GCE188R72A332KA01D

Soft Termination MLSC Design Chip Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors for Automotive GCE188R72A332KA01_ (0603, X7R:EIA, 3300pF, DC100V) _: packaging code Reference Sheet 1.Scope This product specification is applied to Soft Termination MLSC Design Chip Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors used for Automotive Electronic equipment. 　　 2.MURATA Part NO. System (Ex.) GCE 18 8 (2)T Dimensions (1)L/W Dimensions R7 2A 332 (4)Rated (3)Temperature Characteristics (5)Nominal Capacitance Voltage K (6)Capacitance Tolerance A01 (7)Murata’s Control Code 3. Type & Dimensions (1)-1 L (1)-2 W (2) T e 1.6±0.2 0.8±0.1 0.8±0.1 0.2 to 0.5 (Unit:mm) g 0.5 min. 4.Rated value (3) Temperature Characteristics (Public STD Code):X7R(EIA) Temp. coeff Temp. Range or　Cap. Change (Ref.Temp.) -15 to 15 % -55 to 125 °C (25 °C) (4) Rated Voltage DC 100 V (6) (5) Nominal Capacitance Capacitance Tolerance 3300 pF ±10 % Specifications and Test Methods (Operating Temp. Range) -55 to 125 °C 5.Package mark D J (8) Packaging f180mm Reel PAPER W8P4 f330mm Reel PAPER W8P4 Packaging Unit 4000 pcs./Reel 10000 pcs./Reel Product specifications in this catalog are as of Apr.27,2018,and are subject to change or obsolescence without notice. Please consult the approval sheet before ordering. Please read rating and !Cautions first. GCE188R72A332KA01-01 1 D (8)Packaging Code ■AEC-Q200 Murata Standard Specification and Test Methods No 1 AEC-Q200 Test Item AEC-Q200 Test Method Specification. Pre-and Post-Stress - Electrical Test 2 High Temperature The measured and observed characteristics should satisfy the Solder the capacitor on the test substrate(glass epoxy board). specifications in the following table. Set the capacitor for 1000+/-12h at 150+/-3℃. Appearance No marking defects Set for 24+/-2h at room temperature, then measure. Capacitance Within +/-12.5% ・ Initial measurement Exposure (Storage) Perform a heat treatment at 150+0/-10 ℃for 1h and then sit Change D.F. Within the specified initial value. I.R.　25℃ Within the specified initial value. for 24+/-2h at room temperature. Perform the initial measurement. 3 Temperature Cycling The measured and observed characteristics should satisfy the Solder the capacitor on the test substrate(glass epoxy board). specifications in the following table. Perform 1000 cycle test according to the four heat treatments listed Appearance No marking defects in the following table. Capacitance Within +/-7.5% Set for 24+/-2h at room temperature, then measure. Step Change D.F. Within the specified initial value. I.R.　25℃ Within the specified initial value. 1 2 Temp. (C) Min.Operating Temp.+0/-3 Time (min) 15+/-3 3 4 Room Room Temp. Max.Operating Temp. +3/-0 Temp. 1 15+/-3 1 ・ Initial measurement Perform a heat treatment at 150+0/-10 ℃for 1h and then sit for 24+/-2h at room temperature. Perform the initial measurement. 4 Destructive No defects or abnormalities Per EIA-469. The measured and observed characteristics should satisfy the Solder the capacitor on the test substrate(glass epoxy board). specifications in the following table. Apply the 24h heat (25℃ to 65℃) and humidity (80%RH to 98%RH) No marking defects treatment shown below, 10 consecutive times. Physical Analysis 5 Moisture Resistance Appearance Set for 24+/-2h at room temperature, then measure. Temperature Capacitance Within +/-10.0% 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 Change D.F. Within the specified initial value. I.R.　25℃ Within the specified initial value. Humidity 90～98% (℃) Humidity 80～98% Humidity 90～98% Humidity 80～98% Humidity 90～98% +10 - 2℃ Initial measuremt One cycle 24hours 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hours ・ Initial measurement Perform a heat treatment at 150+0/-10 ℃for 1h and then sit for 24+/-2h at room temperature. Perform the initial measurement. 6 Biased Humidity The measured and observed characteristics should satisfy the Solder the capacitor on the test substrate(glass epoxy board). specifications in the following table. Apply the rated voltage and 1.3+0.2/-0vdc (add 6.8kΩ resister) Appearance No marking defects at 85+/-3℃ and 80%RH to 85%RH humidity for 1000+/-12h. Capacitance Within +/-12.5% Remove and set for 24+/-2h at room temperature, then measure. D.F. Within the specified initial value. ・ Initial measurement I.R.　25℃ More than 1,000MΩ or 50Ω・F for 24+/-2h at room temperature. (Whichever is smaller) Perform the initial measurement. The charge/discharge current is less than 50mA. Change Perform a heat treatment at 150+0/-10 ℃for 1h and then sit JEMCGS-00923B 2 ■AEC-Q200 Murata Standard Specification and Test Methods No AEC-Q200 Test Item 7 Operational Life AEC-Q200 Test Method Specification. The measured and observed characteristics should satisfy the Solder the capacitor on the test substrate(glass epoxy board). specifications in the following table. Apply 200% of the rated voltage for 1000+/-12h at 125+/-3℃. Appearance No marking defects The charge/discharge current is less than 50mA. Capacitance Within +/-10.0% Set for 24+/-2h at room temperature, then measure. ・Initial measurement Change D.F. Within the specified initial value. I.R.　25℃ More than 1,000MΩ or 50Ω・F Apply the test voltage at the max. operating temp. +/-3°C for 1h and then let sit for 24+/-2h at room temperature,then measure. (Whichever is smaller) 8 External Visual No defects or abnormalities Visual inspection 9 Physical Dimension Within the specified dimensions Using Measuring instrument of dimension. 10 Resistance to Appearance No marking defects Per MIL-STD-202 Method 215 Solvents Solvent 1 : 1 part (by volume) of isopropyl alcohol Capacitance Within the specified initial value. 3 parts (by volume) of mineral spirits Solvent 2 : Terpene defluxer D.F. Within the specified initial value. I.R.　25℃ Within the specified initial value. Appearance No marking defects Capacitance Within the specified initial value. D.F. Within the specified initial value. I.R.　25℃ Within the specified initial value. Appearance No marking defects Capacitance Within the specified initial value. D.F. Within the specified initial value. I.R.　25℃ Within the specified initial value. Solvent 3 : 42 parts (by volume) of water 1part (by volume) of propylene glycol monomethyl ether 11 Mechanical 1 part (by volume) of monoethanolomine Solder the capacitor on the test substrate(glass epoxy board). Shock Three shocks in each direction should be applied along 3 mutually perpendicular axes of the test specimen (18 shocks). The specified test pulse should be Half-sine and should have a 12 Vibration duration :0.5ms, peak value:1500g and velocity change: 4.7m/s. Solder the capacitor on the test substrate(glass epoxy board). The capacitor should be subjected to a simple harmonic motion having a total amplitude of 1.5mm, the frequency being varied uniformly between the approximate limits of 10 and 2000Hz. The frequency range, from 10 to 2000Hz and return to 10Hz, should be traversed in approximately 20 minutes. This motion should be applied for 12 items in each 3 mutually perpendicular directions (total of 36 times). 13 Resistance to Soldering Heat The measured and observed characteristics should satisfy the Immerse the capacitor in Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder solution or an eutectic specifications in the following table. solder solution at 260+/-5℃ for 10+/-1s. Appearance No marking defects Capacitance Within the specified initial value. D.F. Within the specified initial value. I.R.　25℃ Within the specified initial value. ・ Initial measurement Perform a heat treatment at 150+0/-10 ℃for 1h and then sit for 24+/-2h at room temperature. JEMCGS-00923B Perform the initial measurement. 3 ■AEC-Q200 Murata Standard Specification and Test Methods No AEC-Q200 Test Item 14 Thermal Shock AEC-Q200 Test Method Specification. The measured and observed characteristics should satisfy the Solder the capacitor on the test substrate(glass epoxy board). specifications in the following table. Perform the 300 cycles according to the two heat treatments listed Appearance No marking defects in the following table(Maximum transfer time is 20s). Capacitance Within +/-7.5% Set for 24+/-2h at room temperature, then measure. Step Change D.F. Within the specified initial value. I.R.　25℃ Within the specified initial value. 1 2 Temp.(℃） Min.Operating Temp.+0/-3 Max.Operating Temp.+3/-0 Time (min） 15+/-3 15+/-3 ・ Initial measurement Perform a heat treatment at 150+0/-10 ℃for 1h and then sit for 24+/-2h at room temperature. Perform the initial measurement. 15 ESD Appearance No marking defects Capacitance Within the specified initial value. D.F. Within the specified initial value. I.R.　25℃ Within the specified initial value. Per AEC-Q200-002 95% of the terminations is to be soldered evenly and continuously. 16 Solderability (a) Preheat at 155℃ for 4h. After preheating, immerse the capacitor 　　 in a solution of rosin ethanol 25(mass)%. 　 Immerse in Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder solution at 245+/-5℃ or an eutectic solder solution at 235+/-5℃ for 5+0/-0.5s. (b) should be placed into steam aging for 8h+/-15min. 　　 After preheating, immerse the capacitor in a solution of rosin 　 　ethanol 25(mass)%. 　 　Immerse in Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder solution at 245+/-5℃ 　 　or an eutectic solder solution at 235+/-5℃ for 5+0/-0.5s. (c) should be placed into steam aging for 8h+/-15min. 　 　After preheating, immerse the capacitor in a solution of rosin 　 　ethanol 25(mass)%. 　　Immerse in Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder solution or an eutectic solder solution for 120+/-5s at 260+/-5℃. 17 Electrical Appearance No defects or abnormalities Visual inspection. Capacitance Shown in Rated value. The capacitance/D.F. should be measured at 25℃ at the D.F. 0.05 max. Chatacterization frequency and voltage shown in the table. Char. C≦10μF Item Frequency Voltage I.R.　25℃ 1.0+/-0.1kHz 1.0+/-0.2Vrms More than 10,000MΩ or 500Ω・F The insulation resistance should be measured with a DC voltage not (Whichever is smaller) exceeding the rated voltage at 25℃ and 125℃ within 2 minutes of charging. I.R.　125℃ More than 1,000MΩ or 10Ω・F (Whichever is smaller) Dielectric No failure should be observed when 250% of the rated voltage is No failure applied between the terminations for 1 to 5s, provided the Strength charge/discharge current is less than 50mA. JEMCGS-00923B 4 ■AEC-Q200 Murata Standard Specification and Test Methods No AEC-Q200 Test Item 18 Board Flex AEC-Q200 Test Method Specification. Appearance No marking defects Solder the capacitor on the test substrate(glass epoxy board) Capacitance Change Within +/-10.0% shown in Fig1. Then apply a force in the direction shown in Fig 2 for 60s. ｺﾝﾃﾞﾝｻ D.F. Within the specified initial value. I.R.　25℃ Within the specified initial value. The soldering should be done by the reflow method and should be conducted with care so that the soldering is uniform and free of defects such as heat shock. 45 45 Type GCE18 GCE21 支持台 a 0.6 0.8 b 2.2 3.0 c 0.9 1.3 (in mm) b Land f4.5 20 50 min. Pressurizing speed:1.0mm/s Pressurize 40 c c R4 a 100 Flexure：5 Capacitance meter t : 1.6mm 45 Fig. 19 Terminal Appearance 45 Fig.2 No marking defects Solder the capacitor on the test substrate(glass epoxy board) Strength shown in Fig3. Then apply 18N force in parallel with the test jig for 60s. Capacitance Within the specified initial value. The soldering should be done either with an iron or using the reflow method and should be conducted with care so that the soldering is uniform and free of defects such as heat shock D.F. Within the specified initial value. I.R.　25℃ Within the specified initial value. Type GCE18 GCE21 a 1.0 1.2 b 3.0 4.0 c 1.2 1.65 c （in mm） a f4.5 b t: 1.6mm b ﾗﾝﾄﾞ Solder resist Baked electrode or Copper foil c 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Fig.3 a 20 Beam Load Test Destruction value should be exceed following one. Place the capacitor in the beam load fixture as Fig 4. < Chip L dimension : 2.5mm max. > Apply a force. 　　 Chip thickness > 0.5mm rank : 20N < Chip Length : 2.5mm max. > 　 Iron Board Fig.4 Speed supplied the Stress Load : 0.5mm/s 21 Capacitance Temperature Characteristics R7 : Within +/-15% The capacitance change should be measured after 5 minutes 　　　　　　　(-55℃ to +125℃) at each specified temperature stage. Capacitance value as a reference is the value in step 3. Step 1 2 3 4 5 Temperature(C) Reference Temp.+/-2 Min. Operating Temp.+/-3 Reference Temp.+/-2 Max. Operating Temp.+/-3 Reference Temp.+/-2 ・ Initial measurement Perform a heat treatment at 150+0/-10 ℃for 1h and then sit for 24+/-2h at room temperature. Perform the initial measurement. JEMCGS-00923B 5 Package GCE Type 1.Tape Carrier Packaging(Packaging Code:D/E/L/J/F/K) 1.1 Minimum Quantity(pcs./reel) Type GCE18 φ180mm reel Paper Tape Plastic Tape Code:D/E Code:L 4000 φ330mm reel Paper Tape Plastic Tape Code:J/F Code:K 10000 6 4000 10000 GCE21 9 4000 10000 B 3000 10000 1.2 Dimensions of Tape (1)GCE18/21 (in:mm) 1.75±0.1 4.0±0.1 2.0±0.1 +0.1 3.5±0.05 φ1.5 -0 Ｂ Ａ 8.0±0.3 4.0±0.1 t Type GCE18 GCE21 JEMCGP-02194A 8 6 9 Dimensions(Chip) L W T 1.6±0.2 0.8±0.1 0.8±0.1 0.6±0.1 2.0±0.3 1.25±0.2 0.85±0.1 6 A B 1.05±0.10 1.85±0.10 1.55±0.15 2.30±0.15 ｔ 1.1 max. Package GCE Type 　(2)GCE21 4.0±0.1 2.0±0.1 3.5±0.05 φ1.5 +0.1 -0 Ｂ Ａ 0.25±0.1 8.0±0.3 4.0±0.1 1.75±0.1 (in:mm) t Type GCE21 JEMCGP-02194A B L 2.0±0.3 Dimensions(Chip) W T 1.25±0.2 1.25±0.2 7 A B t 1.45±0.20 2.25±0.20 2.0 max. め状態 (単位：mm) Package GCE Type Fig.1 (in mm) Package Chips Chip Fig.2 Dimensions of Reel φ13±0.5 φ180+0/-3.0 φ330±2.0 φ21±0.8 φ50 min. 2.0±0.5 ｗ1 W Fig.3 Taping Diagram W w1 16.5 max. 10±1.5 Top Tape : Thickness 0.06 Feeding Hole :As specified in 1.2. Hole for Chip : As specified in 1.2. Bottom Tape :Thickness 0.05 (Only a bottom tape existence ) Base Tape : As specified in 1.2. JEMCGP-02194A 8 ｯﾌﾟ詰め状態 Package GCE Type (単位：mm) 1.3 Tapes for capacitors are wound clockwise shown in Fig.3. (The sprocket holes are to the right as the tape is pulled toward the user.) 1.4 Part of the leader and part of the vacant section are attached as follows. (in:mm) Tail vacant Section Chip-mounting Unit Leader vacant Section Leader Unit (Top Tape only) Direction of Feed 160 min. 190 min. 210 min. 1.5 Accumulate pitch : 10 of sprocket holes pitch = 40±0.3mm 1.6 Chip in the tape is enclosed by top tape and bottom tape as shown in Fig.1. 1.7 The top tape and base tape are not attached at the end of the tape for a minimum of 5 pitches. 1.8 There are no jointing for top tape and bottom tape. 1.9 There are no fuzz in the cavity. 1.10 Break down force of top tape : 5N min. Break down force of bottom tape : 5N min. (Only a bottom tape existence ) 図1 ﾁｯﾌﾟ詰め状態 (単位：mm) 1.11 Reel is made by resin and appeaser and dimension is shown in Fig 2. There are possibly to change the material and dimension due to some impairment. 1.12 Peeling off force : 0.1 to 0.6N in the direction as shown below. 165～180° Top tape 1.13 Label that show the customer parts number, our parts number, our company name, inspection number and quantity, will be put in outside of reel. JEMCGP-02194A 9 ! Caution ■Limitation of Applications Please contact us before using our products for the applications listed below which require especially high reliability 　 for the prevention of defects which might directly cause damage to the third party's life, body or property. 　　　①Aircraft equipment ②Aerospace equipment ③Undersea equipment ④Power plant control equipment 　　　⑤Medical equipment ⑥Transportation equipment(vehicles,trains,ships,etc.) ⑦Traffic signal equipment 　　　⑧Disaster prevention / crime prevention equipment ⑨Data-processing equipment 　　　⑩Application of similar complexity and/or reliability requirements to the applications listed in the above. ■Storage and Operation condition 1. The performance of chip multilayer ceramic capacitors (henceforth just "capacitors") may be affected by the storage conditions. Please use them promptly after delivery. 1-1. Maintain appropriate storage for the capacitors using the following conditions: Room Temperature of +5℃ to +40℃ and a Relative Humidity of 20% to 70%. 　 High temperature and humidity conditions and/or prolonged storage may cause deterioration of the packaging materials. If more than six months have elapsed since delivery, check packaging, mounting, etc. before use. In addition, this may cause oxidation of the electrodes. If more than one year has elapsed since delivery, also check the solderability before use. 1-2. Corrosive gas can react with the termination (external) electrodes or lead wires of capacitors, and result in poor solderability. Do not store the capacitors in an atmosphere consisting of corrosive gas (e.g.,hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, ammonia gas etc.). 1-3. Due to moisture condensation caused by rapid humidity changes, or the photochemical change caused by direct sunlight on the terminal electrodes and/or the resin/epoxy coatings, the solderability and electrical performance may deteriorate. Do not store capacitors under direct sunlight or in high huimidity conditions ■Rating 1.Temperature Dependent Characteristics 1. The electrical characteristics of the capacitor can change with temperature. 1-1. For capacitors having larger temperature dependency, the capacitance may change with temperature changes. The following actions are recommended in order to ensure suitable capacitance values. (1) Select a suitable capacitance for the operating temperature range. (2) The capacitance may change within the rated temperature. When you use a high dielectric constant type capacitor in a circuit that needs a tight (narrow) capacitance tolerance (e.g., a time-constant circuit), please carefully consider the temperature characteristics, and carefully confirm the various characteristics in actual use conditions and the actual system. [Example of Temperature Caracteristics X7R(R7)] Sample: 0.1μF, Rated Voltage 50VDC [Example of Temperature Characteristics X5R(R6)] Sample: 22μF, Rated Voltage 4VDC 20 Capacitance Change (%) Capacitance Change (%) 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -15 -20 -75 15 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 -20 -75 JEMCGC-4642H -50 -25 0 25 Temperature ( C) Temperature ( C) 10 50 75 100 Caution ! 2.Measurement of Capacitance 1. Measure capacitance with the voltage and frequency specified in the product specifications. 1-1. The output voltage of the measuring equipment may decrease occasionally when capacitance is high. Please confirm whether a prescribed measured voltage is impressed to the capacitor. 1-2. The capacitance values of high dielectric constant type capacitors change depending on the AC voltage applied. Please consider the AC voltage characteristics when selecting a capacitor to be used in a AC circuit. 3.Applied Voltage 1. Do not apply a voltage to the capacitor that exceeds the rated voltage as called out in the specifications. 1-1. Applied voltage between the terminals of a capacitor shall be less than or equal to the rated voltage. (1) When AC voltage is superimposed on DC voltage, the zero-to-peak voltage shall not exceed the rated DC voltage. When AC voltage or pulse voltage is applied, the peak-to-peak voltage shall not exceed the rated DC voltage. (2) Abnormal voltages (surge voltage, static electricity, pulse voltage, etc.) shall not exceed the rated DC voltage. Typical Voltage Applied to the DC capacitor DC Voltage DC Voltage+AC E AC Voltage E Pulse Voltage E 0 E 0 0 0 (E：Maximum possible applied voltage.) 1-2. Influence of over voltage Over voltage that is applied to the capacitor may result in an electrical short circuit caused by the breakdown of the internal dielectric layers . The time duration until breakdown depends on the applied voltage and the ambient temperature. 4.Type of Applied Voltage and Self-heating Temperature 1.Confirm the operating conditions to make sure that no large current is flowing into the capacitor due to the continuous application of an AC voltage or pulse voltage. When a DC rated voltage product is used in an AC voltage circuit or a pulse voltage circuit, the AC current or pulse current will flow into the capacitor; therefore check the self-heating condition. Please confirm the surface temperature of the capacitor so that the temperature remains within the upper limits of the operating temperature, including the rise in temperature due to self-heating. When the capacitor is used with a high-frequency voltage or pulse voltage, heat may be generated by dielectric loss. The load should be contained so that the self-heating 　of the capacitor body remains below 20°C , 　when measuring at an ambient temperature of 25°C. [Example of Temperature Rise (Heat Generation) in Chip Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors in Contrast to Ripple Current] Sample: R(R1) characteristics 10μF, Rated voltage: DC10V Ripple Current Temperature Rise (℃) 100 10 100kHz 500kHz 1MHz 1 JEMCGC-4642H 11 0 1 2 4 3 Current (Ar.m.s.) 5 6 ! Caution 5. DC Voltage and AC Voltage Characteristic 1. The capacitance value of a high dielectric constant type capacitor changes depending on the DC voltage applied. Please consider the DC voltage characteristics when a capacitor is selected for use in a DC circuit. [Example of DC Voltage Characteristics] Capacitance Change (%) Sample: R(R1) Characteristics 0.1μF, Rated Voltage 50VDC 1-1. The capacitance of ceramic capacitors may change sharply depending on the applied voltage. (See figure) Please confirm the following in order to secure the capacitance. (1) Determine whether the capacitance change caused by the applied voltage is within the allowed range . (2) In the DC voltage characteristics, the rate of capacitance change becomes larger as voltage increases, even if the applied voltage is below the rated voltage. When a high dielectric constant type capacitor is used in a circuit that requires a tight (narrow) capacitance tolerance (e.g., a time constant circuit), please carefully consider the voltage characteristics, and confirm the various characteristics in the actual operating conditions 　 of the system. 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 0 10 20 30 DC Voltage (V) 40 50 [Example of AC Voltage Characteristics] Capacitance Change (%) Sample: X7R(R7) Characteristics 10μF, Rated Voltage 6.3VDC 2. The capacitance values of high dielectric constant type capacitors changes depending on the AC voltage applied. Please consider the AC voltage characteristics when selecting a capacitor to be used in a AC circuit. 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 AC Voltage (Vr.m.s.) 6. Capacitance Aging [ Example of Change Over Time (Aging characteristics) ] 20 Capacitance Change(%) 1. The high dielectric constant type capacitors have an Aging characteristic in which the capacitance value decreases with the passage of time. When you use a high dielectric constant type capacitors in a circuit that needs a tight (narrow) capacitance tolerance (e.g., a time-constant circuit), please carefully consider the characteristics of these capacitors, such as their aging, voltage, and temperature characteristics. In addition, check capacitors using your actual appliances at the intended environment and operating conditions. 10 0 -10 C0G(5C) -20 X7R(R7) -30 -40 10 100 1000 10000 Time(h) 7.Vibration and Shock 1. Please confirm the kind of vibration and/or shock, its condition, and any generation of resonance. Please mount the capacitor so as not to generate resonance, and do not allow any impact on the terminals. 2. Mechanical shock due to being dropped may cause damage or a crack in the dielectric material of the capacitor. Do not use a dropped capacitor because the quality and reliability may be deteriorated. 3. When printed circuit boards are piled up or handled, the corner 　of another printed circuit board should not be allowed to hit the capacitor in order to avoid a crack or other damage to the capacitor. JEMCGC-4642H 12 Crack Floor Mounting printed circuit board Crack ! Caution ■Soldering and Mounting 1.Mounting Position 1. Confirm the best mounting position and direction that minimizes the stress imposed on the capacitor during flexing or bending the printed circuit board. 1-1.Choose a mounting position that minimizes the stress imposed on the chip during flexing or bending of the board. 　 [Component Direction] ① Locate chip horizontal to the direction in which stress acts. (Bad Example) 1A (Good Example) [Chip Mounting Close to Board Separation Point] It is effective to implement the following measures, to reduce stress in separating the board. It is best to implement all of the following three measures; however, implement as many measures as possible to reduce stress. Contents of Measures (1) Turn the mounting direction of the component parallel to the board separation surface. Stress Level A　>　D *1 (2) Add slits in the board separation part. A　>　B (3) Keep the mounting position of the component away from the board separation surface. A　>　C ① Perforation C B D A 1A Slit ③② *1 A > D is valid when stress is added vertically to the perforation as with Hand Separation. If a Cutting Disc is used, stress will be diagonal to the PCB, therefore A > D is invalid. [Mounting Capacitors Near Screw Holes] When a capacitor is mounted near a screw hole, it may be affected by the board deflection that occurs during the tightening of the screw. Mount the capacitor in a position as far away from the screw holes as possible. Screw Hole 　 Recommended 2.Information before Mounting 1. Do not re-use capacitors that were removed from the equipment. 2. Confirm capacitance characteristics under actual applied voltage. 3. Confirm the mechanical stress under actual process and equipment use. 4. Confirm the rated capacitance, rated voltage and other electrical characteristics before assembly. 5. Prior to use, confirm the solderability of capacitors that were in long-term storage. 6. Prior to measuring capacitance, carry out a heat treatment for capacitors that were in long-term storage. 7.The use of Sn-Zn based solder will deteriorate the reliability of the MLCC. Please contact our sales representative or product engineers on the use of Sn-Zn based solder in advance. JEMCGC-4642H 13 1C 1B ! Caution 3.Maintenance of the Mounting (pick and place) Machine 1. Make sure that the following excessive forces are not applied to the capacitors. Check the mounting in the actual device under actual use conditions ahead of time. 1-1. In mounting the capacitors on the printed circuit board, any bending force against them shall be kept to a minimum to prevent them from any damage or cracking. Please take into account the following precautions and recommendations for use in your process. (1) Adjust the lowest position of the pickup nozzle so as not to bend the printed circuit board. 　 [Incorrect] Suction Nozzle Deflection Board Board Guide 　 [Correct] Support Pin 2.Dirt particles and dust accumulated in the suction nozzle and suction mechanism prevent the nozzle from moving smoothly. This creates excessive force on the capacitor during mounting, causing cracked chips. Also, the locating claw, when worn out, imposes uneven forces on the chip when positioning, causing cracked chips. The suction nozzle and the locating claw must be maintained, checked and replaced periodically. JEMCGC-4642H 14 ! Caution 4-1.Reflow Soldering 1. When sudden heat is applied to the components, the mechanical strength of the components will decrease because a sudden temperature change causes deformation inside the components. In order to prevent mechanical damage to the components, preheating is required for both the components and the PCB. Preheating conditions are shown in table 1. It is required to keep the temperature differential between the solder and the components surface (ΔT) as small as possible. [Standard Conditions for Reflow Soldering] Temperature(℃) Soldering Peak Temperature 220℃ (200℃) Gradual Cooling ΔT 190℃ (170℃) 170℃ (150℃) 150℃ (130℃) Preheating 2. When components are immersed in solvent after mounting, be sure to maintain the temperature difference (ΔT) between the component and the solvent within the range shown in the table 1. Time 30-60 seconds 60-120 seconds Temperature Incase of Lead Free Solder ( ): In case of Pb-Sn Solder Table 1 Series Chip　Dimension(L/W)　Code Temperature Differential 18/21/31 ΔT≦190℃ GC□ GC□ 32 Recommended Conditions Pb-Sn Solder Peak 230 to 250℃ Temperature Atmosphere Air ΔT≦130℃ Soldering Temperature(℃) [Allowable Reflow Soldering Temperature and Time] 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 0 30 60 90 120 Soldering Time(s) 　　　　　　　　In the case of repeated soldering, the accumulated 　　　　　　　　soldering time must be within the range shown above. Lead Free Solder 240 to 260℃ Air or N2 Pb-Sn Solder: Sn-37Pb Lead Free Solder: Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu 3. When a capacitor is mounted at a temperature lower than the peak reflow temperature recommended by the solder manufacturer, the following quality problems can occur. Consider factors such as the placement of peripheral components and the reflow temperature setting to prevent the capacitor’s reflow temperature from dropping below the peak temperature specified. Be sure to evaluate the mounting situation beforehand and verify that none of the following problems occur. ･Drop in solder wettability ･Solder voids ･Possible occurrence of whiskering ･Drop in bonding strength ･Drop in self-alignment properties ･Possible occurrence of tombstones and/or shifting on the land patterns of the circuit board 4. Optimum Solder Amount for Reflow Soldering 4-1. Overly thick application of solder paste results in a excessive solder fillet height. This makes the chip more susceptible to mechanical and thermal stress on the board and may cause the chips to crack. 4-2. Too little solder paste results in a lack of adhesive strength on the termination, which may result in chips breaking loose from the PCB. 4-3. Please confirm that solder has been applied smoothly to the termination. Inverting the PCB Make sure not to impose any abnormal mechanical shocks to the PCB. JEMCGC-4642H 15 ! Caution 4-2.Flow Soldering 1. This product is not apply flow soldering. 4-3.Correction of Soldered Portion When sudden heat is applied to the capacitor, distortion caused by the large temperature difference occurs internally, and can be the cause of cracks. Capacitors also tend to be affected by mechanical and thermal stress depending on the board preheating temperature or the soldering fillet shape, and can be the cause of cracks. Please refer to "1. PCB Design" or "3. Optimum solder amount" for the solder amount and the fillet shapes. 1. Correction with a Soldering Iron 1-1. In order to reduce damage to the capacitor, be sure to preheat the capacitor and the mounting board. Preheat to the temperature range shown in Table 3. A hot plate, hot air type preheater, etc. can be used for preheating. 1-2. After soldering, do not allow the component/PCB to cool down rapidly. 1-3. Perform the corrections with a soldering iron as quickly as possible. If the soldering iron is applied too long, there is a possibility of causing solder leaching on the terminal electrodes, which will cause deterioration of the adhesive strength and other problems. Table 3 Chip　Dimension Temperature of Preheating Temperature Series Atmosphere (L/W)　Code Soldering Iron tip Temperature Differential(ΔT) GC□ 18/21/31 350℃ max. 150℃ min. ΔT≦190℃ Air GC□ 32 280℃ max. 150℃ min. ΔT≦130℃ Air *Applicable for both Pb-Sn and Lead Free Solder. Pb-Sn Solder: Sn-37Pb Lead Free Solder: Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu * Please manage Δ T in the temperature of soldering iron and the preheating temperature. 2. Correction with Spot Heater Compared to local heating with a soldering iron, hot air heating by a spot heater heats the overall component and board, therefore, it tends to lessen the thermal shock. In the case of a high density mounted board, a spot heater can also prevent concerns of the soldering iron making direct contact with the component. 2-1. If the distance from the hot air outlet of the spot heater to the component is too close, cracks may occur due to thermal shock. To prevent this problem, follow the conditions shown in Table 4. 2-2. In order to create an appropriate solder fillet shape, it is recommended that hot air be applied at the angle shown in Figure 1. Table 4 Distance 5mm or more Hot Air Application angle 45° *Figure 1 Hot Air Temperature Nozzle Outlet 400°C max. Less than 10 seconds Application Time (3216M / 1206 size or smaller) Less than 30 seconds (3216M , 3225M : Metric size code) (3225M / 1210 size or larger) [Figure 1] One-hole Nozzle an Angle of 45 3. Optimum solder amount when re-working with a soldering iron 3-1. If the solder amount is excessive, the risk of cracking is higher 　　　 during board bending or any other stressful condition. Too little solder amount results in a lack of adhesive strength on the outer electrode termination, which may result in chips breaking loose from the PCB. Please confirm that solder has been applied smoothly is and rising to the end surface of the chip. 3-2. A soldering iron with a tip of ø3mm or smaller should be used. It is also necessary to keep the soldering iron from touching the components during the re-work. 3-3. Solder wire with ø0.5mm or smaller is required for soldering. JEMCGC-4642H 16 Solder Amount in section ! Caution 5.Washing Excessive ultrasonic oscillation during cleaning can cause the PCBs to resonate, resulting in cracked chips or broken solder joints. Before starting your production process, test your cleaning equipment / process to insure it does not degrade the capacitors. 6.Electrical Test on Printed Circuit Board 1. Confirm position of the support pin or specific jig, when inspecting the electrical performance of a capacitor after mounting on the printed circuit board. 1-1. Avoid bending the printed circuit board by the pressure of a test-probe, etc. The thrusting force of the test probe can flex the PCB, resulting in cracked chips or open solder joints. Provide support pins on the back side of the PCB to prevent warping or flexing. Install support pins as close to the test-probe as possible. 1-2. Avoid vibration of the board by shock when a test -probe contacts a printed circuit board. [Not Recommended] [Recommended] Support Pin Peeling Test-probe Test-probe 7.Printed Circuit Board Cropping 1. After mounting a capacitor on a printed circuit board, do not apply any stress to the capacitor that caused bending or twisting the board. 1-1. In cropping the board, the stress as shown may cause the capacitor to crack. Cracked capacitors may cause deterioration of the insulation resistance, and result in a short. Avoid this type of stress to a capacitor. ① [Bending] [Twisting] 1A 2. Check the cropping method for the printed circuit board in advance. 2-1. Printed circuit board cropping shall be carried out by using a jig or an apparatus (Disc separator, router type separator, etc.) to prevent the mechanical stress that can occur to the board. Board Separation Method Level of stress on board Recommended Notes Hand Separation Nipper Separation High × Hand and nipper separation apply a high level of stress. Use another method. (1) Board Separation Jig Medium △* Board Separation Apparatus 2) Disc Separator 3) Router Type Separator Medium Low △* ◯ · Board handling · Board handling · Layout of slits · Board bending direction · Design of V groove · Layout of capacitors · Arrangement of blades · Controlling blade life Board handling * When a board separation jig or disc separator is used, if the following precautions are not observed, a large board deflection stress will occur and the capacitors may crack. Use router type separator if at all possible. JEMCGC-4642H 17 Caution ! (1) Example of a suitable jig [In the case of Single-side Mounting] An outline of the board separation jig is shown as follows. Recommended example: Stress on the component mounting position can be minimized by holding the portion close to the jig, and bend in the direction towards the side where the capacitors are mounted. Not recommended example: The risk of cracks occurring in the capacitors increases due to large stress being applied to the component mounting position, if the portion away from the jig is held and bent in the direction opposite the side where the capacitors are mounted. [Outline of jig] [Hand Separation] Recommended Direction of load Printed Circuit Board V-groove Printed circuit board Not recommended Direction of load Load point Component s Printed circuit board Load point Board Cropping Jig Components [In the case of Double-sided Mounting] Since components are mounted on both sides of the board, the risk of cracks occurring can not be avoided with the above method. Therefore, implement the following measures to prevent stress from being applied to the components. 　 (Measures) (1) Consider introducing a router type separator. 　 　If it is difficult to introduce a router type separator, implement the following measures. (Refer to item 1. Mounting Position) (2) Mount the components parallel to the board separation surface. (3) When mounting components near the board separation point, add slits in the separation position near the component. (4) Keep the mounting position of the components away from the board separation point. (2) Example of a Disc Separator An outline of a disc separator is shown as follows. As shown in the Principle of Operation, the top blade and bottom blade are aligned with the V-grooves on the printed circuit board to separate the board. In the following case, board deflection stress will be applied and cause cracks in the capacitors. (1) When the adjustment of the top and bottom blades are misaligned, such as deviating in the top-bottom, left-right or front-rear directions (2) The angle of the V groove is too low, depth of the V groove is too shallow, or the V groove is misaligned top-bottom IF V groove is too deep, it is possible to brake when you handle and carry it. Carefully design depth of the V groove with consideration about strength of material of the printed circuit board. [ Outline of Machine ] [ Principle of Operation ] [ Cross-section Diagram ] Top Blade Printed Circuit Board Top Blade V-groove Bottom Blade Printed Circuit Board V-groove [Disc Separator] Recommended Top Blade Top-bottom Misalignment Top Blade Bottom Blade Not recommended Left-right Misalignment Top Blade Bottom Blade Front-rear Misalignment Top Blade Bottom Blade Bottom Blade [V-groove Design] Example of Recommended V-groove Design JEMCGC-4642H Left-right Misalignment Not Recommended Low-Angle Depth too Shallow 18 Depth too Deep ! (3) Example of Router Type Separator The router type separator performs cutting by a router rotating at a high speed. Since the board does not bend in the cutting process, stress on the board can be suppressed during board separation. When attaching or removing boards to/from the router type separator, carefully handle the boards to prevent bending. [ Outline Drawing ] Router 8. Assembly 1. Handling If a board mounted with capacitors is held with one hand, the board may bend. Firmly hold the edges of the board with both hands when handling. If a board mounted with capacitors is dropped, cracks may occur in the capacitors. Do not use dropped boards, as there is a possibility that the quality of the capacitors may be impaired. 2. Attachment of Other Components 2-1. Mounting of Other Components Pay attention to the following items, when mounting other components on the back side of the board after capacitors have been mounted on the opposite side. When the bottom dead point of the suction nozzle is set too low, board deflection stress may be applied to the capacitors on the back side (bottom side), and cracks may occur in the capacitors. · After the board is straightened, set the bottom dead point of the nozzle on the upper surface of the board. · Periodically check and adjust the bottom dead point. Suction Nozzle 2-2. Inserting Components with Leads into Boards When inserting components (transformers, IC, etc.) into boards, bending the board may cause cracks in the capacitors or cracks in the solder. Pay attention to the following. · Increase the size of the holes to insert the leads, to reduce the stress on the board during insertion. · Fix the board with support pins or a dedicated jig before insertion. · Support below the board so that the board does not bend. When using support pins on the board, periodically confirm that there is no difference in the height of each support pin. Component with Leads 2-3. Attaching/Removing Sockets and/or Connectors Insertion and removal of sockets and connectors, etc., might cause the board to bend. Please insure that the board does not warp during insertion and removal of sockets and connectors, etc., 　　 　or the bending may damage mounted components on the board. Socket 2-4. Tightening Screws The board may be bent, when tightening screws, etc. during the attachment of the board to a shield or chassis. Pay attention to the following items before performing the work. · Plan the work to prevent the board from bending. · Use a torque screwdriver, to prevent over-tightening of the screws. · The board may bend after mounting by reflow soldering, etc. Please note, as stress may be applied to the chips by forcibly flattening the board when tightening the screws. Screwdriver JEMCGC-4642H 19 Caution ! Caution ■ Others 1. Under Operation of Equipment 1-1. Do not touch a capacitor directly with bare hands during operation in order to avoid the danger of an electric shock. 1-2. Do not allow the terminals of a capacitor to come in contact with any conductive objects (short-circuit). Do not expose a capacitor to a conductive liquid, inducing any acid or alkali solutions. 1-3. Confirm the environment in which the equipment will operate is under the specified conditions. Do not use the equipment under the following environments. (1) Being spattered with water or oil. (2) Being exposed to direct sunlight. (3) Being exposed to ozone, ultraviolet rays, or radiation. (4) Being exposed to toxic gas (e.g., hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, ammonia gas etc.) (5) Any vibrations or mechanical shocks exceeding the specified limits. (6) Moisture condensing environments. 1-4. Use damp proof countermeasures if using under any conditions that can cause condensation. 2. Others 2-1. In an Emergency (1) If the equipment should generate smoke, fire, or smell, immediately turn off or unplug the equipment. If the equipment is not turned off or unplugged, the hazards may be worsened by supplying continuous power. (2) In this type of situation, do not allow face and hands to come in contact with the capacitor or burns may be caused by the capacitor's high temperature. 2-2. Disposal of waste When capacitors are disposed of, they must be burned or buried by an industrial waste vendor with the appropriate licenses. 2-3. Circuit Design (1) Addition of Fail Safe Function Capacitors that are cracked by dropping or bending of the board may cause deterioration of the insulation resistance, and result in a short. If the circuit being used may cause an electrical shock, smoke or fire when a capacitor is shorted, be sure to install fail-safe functions, such as a fuse, to prevent secondary accidents. (2) This series are not safety standard certified products. 2-4. Remarks Failure to follow the cautions may result, worst case, in a short circuit and smoking when the product is used. The above notices are for standard applications and conditions. Contact us when the products are used in special mounting conditions. Select optimum conditions for operation as they determine the reliability of the product after assembly. The data herein are given in typical values, not guaranteed ratings. JEMCGC-4642H 20 Notice ■ Rating 1.Operating Temperature 1. The operating temperature limit depends on the capacitor. 1-1. Do not apply temperatures exceeding the maximum operating temperature. It is necessary to select a capacitor with a suitable rated temperature that will cover the operating temperature range. It is also necessary to consider the temperature distribution in equipment and the seasonal temperature variable factor. 1-2. Consider the self-heating factor of the capacitor The surface temperature of the capacitor shall not exceed the maximum operating temperature including self-heating. 2.Atmosphere Surroundings (gaseous and liquid) 1. Restriction on the operating environment of capacitors. 1-1. Capacitors, when used in the above, unsuitable, operating environments may deteriorate due to the corrosion of the terminations and the penetration of moisture into the capacitor. 1-2. The same phenomenon as the above may occur when the electrodes or terminals of the capacitor are subject to moisture condensation. 1-3. The deterioration of characteristics and insulation resistance due to the oxidization or corrosion of terminal 　　electrodes may result in breakdown when the capacitor is exposed to corrosive or volatile gases or solvents for long periods of time. 3.Piezo-electric Phenomenon 1. When using high dielectric constant type capacitors in AC or pulse circuits, the capacitor itself vibrates at specific frequencies and noise may be generated. Moreover, when the mechanical vibration or shock is added to capacitor, noise may occur. JEMCGC-4642H 21 Notice ■Soldering and Mounting 1.PCB Design 1. Notice for Pattern Forms 1-1. Unlike leaded components, chip components are susceptible to flexing stresses since they are mounted directly on the substrate. They are also more sensitive to mechanical and thermal stresses than leaded components. Excess solder fillet height can multiply these stresses and cause chip cracking. When designing substrates, take land patterns and dimensions into consideration to eliminate the possibility of excess solder fillet height. 1-2. There is a possibility of chip cracking caused by PCB expansion/contraction with heat, because stress on a chip is different depending on PCB material and structure.When the thermal expansion coefficient greatly differs between the board used for mounting and the chip,it will cause cracking of the chip due to the thermal expansion and contraction. When capacitors are mounted on a fluorine resin printed circuit board or on a single-layered glass epoxy board, it may also cause cracking of the chip for the same reason. Pattern Forms Prohibited Correct Chassis Solder Resist Solder (ground) Placing Close to Chassis Electrode Pattern in section Lead Wire in section Solder Resist Placing of Chip Components and Leaded Components in section Soldering Iron in section Lead Wire Placing of Leaded Components after Chip Component Solder Resist in section in section Solder Resist ｿﾙﾀﾞﾚｼﾞｽﾄ Lateral Mounting JEMCGC-4642H 22 Notice 2. Land Dimensions Chip Capacitor 　Please confirm the suitable land dimension by evaluating of the actual SET / PCB. c Land b a Solder Resist Table 1 Reflow Soldering Method Series Chip　Dimension (L/W)　Code GC□ 18 GC□ 21 GC□ 31 GC□ 32 Chip(L×W) (Dimensions Tolerance) 1.6×0.8 (L:±0.2,W:±0.1) 1.6×0.8 (L:±0.3,W:±0.2) 2.0×1.25 (L:±0.3,W:±0.2) (L:±0.35,W:±0.25) 3.2×1.6 (±0.3)(±0.4) (L:±0.4,W:±0.3) 3.2×2.5 a b c 0.6 to 0.8 0.6 to 0.7 0.6 to 0.8 0.7 to 0.9 0.7 to 0.8 0.8 to 1.0 1.2 to 1.4 0.6 to 0.8 1.2 to 1.4 1.9 to 2.1 1.0 to 1.3 1.7 to 1.9 2.0 to 2.4 1.0 to 1.2 1.8 to 2.3 (in mm) 3. Board Design When designing the board, keep in mind that the amount of strain which occurs will increase depending on the size and material of the board. Relationship with amount of strain to the board thickness, length, width, etc.] ε= 3PL 2Ewh2 Relationship between load and strain P Y h ε：Strain on center of board (μst) L：Distance between supporting points (mm) w ：Board width (mm) h ：Board thickness (mm) E ：Elastic modulus of board (N/m2=Pa) Y ：Deflection (mm) P ：Load (N) w L When the load is constant, the following relationship can be established. · As the distance between the supporting points (L) increases,the amount of strain also increases. →Reduce the distance between the supporting points. · As the elastic modulus (E) decreases, the amount of strain increases. →Increase the elastic modulus. · As the board width (w) decreases, the amount of strain increases. →Increase the width of the board. · As the board thickness (h) decreases, the amount of strain increases. →Increase the thickness of the board. Since the board thickness is squared, the effect on the amount of strain becomes even greater. JEMCGC-4642H 23 Notice 2.Reflow soldering The flux in the solder paste contains halogen-based substances and organic acids as activators. 　 Strong acidic flux can corrode the capacitor and degrade its performance. Please check the quality of capacitor after mounting. 3.Washing 1. Please evaluate the capacitor using actual cleaning equipment and conditions to confirm the quality, and select the solvent for cleaning. 2. Unsuitable cleaning may leave residual flux or other foreign substances, causing deterioration of electrical characteristics and the reliability of the capacitors. 4.Coating 1. A crack may be caused in the capacitor due to the stress of the thermal contraction of the resin during curing process. The stress is affected by the amount of resin and curing contraction. Select a resin with low curing contraction. The difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between a coating resin or a molding resin and the capacitor may cause the destruction and deterioration of the capacitor such as a crack or peeling, and lead to the deterioration of insulation resistance or dielectric breakdown. Select a resin for which the thermal expansion coefficient is as close to that of the capacitor as possible. A silicone resin can be used as an under-coating to buffer against the stress. 2. Select a resin that is less hygroscopic. Using hygroscopic resins under high humidity conditions may cause the deterioration of the insulation resistance of a capacitor. An epoxy resin can be used as a less hygroscopic resin. 3．The halogen system substance and organic acid are included in coating material, and a chip corrodes 　　by the kind of Coating material. Do not use strong acid type. JEMCGC-4642H 24 Notice ■ Others 1.Transportation 1. The performance of a capacitor may be affected by the conditions during transportation. 1-1. The capacitors shall be protected against excessive temperature, humidity and mechanical force during transportation. (1) Climatic condition 　･ low air temperature : -40℃ ･ change of temperature air/air : -25℃/+25℃ ･ low air pressure : 30 kPa ･ change of air pressure : 6 kPa/min. (2) Mechanical condition Transportation shall be done in such a way that the boxes are not deformed and forces are not directly passed on to the inner packaging. 1-2. Do not apply excessive vibration, shock, or pressure to the capacitor. (1) When excessive mechanical shock or pressure is applied to a capacitor, chipping or cracking may occur in the ceramic body of the capacitor. (2) When the sharp edge of an air driver, a soldering iron, tweezers, a chassis, etc. impacts strongly on the surface of the capacitor, the capacitor may crack and short-circuit. 1-3. Do not use a capacitor to which excessive shock was applied by dropping etc. A capacitor dropped accidentally during processing may be damaged. 2.Characteristics Evaluation in the Actual System 1. Evaluate the capacitor in the actual system,to confirm that there is no problem with the performance and specification values in a finished product before using. 2. Since a voltage dependency and temperature dependency exists in the capacitance of high dielectric type ceramic capacitors, the capacitance may change depending on the operating conditions in the actual system. Therefore,be sure to evaluate the various characteristics, such as the leakage current and noise absorptivity, which will affect the capacitance value of the capacitor. 3. In addition,voltages exceeding the predetermined surge may be applied to the capacitor by the inductance in the actual system. Evaluate the surge resistance in the actual system as required. JEMCGC-4642H 25 ! 1.Please make sure that your product has been evaluated in view of your specifications with our product being mounted to your product. 2.Your are requested not to use our product deviating from this product specification. 3.We consider it not appropriate to include any terms and conditions with regard to the business transaction in the product specifications, drawings or other technical documents. Therefore, if your technical documents as above include such terms and conditions such as warranty clause, product liability clause, or intellectual property infringement liability clause, they will be deemed to be invalid. JEMCGC-4642H 26 NOTE