LTC3555EUFD-3-TRPBF

FEATURES Power Manager n High Efficiency Switching PowerPath™ Controller with Bat-Track™ Adaptive Output Control n Programmable USB or Wall Current Limit (100mA/500mA/1A) n Full Featured Li-Ion/Polymer Battery Charger n 1.5A Maximum Charge Current n Internal 180mΩ Ideal Diode + External Ideal Diode Controller Powers Load in Battery Mode n Low No-Load Quiescent Current when Powered from BAT ( VUVLO, Battery Charger Off, IVOUT = 0μA VBUS = 0V, IVOUT = 0μA (Ideal Diode Mode) LTC3555 LTC3555-1/LTC3555-3 BAT < VTRKL 4.179 4.165 4.079 l 4.065 980 185 2 l MAX UNITS mA/mA mA/mA mA/mA mA/mA mA mA mA mA V mV V V mV mV V V MHz Ω Ω A A IOUT(POWERPATH) VOUT Current Available Before Loading BAT VCLPROG VUVLO_VBUS VUVLO_VBUS-BAT VOUT CLPROG Servo Voltage in Current Limit VBUS Undervoltage Lockout VBUS to BAT Differential Undervoltage Lockout VOUT Voltage 4.35 3.95 3.4 4.5 1.8 4.7 4.7 2.7 fOSC Switching Frequency RPMOS_POWERPATH PMOS On Resistance RNMOS_POWERPATH NMOS On Resistance IPEAK_POWERPATH Battery Charger VFLOAT BAT Regulated Output Voltage Peak Switch Current Limit 2 3 4.200 4.200 4.100 4.100 1022 204 3.5 27 32 1.000 0.100 100 1022 4.221 4.235 4.121 4.135 1065 223 5 38 44 ICHG IBAT Constant Current Mode Charge Current Battery Drain Current V V V V mA mA μA μA μA V V mV mA/mA mA VPROG VPROG_TRKL VC/10 hPROG ITRKL VTRKL ΔVTRKL ΔVRECHRG tTERM tBADBAT hC/10 PROG Pin Servo Voltage PROG Pin Servo Voltage in Trickle Charge C/10 Threshold Voltage at PROG Ratio of IBAT to PROG Pin Current Trickle Charge Current Trickle Charge Threshold Voltage Trickle Charge Hysteresis Voltage Recharge Battery Threshold Voltage Safety Timer Termination Bad Battery Termination Time Threshold Voltage Relative to VFLOAT Timer Starts when BAT = VFLOAT BAT < VTRKL –75 3.3 0.42 0.088 BAT < VTRKL BAT Rising 2.7 100 2.85 135 –100 4 0.5 0.1 –125 5 0.63 0.112 3.0 V mV mV Hour Hour mA/mA End of Charge Indication Current Ratio (Note 5) 3555fd 3 LTC3555/LTC3555-X ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS SYMBOL VCHRG ICHRG RON_CHG TLIM NTC VCOLD VHOT VDIS INTC Ideal Diode VFWD RDROPOUT IMAX_DIODE VLDO3V3 RCL_LDO3V3 ROL_LDO3V3 VIL VIH IPD1 I2C Port DVCC IDVCC VDVCC_UVLO ADDRESS VIH, SDA, SCL VIL, SDA, SCL IPD2 SDA, SCL VOL fSCL tBUF tHD_STA tSU_STA Input Supply Voltage DVCC Current DVCC UVLO I2C Address Input High Threshold Input Low Threshold Pull-Down Current Digital Output Low (SDA) Clock Operating Frequency Bus Free Time Between Stop and Start Condition Hold Time After (Repeated) Start Condition Repeated Start Condition Setup Time 1.3 0.6 0.6 IPULLUP = 3mA 70 30 2 0.4 400 SCL/SDA = 0kHz 1.6 0.5 1.0 0001 001[0] %DVCC %DVCC μA V kHz μs μs μs 3555fd The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VBUS = 5V, BAT = 3.8V, DVCC = 3.3V, RPROG = 1k, RCLPROG = 3k, unless otherwise noted. PARAMETER CHRG Pin Output Low Voltage CHRG Pin Leakage Current Battery Charger Power FET On Resistance (Between VOUT and BAT) Junction Temperature in Constant Temperature Mode Cold Temperature Fault Threshold Voltage Hot Temperature Fault Threshold Voltage NTC Disable Threshold Voltage NTC Leakage Current Forward Voltage Rising Threshold Hysteresis Falling Threshold Hysteresis Falling Threshold Hysteresis VNTC = VBUS = 5V 75.0 33.4 0.7 –50 2 15 0.18 1.6 0mA < ILDO3V3 < 25mA 3.1 3.3 4 23 0.4 1.2 2 3.5 CONDITIONS ICHRG = 5mA VCHRG = 5V 0.18 110 MIN TYP 65 MAX 100 1 UNITS mV μA Ω °C 76.5 1.5 34.9 1.5 1.7 50 78.0 36.4 2.7 50 %VBUS %VBUS %VBUS %VBUS %VBUS mV nA mV mV Ω A V Ω Ω V V μA VBUS = 0V, IVOUT = 10mA IVOUT = 10mA Internal Diode On Resistance, Dropout VBUS = 0V Internal Diode Current Limit Regulated Output Voltage Closed-Loop Output Resistance Dropout Output Resistance Logic Low Input Voltage Logic High Input Voltage ILIM0, ILIM1, EN1, EN2, EN3 Pull-Down Currents Always On 3.3V LDO Supply Logic (ILIM0, ILIM1, EN1, EN2, EN3) 5.5 V μA V 4 LTC3555/LTC3555-X ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS SYMBOL tSU_STD tHD_DAT(OUT) tHD_DAT(IN) tSU_DAT tLOW tHIGH tf tr tSP VIN1,2,3 VOUTUVLO PARAMETER Stop Condition Time Data Hold Time Input Data Hold Time Data Setup Time Clock Low Period Clock High Period Clock Data Fall Time Clock Data Rise Time Spike Suppression Time Input Supply Voltage VOUT UVLO—VOUT Falling VOUT UVLO—VOUT Rising Oscillator Frequency FBx Input Current Maximum Duty Cycle SWx Pull-Down in Shutdown Pulse Skip Mode Input Current Burst Mode Input Current Forced Burst Mode® Input Current LDO Mode Input Current Shutdown Input Current PMOS Switch Current Limit Available Output Current IOUT1 = 0μA (Note 6) IOUT1 = 0μA (Note 6) IOUT1 = 0μA (Note 6) IOUT1 = 0μA (Note 6) IOUT1 = 0μA, FB1 = 0V Pulse Skip/Burst Mode Operation Pulse Skip/Burst Mode Operation (Note 7) Forced Burst Mode Operation (Note 7) LDO Mode (Note 7) (Note 8) VFB1,2,3 = 0.85V VIN1,2,3 Connected to VOUT Through Low Impedance. Switching Regulators are Disabled in UVLO 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.25 The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VBUS = 5V, BAT = 3.8V, DVCC = 3.3V, RPROG = 1k, RCLPROG = 3k, unless otherwise noted. CONDITIONS MIN 0.6 225 0 100 1.3 0.6 20 20 300 300 50 5.5 2.9 2.7 50 10 225 35 20 20 600 400 60 50 0.78 800 900 TYP MAX UNITS μs ns ns ns μs μs ns ns ns V V V MHz nA % kΩ μA μA μA μA μA mA mA mA mA V Ω Ω Ω Ω μA μA μA μA μA mA mA mA mA General Purpose Switching Regulators 1, 2 and 3 fOSC IFB1,2,3 D1,2,3 RSW1,2,3_PD IVIN1 1.8 –50 100 General Purpose Switching Regulator 1 60 35 35 1 1100 ILIMSW1 IOUT1 VFB1 RP1 RN1 RLDO_CL1 RLDO_OL1 IVIN2 VFB1 Servo Voltage PMOS RDS(ON) NMOS RDS(ON) LDO Mode Closed-Loop ROUT LDO Mode Open-Loop ROUT Pulse Skip Mode Input Current Burst Mode Input Current Forced Burst Mode Input Current LDO Mode Input Current Shutdown Input Current PMOS Switch Current Limit Available Output Current l 0.80 0.6 0.7 0.25 0.82 (Note 9) IOUT2 = 0μA (Note 6) IOUT2 = 0μA (Note 6) IOUT2 = 0μA (Note 6) IOUT2 = 0μA (Note 6) IOUT2 = 0μA, FB2 = 0V Pulse Skip/Burst Mode Operation Pulse Skip/Burst Mode Operation (Note 7) Forced Burst Mode Operation (Note 7) LDO Mode (Note 7) 2.5 225 35 20 20 600 400 60 50 800 General Purpose Switching Regulator 2 60 35 35 1 1100 ILIMSW2 IOUT2 Burst Mode is a registered trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. 3555fd 5 LTC3555/LTC3555-X ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS SYMBOL VFBHIGH2 VFBLOW2 VLSB2 RP2 RN2 RLDO_CL2 RLDO_OL2 IVIN3 PARAMETER Maximum Servo Voltage Minimum Servo Voltage VFB2 Servo Voltage Step Size PMOS RDS(ON) NMOS RDS(ON) LDO Mode Closed-Loop ROUT LDO Mode Open-Loop ROUT Pulse Skip Mode Input Current Burst Mode Input Current Forced Burst Mode Input Current LDO Mode Input Current Shutdown Input Current PMOS Switch Current Limit Available Output Current (Note 9) IOUT3 = 0μA (Note 6) IOUT3 = 0μA (Note 6) IOUT3 = 0μA (Note 6) IOUT3 = 0μA (Note 6) IOUT3 = 0μA, FB3 = 0V Pulse Skip/Burst Mode Operation Pulse Skip/Burst Mode Operation (Note 7) Forced Burst Mode Operation (Note 7) LDO Mode (Note 7) Full Scale (1, 1, 1, 1) (Note 8) Zero Scale (0, 0, 0, 0) (Note 8) The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VBUS = 5V, BAT = 3.8V, DVCC = 3.3V, RPROG = 1k, RCLPROG = 3k, unless otherwise noted. CONDITIONS Full Scale (1, 1, 1, 1) (Note 8) Zero Scale (0, 0, 0, 0) (Note 8) l MIN 0.78 0.405 TYP 0.80 0.425 25 0.6 0.7 0.25 2.5 225 35 20 20 MAX 0.82 0.445 UNITS V V mV Ω Ω Ω Ω μA μA μA μA μA mA mA mA mA V V mV Ω Ω Ω Ω ms General Purpose Switching Regulator 3 60 35 35 1 2800 ILIMSW3 IOUT3 1500 1000 150 50 0.78 0.405 2000 VFBHIGH3 VFBLOW3 VLSB3 RP3 RN3 RLDOCL3 RLDOOL3 tRST3 Maximum Servo Voltage Minimum Servo Voltage VFB Servo Voltage Step Size PMOS RDS(ON) NMOS RDS(ON) LDO Mode Closed Loop ROUT LDO Mode Open Loop ROUT Power On Reset Time for Switching Regulator l 0.80 0.425 25 0.18 0.30 0.25 0.82 0.445 (Note 9) VFB3 Within 92% of Final Value to RST3 Hi-Z 2.5 230 Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: The LTC3555E/LTC3555E-X are guaranteed to meet performance specifications from 0°C to 85°C. Specifications over the – 40°C to 85°C operating temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls. The LTC3555I/LTC3555I-X are guaranteed to meet performance specifications over the full –40°C to 85°C operating temperature range. Note 3: The LTC3555/LTC3555-X include overtemperature protection that is intended to protect the device during momentary overload conditions. Junction temperature will exceed 125°C when overtemperature protection is active. Continuous operation above the specified maximum operating junction temperature may impair device reliability. Note 4: Total input current is the sum of quiescent current, IVBUSQ, and measured current given by: VCLPROG/RCLPROG • (hCLPROG +1) Note 5: hC/10 is expressed as a fraction of measured full charge current with indicated PROG resistor. Note 6: FBx above regulation such that regulator is in sleep. Specification does not include resistive divider current reflected back to VINx. Note 7: Guaranteed by design but not explicitly tested. Note 8: Applies to pulse skip, Burst Mode operation and forced Burst Mode operation only. Note 9: Inductor series resistance adds to open-loop ROUT. 3555fd 6 LTC3555/LTC3555-X TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Ideal Diode V-I Characteristics 1.0 INTERNAL IDEAL DIODE WITH SUPPLEMENTAL EXTERNAL VISHAY Si2333 PMOS RESISTANCE (Ω) 0.25 Ideal Diode Resistance vs Battery Voltage 4.50 Output Voltage vs Output Current (Battery Charger Disabled) BAT = 4V VBUS = 5V 5x MODE 0.8 CURRENT (A) 0.20 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) INTERNAL IDEAL DIODE 0.15 4.25 0.6 INTERNAL IDEAL DIODE ONLY 0.4 4.00 BAT = 3.4V 3.75 0.10 INTERNAL IDEAL DIODE WITH SUPPLEMENTAL EXTERNAL VISHAY Si2333 PMOS 0.2 VBUS = 0V VBUS = 5V 0 0 0.04 0.12 0.16 0.08 FORWARD VOLTAGE (V) 0.20 3555 G01 0.05 3.50 0 2.7 3.0 3.6 3.9 3.3 BATTERY VOLTAGE (V) 4.2 3555 G02 3.25 0 200 600 800 400 OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) 1000 3555 G03 USB Limited Battery Charge Current vs Battery Voltage 700 600 CHARGE CURRENT (mA) 500 400 300 LTC3555-3 200 100 LTC3555 LTC3555-1/ LTC3555-3 150 USB Limited Battery Charge Current vs Battery Voltage 25 LTC3555 125 CHARGE CURRENT (mA) LTC3555-1/ LTC3555-3 20 VBUS = 5V RPROG = 1k RCLPROG = 3k BATTERY CURRENT (μA) Battery Drain Current vs Battery Voltage IVOUT = 0μA VBUS = 0V VBUS = 5V RPROG = 1k RCLPROG = 3k 100 75 15 LTC3555-3 50 25 0 1x USB SETTING, BATTERY CHARGER SET FOR 1A 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 BATTERY VOLTAGE (V) 4.2 3555 G05 10 VBUS = 5V (SUSPEND MODE) 5 5x USB SETTING, BATTERY CHARGER SET FOR 1A 0 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 2.7 BATTERY VOLTAGE (V) 4.2 3555 G04 0 2.7 3.0 3.6 3.9 3.3 BATTERY VOLTAGE (V) 4.2 3555 G06 PowerPath Switching Regulator Efficiency vs Output Current 100 90 EFFICIENCY (%) 80 70 60 50 BAT = 3.8V 1x MODE 100 5x, 10x MODE 90 EFFICIENCY (%) Battery Charging Efficiency vs Battery Voltage with No External Load (PBAT/PBUS) RCLPROG = 3k RPROG = 1k IVOUT = 0mA QUIESCENT CURRENT (μA) 50 VBUS Current vs VBUS Voltage (Suspend) BAT = 3.8V IVOUT = 0mA 40 80 LTC3555-1/ LTC3555-3 LTC3555-3 30 20 70 1x CHARGING EFFICIENCY 5x CHARGING EFFICIENCY 10 40 0.01 0.1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 1 3555 G07 60 2.7 3.0 3.6 3.9 3.3 BATTERY VOLTAGE (V) 4.2 3555 G08 0 0 1 3 2 BUS VOLTAGE (V) 4 5 3555 G09 3555fd 7 LTC3555/LTC3555-X TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Output Voltage vs Load Current in Suspend 5.0 0.5 VBUS Current vs Load Current in Suspend 3.4 VBUS = 5V BAT = 3.3V RCLPROG = 3k OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 3.2 3.3V LDO Output Voltage vs Load Current, VBUS = 0V BAT = 3.9V 4.2V , BAT = 3.4V BAT = 3.5V BAT = 3.6V 4.5 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) VBUS CURRENT (mA) 0.4 4.0 0.3 3.0 3.5 0.2 2.8 3.0 VBUS = 5V BAT = 3.3V RCLPROG = 3k 0 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 0.5 3555 G10 0.1 2.5 0 2.6 0 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 0.5 3555 G11 BAT = 3V BAT = 3.1V BAT = 3.2V BAT = 3.3V 0 5 15 20 10 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 25 3555 G12 Battery Charge Current vs Temperature 600 500 CHARGE CURRENT (mA) 400 THERMAL REGULATION 300 200 100 0 –40 –20 RPROG = 2k 10x MODE 0 20 40 60 80 TEMPERATURE (°C) 100 120 3555 G13 Normalized Battery Charger Float Voltage vs Temperature 1.001 3.68 Low-Battery (Instant-On) Output Voltage vs Temperature BAT = 2.7V IVOUT = 100mA 5x MODE OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 3.66 NORMALIZED FLOAT VOLTAGE 1.000 0.999 3.64 0.998 3.62 0.997 0.996 –40 –15 35 10 TEMPERATURE (°C) 60 85 3555 G14 3.60 –40 –15 35 10 TEMPERATURE (°C) 60 85 3555 G15 Oscillator Frequency vs Temperature 2.6 15 VBUS Quiescent Current vs Temperature VBUS = 5V IVOUT = 0μA QUIESCENT CURRENT (μA) 5x MODE 70 VBUS Quiescent Current in Suspend vs Temperature IVOUT = 0μA 2.4 FREQUENCY (MHz) VBUS = 5V 2.2 BAT = 3V VBUS = 0V BAT = 2.7V VBUS = 0V 1.8 –40 –15 35 10 TEMPERATURE (°C) QUIESCENT CURRENT (mA) BAT = 3.6V VBUS = 0V 12 60 9 50 1x MODE 6 2.0 40 60 85 3555 G16 3 –40 –15 35 10 TEMPERATURE (°C) 60 85 3555 G17 30 –40 –15 35 10 TEMPERATURE (°C) 60 85 3555 G18 3555fd 8 LTC3555/LTC3555-X TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS RST3, CHRG Pin Current vs Voltage (Pull-Down State) 100 RST3, CHRG PIN CURRENT (mA) VBUS = 5V BAT = 3.8V BATTERY CURRENT (μA) ILDO3V3 5mA/DIV 0mA VLDO3V3 20mV/DIV AC COUPLED 3555 G20 3.3V LDO Step Response (5mA to 15mA) 50 Battery Drain Current vs Temperature BAT = 3.8V VBUS = 0V BUCK REGULATORS OFF 80 40 60 30 40 20 20 BAT = 3.8V 0 20μs/DIV 10 0 1 3 4 2 RST3, CHRG PIN VOLTAGE (V) 5 3555 G19 0 –40 –15 35 10 TEMPERATURE (°C) 60 85 3555 G21 RDS(ON) for Switching Regulator Power Switches vs Temperature 1.0 REGULATORS 1, 2 0.8 ON-RESISTANCE (Ω) CURRENT LIMIT (A) NMOS SWITCH 0.6 PMOS SWITCH 0.4 NMOS SWITCH PMOS SWITCH 0 –40 –15 35 10 TEMPERATURE (°C) 60 85 3555 G22 Switching Regulator Current Limit vs Temperature 2.0 REGULATOR 3 40 INPUT CURRENT (μA) 1.5 50 Switching Regulator Low Power Mode Quiescent Currents VIN1,2,3 = 3.8V VOUT1,2,3 = 2.5V Burst Mode OPERATION 30 FORCED Burst Mode OPERATION LDO MODE 10 1.0 REGULATOR 3 REGULATORS 1, 2 20 0.2 0.5 VIN1,2,3 = 3.8V 0 –15 35 –40 10 TEMPERATURE (°C) 60 85 3555 G23 0 –40 –15 35 10 TEMPERATURE (°C) 60 85 3555 G24 Switching Regulators 1, 2 Pulse Skip Mode Quiescent Currents 325 VIN1,2 = 3.8V 1.95 400 Switching Regulator 3 Pulse Skip Mode Quiescent Currents VOUT3 = 2.5V 11 Switching Regulator Soft-Start Waveform INPUT CURRENT (μA) 275 VOUT1,2 = 2.5V (CONSTANT FREQUENCY) INPUT CURRENT (μA) 350 VIN3 = 3.5V (CONSTANT FREQUENCY) 300 10 1.85 9 250 1.80 250 VIN3 = 3.8V (PULSE SKIPPING) –15 35 10 TEMPERATURE (°C) 60 85 3555 G26 8 225 VOUT1,2 = 1.25V (PULSE SKIPPING) 200 –40 –15 35 10 TEMPERATURE (°C) 60 85 3555 G25 1.75 VOUT 500mV/DIV 300 1.90 INPUT CURRENT (mA) INPUT CURRENT (mA) 50μs/DIV 7 3555 G27 1.70 200 –40 3555fd 9 LTC3555/LTC3555-X TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Switching Regulators 1, 2 Pulse Skip Mode Efficiency 100 90 80 EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 VIN1,2 = 3.8V 10 100 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 1000 3555 G28 Switching Regulators 1, 2 Burst Mode Efficiency 100 90 80 VOUT1,2 = 2.5V VOUT1,2 = 1.2V EFFICIENCY (%) VOUT1,2 = 1.8V 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 VIN1,2 = 3.8V 1 10 100 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 1000 3555 G29 Switching Regulators 1, 2 Forced Burst Mode Efficiency VOUT1,2 = 2.5V VOUT1,2 = 1.2V VOUT1,2 = 1.8V VOUT1,2 = 2.5V VOUT1,2 = 1.2V VOUT1,2 = 1.8V 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.1 10 0 0.1 1 VIN1,2 = 3.8V 10 100 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 1000 3555 G30 Switching Regulator 3 Pulse Skip Mode Efficiency 100 90 80 EFFICIENCY (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 10 100 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 1000 3555 G31 Switching Regulator 3 Burst Mode Efficiency 100 90 80 EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) VIN3 = 3.8V VOUT3 = 2.5V 100 90 80 VOUT3 = 1.2V VOUT3 = 1.8V 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1 10 100 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 1000 3555 G32 Switching Regulator 3 Forced Burst Mode Efficiency VIN3 = 3.8V VOUT3 = 2.5V VIN3 = 3.8V VOUT3 = 2.5V VOUT3 = 1.2V VOUT3 = 1.8V 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.1 VOUT3 = 1.2V VOUT3 = 1.8V 0 0.1 1 10 100 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 1000 3555 G33 Switching Regulators 1, 2 Load Regulation at VOUT1,2 = 1.2V 1.230 VIN1,2 = 3.8V Burst Mode OPERATION 1.845 Switching Regulators 1, 2 Load Regulation at VOUT1,2 = 1.8V VIN1,2 = 3.8V Burst Mode OPERATION OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) PULSE SKIP MODE 1.800 FORCED Burst Mode OPERATION OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 1.823 2.56 Switching Regulators 1, 2 Load Regulation at VOUT1,2 = 2.5V VIN1,2 = 3.8V OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 1.215 2.53 Burst Mode OPERATION PULSE SKIP MODE 2.50 FORCED Burst Mode OPERATION 1.200 PULSE SKIP MODE 1.185 FORCED Burst Mode OPERATION 1 10 100 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 1000 3555 G34 1.778 2.47 1.170 0.1 1.755 0.1 1 10 100 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 1000 3555 G35 2.44 0.1 1 10 100 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 1000 3555 G36 3555fd 10 LTC3555/LTC3555-X PIN FUNCTIONS LDO3V3 (Pin 1): 3.3V LDO Output Pin. This pin provides a regulated always-on 3.3V supply voltage. LDO3V3 gets its power from VOUT. It may be used for light loads such as a watchdog microprocessor or real time clock. A 1μF capacitor is required from LDO3V3 to ground. If the LDO3V3 output is not used it should be disabled by connecting it to VOUT. CLPROG (Pin 2): USB Current Limit Program and Monitor Pin. A resistor from CLPROG to ground determines the upper limit of the current drawn from the VBUS pin. A fraction of the VBUS current is sent to the CLPROG pin when the synchronous switch of the PowerPath switching regulator is on. The switching regulator delivers power until the CLPROG pin reaches 1.188V. Several VBUS current limit settings are available via user input which will typically correspond to the 500mA and 100mA USB specifications. A multi-layer ceramic averaging capacitor or R-C network is required at CLPROG for filtering. NTC (Pin 3): Input to the Thermistor Monitoring Circuits. The NTC pin connects to a battery’s thermistor to determine if the battery is too hot or too cold to charge. If the battery’s temperature is out of range, charging is paused until it re-enters the valid range. A low drift bias resistor is required from VBUS to NTC and a thermistor is required from NTC to ground. If the NTC function is not desired, the NTC pin should be grounded. FB2 (Pin 4): Feedback Input for Switching Regulator 2. When regulator 2’s control loop is complete, this pin servos to 1 of 16 possible set-points based on the commanded value from the I2C serial port. See Table 4. VIN2 (Pin 5): Power Input for Switching Regulator 2. This pin will generally be connected to VOUT. A 1μF MLCC capacitor is recommended on this pin. SW2 (Pin 6): Power Transmission Pin for Switching Regulator 2. EN2 (Pin 7): Logic Input. This logic input pin independently enables switching regulator 2. This pin is logically OR-ed with its corresponding bit in the I2C serial port. See Table 2. DVCC (Pin 8): Logic Supply for the I2C Serial Port. If the serial port is not needed it can be disabled by grounding DVCC. When DVCC is grounded, chip control is automatically passed to the individual logic input pins. SCL (Pin 9): Clock Input Pin for the I2C Serial Port. The I2C logic levels are scaled with respect to DVCC. If DVCC is grounded, the SCL pin is equivalent to the B5 bit in the I2C serial port. SCL in conjunction with SDA determine the operating modes of switching regulators 1, 2 and 3 when DVCC is grounded. See Tables 2 and 5. SDA (Pin 10): Data Input Pin for the I2C Serial Port. The I2C logic levels are scaled with respect to DVCC. If DVCC is grounded, the SDA pin is equivalent to the B6 bit in the I2C serial port. SDA in conjunction with SCL determine the operating modes of switching regulators 1, 2 and 3 when DVCC is grounded. See Tables 2 and 5. VIN3 (Pin 11): Power Input for Switching Regulator 3. This pin will generally be connected to VOUT. A 1μF MLCC capacitor is recommended on this pin. SW3 (Pin 12): Power Transmission Pin for Switching Regulator 3. EN3 (Pin 13): Logic Input. This logic input pin independently enables switching regulator 3. This pin is logically OR-ed with its corresponding bit in the I2C serial port. See Table 2. FB3 (Pin 14): Feedback Input for Switching Regulator 3. When regulator 3’s control loop is complete, this pin servos to 1 of 16 possible set-points based on the commanded value from the I2C serial port. See Table 4. RST3 (Pin 15): Logic Output. This in an open-drain output which indicates that switching regulator 3 has settled to its final value. It can be used as a power-on reset for the primary microprocessor or to enable the other switching regulators for supply sequencing. EN1 (Pin 16): Logic Input. This logic input pin independently enables switching regulator 1. This pin is logically OR-ed with its corresponding bit in the I2C serial port. See Table 2. 3555fd 11 LTC3555/LTC3555-X PIN FUNCTIONS SW1 (Pin 17): Power Transmission Pin for Switching Regulator 1. VIN1 (Pin 18): Power Input for Switching Regulator 1. This pin will generally be connected to VOUT. A 1μF MLCC capacitor is recommended on this pin. FB1 (Pin 19): Feedback Input for Switching Regulator 1. When regulator 1’s control loop is complete, this pin servos to a fixed voltage of 0.8V. PROG (Pin 20): Charge Current Program and Charge Current Monitor Pin. Connecting a resistor from PROG to ground programs the charge current. If sufficient input power is available in constant-current mode, this pin servos to 1V. The voltage on this pin always represents the actual charge current. CHRG (Pin 21): Open-Drain Charge Status Output. The CHRG pin indicates the status of the battery charger. Four possible states are represented by CHRG: charging, not charging, unresponsive battery and battery temperature out of range. CHRG is modulated at 35kHz and switches between a low and a high duty cycle for easy recognition by either humans or microprocessors. See Table 1. CHRG requires a pull-up resistor and/or LED to provide indication. GATE (Pin 22): Analog Output. This pin controls the gate of an optional external P-channel MOSFET transistor used to supplement the ideal diode between VOUT and BAT. The external ideal diode operates in parallel with the internal ideal diode. The source of the P-channel MOSFET should be connected to VOUT and the drain should be connected to BAT. If the external ideal diode FET is not used, GATE should be left floating. BAT (Pin 23): Single Cell Li-Ion Battery Pin. Depending on available VBUS power, a Li-Ion battery on BAT will either deliver power to VOUT through the ideal diode or be charged from VOUT via the battery charger. VOUT (Pin 24): Output voltage of the Switching PowerPath Controller and Input Voltage of the Battery Charger. The majority of the portable product should be powered from VOUT. The LTC3555 family will partition the available power between the external load on VOUT and the internal battery charger. Priority is given to the external load and any extra power is used to charge the battery. An ideal diode from BAT to VOUT ensures that VOUT is powered even if the load exceeds the allotted power from VBUS or if the VBUS power source is removed. VOUT should be bypassed with a low impedance ceramic capacitor. VBUS (Pin 25): Primary Input Power Pin. This pin delivers power to VOUT via the SW pin by drawing controlled current from a DC source such as a USB port or wall adapter. SW (Pin 26): Power Transmission Pin for the USB Power Path. The SW pin delivers power from VBUS to VOUT via the step-down switching regulator. A 3.3μH inductor should be connected from SW to VOUT. ILIM0, ILIM1 (Pins 27, 28): Logic Inputs. ILIM0 and ILIM1 control the current limit of the PowerPath switching regulator. See Table 3. Both of the ILIM0 and ILIM1 pins are logically OR-ed with their corresponding bits in the I2C serial port. See Table 2. Exposed Pad (Pin 29): Ground. The Exposed Pad should be connected to a continuous ground plane on the second layer of the printed circuit board by several vias directly under the part. 3555fd 12 LTC3555/LTC3555-X BLOCK DIAGRAM VBUS 25 2.25MHz PowerPath SWITCHING REGULATOR SUSPEND LDO 500μA CC/CV CHARGER 0.3V 3.6V 20 PROG 18 VIN1 CHRG 21 CHARGE STATUS ENABLE 17 SW1 400mA 2.25MHz SWITCHING REGULATOR 1 3.3V LDO 24 VOUT 26 SW 1 LDO3V3 + CLPROG 2 IDEAL – + – 15mV 22 GATE NTC 3 BATTERY TEMPERATURE MONITOR 1.188V D/A ILIM DECODE LOGIC 4 D/A ILIM0 27 ILIM1 28 EN1 16 EN2 7 EN3 13 DVCC 8 SDA 10 SCL 9 I2C PORT 4 –+ ENABLE 400mA 2.25MHz SWITCHING REGULATOR 2 ENABLE 1A 2.25MHz SWITCHING REGULATOR 3 29 GND + + – + – 23 BAT 19 FB1 5 VIN2 6 SW2 4 FB2 11 VIN3 12 SW3 14 FB3 15 RST3 3555 BD 3555fd 13 LTC3555/LTC3555-X TIMING DIAGRAM DATA BYTE A ADDRESS 0 START SDA 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ACK ACK ACK 0 0 1 0 0 1 WR 0 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 STOP DATA BYTE B SCL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SDA tSU, DAT tLOW SCL tHD, STA START CONDITION tr tHIGH tf REPEATED START CONDITION tSP STOP CONDITION START CONDITION tHD, DAT tSU, STA tHD, STA tBUF tSU, STO 3555 TD OPERATION Introduction The LTC3555 family are highly integrated power management ICs which include a high efficiency switch mode PowerPath controller, a battery charger, an ideal diode, an always-on LDO and three general purpose step-down switching regulators. The entire chip is controlled by either direct digital control, by an I2C serial port or both. Designed specifically for USB applications, the PowerPath controller incorporates a precision average input current step-down switching regulator to make maximum use of the allowable USB power. Because power is conserved, the LTC3555 family allows the load current on VOUT to exceed the current drawn by the USB port without exceeding the USB load specifications. The PowerPath switching regulator and battery charger communicate to ensure that the input current never violates the USB specifications. The ideal diode from BAT to VOUT guarantees that ample power is always available to VOUT even if there is insufficient or absent power at VBUS. An “always on” LDO provides a regulated 3.3V from available power at VOUT. Drawing very little quiescent current, this LDO will be on at all times and can be used to supply up to 25mA. The three general purpose switching regulators can be independently enabled via either direct digital control or by operating the I2C serial port. Under I2C control, two of the three switching regulators have adjustable set-points so that voltages can be reduced when high processor performance is not needed. Along with constant frequency PWM mode, all three switching regulators have a low power burst-only mode setting as well as automatic Burst Mode operation and LDO modes for significantly reduced quiescent current under light load conditions. High Efficiency Switching PowerPath Controller Whenever VBUS is available and the PowerPath switching regulator is enabled, power is delivered from VBUS to VOUT via SW. VOUT drives the combination of the external load (switching regulators 1, 2 and 3) and the battery charger. If the combined load does not exceed the PowerPath switching regulator’s programmed input current limit, VOUT will track 0.3V above the battery. By keeping the voltage across the battery charger low, efficiency is optimized because power lost to the linear battery charger is minimized. Power available to the external load is therefore optimized. 3555fd 14 LTC3555/LTC3555-X OPERATION If the combined load at VOUT is large enough to cause the switching power supply to reach the programmed input current limit, the battery charger will reduce its charge current by that amount necessary to enable the external load to be satisfied. Even if the battery charge current is set to exceed the allowable USB current, the USB specification will not be violated. The switching regulator will limit the average input current so that the USB specification is never violated. Furthermore, load current at VOUT will always be prioritized and only excess available power will be used to charge the battery. If the voltage at BAT is below 3.3V, or the battery is not present, and the load requirement does not cause the switching regulator to exceed the USB specification, VOUT will regulate at 3.6V. If the load exceeds the available power, VOUT will drop to a voltage between 3.6V and the battery voltage. If there is no battery present when the load exceeds the available USB power, VOUT can drop toward ground. The power delivered from VBUS to VOUT is controlled by a 2.25MHz constant-frequency step-down switching regulator. To meet the USB maximum load specification, the switching regulator includes a control loop which ensures that the average input current is below the level programmed at CLPROG. The current at CLPROG is a fraction (hCLPROG–1) of the VBUS current. When a programming resistor and an averaging capacitor are connected from CLPROG to GND, the voltage on CLPROG represents the average input current of the switching regulator. When the input current approaches the programmed limit, CLPROG reaches VCLPROG, 1.188V, and power out is held constant. The input current limit is programmed by the ILIM0 and ILIM1 pins or by the I2C serial port. It can be configured to limit average input current to one of several possible settings as well as be deactivated (USB suspend). The input current limit will be set by the VCLPROG servo voltage and the resistor on CLPROG according to the following expression: V IVBUS = IVBUSQ + CLPROG • (hCLPROG + 1) RCLPROG Figure 1 shows the range of possible voltages at VOUT as a function of battery voltage. 4.5 4.2 3.9 VOUT (V) NO LOAD 3.6 300mV 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.6 3.3 BAT (V) 3.9 4.2 3555 F01 Figure 1. VOUT vs BAT The LTC3555 vs the LTC3555-1 and LTC3555-3 For very low battery voltages, the battery charger acts like a load and, due to limited input power, its current will tend to pull VOUT below the 3.6V “instant-on” voltage. To prevent VOUT from falling below this level, the LTC3555-1 and LTC3555-3 include an undervoltage circuit that automatic detects that VOUT is falling and reduces the battery charge current as needed. This reduction ensures that load current and output voltage are always prioritized and yet delivers as much battery charge current as possible. The standard LTC3555 does not include this circuit and thus favors maximum charge current at all times over output voltage preservation. If instant-on operation under low battery conditions is a requirement then the LTC3555-1 or LTC3555-3 should be used. If maximum charge efficiency at low battery voltages is preferred, and instant-on operation is not a requirement, then the standard LTC3555 should be selected. All versions of the LTC3555 family will start up with a removed battery. The LTC3555-3 has a battery charger float voltage of 4.100V rather than the 4.200V float voltage of the LTC3555 and LTC3555-1. Ideal Diode from BAT to VOUT The LTC3555 family has an internal ideal diode as well as a controller for an optional external ideal diode. The ideal diode controller is always on and will respond quickly whenever VOUT drops below BAT. 3555fd 15 LTC3555/LTC3555-X OPERATION If the load current increases beyond the power allowed from the switching regulator, additional power will be pulled from the battery via the ideal diode. Furthermore, if power to VBUS (USB or wall power) is removed, then all of the application power will be provided by the battery via the ideal diode. The transition from input power to battery power at VOUT will be quick enough to allow only the 10μF capacitor to keep VOUT from drooping. The ideal diode consists of a precision amplifier that enables a large on-chip P-channel MOSFET transistor whenever the voltage at VOUT is approximately 15mV (VFWD) below the voltage 2200 2000 1800 1600 CURRENT (mA) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 FORWARD VOLTAGE (mV) (BAT – VOUT) 3555 F02 at BAT. The resistance of the internal ideal diode is approximately 180mΩ. If this is sufficient for the application, then no external components are necessary. However, if more conductance is needed, an external P-channel MOSFET transistor can be added from BAT to VOUT. When an external P-channel MOSFET transistor is present, the GATE pin of the LTC3555 family drives its gate for automatic ideal diode control. The source of the external P-channel MOSFET should be connected to VOUT and the drain should be connected to BAT. Capable of driving a 1nF load, the GATE pin can control an external P-channel MOSFET transistor having an on-resistance of 40mΩ or lower. Suspend LDO If the LTC3555 family is configured for USB suspend mode, the switching regulator is disabled and the suspend LDO provides power to the VOUT pin (presuming there is power available to VBUS). This LDO will prevent the battery from running down when the portable product has access to a suspended USB port. Regulating at 4.6V, this LDO only becomes active when the switching converter is disabled (suspended). To remain compliant with the USB specification, the input to the LDO is current limited so that it will not exceed the 500μA low power suspend VISHAY Si2333 OPTIONAL EXTERNAL IDEAL DIODE LTC3555 IDEAL DIODE ON SEMICONDUCTOR MBRM120LT3 TO USB OR WALL ADAPTER 25 VBUS SW 26 3.5V TO (BAT + 0.3V) TO SYSTEM LOAD PWM AND GATE DRIVE ISWITCH/ hCLPROG CONSTANT CURRENT CONSTANT VOLTAGE BATTERY CHARGER 15mV 0.3V 3.6V IDEAL DIODE VOUT 24 + – + – GATE 22 OPTIONAL EXTERNAL IDEAL DIODE PMOS 2 1.188V AVERAGE INPUT CURRENT LIMIT CONTROLLER AVERAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE LIMIT CONTROLLER 3555 F03 Figure 3. PowerPath Block Diagram 3555fd 16 + + – + – CLPROG +– BAT 23 + SINGLE CELL Li-Ion LTC3555/LTC3555-X OPERATION specification. If the load on VOUT exceeds the suspend current limit, the additional current will come from the battery via the ideal diode. 3.3V Always-On LDO Supply The LTC3555 family includes a low quiescent current low dropout regulator that is always powered. This LDO can be used to provide power to a system pushbutton controller, standby microcontroller or real time clock. Designed to deliver up to 25mA, the always-on LDO requires at least a 1μF low impedance ceramic bypass capacitor for compensation. The LDO is powered from VOUT , and therefore will enter dropout at loads less than 25mA as VOUT falls near 3.3V. If the LDO3V3 output is not used, it should be disabled by connecting it to VOUT. VBUS Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) An internal undervoltage lockout circuit monitors VBUS and keeps the PowerPath switching regulator off until VBUS rises above 4.30V and is about 200mV above the battery voltage. Hysteresis on the UVLO turns off the regulator if VBUS drops below 4.00V or to within 50mV of BAT. When this happens, system power at VOUT will be drawn from the battery via the ideal diode. Battery Charger The LTC3555 family includes a constant-current/ constant-voltage battery charger with automatic recharge, automatic termination by safety timer, low voltage trickle charging, bad cell detection and thermistor sensor input for out-of-temperature charge pausing. Battery Preconditioning When a battery charge cycle begins, the battery charger first determines if the battery is deeply discharged. If the battery voltage is below VTRKL, typically 2.85V, an automatic trickle charge feature sets the battery charge current to 10% of the programmed value. If the low voltage persists for more than 1/2 hour, the battery charger automatically terminates and indicates via the CHRG pin that the battery was unresponsive. Once the battery voltage is above 2.85V, the battery charger begins charging in full power constant-current mode. The current delivered to the battery will try to reach 1022V/ RPROG. Depending on available input power and external load conditions, the battery charger may or may not be able to charge at the full programmed rate. The external load will always be prioritized over the battery charge current. The USB current limit programming will always be observed and only additional power will be available to charge the battery. When system loads are light, battery charge current will be maximized. Charge Termination The battery charger has a built-in safety timer. When the voltage on the battery reaches the pre-programmed float voltage, the battery charger will regulate the battery voltage and the charge current will decrease naturally. Once the battery charger detects that the battery has reached the float voltage, the four hour safety timer is started. After the safety timer expires, charging of the battery will discontinue and no more current will be delivered. Automatic Recharge After the battery charger terminates, it will remain off drawing only microamperes of current from the battery. If the portable product remains in this state long enough, the battery will eventually self discharge. To ensure that the battery is always topped off, a charge cycle will automatically begin when the battery voltage falls below the recharge threshold which is typically 100mV less than the charger’s float voltage. In the event that the safety timer is running when the battery voltage falls below the recharge threshold, it will reset back to zero. To prevent brief excursions below the recharge threshold from resetting the safety timer, the battery voltage must be below the recharge threshold for more than 1.3ms. The charge cycle and safety timer will also restart if the VBUS UVLO cycles low and then high (e.g., VBUS is removed and then replaced), or if the battery charger is cycled on and off by the I2C port. Charge Current The charge current is programmed using a single resistor from PROG to ground. 1/1022th of the battery charge current is sent to PROG which will attempt to servo to 1.000V. Thus, the battery charge current will try to reach 3555fd 17 LTC3555/LTC3555-X OPERATION 1022 times the current in the PROG pin. The program resistor and the charge current are calculated using the following equations: 1022V 1022V , ICHG = ICHG RPROG In either the constant-current or constant-voltage charging modes, the voltage at the PROG pin will be proportional to the actual charge current delivered to the battery. Therefore, the actual charge current can be determined at any time by monitoring the PROG pin voltage and using the following equation: RPROG = IBAT = VPROG • 1022 RPROG duty cycles are disparate enough to make an LED appear to be on or off thus giving the appearance of “blinking”. Each of the two faults has its own unique “blink” rate for human recognition as well as two unique duty cycles for machine recognition. The CHRG pin does not respond to the C/10 threshold if the LTC3555 family is in VBUS current limit. This prevents false end-of-charge indications due to insufficient power available to the battery charger. Table 1 illustrates the four possible states of the CHRG pin when the battery charger is active. Table 1. CHRG Signal STATUS Charging Not Charging NTC Fault Bad Battery FREQUENCY 0Hz 0Hz 35kHz 35kHz MODULATION (BLINK) FREQUENCY 0Hz (Lo-Z) 0Hz (Hi-Z) 1.5Hz at 50% 6.1Hz at 50% DUTY CYCLES 100% 0% 6.25% to 93.75% 12.5% to 87.5% In many cases, the actual battery charge current, IBAT, will be lower than ICHG due to limited input power available and prioritization with the system load drawn from VOUT. Charge Status Indication The CHRG pin indicates the status of the battery charger. Four possible states are represented by CHRG which include charging, not charging, unresponsive battery, and battery temperature out of range. The signal at the CHRG pin can be easily recognized as one of the above four states by either a human or a microprocessor. An open-drain output, the CHRG pin can drive an indicator LED through a current limiting resistor for human interfacing or simply a pull-up resistor for microprocessor interfacing. To make the CHRG pin easily recognized by both humans and microprocessors, the pin is either low for charging, high for not charging, or it is switched at high frequency (35kHz) to indicate the two possible faults, unresponsive battery and battery temperature out of range. When charging begins, CHRG is pulled low and remains low for the duration of a normal charge cycle. When charging is complete, i.e., the BAT pin reaches the float voltage and the charge current has dropped to one tenth of the programmed value, the CHRG pin is released (Hi-Z). If a fault occurs, the pin is switched at 35kHz. While switching, its duty cycle is modulated between a low and high value at a very low frequency. The low and high An NTC fault is represented by a 35kHz pulse train whose duty cycle varies between 6.25% and 93.75% at a 1.5Hz rate. A human will easily recognize the 1.5Hz rate as a “slow” blinking which indicates the out-of-range battery temperature while a microprocessor will be able to decode either the 6.25% or 93.75% duty cycles as an NTC fault. If a battery is found to be unresponsive to charging (i.e., its voltage remains below 2.85V for 1/2 hour), the CHRG pin gives the battery fault indication. For this fault, a human would easily recognize the frantic 6.1Hz “fast” blink of the LED while a microprocessor would be able to decode either the 12.5% or 87.5% duty cycles as a bad battery fault. Note that the LTC3555 family is a three terminal PowerPath product where system load is always prioritized over battery charging. Due to excessive system load, there may not be sufficient power to charge the battery beyond the trickle charge threshold voltage within the bad battery timeout period. In this case, the battery charger will falsely indicate a bad battery. System software may then reduce the load and reset the battery charger to try again. Although very improbable, it is possible that a duty cycle reading could be taken at the bright-dim transition (low duty cycle to high duty cycle). When this happens the 3555fd 18 LTC3555/LTC3555-X OPERATION duty cycle reading will be precisely 50%. If the duty cycle reading is 50%, system software should disqualify it and take a new duty cycle reading. NTC Thermistor The battery temperature is measured by placing a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor close to the battery pack. To use this feature, connect the NTC thermistor, RNTC, between the NTC pin and ground and a resistor, RNOM, from VBUS to the NTC pin. RNOM should be a 1% resistor with a value equal to the value of the chosen NTC thermistor at 25°C (R25). For applications requiring greater than 750mA of charging current, a 10k NTC thermistor is recommended due to increased interference. The LTC3555 family will pause charging when the resistance of the NTC thermistor drops to 0.54 times the value of R25 or approximately 5.4k. For a Vishay “Curve 1” thermistor, this corresponds to approximately 40°C. If the battery charger is in constant voltage (float) mode, the safety timer also pauses until the thermistor indicates a return to a valid temperature. As the temperature drops, the resistance of the NTC thermistor rises. The LTC3555 family is also designed to pause charging when the value of the NTC thermistor increases to 3.25 times the value of R25. For Vishay “Curve 1” this resistance, 32.5k, corresponds to approximately 0°C. The hot and cold comparators each have approximately 3°C of hysteresis to prevent oscillation about the trip point. Grounding the NTC pin disables the NTC charge pausing function. Thermal Regulation To optimize charging time, an internal thermal feedback loop may automatically decrease the programmed charge current. This will occur if the die temperature rises to approximately 110°C. Thermal regulation protects the LTC3555 family from excessive temperature due to high power operation or high ambient thermal conditions and allows the user to push the limits of the power handling capability with a given circuit board design without risk of damaging the part or external components. The benefit of the LTC3555 family thermal regulation loop is that charge current can be set according to actual conditions rather than worst-case conditions with the assurance that the battery charger will automatically reduce the current in worst-case conditions. I2C Interface The LTC3555 family may receive commands from a host (master) using the standard I2C 2-wire interface. The Timing Diagram shows the timing relationship of the signals on the bus. The two bus lines, SDA and SCL, must be high when the bus is not in use. External pull-up resistors or current sources, such as the LTC1694 I2C accelerator, are required on these lines. The LTC3555 family is a receiveonly slave device. The I2C control signals, SDA and SCL are scaled internally to the DVCC supply. DVCC should be connected to the same power supply as the microcontroller generating the I2C signals. The I2C port has an undervoltage lockout on the DVCC pin. When DVCC is below approximately 1V, the I2C serial port is cleared and switching regulators 2 and 3 are set to full scale. Bus Speed The I2C port is designed to be operated at speeds of up to 400kHz. It has built-in timing delays to ensure correct operation when addressed from an I2C compliant master device. It also contains input filters designed to suppress glitches should the bus become corrupted. Start and Stop Conditions A bus-master signals the beginning of a communication to a slave device by transmitting a START condition. A START condition is generated by transitioning SDA from high to low while SCL is high. When the master has finished communicating with the slave, it issues a STOP condition by transitioning SDA from low to high while SCL is high. Byte Format Each byte sent to the LTC3555 family must be eight bits long followed by an extra clock cycle for the acknowledge bit to be returned by the LTC3555 family. The data should be sent to the LTC3555 family most significant bit (MSB) first. 3555fd 19 LTC3555/LTC3555-X OPERATION Table 2. I2C Serial Port Mapping A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 B7 Disable Battery Charger B6 B5 B4 Enable Regulator 1 B3 Enable Regulator 2 B2 Enable Regulator 3 B1 B0 Switching Regulator 2 Voltage (See Table 4) Switching Regulator 3 Voltage (See Table 4) Switching Regulator Modes (See Table 5) Input Current Limit (See Table 3) Table 3. USB Current Limit Settings B1 (ILIM1) 0 0 1 1 B0 (ILIM0) 0 1 0 1 USB SETTING 1x Mode (USB 100mA Limit) 10x Mode (Wall 1A Limit) Suspend 5x Mode (USB 500mA Limit) Acknowledge The acknowledge signal is used for handshaking between the master and the slave. An acknowledge (active low) generated by the slave (LTC3555 family) lets the master know that the latest byte of information was received. The acknowledge related clock pulse is generated by the master. The master releases the SDA line (high) during the acknowledge clock cycle. The slave-receiver must pull down the SDA line during the acknowledge clock pulse so that it remains a stable low during the high period of this clock pulse. Slave Address The LTC3555 family responds to only one 7-bit address which has been factory programmed to 0001001. The eighth bit of the address byte (R/W) must be 0 for the LTC3555 family to recognize the address since it is a write only device. This effectively forces the address to be eight bits long where the least significant bit of the address is 0. If the correct seven bit address is given but the R/W bit is 1, the LTC3555 family will not respond. Bus Write Operation The master initiates communication with the LTC3555 family with a START condition and a 7-bit address followed by the write bit R/W = 0. If the address matches that of the LTC3555 family, the LTC3555 family returns an acknowledge. The master should then deliver the most significant data byte. Again the LTC3555 family acknowledges and the cycle is repeated for a total of one address byte and two data bytes. Each data byte is transferred to an internal holding latch upon the return of an acknowledge. After both data bytes have been transferred to the LTC3555 family, the master may terminate the communication with a STOP condition. Alternatively, a REPEAT-START condition can be initiated by the master and another chip on the I2C bus can be addressed. This cycle can continue indefinitely and 3555fd Table 4. Switching Regulator Servo Voltage A7 A3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A6 A2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 A5 A1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 A4 A0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Switching Regulator 2 Servo Voltage Switching Regulator 3 Servo Voltage 0.425V 0.450V 0.475V 0.500V 0.525V 0.550V 0.575V 0.600V 0.625V 0.650V 0.675V 0.700V 0.725V 0.750V 0.775V 0.800V Table 5. General Purpose Switching Regulator Modes B6 (SDA)* 0 0 1 1 B5 (SCL)* 0 1 0 1 Switching Regulator Mode Pulse Skip Forced Burst Mode Operation LDO Mode Burst Mode Operation *SDA and SCL take on this context only when DVCC = 0V. 20 LTC3555/LTC3555-X OPERATION the LTC3555 family will remember the last input of valid data that it received. Once all chips on the bus have been addressed and sent valid data, a global STOP condition can be sent and the LTC3555 family will update its command latch with the data that it had received. In certain circumstances the data on the I2C bus may become corrupted. In these cases the LTC3555 family responds appropriately by preserving only the last set of complete data that it has received. For example, assume the LTC3555 family has been successfully addressed and is receiving data when a STOP condition mistakenly occurs. The LTC3555 family will ignore this STOP condition and will not respond until a new START condition, correct address, new set of data and STOP condition are transmitted. Likewise, with only one exception, if the LTC3555 family was previously addressed and sent valid data but not updated with a STOP it will respond to any STOP that appears on , the bus, independent of the number of REPEAT-STARTS that have occurred. If a REPEAT-START is given and the LTC3555 family successfully acknowledges its address and first byte, it will not respond to a STOP until both bytes of the new data have been received and acknowledged. Disabling the I2C Port The I2C serial port can be disabled by grounding the DVCC pin. In this mode, control automatically passes to the individual logic input pins EN1, EN2, EN3, ILIM0, ILIM1, SDA and SCL. Some functionality is not available in this mode such as the programmability of switching regulators 2 and 3’s output voltage and the battery charger disable feature. In this mode, both of the programmable switching regulators have a fixed servo voltage of 0.8V. Because the SDA and SCL pins have no other context when DVCC is grounded, these pins are re-mapped to control the switching regulator mode bits B5 and B6. SCL maps to B5 and SDA maps to B6. RST3 Pin The RST3 pin is an open-drain output used to indicate that switching regulator 3 has reached its final voltage. RST3 remains low impedance until regulator 3 reaches 92% of its regulation value. A 230ms delay is included to allow a system microcontroller ample time to reset itself. RST3 may be used as a power-on reset to the microprocessor powered by regulator 3 or may be used to enable regulators 1 and/or 2 for supply sequencing. RST3 is an open-drain output and requires a pull-up resistor to the output voltage of regulator 3 or another appropriate power source. General Purpose Step-Down Switching Regulators The LTC3555 family contains three general purpose 2.25MHz step-down constant-frequency current mode switching regulators. Two regulators provide up to 400mA and a third switching regulator can produce up to 1A. All three switching regulators can be programmed for a minimum output voltage of 0.8V and can be used to power a microcontroller core, microcontroller I/O, memory, disk drive or other logic circuitry. Two of the switching regulators have I2C programmable set-points for on-the-fly power savings. All three converters support 100% duty cycle operation (low dropout mode) when their input voltage drops very close to their output voltage. To suit a variety of applications, selectable mode functions can be used to trade-off noise for efficiency. Four modes are available to control the operation of the LTC3555 family’s general purpose switching regulators. At moderate to heavy loads, the pulse skip mode provides the least noise switching solution. At lighter loads, either Burst Mode operation, forced Burst Mode operation or LDO mode may be selected. The switching regulators include soft-start to limit inrush current when powering on, short-circuit current protection and switch node slew limiting circuitry to reduce radiated EMI. No external compensation components are required. The operating mode of the regulators may be set by either I2C control or by manual control of the SDA and SCL pins if the I2C port is not used. Each converter may be individually enabled by either their external control pins EN1, EN2, EN3 or by the I2C port. Switching regulators 2 and 3 have individual programmable feedback servo voltages via I2C control. The switching regulator input supplies VIN1, VIN2 and VIN3 will generally be connected to the system load pin VOUT. 3555fd 21 LTC3555/LTC3555-X OPERATION Step-Down Switching Regulator Output Voltage Programming All three switching regulators can be programmed for output voltages greater than 0.8V. Switching regulators 2 and 3 have I2C programmable set-points while regulator 1 has a single fixed set-point. The full-scale output voltage for each switching regulator is programmed using a resistor divider from the switching regulator output connected to the feedback pins (FB1, FB2 and FB3) such that: VOUTX = VFBX R1 +1 R2 turn off and the N-channel MOSFET synchronous rectifier to turn on. The N-channel MOSFET synchronous rectifier turns off at the end of the 2.25MHz cycle or if the current through the N-channel MOSFET synchronous rectifier drops to zero. Using this method of operation, the error amplifier adjusts the peak inductor current to deliver the required output power. All necessary compensation is internal to the switching regulator requiring only a single ceramic output capacitor for stability. At light loads in PWM mode, the inductor current may reach zero on each pulse which will turn off the N-channel MOSFET synchronous rectifier. In this case, the switch node (SW) goes high impedance and the switch node voltage will “ring”. This is discontinuous mode operation, and is normal behavior for a switching regulator. At very light loads in pulse skip mode, the switching regulators will automatically skip pulses as needed to maintain output regulation. At high duty cycles (VOUTx > VINx /2) it is possible for the inductor current to reverse, causing the regulator to operate continuously at light loads. This is normal and regulation is maintained, but the supply current will increase to several milliamperes due to continuous switching. In forced Burst Mode operation, the switching regulators use a constant current algorithm to control the inductor current. By controlling the inductor current directly and using a hysteretic control loop, both noise and switching losses are minimized. In this mode output power is limited. While in forced Burst Mode operation, the output capacitor is charged to a voltage slightly higher than the regulation point. The step-down converter then goes into sleep mode, during which the output capacitor provides the load current. In sleep mode, most of the regulator’s circuitry is powered down, helping conserve battery power. When the output voltage drops below a pre-determined value, the switching regulator circuitry is powered on and another burst cycle begins. The duration for which the regulator operates in sleep mode depends on the load current. The sleep time decreases as the load current increases. The maximum output current in forced Burst Mode operation is about 100mA for switching regulators 1 and 2, and about 250mA for switching regulator 3. The step-down switching regulators will not enter sleep mode if the maximum output current is exceeded in forced Burst Mode operation and the output will drop out of regulation. Forced Burst Mode where VFBX ranges from 0.425V to 0.8V for switching regulators 2 and 3 and VFBX is fixed at 0.8V for switching regulator 1. See Figure 4 VINx SWx LTC3555/ LTC3555-X FBx R2 GND 3555 F04 L VOUTx CFB R1 COUT Figure 4. Buck Converter Application Circuit Typical values for R1 are in the range of 40k to 1M. The capacitor CFB cancels the pole created by feedback resistors and the input capacitance of the FB pin and also helps to improve transient response for output voltages much greater than 0.8V. A variety of capacitor sizes can be used for CFB but a value of 10pF is recommended for most applications. Experimentation with capacitor sizes between 2pF and 22pF may yield improved transient response. Step-Down Switching Regulator Operating Modes The LTC3555 family’s general purpose switching regulators include four possible operating modes to meet the noise/power needs of a variety of applications. In pulse skip mode, an internal latch is set at the start of every cycle which turns on the main P-channel MOSFET switch. During each cycle, a current comparator compares the peak inductor current to the output of an error amplifier. The output of the current comparator resets the internal latch which causes the main P-channel MOSFET switch to 3555fd 22 LTC3555/LTC3555-X OPERATION operation provides a significant improvement in efficiency at light loads at the expense of higher output ripple when compared to pulse skip mode. For many noise-sensitive systems, forced Burst Mode operation might be undesirable at certain times (i.e., during a transmit or receive cycle of a wireless device), but highly desirable at others (i.e., when the device is in low power standby mode). The I2C port can be used to enable or disable forced Burst Mode operation at any time, offering both low noise and low power operation when they are needed. In Burst Mode operation, the switching regulator automatically switches between fixed frequency PWM operation and hysteretic control as a function of the load current. At light loads, the regulators operate in hysteretic mode in much the same way as described for the forced Burst Mode operation. Burst Mode operation provides slightly less output ripple at the expense of slightly lower efficiency than forced Burst Mode operation. At heavy loads the switching regulator operates in the same manner as pulse skip operation at high loads. For applications that can tolerate some output ripple at low output currents, Burst Mode operation provides better efficiency than pulse skip at light loads while still providing the full specified output current of the switching regulator. Finally, the switching regulators have an LDO mode that gives a DC option for regulating their output voltages. In LDO mode, the switching regulators are converted to linear regulators and deliver continuous power from their SWx pins through their respective inductors. This mode gives the lowest possible output noise as well as low quiescent current at light loads. The step-down switching regulators allow mode transition on the fly, providing seamless transition between modes even under load. This allows the user to switch back and forth between modes to reduce output ripple or increase low current efficiency as needed. Step-Down Switching Regulator in Shutdown The step-down switching regulators are in shutdown when not enabled for operation. In shutdown, all circuitry in the step-down switching regulator is disconnected from the switching regulator input supply leaving only a few nanoamperes of leakage current. The step-down switching regulator outputs are individually pulled to ground through a 10k resistor on the switch pins (SW1-SW3) when in shutdown. General Purpose Switching Regulator Dropout Operation It is possible for a switching regulator’s input voltage, VINx, to approach its programmed output voltage (e.g., a battery voltage of 3.4V with a programmed output voltage of 3.3V). When this happens, the PMOS switch duty cycle increases until it is turned on continuously at 100%. In this dropout condition, the respective output voltage equals the regulator’s input voltage minus the voltage drops across the internal P-channel MOSFET and the inductor. Step-Down Switching Regulator Soft-Start Operation Soft-start is accomplished by gradually increasing the peak inductor current for each switching regulator over a 500μs period. This allows each output to rise slowly, helping minimize the battery surge current. A soft-start cycle occurs whenever a given switching regulator is enabled, or after a fault condition has occurred (thermal shutdown or UVLO). A soft-start cycle is not triggered by changing operating modes. This allows seamless output operation when transitioning between forced Burst Mode, Burst Mode, pulse skip mode or LDO operation. Step-Down Switching Regulator Switching Slew Rate Control The step-down switching regulators contain new patent pending circuitry to limit the slew rate of the switch nodes (SWx). This new circuitry is designed to transition the switch nodes over a period of a couple of nanoseconds, significantly reducing radiated EMI and conducted supply noise. Low Supply Operation The LTC3555 family incorporates an undervoltage lockout circuit on VOUT which shuts down the general purpose switching regulators when VOUT drops below VOUTUVLO. This UVLO prevents unstable operation. 3555fd 23 LTC3555/LTC3555-X APPLICATIONS INFORMATION CLPROG Resistor and Capacitor As described in the High Efficiency Switching PowerPath Controller section, the resistor on the CLPROG pin determines the average input current limit when the switching regulator is set to either the 1x mode (USB 100mA), the 5x mode (USB 500mA) or the 10x mode. The input current will be comprised of two components, the current that is used to drive VOUT and the quiescent current of the switching regulator. To ensure that the USB specification is strictly met, both components of input current should be considered. The Electrical Characteristics table gives values for quiescent currents in either setting as well as current limit programming accuracy. To get as close to the 500mA or 100mA specifications as possible, a 1% resistor should be used. Recall that IVBUS = IVBUSQ + VCLPROG/RCLPPROG • (hCLPROG +1) An averaging capacitor or an R-C combination is required in parallel with the CLPROG resistor so that the switching regulator can determine the average input current. This network also provides the dominant pole for the feedback loop when current limit is reached. To ensure stability, the capacitor on CLPROG should be 0.47μF or larger. Alternatively, faster transient response may be achieved with 0.1μF in series with 8.2Ω. Choosing the PowerPath Inductor Because the average input current circuit does not measure reverse current (i.e., current from SW to VBUS), current reversal in the inductor at light loads will contribute an error to the average VBUS current measurement. The error is conservative in that if the current reverses, the voltage at CLPROG will be higher than what would represent the actual average input current drawn. The current available for battery charging plus system load is thus reduced but the USB specification will not be violated. This reduction in available VBUS current will happen when the peak-peak inductor ripple is greater than twice the average current limit setting. For example, if the average current limit is set to 100mA, the peak-peak ripple should not exceed 200mA. If the input current is less than 100mA, the measurement accuracy may be reduced. However, this will not affect the average current loop since it will not be in regulation. The LTC3555 family includes a current-reversal comparator which monitors inductor current and disables the synchronous rectifier as current approaches zero. This comparator will minimize the effect of current reversal on the average input current measurement. For some low inductance values, however, the inductor current may still reverse slightly. This value depends on the speed of the comparator in relation to the slope of the current waveform, given by VL/L. VL is the voltage across the inductor (approximately –VOUT) and L is the inductance value. An inductance value of 3.3μH is a good starting value. The ripple will be small enough for the regulator to remain in continuous conduction at 100mA average VBUS current. At lighter loads the current-reversal comparator will disable the synchronous rectifier for currents slightly above 0mA. As the inductance is reduced from this value, the LTC3555 family will enter discontinuous conduction mode at progressively higher loads. Ripple at VOUT will increase directly proportionally to the magnitude of inductor ripple. Transient response, however, will improve. The current mode controller controls inductor current to exactly the amount required by the load to keep VOUT in regulation. A transient load step requires the inductor current to change to a new level. Since inductor current cannot change instantaneously, the capacitance on VOUT delivers or absorbs the difference in current until the inductor current can change to meet the new load demand. A smaller inductor changes its current more quickly for a given voltage drive than a larger inductor, resulting in faster transient response. A larger inductor will reduce output ripple and current ripple, but at the expense of reduced transient performance and a physically larger inductor package size. For this reason a larger CVOUT will be required for larger inductor sizes. The input regulator has an instantaneous peak current clamp to prevent the inductor from saturating during transient load or start-up conditions. The clamp is designed so that it does not interfere with normal operation at high loads and reasonable inductor ripple. It is intended to prevent inductor current runaway in case of a shorted output. The DC winding resistance and AC core losses of the inductor will affect efficiency, and therefore available output power. These effects are difficult to characterize and vary 3555fd 24 LTC3555/LTC3555-X APPLICATIONS INFORMATION by application. Some inductors that may be suitable for this application are listed in Table 6. Table 6. Recommended Inductors INDUCTOR L TYPE (μH) LPS4018 3.3 D53LC DB318C WE-TPC Type M1 CDRH6D12 CDRH6D38 MAX IDC (A) 2.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 SIZE in mm (L × W × H) MANUFACTURER 3.9 × 3.9 × 1.7 Coilcraft www.coilcraft.com 2.26 0.034 Toko 5×5×3 1.55 0.070 3.8 × 3.8 × 1.8 www.toko.com 1.95 0.065 4.8 × 4.8 × 1.8 Wurth Elektronik www.we-online.com 2.2 0.0625 6.7 × 6.7 × 1.5 Sumida 3.5 0.020 www.sumida.com 7×7×4 MAX DCR (Ω) 0.08 VBUS and VOUT Bypass Capacitors The style and value of capacitors used with the LTC3555 family determine several important parameters such as regulator control-loop stability and input voltage ripple. Because the LTC3555 family uses a step-down switching power supply from VBUS to VOUT, its input current waveform contains high frequency components. It is strongly recommended that a low equivalent series resistance (ESR) multilayer ceramic capacitor be used to bypass VBUS. Tantalum and aluminum capacitors are not recommended because of their high ESR. The value of the capacitor on VBUS directly controls the amount of input ripple for a given load current. Increasing the size of this capacitor will reduce the input ripple. To prevent large VOUT voltage steps during transient load conditions, it is also recommended that a ceramic capacitor be used to bypass VOUT. The output capacitor is used in the compensation of the switching regulator. At least 4μF of actual capacitance with low ESR are required on VOUT. Additional capacitance will improve load transient performance and stability. Multilayer ceramic chip capacitors typically have exceptional ESR performance. MLCCs combined with a tight board layout and an unbroken ground plane will yield very good performance and low EMI emissions. There are several types of ceramic capacitors available, each having considerably different characteristics. For example, X7R ceramic capacitors have the best voltage and temperature stability. X5R ceramic capacitors have apparently higher packing density but poorer performance over their rated voltage and temperature ranges. Y5V ceramic capacitors have the highest packing density, but must be used with caution because of their extreme non-linear characteristic of capacitance verse voltage. The actual in-circuit capacitance of a ceramic capacitor should be measured with a small AC signal as is expected in-circuit. Many vendors specify the capacitance versus voltage with a 1VRMS AC test signal and as a result, overstate the capacitance that the capacitor will present in the application. Using similar operating conditions as the application, the user must measure or request from the vendor the actual capacitance to determine if the selected capacitor meets the minimum capacitance that the application requires. General Purpose Switching Regulator Inductor Selection Many different sizes and shapes of inductors are available from numerous manufacturers. Choosing the right inductor from such a large selection of devices can be overwhelming, but following a few basic guidelines will make the selection process much simpler. The general purpose step-down converters are designed to work with inductors in the range of 2.2μH to 10μH. For most applications a 4.7μH inductor is suggested for the lower power switching regulators 1 and 2 and 2.2μH is recommended for the more powerful switching regulator 3. Larger value inductors reduce ripple current which improves output ripple voltage. Lower value inductors result in higher ripple current and improved transient response time. To maximize efficiency, choose an inductor with a low DC resistance. For a 1.2V output, efficiency is reduced about 2% for 100mΩ series resistance at 400mA load current, and about 2% for 300mΩ series resistance at 100mA load current. Choose an inductor with a DC current rating at least 1.5 times larger than the maximum load current to ensure that the inductor does not saturate during normal operation. If output short circuit is a possible condition, the inductor should be rated to handle the maximum peak current specified for the step-down converters. Different core materials and shapes will change the size/ current and price/current relationship of an inductor. Toroid or shielded pot cores in ferrite or Permalloy materials are 3555fd 25 LTC3555/LTC3555-X APPLICATIONS INFORMATION small and don’t radiate much energy, but generally cost more than powdered iron core inductors with similar electrical characteristics. Inductors that are very thin or have a very small volume typically have much higher core and DCR losses, and will not give the best efficiency. The choice of which style inductor to use often depends more on the price vs size, performance and any radiated EMI requirements than on what the LTC3555 family requires to operate. The inductor value also has an effect on forced Burst Mode and Burst Mode operations. Lower inductor values will cause the Burst and forced Burst Mode switching frequencies to increase. Table 7 shows several inductors that work well with the LTC3555 family’s general purpose regulators. These inductors offer a good compromise in current rating, DCR and physical size. Consult each manufacturer for detailed information on their entire selection of inductors. Table 7. Recommended Inductors INDUCTOR L MAX MAX TYPE (μH) IDC (A) DCR (Ω) DE2818C 0.072 1.25 4.7 0.053 1.45 3.3 D312C 0.24 0.79 4.7 0.20 0.90 3.3 0.14 1.14 2.2 DE2812C 0.13* 1.2 4.7 0.10* 1.4 3.3 0.067* 1.8 2.0 CDRH3D16 4.7 0.11 0.9 0.085 1.1 3.3 0.072 1.2 2.2 CDRH2D11 4.7 0.17 0.5 0.123 0.6 3.3 0.098 0.78 2.2 CLS4D09 0.19 0.75 4.7 SD3118 0.162 1.3 4.7 0.113 1.59 3.3 0.074 2.0 2.2 SD3112 0.246 0.8 4.7 0.165 0.97 3.3 0.14 1.12 2.2 SD12 0.117* 1.29 4.7 0.104* 1.42 3.3 0.075* 1.80 2.2 SD10 0.153* 1.08 4.7 0.108* 1.31 3.3 0.091* 1.65 2.2 LPS3015 4.7 1.1 0.2 3.3 1.3 0.13 2.2 1.5 0.11 *Typical DCR SIZE in mm (L × W × H) 3.0 × 2.8 × 1.8 3.0 × 2.8 × 1.8 3.6 × 3.6 × 1.2 3.6 × 3.6 × 1.2 3.6 × 3.6 × 1.2 3.0 × 2.8 × 1.2 3.0 × 2.8 × 1.2 3.0 × 2.8 × 1.2 4 × 4 × 1.8 4 × 4 × 1.8 4 × 4 × 1.8 3.2 × 3.2 × 1.2 3.2 × 3.2 × 1.2 3.2 × 3.2 × 1.2 4.9 × 4.9 × 1 3.1 × 3.1 × 1.8 3.1 × 3.1 × 1.8 3.1 × 3.1 × 1.8 3.1 × 3.1 × 1.2 3.1 × 3.1 × 1.2 3.1 × 3.1 × 1.2 5.2 × 5.2 × 1.2 5.2 × 5.2 × 1.2 5.2 × 5.2 × 1.2 5.2 × 5.2 × 1.0 5.2 × 5.2 × 1.0 5.2 × 5.2 × 1.0 3.0 × 3.0 × 1.5 3.0 × 3.0 × 1.5 3.0 × 3.0 × 1.5 MANUFACTURER Toko www.toko.com General Purpose Switching Regulator Input/Output Capacitor Selection Low ESR (equivalent series resistance) MLCC capacitors should be used at both switching regulator outputs as well as at each switching regulator input supply (VINX). Only X5R or X7R ceramic capacitors should be used because they retain their capacitance over wider voltage and temperature ranges than other ceramic types. A 10μF output capacitor is sufficient for most applications. For good transient response and stability the output capacitor should retain at least 4μF of capacitance over operating temperature and bias voltage. Each switching regulator input supply should be bypassed with a 1μF capacitor. Consult with capacitor manufacturers for detailed information on their selection and specifications of ceramic capacitors. 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