjust pin. GND (Pin 2): Ground Pin for Regulator 1. Note that the three ground pins (pins 2, 4, 5) are connected together internally and should all be grounded externally. SHDN1 (Pin 3): Shutdown Pin for Regulator 1. Regulator 1 output will be on if the shutdown pin is either: 1) Left floating (open circuit) or 2) pulled up to the 5V rail. If the shutdown function is not used, the shutdown pin is normally left open circuit. Regulator 1 output will be off if the shutdown pin is pulled to ground. The shutdown pin current with the pin pulled to ground will be in the range of 2µA flowing out of the pin. The shutdown pin current with the pin pulled up to 5V will be zero. GND (Pin 4): Ground. This ground pin is tied to the substrate of the die, between regulator 1 and the rest of the circuit. It is used as an isolation barrier between regulator 1 and the rest of the circuitry. GND (Pin 5): Ground Pin for Regulator 2. SHDN2 (Pin 6): Shutdown Pin for Regulator 2. Regulator 2 output will be on if the shutdown pin is either: 1) Left floating (open circuit) or 2) pulled up to the 5V rail. If the shutdown function is not used, the shutdown pin is normally left open circuit. Regulator 2 output will be off if the shutdown pin is pulled to ground. The shutdown pin current with the pin pulled to ground will be in the range of 2µA flowing out of the pin. The shutdown pin current with the pin pulled up to 5V will be zero. E/A (IN) (Pin 7): Noninverting Input of the Error Amplifier. This pin should be tied to the center tap point in the output divider for regulator 1. The bias current for this pin will be in the range of 3nA and it will flow out of the pin. E/A (OUT) (Pin 8): Output of the Error Amplifier. This is normally connected to the center tap of the backup cells. NC (Pin 9): Not Connected. INPUT 2 (Pin 10): Input Pin (VCC) for Regulator 2, the Error Amplifier, and the Low-Battery Detection Circuit. IMON 2 (Pin 11): Current Monitor Pin for Regulator 2. If the current monitor function is not used, this pin should be tied to the output pin of regulator 2. OUT 2 (Pin 12): Output of Regulator 2. It is also the inverting input and output of the comparator. If the main 5V system supply is up and running then the comparator output will pull the output of regulator 2 up to 5V. 5VIN (Pin 13): Noninverting Input of the comparator and the collector of the output driver. The collector of the output driver is normally connected to the main 5V system supply. INPUT 1 (Pin 14): Input Pin (VCC) of Regulator 1. IMON 1 (Pin 15): Current Monitor Pin for Regulator 1. The current flowing out of this pin will be approximately 1/200 of the output current of regulator 1. If the current monitor function is not used, this pin should be tied to the output pin of regulator 1. OUT 1 (Pin 16): Output of Regulator 1. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTIO Regulator 1: Regulator 1 is used to supply the charging current to the backup batteries. It converts the voltage on the main battery to a fixed output voltage to charge the backup cells. The output voltage is set with a voltage divider connected between the output and ground with a tap point of the divider connected to the adjust pin. The regulator servos its output in order to maintain the adjust pin at 3.75V referred to ground. The resistor divider should be chosen such that the divider current is approxi- 6 U U U U U U mately 5µA. This means the impedance from the adjust pin to ground should be approximately 750kΩ. For safety requirements a resistor can be placed between the output pin and the top of the divider that sets the regulated output voltage. The regulator will regulate the voltage at the top of the divider. Quiescent current will be 10µA to 15µA. Output short-circuit current will be approximately 70mA. LT1239 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTIO Comparator: The output of the comparator is connected to the output of regulator 2. This point provides power to memory and power management circuitry. The comparator looks at the main 5V power line and the output voltage of regulator 2. If the main 5V line is up and regulating the comparator output will pull up to 5V and supply power to the memory from the main 5V regulator. If the main 5V power line drops below 4.85V the comparator switches off and regulator 2 will supply power to the memory from the backup batteries. The comparator is powered from the raw battery voltage at the input of regulator 1. Error Amplifier: The Error Amplifier is used to equalize the cell voltages of two lithium-ion cells connected in series. The error amplifier is designed to source or sink 5mA. BLOCK DIAGRAM E/A (IN) 7 IN INPUT 1 14 REGULATOR 1 16 OUT 1 1 ADJUST LOW-BATTERY DETECTOR 3 42 15 IMON1 SHDN1 GND GROUND PINS 2, 4, 5 ARE TIED TO SUBSTRATE APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Device Overview The LT1239 provides several functions needed for backup battery management. It provides: 1. Battery Charging: The LT1239 can be set up to charge lithium-ion or nickel cadmium batteries in either constant voltage or constant current mode. 2. Memory Power Control: The LT1239 provides power for the memory and includes automatic switchover between the backup battery and the main 5V system power. When the 5V system supply is up and running it is used to power the memory, the regulator prevents reverse current flow back into the backup battery. Automatic switchover occurs when the 5V system supply drops below 4.85V and the regulator then provides power to the memory from the backup cells. Memory power is uniterruptable. + – INPUT 2 10 U U Low-Battery Detector: The low-battery detector circuit acts as an undervoltage lockout. This circuit turns regulator 2 and the error amplifier off if the backup battery voltage drops below 5V. The low-battery detector circuit will turn regulator 2 and the error amplifier back on when the backup battery voltage rises above 5.3V. This circuit has a quiescent current of approximately 3µA in the undervoltage condition. Regulator 2: Regulator 2 is used to regulate the voltage of the backup batteries and isolate the backup batteries from the main 5V line. This regulator will prevent reverse current flow from the main 5V supply back into the backup cells. 13 5VIN INPUT 1 E/A 8 E/A (OUT) W W U U U U + COMP IN REGULATOR 2 POWER SWITCH – 6 5 11 IMON2 12 OUT 2 1239 BD SHDN2 GND 7 LT1239 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION 3. Protection: Regulator 1 allows the use of current limiting resistors to prevent overcharging lithium-ion cells. A low-battery detector shuts down regulator 2 and the error amplifier to prevent over discharging the lithium cells. An error amplifier is included to provide voltage equalization for two series connected lithium-ion cells. Adjusting Output Voltage Regulator 1 is an adjustable regulator. This allows the output voltage to be set for various battery types and voltages. The output voltage is adjustable from 3.75V up to 20V. The regulator will servo its output voltage in order to maintain the adjust pin at 3.75V with respect to ground. The output voltage is set with a resistor divider from output to ground as shown in Figure 1. The resistor values should be chosen so that the current in the divider is approximately 5µA. This means that the impedance from the adjust pin to ground should be approximately 750kΩ. The bias current at the adjust pin is 50nA (typical) and will flow into the adjust pin. The error in the output voltage, due to the adjust pin bias current will be equal to the bias current multiplied by the value of R2 ( IADJ × R2). This error is small and is compensated for in the formulas shown in Figure 1. IN 1 OUT 1 R2 50nA 5µA REGULATOR 1 ADJ R1 ≈ 750k VOUT = 3.75 1 + R2 + IADJ (R2) R1 R2 = (VOUT – 3.75V) (3.75V/R1) + IADJ ) ) CHOOSE: R1 = 750k IADJ = 50nA Figure 1. Adjusting Output Voltage Example: To set the output voltage to 6.8V for a 2-cell lithium-ion system, use R1 = 750k and IADJ = 50nA. Then: R2 = 6.8V – 3.75V = 604k (3.75V/750k) + 50nA 8 U W U U Equalizing Lithium-Ion Cells The error amplifier on the LT1239 is used to equalize the cell voltages in a 2-cell lithium-ion backup system. The error amplifier is internally connected as a unity-gain follower and is designed to sink or source about 3mA. The bias current for the error amplifier will be approximately 3nA and will flow out of the pin. The output voltage of the error amplifier can be set by connecting the input to a tap point on the resistor divider used to set the output voltage for regulator 1 as shown in Figure 2. The error amplifier will then equalize the cell voltages by charging the cell with the lowest output voltage. The output voltage of regulator 1 controls the total cell voltage and the error amplifier forces the cell voltages to be equal. The error amplifier output current will go to zero when the cell voltages are equal and the total cell voltage is equal to the output voltage of regulator 1. 6.8V IN 1 OUT 1 R2 = 604k 3.75V R3 69.8k 3.4V + REGULATOR 1 ADJ 10µF – E/A E/A (IN) R1 681k LT1239 • F02 E/A (OUT) + Figure 2. Equalizing Lithium-Ion Cells LT1239 • F01 For battery voltages greater than the low-battery detection threshold the error amplifier is active. For battery voltages lower than the low-battery detection threshold the output of the error amplifier is inactive. When the error amplifier is active it can source or sink approximately 3mA. When the error amplifier is inactive its output is a high impedance, as long as it is not forced above VIN2 or below ground. The error amplifier is powered from the same supply pin as regulator 2. In most applications the backup batteries and the output of regulator 1 will provide power to this point. This means that the protection resistors (R4 in Figure 5) in series with the output of regulator 2 will limit the output current capability of the error amplifier in a fault condition. LT1239 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Using the Current Monitor Function The current monitor pin outputs a current proportional to the output current of the regulator. Both regulator 1 and regulator 2 have independent current monitor pins. The current monitor function can be used to monitor charge in the backup cells, to set up a constant current output or to adjust the current limit of the regulator. The current monitor pin should be tied to the output pin if the current monitor function is not used. This will minimize quiescent current. The current output of the current monitor pin can be converted to a voltage by feeding the current monitor pin output current through a resistor. The voltage across the resistor will be proportional to output current. This signal can be used to monitor the output current for either regulator. Regulator 1 output current is equal to the charge current for the backup batteries plus the load current of regulator 2. If regulator 1 output current is greater than regulator 2 output current, the difference between the currents is the charge current for the backup cells. If regulator 2 output current is greater than regulator 1 output current, the difference between the currents is the discharge current for the backup cells. By integrating the difference between regulator 1 output current and regulator 2 output current the total charge in the backup cells can be determined. Constant Current Charging NiCd backup batteries are normally charged with a constant current trickle charge. This can be accomplished ICHARGE 7-24V + IN 1 OUT 1 + 10µF LT1239 IMON1 SHDN1 GND ADJ (3.75V) R1 + 2µF R3 = VSHDN1 < 0.25V > 2.8V NC ICHARGE OFF ON ON R1 = 3.75V ICHARGE × 220 LT1239 • F03 Figure 3. Constant Current Charging U W U U using regulator 1 and the circuit shown in Figure 3. In this circuit the voltage at the adjust pin is proportional to the output current. Regulator 1 will servo its output to force 3.75V at the adjust pin. The output current will be scaled from the current monitor pin current by a ratio of 220:1. Output current is equal to 220 × current monitor pin current. The output current is set by choosing resistor R1, in the formula shown in Figure 3. Regulator 1 will source a constant current as long as the voltage at its input is greater than the battery voltage plus the dropout voltage of regulator 1. External power monitoring circuitry can be used to shutdown regulator 1 to terminate charge when a low current sleep mode is desired. Setting Current Limit Using the Current Monitor Pin With the addition of some simple external circuitry the current monitor pin can be used to control the output short-circuit current of the regulator. As shown in Figure 4, the current monitor pin can be tied to ground through a resistor to generate a voltage proportional to output current. When the voltage across R3 is equal to approximately 0.6V (one VBE) Q1 will turn on and pull down on the shutdown pin of the regulator. Q1 effectively steals drive current from the regulator to limit the output current. C1 is needed to roll off the gain of Q1. Current limit can be set using the formula shown in Figure 4. This circuit can be used with either regulator. The shutdown function can also be used. An open-collector gate connected in parallel with Q1 can shut down the regulator. IN 1 OUT 1 R2 LT1239 MAIN BATTERIES ADJ R1 NiCd BACKUP BATTERY + + 10µF NiCd BACKUP BATTERY SHDN2 GND IMON1 Q1 2N3904 R3 + C1 2µF LT1239 • F04 0.6V × 220 ILIM Figure 4. Reducing Current Limit Using the Comparator The comparator in the LT1239 is intended to be used as an automatic switchover circuit between the main 5V 9 LT1239 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION system power and the backup batteries. The comparator output will be driven high if the output of the 5V system supply is greater than the 4.85V output of regulator 2. Regulator 2 will act as a diode to prevent current flow from the 5V system supply back into the backup battery. Current flow into the output of regulator 2, with the output pulled up to 5V, will be limited to approximately 6µA and will flow to ground. If the main 5V system supply drops below the 4.85V output of regulator 2 the comparator will switch off and regulator 2 will provide power to the memory. The comparator combined with regulator 2 and the batteries provide an uninterruptable power source to the memory and power monitoring circuitry. Choosing Current Limiting Resistors Due to UL safety considerations, circuits used to charge lithium-ion batteries must have external resistors (passive components) to limit the available charge current in the event of a failure in the charging circuit. The LT1239 allows these resistors to be placed in series with the output transistor of the regulator 1 as shown in Figure 5. The current limiting resistor (R4) will be in series with the main charge current path but will be inside the feedback loop of regulator 1. Because the resistors are inside the feedback loop they will not affect output voltage regulation in normal operating conditions. The resistors should be selected so that they limit the charge current below the maximum level specified by the battery manufacturer. For a typical 3.4V, 50mA rechargeable backup cell (Panasonic VL2330) the maximum charge current is specified at 300mA. Most users will choose to limit the current well below the maximum charge current. It is important to note that these resistors can also limit the charge current during normal operation. Since the charge current for a typical lithium-ion button cell is normally less than 20mA, limited by the internal impedance of the cells during a constant voltage charge, the current limiting resistors do not significantly affect the charge times for the backup cells. The worst case would occur if the regulator failed as a short and the main battery is at its maximum charge voltage. The current limiting resistor (R4) must be chosen to limit the current to less than the manufacturers maximum charging current with the difference between the main battery voltage and the backup battery voltage dropped across it. For example with a main battery voltage of 24V max, a backup battery voltage of 6.8V and a maximum charge current of 300mA, R4 must be greater than (24V – 6.8V) / 300mA, R4 > 57Ω. R4 can also be used to limit the power dissipated by regulator 1 as shown in the following section. C1 is needed for stability in circuits with protection resistors (R4). The power dissipation in R4 during fault conditons can be significant. it will be equal to: (VINL – VBATTERY)2 R4 Power resistors with ratings greater than 0.25W or fusable resistors may be required. Thermal Considerations The power dissipation of this device is made up of several components.They are the power dissipation of each regulator, the comparator and the error amplifier. The largest component will be due to the power in regulator 1, when the charge current for the batteries is the highest and the input voltage to regulator 1 is at the maximum. In most systems this condition only occurs for a short period after the backup battery has been completely discharged. Both regulators have thermal limiting circuitry which limits the power in the regulator when the junction temperature reaches about 100°C. The thermal limit temperature is set low because the device is designed to work with batteries specified to run at ambient temperatures below 60°C. The power in regulator 1 can be limited with external resistors placed in the feedback loop as shown in Figure 5. In lithium-ion systems these resistors are required for safety reasons. The power in regulator 1 will be equal to: [(VMAINBATTERY – VBACKUPBATTERY) × ICHG] – (ICHG × R4) Note that for circuits with a current limiting resistor (R4) the worst-case power point occurs when ICHG is equal to the maximum charging current/2. Example: [(24V – 6.8V) × (71mA/2)] – [(71mA/2) × 240] = 300mW This is the only significant component of power dissipation in the device and this condition will only occur when the 10 U W U U LT1239 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION backup batteries have been completely discharged. Once the backup batteries are charged the power in regulator 1 drops significantly. The power in regulator 2 when regulator 2 is providing power to the memory will be equal to: (VBACKUPBATTERY – 4.85V) × IOUT IOUT is the current needed to power the memory and power monitoring circuitry. Example: (6.8V – 4.85V) × 30mA = 58.5mW The power in the comparator when the comparator is providing power to the memory will be equal to: (VSAT × IOUT) IOUT is the current needed to power the memory and power monitoring circuitry. Comparator Output Saturation Voltage vs Output Current can be found in the Typical Performance Characteristics. Example: (VSAT × ILOAD) = (0.15V × 30mA) = 4.5mW Note that power for memory will be supplied by either regulator 2 or the comparator. The power in the error amplifier when the cells are unequalized will be equal to: (VBACKUPBATTERY/2) × 3mA Example: (6.8V/2) × 3mA = 10.2mW This component goes to zero when the cell voltages are equalized. The thermal resistance of the LT1239 is 120°C/W when the device is mounted to a PC board with at least one ground or power plane. The junction temperature rise will be equal to the total power in the device multiplied by 120°C/W or (PTOTAL × 120°C/W). For 300mW dissipation the junction temperature rise will be (300mW × 120°C/W) = 36°C. Given that the thermal limit temperature is approximately 100°C, this allows for a maximum ambient temperature of roughly 60°C before the device thermal limits. This temperature is near the maximum ambient allowed for most battery types. *R4 IN 1 MAIN BATTERY PACK OUT 1 C1 300pF R3 604k V2 V1 + LT1239 GND R4 > V1 – V2 MAX CHARGE CURRENT Figure 5. Adding a Protection Resistor for Lithium-Ion Charger Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. U W U U IMON1 ADJ + 10µF 3.4V Li-Ion CELL R2 69.8k E/A (IN) R1 681k 3.4V Li-Ion CELL E/A (0UT) *THIS RESISTOR IS REQUIRED BY SOME SAFETY AGENCIES. LT1239 • F05 11 LT1239 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS NiCd Backup System with 20mA Charge Current IN 1 MAIN BATTERY PACK OUT 1 ADJ SHDN1 IN2 SHDN2 IMON1 LT1239 E/A (IN) E/A (0UT) OUT2 5VIN 5V POWER SYSTEM GND IMON2 50Ω 650k 5µF + + LT1239 • TA02 PACKAGE DESCRIPTION 0.010 – 0.020 × 45° (0.254 – 0.508) 0.008 – 0.010 (0.203 – 0.254) 0° – 8° TYP 0.016 – 0.050 0.406 – 1.270 RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER LT1111 LT1120A LT1121 LTC®1232 LTC1325 LTC1443/LTC1444/LTC1445 LT1510 DESCRIPTION Micropower DC/DC Converter with Adjustable or Fixed 5V or 12V Output Micropower Regulator and Comparator with Shutdown Micropower Regulator with Shutdown Microprocessor Supervisory Circuit Microprocessor-Controlled Battery Management System Quad Micropower Comparators with Reference Programmable PWM Battery Charger with 2A Peak Current Capability COMMENTS Low-Battery Detector 20µA Supply Current 0.4V Dropout Voltage at 150mA Minimum External Components Charges Battery and Provides Gas Gauge 6µA Quiescent Current Charges NiCd, NiMH LT/GP 0695 10K • PRINTED IN USA 12 Linear Technology Corporation 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7487 (408) 432-1900 q FAX: (408) 434-0507 q TELEX: 499-3977 U U NiCd Backup System with 5mA Trickle Charge IN 1 OUT 1 ADJ NiCd BACKUP BATTERIES + 750k 10µF 6V NiCd BACKUP BATTERY MAIN BATTERY PACK + + 5µF SHDN1 IN2 SHDN2 10µF IMON1 LT1239 E/A (IN) E/A (0UT) OUT 2 + 165k 1µF + 10µF MEMORY POWER MONITORING CIRCUITRY 5V POWER SYSTEM 10µF MEMORY 5VIN GND IMON2 POWER MONITORING CIRCUITRY LT1239 • TA03 Dimension in inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted. S Package 16-Lead Plastic DIP 0.386 – 0.394* (9.804 – 10.008) 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 0.228 – 0.244 (5.791 – 6.197) 0.150 – 0.157* (3.810 – 3.988) 1 0.053 – 0.069 (1.346 – 1.752) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0.004 – 0.010 (0.101 – 0.254) 0.014 – 0.019 (0.355 – 0.483) 0.050 (1.270) TYP SO16 0893 *THESE DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS. MOLD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.006 INCH (0.15mm). © LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 1995