LM2678T-3.3

LM2678 SIMPLE SWITCHER High Efficiency 5A Step-Down Voltage Regulator March 2000 LM2678 SIMPLE SWITCHER ® High Efficiency 5A Step-Down Voltage Regulator General Description The LM2678 series of regulators are monolithic integrated circuits which provide all of the active functions for a step-down (buck) switching regulator capable of driving up to 5A loads with excellent line and load regulation characteristics. High efficiency ( > 90%) is obtained through the use of a low ON-resistance DMOS power switch. The series consists of fixed output voltages of 3.3V, 5V and 12V and an adjustable output version. The SIMPLE SWITCHER concept provides for a complete design using a minimum number of external components. A high fixed frequency oscillator (260KHz) allows the use of physically smaller sized components. A family of standard inductors for use with the LM2678 are available from several manufacturers to greatly simplify the design process. The LM2678 series also has built in thermal shutdown, current limiting and an ON/OFF control input that can power down the regulator to a low 50µA quiescent current standby condition. The output voltage is guaranteed to a ± 2% tolerance. The clock frequency is controlled to within a ± 11% tolerance. Features n Efficiency up to 92% n Simple and easy to design with (using off-the-shelf external components) n 120 mΩ DMOS output switch n 3.3V, 5V and 12V fixed output and adjustable (1.2V to 37V ) versions n 50µA standby current when switched OFF n ± 2%maximum output tolerance over full line and load conditions n Wide input voltage range: 8V to 40V n 260 KHz fixed frequency internal oscillator n −40 to +125˚C operating junction temperature range Applications n Simple to design, high efficiency ( > 90%) step-down switching regulators n Efficient system pre-regulator for linear voltage regulators n Battery chargers Typical Application DS100886-3 SIMPLE SWITCHER ® is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation. © 2000 National Semiconductor Corporation DS100886 www.national.com LM2678 Connection Diagram and Ordering Information TO-263 Package Top View DS100886-1 Order Number LM2678S-3.3, LM2678S-5.0, LM2678S-12 or LM2678S-ADJ See NSC Package Number TS7B TO-220 Package Top View DS100886-2 Order Number LM2678T-3.3, LM2678T-5.0, LM2678T-12 or LM2678T-ADJ See NSC Package Number TA07B www.national.com 2 LM2678 Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1) If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. Input Supply Voltage ON/OFF Pin Voltage Switch Voltage to Ground Boost Pin Voltage Feedback Pin Voltage Power Dissipation ESD (Note 2) 45V −0.1V to 6V −1V to VIN VSW + 8V −0.3V to 14V Internally Limited 2 kV Storage Temperature Range Soldering Temperature Wave Infrared Vapor Phase −65˚C to 150˚C 4 sec, 260˚C 10 sec, 240˚C 75 sec, 219˚C Operating Ratings Supply Voltage Junction Temperature Range (TJ) 8V to 40V −40˚C to 125˚C Electrical Characteristics LM2678-3.3 Symbol VOUT η Parameter Output Voltage Efficiency Limits appearing in bold type face apply over the entire junction temperature range of operation, −40˚C to 125˚C. Specifications appearing in normal type apply for TA = TJ = 25˚C. Conditions VIN = 8V to 40V, 100mA ≤ IOUT ≤ 5A VIN = 12V, ILOAD = 5A Typical (Note 3) 3.3 82 Min (Note 4) 3.234/3.201 Max (Note 4) 3.366/3.399 Units V % LM2678-5.0 Symbol VOUT η Parameter Output Voltage Efficiency Conditions VIN = 8V to 40V, 100mA ≤ IOUT ≤ 5A VIN = 12V, ILOAD = 5A Typical (Note 3) 5.0 84 Min (Note 4) 4.900/4.850 Max (Note 4) 5.100/5.150 V % Units LM2678-12 Symbol VOUT η Parameter Output Voltage Efficiency Conditions VIN = 15V to 40V, 100mA ≤ IOUT ≤ 5A VIN = 24V, ILOAD = 5A Typical (Note 3) 12 92 Min (Note 4) 11.76/11.64 Max (Note 4) 12.24/12.36 V % Units LM2678-ADJ Symbol VFB η Parameter Feedback Voltage Efficiency Conditions VIN = 8V to 40V, 100mA ≤ IOUT ≤ 5A VOUT Programmed for 5V VIN = 12V, ILOAD = 5A Typ (Note 3) 1.21 84 Min (Note 4) 1.186/1.174 Max (Note 4) 1.234/1.246 V % Units 3 www.national.com LM2678 All Output Voltage Versions Electrical Characteristics Limits appearing in bold type face apply over the entire junction temperature range of operation, −40˚C to 125˚C. Specifications appearing in normal type apply for TA = TJ = 25˚C. Unless otherwise specified VIN =12V for the 3.3V, 5V and Adjustable versions and VIN =24V for the 12V version. Symbol IQ Parameter Quiescent Current Conditions Typ Min Max Units DEVICE PARAMETERS VFEEDBACK = 8V For 3.3V, 5.0V, and ADJ Versions VFEEDBACK = 15V For 12V Versions ISTBY Standby Quiescent Current Current Limit Output Leakage Current Switch On-Resistance Oscillator Frequency Duty Cycle Feedback Bias Current ON/OFF Threshold Voltage ON/OFF Input Current Thermal Resistance ON/OFF Input = 0V T Package, Junction to Ambient (Note 5) T Package, Junction to Ambient (Note 6) θJC θJA θJA θJA θJC T Package, Junction to Case S Package, Junction to Ambient (Note 7) S Package, Junction to Ambient (Note 8) S Package, Junction to Ambient (Note 9) S Package, Junction to Case 2 ++ Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings are limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions under which of the device is guaranteed. Operating Ratings do not imply guaranteed performance limits. For guaranteed performance limits and associated test condition, see the electrical Characteristics tables. Note 2: ESD was applied using the human-body model, a 100pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5 kΩ resistor into each pin. Note 3: Typical values are determined with TA = TJ = 25˚C and represent the most likely norm. Note 4: All limits are guaranteed at room temperature (standard type face) and at temperature extremes (bold type face). All room temperature limits are 100% tested during production with TA = TJ = 25˚C. All limits at temperature extremes are guaranteed via correlation using standard standard Quality Control (SQC) methods. All limits are used to calculate Average Outgoing Quality Level (AOQL). Note 5: Junction to ambient thermal resistance (no external heat sink) for the 7 lead TO-220 package mounted vertically, with 1⁄2 inch leads in a socket, or on a PC board with minimum copper area. Note 6: Junction to ambient thermal resistance (no external heat sink) for the 7 lead TO-220 package mounted vertically, with 1⁄2 inch leads soldered to a PC board containing approximately 4 square inches of (1 oz.) copper area surrounding the leads. 4.2 6 mA ON/OFF Pin = 0V 50 7 VIN = 40V, ON/OFF Pin = 0V VSWITCH = 0V VSWITCH = −1V ISWITCH = 5A Measured at Switch Pin Maximum Duty Cycle Minimum Duty Cycle VFEEDBACK = 1.3V ADJ Version Only 1 6 0.12 260 91 0 85 225 6.1/5.75 100/150 8.3/8.75 200 15 0.14/0.225 280 µA A µA mA Ω kHz % % nA ICL IL RDS(ON) fO D IBIAS VON/OFF 1.4 0.8 2.0 V ION/OFF θJA θJA 20 65 45 2 56 35 26 45 µA ˚C/W www.national.com 4 LM2678 (Continued) Note 7: Junction to ambient thermal resistance for the 7 lead TO-263 mounted horizontally against a PC board area of 0.136 square inches (the same size as the TO-263 package) of 1 oz. (0.0014 in. thick) copper. Note 8: Junction to ambient thermal resistance for the 7 lead TO-263 mounted horizontally against a PC board area of 0.4896 square inches (3.6 times the area of the TO-263 package) of 1 oz. (0.0014 in. thick) copper. Note 9: Junction to ambient thermal resistance for the 7 lead TO-263 mounted horizontally against a PC board copper area of 1.0064 square inches (7.4 times the area of the TO-263 package) of 1 oz. (0.0014 in. thick) copper. Additional copper area will reduce thermal resistance further. See the thermal model in Switchers Made Simple ® software. 5 www.national.com LM2678 Typical Performance Characteristics Normalized Output Voltage Line Regulation Efficiency vs Input Voltage DS100886-10 DS100886-9 DS100886-11 Efficiency vs ILOAD Switch Current Limit Operating Quiescent Current DS100886-12 DS100886-4 DS100886-5 Standby Quiescent Current ON/OFF Threshold Voltage ON/OFF Pin Current (Sourcing) DS100886-40 DS100886-13 DS100886-14 Switching Frequency Feedback Pin Bias Current DS100886-15 DS100886-16 www.national.com 6 LM2678 Block Diagram DS100886-6 * Active Inductor Patent Number 5,514,947 † Active Capacitor Patent Number 5,382,918 7 www.national.com LM2678 Typical Performance Characteristics Continuous Mode Switching Waveforms VIN = 20V, VOUT = 5V, ILOAD = 5A L = 10 µH, COUT = 400 µF, COUTESR = 13 mΩ Discontinuous Mode Switching Waveforms VIN = 20V, VOUT = 5V, ILOAD = 500 mA L = 10 µH, COUT = 400 µF, COUTESR = 13 mΩ DS100886-17 DS100886-18 A: VSW Pin Voltage, 10 V/div. B: Inductor Current, 2 A/div C: Output Ripple Voltage, 20 mV/div AC-Coupled A: VSW Pin Voltage, 10 V/div. B: Inductor Current, 1 A/div C: Output Ripple Voltage, 20 mV/div AC-Coupled Horizontal Time Base: 1 µs/div Load Transient Response for Continuous Mode VIN = 20V, VOUT = 5V L = 10 µH, COUT = 400 µF, COUTESR = 13 mΩ Horizontal Time Base: 1 µs//iv Load Transient Response for Discontinuous Mode VIN = 20V, VOUT = 5V, L = 10 µH, COUT = 400 µF, COUTESR = 13 mΩ DS100886-19 DS100886-20 A: Output Voltage, 100 mV//div, AC-Coupled. B: Load Current: 500 mA to 5A Load Pulse A: Output Voltage, 100 mV/div, AC-Coupled. B: Load Current: 200 mA to 3A Load Pulse Horizontal Time Base: 100 µs/div Horizontal Time Base: 200 µs/div www.national.com 8 LM2678 Application Hints The LM2678 provides all of the active functions required for a step-down (buck) switching regulator. The internal power switch is a DMOS power MOSFET to provide power supply designs with high current capability, up to 5A, and highly efficient operation. The LM2678 is part of the SIMPLE SWITCHER family of power converters. A complete design uses a minimum number of external components, which have been pre-determined from a variety of manufacturers. Using either this data sheet or a design software program called LM267X Made Simple (version 2.0) a complete switching power supply can be designed quickly. The software is provided free of charge and can be downloaded from National Semiconductor’s Internet site located at http://www.national.com. PIN 1 - Switch Output This is the output of a power MOSFET switch connected directly to the input voltage. The switch provides energy to an inductor, an output capacitor and the load circuitry under control of an internal pulse-width-modulator (PWM). The PWM controller is internally clocked by a fixed 260KHz oscillator. In a standard step-down application the duty cycle (Time ON/Time OFF) of the power switch is proportional to the ratio of the power supply output voltage to the input voltage. The voltage on pin 1 switches between Vin (switch ON) and below ground by the voltage drop of the external Schottky diode (switch OFF). PIN 2 - Input The input voltage for the power supply is connected to pin 2. In addition to providing energy to the load the input voltage also provides bias for the internal circuitry of the LM2678. For guaranteed performance the input voltage must be in the range of 8V to 40V. For best performance of the power supply the input pin should always be bypassed with an input capacitor located close to pin 2. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS PIN 3 - C Boost A capacitor must be connected from pin 3 to the switch output, pin 1. This capacitor boosts the gate drive to the internal MOSFET above Vin to fully turn it ON. This minimizes conduction losses in the power switch to maintain high efficiency. The recommended value for C Boost is 0.01µF. PIN 4 - Ground This is the ground reference connection for all components in the power supply. In fast-switching, high-current applications such as those implemented with the LM2678, it is recommended that a broad ground plane be used to minimize signal coupling throughout the circuit PIN 5 - No Connection PIN 6 - Feedback This is the input to a two-stage high gain amplifier, which drives the PWM controller. It is necessary to connect pin 6 to the actual output of the power supply to set the dc output voltage. For the fixed output devices (3.3V, 5V and 12V outputs), a direct wire connection to the output is all that is required as internal gain setting resistors are provided inside the LM2678. For the adjustable output version two external resistors are required to set the dc output voltage. For stable operation of the power supply it is important to prevent coupling of any inductor flux to the feedback input. PIN 7 - ON/OFF This input provides an electrical ON/OFF control of the power supply. Connecting this pin to ground or to any voltage less than 0.8V will completely turn OFF the regulator. The current drain from the input supply when OFF is only 50µA. Pin 7 has an internal pull-up current source of approximately 20µA and a protection clamp zener diode of 7V to ground. When electrically driving the ON/OFF pin the high voltage level for the ON condition should not exceed the 6V absolute maximum limit. When ON/OFF control is not required pin 7 should be left open circuited. DS100886-7 FIGURE 1. Basic circuit for fixed output voltage applications. 9 www.national.com LM2678 Application Hints (Continued) DS100886-8 FIGURE 2. Basic circuit for adjustable output voltage applications Power supply design using the LM2678 is greatly simplified by using recommended external components. A wide range of inductors, capacitors and Schottky diodes from several manufacturers have been evaluated for use in designs that cover the full range of capabilities (input voltage, output voltage and load current) of the LM2678. A simple design procedure using nomographs and component tables provided in this data sheet leads to a working design with very little effort. Alternatively, the design software, LM267X Made Simple (version 2.0), can also be used to provide instant component selection, circuit performance calculations for evaluation, a bill of materials component list and a circuit schematic. The individual components from the various manufacturers called out for use are still just a small sample of the vast array of components available in the industry. While these components are recommended, they are not exclusively the only components for use in a design. After a close comparison of component specifications, equivalent devices from other manufacturers could be substituted for use in an application. Important considerations for each external component and an explanation of how the nomographs and selection tables were developed follows. INDUCTOR The inductor is the key component in a switching regulator. For efficiency the inductor stores energy during the switch ON time and then transfers energy to the load while the switch is OFF. Nomographs are used to select the inductance value required for a given set of operating conditions. The nomographs assume that the circuit is operating in continuous mode (the current flowing through the inductor never falls to zero). The magnitude of inductance is selected to maintain a maximum ripple current of 30% of the maximum load current. If the ripple current exceeds this 30% limit the next larger value is selected. The inductors offered have been specifically manufactured to provide proper operation under all operating conditions of input and output voltage and load current. Several part types are offered for a given amount of inductance. Both surface mount and through-hole devices are available. The inductors from each of the three manufacturers have unique characteristics. Renco: ferrite stick core inductors; benefits are typically lowest cost and can withstand ripple and transient peak currents above the rated value. These inductors have an external magnetic field, which may generate EMI. Pulse Engineering: powdered iron toroid core inductors; these also can withstand higher than rated currents and, being toroid inductors, will have low EMI. Coilcraft: ferrite drum core inductors; these are the smallest physical size inductors and are available only as surface mount components. These inductors also generate EMI but less than stick inductors. OUTPUT CAPACITOR The output capacitor acts to smooth the dc output voltage and also provides energy storage. Selection of an output capacitor, with an associated equivalent series resistance (ESR), impacts both the amount of output ripple voltage and stability of the control loop. The output ripple voltage of the power supply is the product of the capacitor ESR and the inductor ripple current. The capacitor types recommended in the tables were selected for having low ESR ratings. In addition, both surface mount tantalum capacitors and through-hole aluminum electrolytic capacitors are offered as solutions. Impacting frequency stability of the overall control loop, the output capacitance, in conjunction with the inductor, creates a double pole inside the feedback loop. In addition the capacitance and the ESR value create a zero. These frequency response effects together with the internal frequency compensation circuitry of the LM2678 modify the gain and phase shift of the closed loop system. As a general rule for stable switching regulator circuits it is desired to have the unity gain bandwidth of the circuit to be limited to no more than one-sixth of the controller switching frequency. With the fixed 260KHz switching frequency of the LM2678, the output capacitor is selected to provide a unity gain bandwidth of 40KHz maximum. Each recommended capacitor value has been chosen to achieve this result. www.national.com 10 LM2678 Application Hints (Continued) In some cases multiple capacitors are required either to reduce the ESR of the output capacitor, to minimize output ripple (a ripple voltage of 1% of Vout or less is the assumed performance condition), or to increase the output capacitance to reduce the closed loop unity gain bandwidth (to less than 40KHz). When parallel combinations of capacitors are required it has been assumed that each capacitor is the exact same part type. The RMS current and working voltage (WV) ratings of the output capacitor are also important considerations. In a typical step-down switching regulator, the inductor ripple current (set to be no more than 30% of the maximum load current by the inductor selection) is the current that flows through the output capacitor. The capacitor RMS current rating must be greater than this ripple current. The voltage rating of the output capacitor should be greater than 1.3 times the maximum output voltage of the power supply. If operation of the system at elevated temperatures is required, the capacitor voltage rating may be de-rated to less than the nominal room temperature rating. Careful inspection of the manufacturer’s specification for de-rating of working voltage with temperature is important. INPUT CAPACITOR Fast changing currents in high current switching regulators place a significant dynamic load on the unregulated power source. An input capacitor helps to provide additional current to the power supply as well as smooth out input voltage variations. Like the output capacitor, the key specifications for the input capacitor are RMS current rating and working voltage. The RMS current flowing through the input capacitor is equal to one-half of the maximum dc load current so the capacitor should be rated to handle this. Paralleling multiple capacitors proportionally increases the current rating of the total capacitance. The voltage rating should also be selected to be 1.3 times the maximum input voltage. Depending on the unregulated input power source, under light load conditions the maximum input voltage could be significantly higher than normal operation and should be considered when selecting an input capacitor. The input capacitor should be placed very close to the input pin of the LM2678. Due to relative high current operation with fast transient changes, the series inductance of input connecting wires or PCB traces can create ringing signals at the input terminal which could possibly propagate to the output or other parts of the circuitry. It may be necessary in some designs to add a small valued (0.1µF to 0.47µF) ceramic type capacitor in parallel with the input capacitor to prevent or minimize any ringing. CATCH DIODE When the power switch in the LM2678 turns OFF, the current through the inductor continues to flow. The path for this current is through the diode connected between the switch output and ground. This forward biased diode clamps the switch output to a voltage less than ground. This negative voltage must be greater than −1V so a low voltage drop (particularly at high current levels) Schottky diode is recommended. Total efficiency of the entire power supply is significantly impacted by the power lost in the output catch diode. The average current through the catch diode is dependent on the switch duty cycle (D) and is equal to the load current times (1-D). Use of a diode rated for much higher current than is required by the actual application helps to minimize the voltage drop and power loss in the diode. 11 During the switch ON time the diode will be reversed biased by the input voltage. The reverse voltage rating of the diode should be at least 1.3 times greater than the maximum input voltage. BOOST CAPACITOR The boost capacitor creates a voltage used to overdrive the gate of the internal power MOSFET. This improves efficiency by minimizing the on resistance of the switch and associated power loss. For all applications it is recommended to use a 0.01µF/50V ceramic capacitor. SIMPLE DESIGN PROCEDURE Using the nomographs and tables in this data sheet (or use the available design software at http://www.national.com) a complete step-down regulator can be designed in a few simple steps. Step 1: Define the power supply operating conditions: Required output voltage Maximum DC input voltage Maximum output load current Step 2: Set the output voltage by selecting a fixed output LM2678 (3.3V, 5V or 12V applications) or determine the required feedback resistors for use with the adjustable LM2678−ADJ Step 3: Determine the inductor required by using one of the four nomographs, Figure 3 through Figure 6. Table 1 provides a specific manufacturer and part number for the inductor. Step 4: Using Table 3 (fixed output voltage) or Table 6 (adjustable output voltage), determine the output capacitance required for stable operation. Table 2 provides the specific capacitor type from the manufacturer of choice. Step 5: Determine an input capacitor from Table 4 for fixed output voltage applications. Use Table 2 to find the specific capacitor type. For adjustable output circuits select a capacitor from Table 2 with a sufficient working voltage (WV) rating greater than Vin max, and an rms current rating greater than one-half the maximum load current (2 or more capacitors in parallel may be required). Step 6: Select a diode from Table 5. The current rating of the diode must be greater than I load max and the Reverse Voltage rating must be greater than Vin max. Step 7: Include a 0.01µF/50V capacitor for Cboost in the design. FIXED OUTPUT VOLTAGE DESIGN EXAMPLE A system logic power supply bus of 3.3V is to be generated from a wall adapter which provides an unregulated DC voltage of 13V to 16V. The maximum load current is 4A. Through-hole components are preferred. Step 1: Operating conditions are: Vout = 3.3V Vin max = 16V Iload max = 4A Step 2: Select an LM2678T-3.3. The output voltage will have a tolerance of ± 2% at room temperature and ± 3% over the full operating temperature range. Step 3: Use the nomograph for the 3.3V device ,Figure 3. The intersection of the 16V horizontal line (Vin max) and the 4A vertical line (Iload max) indicates that L46, a 15µH inductor, is required. From Table 1, L46 in a through-hole component is available from Renco with part number RL-1283-15-43. www.national.com LM2678 Application Hints (Continued) Step 4: Use Table 3 to determine an output capacitor. With a 3.3V output and a 15µH inductor there are four through-hole output capacitor solutions with the number of same type capacitors to be paralleled and an identifying capacitor code given. Table 2 provides the actual capacitor characteristics. Any of the following choices will work in the circuit: 2 x 220µF/10V Sanyo OS-CON (code C5) 2 x 820µF/16V Sanyo MV-GX (code C5) 1 x 3900µF/10V Nichicon PL (code C7) 2 x 560µF/35V Panasonic HFQ (code C5) Step 5: Use Table 4 to select an input capacitor. With 3.3V output and 15µH there are three through-hole solutions. These capacitors provide a sufficient voltage rating and an rms current rating greater than 2A (1/2 Iload max). Again using Table 2 for specific component characteristics the following choices are suitable: 2 x 680µF/63V Sanyo MV-GX (code C13) 1 x 1200µF/63V Nichicon PL (code C25) 1 x 1500µF/63V Panasonic HFQ (code C16) Step 6: From Table 5 a 5A or more Schottky diode must be selected. For through-hole components only 40V rated diodes are indicated and 4 part types are suitable: 1N5825 MBR745 80SQ045 6TQ045 Step 7: A 0.01µF capacitor will be used for Cboost. ADJUSTABLE OUTPUT DESIGN EXAMPLE In this example it is desired to convert the voltage from a two battery automotive power supply (voltage range of 20V to 28V, typical in large truck applications) to the 14.8VDC alternator supply typically used to power electronic equipment from single battery 12V vehicle systems. The load current required is 3.5A maximum. It is also desired to implement the power supply with all surface mount components. Step 1: Operating conditions are: Vout = 14.8V Vin max = 28V Iload max = 3.5A Step 2: Select an LM2678S-ADJ. To set the output voltage to 14.9V two resistors need to be chosen (R1 and R2 in Figure 2). For the adjustable device the output voltage is set by the following relationship: Step 3: To use the nomograph for the adjustable device, Figure 6, requires a calculation of the inductor Volt • microsecond constant (E • T expressed in V • µS) from the following formula: where VSAT is the voltage drop across the internal power switch which is Rds(ON) times Iload. In this example this would be typically 0.12Ω x 3.5A or 0.42V and VD is the voltage drop across the forward bisased Schottky diode, typically 0.5V. The switching frequency of 260KHz is the nominal value to use to estimate the ON time of the switch during which energy is stored in the inductor. For this example E • T is found to be: Using Figure 6, the intersection of 27V • µS horizontally and the 3.5A vertical line (Iload max) indicates that L48 , a 47µH inductor, or L49, a 33µH inductor could be used. Either inductor will be suitable, but for this example selecting the larger inductance will result in lower ripple current. From Table 1, L48 in a surface mount component is available from Pulse Engineering with part number P0848. Step 4: Use Table 6 to determine an output capacitor. With a 14.8V output the 12.5 to 15V row is used and with a 47µH inductor there are three surface mount output capacitor solutions. Table 2 provides the actual capacitor characteristics based on the C Code number. Any of the following choices can be used: 1 x 33µF/20V AVX TPS (code C6) 1 x 47µF/20V Sprague 594 (code C8) 1 x 47µF/20V Kemet T495 (code C8) Where VFB is the feedback voltage of typically 1.21V. A recommended value to use for R1 is 1K. In this example then R2 is determined to be: Important Note: When using the adjustable device in low voltage applications (less than 3V output), if the nomograph, Figure 6, selects an inductance of 22µH or less, Table 6 does not provide an output capacitor solution. With these conditions the number of output capacitors required for stable operation becomes impractical. It is recommended to use either a 33µH or 47µH inductor and the output capacitors from Table 6. Step 5: An input capacitor for this example will require at least a 35V WV rating with an rms current rating of 1.75A (1/2 Iout max). From Table 2 it can be seen that C12, a 33µF/35V capacitor from Sprague, has the highest voltage/current rating of the surface mount components and that two of these capacitor in parallel will be adquate. Step 6: From Table 5 a 5A or more Schottky diode must be selected. For surface mount diodes with a margin of safety on the voltage rating one of two diodes can be used: MBRD1545CT 6TQ045S Step 7: A 0.01µF capacitor will be used for Cboost. R2 = 11.23KΩ The closest standard 1% tolerance value to use is 11.3KΩ This will set the nominal output voltage to 14.88V which is within 0.5% of the target value. www.national.com 12 LM2678 Application Hints (Continued) INDUCTOR VALUE SELECTION GUIDES (For Continuous Mode Operation) DS100886-21 DS100886-22 FIGURE 3. LM2678-3.3 FIGURE 4. LM2678-5.0 DS100886-23 DS100886-24 FIGURE 5. LM2678-12 FIGURE 6. LM2678-ADJ 13 www.national.com LM2678 Application Hints Inductor Reference Number L23 L24 L25 L29 L30 L31 L32 L33 L34 L38 L39 L40 L41 L44 L45 L46 L47 L48 L49 Inductance (µH) 33 22 15 100 68 47 33 22 15 68 47 33 22 68 10 15 10 47 33 (Continued) TABLE 1. Inductor Manufacturer Part Numbers Current (A) 1.35 1.65 2.00 1.41 1.71 2.06 2.46 3.02 3.65 2.97 3.57 4.26 5.22 3.45 4.47 5.60 5.66 5.61 5.61 Renco Through Hole RL-5471-7 RL-1283-22-43 RL-1283-15-43 RL-5471-4 RL-5471-5 RL-5471-6 RL-5471-7 RL-1283-22-43 RL-1283-15-43 RL-5472-2 RL-5472-3 RL-1283-33-43 RL-1283-22-43 RL-5473-3 RL-1283-10-43 RL-1283-15-43 RL-1283-10-43 RL-1282-47-43 RL-1282-33-43 Surface Mount RL1500-33 RL1500-22 RL1500-15 RL-6050-100 RL6050-68 RL6050-47 RL6050-33 RL6050-22 — — — — — — — — — — — Pulse Engineering Through Hole PE-53823 PE-53824 PE-53825 PE-53829 PE-53830 PE-53831 PE-53932 PE-53933 PE-53934 PE-54038 PE-54039 PE-54040 PE-54041 PE-54044 — — — — — Surface Mount PE-53823S PE-53824S PE-53825S PE-53829S PE-53830S PE-53831S PE-53932S PE-53933S PE-53934S PE-54038S PE-54039S PE-54040S P0841 — P0845 P0846 P0847 P0848 P0849 Coilcraft Surface Mount DO3316-333 DO3316-223 DO3316-153 DO5022P-104 DO5022P-683 DO5022P-473 DO5022P-333 DO5022P-223 DO5022P-153 — — — — — DO5022P-103HC DO5022P-153HC DO5022P-103HC — — Inductor Manufacturer Contact Numbers Coilcraft Coilcraft, Europe Pulse Engineering Pulse Engineering, Europe Renco Electronics Phone FAX Phone FAX Phone FAX Phone FAX Phone FAX (800) 322-2645 (708) 639-1469 +44 1236 730 595 +44 1236 730 627 (619) 674-8100 (619) 674-8262 +353 93 24 107 +353 93 24 459 (800) 645-5828 (516) 586-5562 www.national.com 14 LM2678 Application Hints Capacitor Reference Code C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 (Continued) TABLE 2. Input and Output Capacitor Codes Surface Mount AVX TPS Series C (µF) 330 100 220 47 100 33 68 22 10 22 WV (V) 6.3 10 10 16 16 20 20 25 35 35 Irms (A) 1.15 1.1 1.15 0.89 1.15 0.77 0.94 0.77 0.63 0.66 Sprague 594D Series C (µF) 120 220 68 150 47 100 180 47 33 68 15 33 15 WV (V) 6.3 6.3 10 10 16 16 16 20 25 25 35 35 50 Irms (A) 1.1 1.4 1.05 1.35 1 1.3 1.95 1.15 1.05 1.6 0.75 1 0.9 Kemet T495 Series C (µF) 100 220 330 100 150 220 33 47 68 10 22 4.7 WV (V) 6.3 6.3 6.3 10 10 10 20 20 20 35 35 50 Irms (A) 0.82 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.78 0.94 0.94 0.63 0.63 0.66 15 www.national.com LM2678 Application Hints (Continued) Input and Output Capacitor Codes (continued) Through Hole Capacitor Reference Code C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18 C19 C20 C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 Sanyo OS-CON SA Series C (µF) 47 150 330 100 220 33 100 150 100 47 WV (V) 6.3 6.3 6.3 10 10 16 16 16 20 25 Irms (A) 1 1.95 2.45 1.87 2.36 0.96 1.92 2.28 2.25 2.09 Sanyo MV-GX Series C (µF) 1000 270 470 560 820 1000 150 470 680 1000 220 470 680 1000 WV (V) 6.3 16 16 16 16 16 35 35 35 35 63 63 63 63 Irms (A) 0.8 0.6 0.75 0.95 1.25 1.3 0.65 1.3 1.4 1.7 0.76 1.2 1.5 1.75 Nichicon PL Series C (µF) 680 820 1000 1200 2200 3300 3900 6800 180 270 470 680 820 1800 220 220 560 2200 150 220 330 100 390 820 1200 WV (V) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 16 16 16 16 16 16 25 35 35 35 50 50 50 63 63 63 63 Irms (A) 0.8 0.98 1.06 1.28 1.71 2.18 2.36 2.68 0.41 0.55 0.77 1.02 1.22 1.88 0.63 0.79 1.43 2.68 0.82 1.04 1.3 0.75 1.62 2.22 2.51 Panasonic HFQ Series C (µF) 82 120 220 330 560 820 1000 2200 56 100 220 470 560 1200 330 1500 WV (V) 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 50 50 50 50 50 50 63 63 Irms (A) 0.4 0.44 0.76 1.01 1.4 1.62 1.73 2.8 0.36 0.5 0.92 1.44 1.68 2.22 1.42 2.51 Capacitor Manufacturer Contact Numbers Nichicon Panasonic AVX Sprague/Vishay Sanyo Kemet Phone FAX Phone FAX Phone FAX Phone FAX Phone FAX Phone FAX (847) 843-7500 (847) 843-2798 (714) 373-7857 (714) 373-7102 (845) 448-9411 (845) 448-1943 (207) 324-4140 (207) 324-7223 (619) 661-6322 (619) 661-1055 (864) 963-6300 (864) 963-6521 www.national.com 16 LM2678 Application Hints Output Voltage (V) (Continued) TABLE 3. Output Capacitors for Fixed Output Voltage Application Surface Mount Inductance (µH) 10 3.3 15 22 33 10 15 5 22 33 47 10 15 22 12 33 47 68 100 Output Voltage (V) AVX TPS Series No. 5 4 3 1 4 3 3 2 2 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 C Code C1 C1 C2 C1 C2 C3 C2 C2 C2 C5 C5 C5 C5 C4 C5 C4 Sprague 594D Series No. 5 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 C Code C1 C1 C7 C7 C6 C7 C7 C3 C7 C6 C7 C6 C7 C6 C5 C5 Kemet T495 Series No. 5 4 3 3 4 3 3 2 2 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 C Code C2 C3 C4 C4 C4 C5 C4 C4 C4 C9 C9 C8 C8 C8 C7 C8 Through Hole Inductance (µH) 10 Sanyo OS-CON SA Series No. 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 22 33 10 15 C Code C5 C5 C5 C5 C4 C5 C5 C4 C4 C7 C8 C7 C7 C7 C6 C6 Sanyo MV-GX Series No. 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C Code C6 C5 C10 C10 C5 C10 C9 C5 C4 C10 C6 C5 C4 C3 C2 C2 Nichicon PL Series No. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C Code C8 C7 C5 C5 C6 C5 C5 C4 C2 C14 C17 C13 C12 C11 C10 C9 Panasonic HFQ Series No. 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 C Code C6 C5 C7 C7 C5 C7 C5 C4 C4 C4 C5 C5 C4 C3 C3 C1 3.3 5 22 33 47 10 15 22 12 33 47 68 100 No. represents the number of identical capacitor types to be connected in parallel C Code indicates the Capacitor Reference number in Table 2 for identifying the specific component from the manufacturer. 17 www.national.com LM2678 Application Hints (Continued) TABLE 4. Input Capacitors for Fixed Output Voltage Application (Assumes worst case maximum input voltage and load current for a given inductance value) Surface Mount Output Voltage (V) Inductance (µH) 10 3.3 15 22 33 10 15 5 22 33 47 10 15 22 12 33 47 68 100 Output Voltage (V) AVX TPS Series No. 3 * * * Sprague 594D Series No. 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 C Code C10 C13 C13 C13 C6 C12 C13 C13 C13 C10 C10 C12 C13 C13 C13 C13 Kemet T495 Series No. 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 2 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 C Code C9 C12 C12 C12 C9 C10 C12 C12 C12 C10 C10 C10 C12 C12 C12 C12 C Code C7 * * * 3 4 * * * C4 C9 * * * 4 4 4 * * * * C9 C8 C9 * * * * Through Hole Inductance (µH) 10 Sanyo OS-CON SA Series No. 2 * * * Sanyo MV-GX Series No. 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 C Code C8 C13 C14 C14 C8 C8 C13 C14 C12 C8 C8 C8 C12 C14 C13 C11 Nichicon PL Series No. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C Code C18 C25 C24 C24 C25 C25 C25 C23 C19 C18 C18 C18 C24 C23 C21 C22 Panasonic HFQ Series No. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C Code C8 C16 C16 C16 C8 C8 C16 C13 C11 C8 C8 C8 C14 C13 C15 C11 C Code C9 * * * 3.3 15 22 33 10 15 2 * * * * C7 * * * * 5 22 33 47 10 15 22 2 2 * * * * * C10 C10 * * * * * 12 33 47 68 100 * Check voltage rating of capacitors to be greater than application input voltage. No. represents the number of identical capacitor types to be connected in parallel C Code indicates the Capacitor Reference number in Table 2 for identifying the specific component from the manufacturer. www.national.com 18 LM2678 Application Hints Reverse Voltage (V) 20V 30V 40V (Continued) TABLE 5. Schottky Diode Selection Table Surface Mount 3A SK32 SK33 30WQ03F SK34 30BQ040 30WQ04F MBRS340 MBRD340 MBRD1545CT 6TQ045S MBRD835L 5A or More Through Hole 3A 1N5820 SR302 1N5821 31DQ03 1N5822 MBR340 31DQ04 SR403 MBR350 31DQ05 SR305 1N5825 MBR745 80SQ045 6TQ045 5A or More 50V or More SK35 30WQ05F Diode Manufacturer Contact Numbers International Rectifier Motorola General Semiconductor Diodes, Inc. Phone FAX Phone FAX Phone FAX Phone FAX (310) 322-3331 (310) 322-3332 (800) 521-6274 (602) 244-6609 (516) 847-3000 (516) 847-3236 (805) 446-4800 (805) 446-4850 19 www.national.com LM2678 Application Hints (Continued) TABLE 6. Output Capacitors for Adjustable Output Voltage Applications Surface Mount Output Voltage (V) Inductance (µH) 33* 47* 33* 47* 22 3.75 to 5 33 47 22 5 to 6.25 33 47 68 22 6.25 to 7.5 33 47 68 33 7.5 to 10 47 68 100 33 10 to 12.5 47 68 100 33 12.5 to 15 47 68 100 33 15 to 20 47 68 100 33 20 to 30 47 68 100 10 15 30 to 37 22 33 47 68 No Values Available AVX TPS Series No. 1.21 to 2.50 2.5 to 3.75 7 5 4 3 4 3 2 3 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 C Code C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C3 C2 C5 C5 C5 C4 C5 C5 C5 C5 C6 C6 C6 C6 C8 C8 C8 C8 C9 C10 C9 C9 Sprague 594D Series No. 6 4 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 3 2 1 1 1 C Code C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C3 C3 C3 C3 C4 C3 C4 C3 C6 C6 C6 C5 C6 C6 C6 C6 C8 C8 C8 C8 C10 C9 C9 C9 C11 C12 C12 C12 C13 C13 C13 C13 C13 C13 Kemet T495 Series No. 7 5 4 3 4 3 2 3 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 8 5 4 3 2 2 C Code C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C4 C4 C4 C4 C4 C4 C6 C4 C8 C8 C8 C8 C8 C8 C8 C8 C8 C8 C8 C8 C10 C10 C10 C10 C11 C11 C11 C11 C12 C12 C12 C12 C12 C12 www.national.com 20 LM2678 Application Hints (Continued) Output Capacitors for Adjustable Output Voltage Applications (continued) Through Hole Output Voltage (V) Inductance (µH) 33* 47* 33* 47* 22 3.75 to 5 33 47 22 5 to 6.25 33 47 68 22 6.25 to 7.5 33 47 68 33 7.5 to 10 47 68 100 33 10 to 12.5 47 68 100 33 12.5 to 15 47 68 100 33 15 to 20 47 68 100 33 20 to 30 47 68 100 10 15 30 to 37 22 33 47 68 No Values Available No Values Available Sanyo OS-CON SA Series No. 1.21 to 2.50 2.5 to 3.75 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C Code C3 C2 C3 C2 C3 C2 C2 C5 C4 C4 C4 C5 C4 C4 C4 C7 C7 C7 C7 C7 C7 C7 C7 C9 C9 C9 C9 C10 C10 C10 C10 Sanyo MV-GX Series No. 5 4 3 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C Code C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C6 C6 C6 C6 C6 C6 C6 C2 C6 C6 C2 C2 C6 C2 C2 C2 C10 C10 C10 C10 C7 C7 C7 C7 C7 C7 C7 C7 C12 C11 C11 C11 C11 C11 Nichicon PL Series No. 5 3 3 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C Code C3 C3 C1 C3 C1 C1 C3 C3 C1 C3 C1 C1 C3 C1 C1 C14 C14 C14 C14 C14 C14 C9 C9 C15 C15 C15 C15 C15 C15 C15 C15 C16 C16 C16 C16 C20 C20 C20 C20 C20 C20 Panasonic HFQ Series No. 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C Code C C5 C5 C5 C5 C5 C5 C5 C5 C5 C5 C5 C5 C5 C5 C5 C5 C2 C2 C5 C5 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C10 C11 C10 C10 C10 C10 * Set to a higher value for a practical design solution. See Applications Hints section No. represents the number of identical capacitor types to be connected in parallel C Code indicates the Capacitor Reference number in Table 2 for identifying the specific component from the manufacturer. 21 www.national.com LM2678 Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted TO-263 Surface Mount Power Package Order Number LM2678S-3.3, LM2678S-5.0, LM2678S-12 or LM2678S-ADJ NS Package Number TS7B www.national.com 22 LM2678 SIMPLE SWITCHER High Efficiency 5A Step-Down Voltage Regulator Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted (Continued) TO-220 Power Package Order Number LM2678T-3.3, LM2678T-5.0, LM2678T-12 or LM2678T-ADJ NS Package Number TA07B LIFE SUPPORT POLICY NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein: 1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. National Semiconductor Corporation Americas Tel: 1-800-272-9959 Fax: 1-800-737-7018 Email: support@nsc.com www.national.com National Semiconductor Europe Fax: +49 (0) 180-530 85 86 Email: europe.support@nsc.com Deutsch Tel: +49 (0) 69 9508 6208 English Tel: +44 (0) 870 24 0 2171 Français Tel: +33 (0) 1 41 91 8790 2. A critical component is any component of a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness. National Semiconductor Asia Pacific Customer Response Group Tel: 65-2544466 Fax: 65-2504466 Email: ap.support@nsc.com National Semiconductor Japan Ltd. Tel: 81-3-5639-7560 Fax: 81-3-5639-7507 National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.