LM3647

LM3647 Universal Battery Charger for Li-Ion, Ni-MH and Ni-Cd Batteries PRELIMINARY March 2000 LM3647 Universal Battery Charger for Li-Ion, Ni-MH and Ni-Cd Batteries 1.0 General Description The LM3647 is a charge controller for Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion), Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) and Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) batteries. The device can use either a pulsed-current charging or a constant-current charging technique. The device can also be configured to discharge before charging. Throughout the charging sequence the LM3647 monitors voltage and/or temperature and time in order to terminate charging. s s s s s Negative delta voltage (-∆V) Maximum voltage Optional: Delta temperature/delta time (∆T/∆t) Optional: Maximum temperature Backup: Maximum time When using an external current source, the current is controlled by the LM3647 which turns the current source on and off. The LM3647 automatically detects the presence of a battery and starts the charging procedure when the battery is installed. Whenever an error occurs (e.g., short circuit, temperature too high, temperature too low, bad battery, charge time over, etc.) the LM3647 will stay in error mode until the battery is removed or it gets within the allowed charging temperature range. The LM3647 is available in a standard 20-lead SOIC surface mount package. Key Features s Auto-adaptive fast charge s High-resolution, accurate voltage monitoring prevents Li-Ion undercharge or overcharge s Fast charge, pre-charge and maintenance currents are provided. Different currents are selectable via external resistors. s Fast-charge termination by ∆ temperature/∆ time, maximum voltage, maximum temperature, negative ∆ voltage and maximum time s Dynamically detects battery insertion, removal, short circuit and bad battery without additional hardware s Supports charging of battery packs with 2-8 cells of NiCd/Ni-MH or 1-4 cells of Li-Ion s Three LED indicators and Buzzer output indicate operational modes s Ni-MH/Ni-Cd charge mode, Li-Ion charge mode or discharge mode can be selected manually s PWM switching controller If both voltage and temperature fail to trigger the termination requirements, then the maximum time (configured by external hardware) steps in which terminates the charging. In Ni-Cd/Ni-MH mode, four different charging stages are used: s s s s s s s s Soft-start charge Fast charge Topping charge Maintenance charge Qualification Fast Charge Phase 1, Constant Current Fast Charge phase 2, Constant Voltage Maintenance charge In Li-Ion mode, four different charging stages are used: Applications s Battery charging systems for: — Portable consumer electronics — Audio/video equipment — Communications equipment — Point of sale devices — Power tools — Personal convenience products The charge current of the LM3647 is configured via external resistors, which in turn controls the duty cycle of the PWM switching control output. For cost-sensitive applications, the LM3647 charge controller can be configured without a temperature sensor and to use an external current source. ©2000 National Semiconductor Corporation www.national.com Typical Application Vcc Vcc UNREGULATED DC VOLTAGE (MAX 20V) PMW CONTROL POWER Vcc Current Source Resistor NTC LM3647 CS CEL CURRENT VOLTAGE TEMPERATURE LED1 LED2 LED3 BUZZER TEMP DISCHG CONFIGURATIONS SEL1 ... SEL4 RCIN BATTERY 2 www.national.com 2. Connection Diagram SEL3 SEL4 RCIN GND VCC RESET LED1 LED2 LED3 VREF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20-PIN SOIC 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 SEL2 SEL1 PWM BUZZER SYSOK DISCHG TEMP CS CEL CEXT Top View Order Number LM3647IM NS Package Number M20B 2.1 Pin Descriptions Pin No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Name SEL3 SEL4 RCIN GND Vcc RESET LED1 LED2 LED3 VREF CEXT CEL CS TEMP DISCHG SYSOK BUZZER PWM SEL1 SEL2 I/O I I Description Input to select charge mode: high = pulse, low = constant Input to select maintenance time out, connected to an RC-network RC-timing pin Ground 5V, power supply Reset pin, active low LED output LED output LED output Voltage reference analog input External Capacitor Battery voltage input (through resistor divider) Current sense input NTC-temperature sensor input High when discharging, else low System Monitor Output Buzzer output PWM-output filtered to a DC-level (controls the current) Tri-level input, used to select charge type Tri-level input, used to select NiCd, NiMH, Li-Ion I O O O I I I I O O O O I I 2.2 Ordering Information Device LM3647IM Package 20 SOIC Temperature -40˚C to +85˚C 3 www.national.com 3.0 Electrical Characteristics Absolute Maximum Ratings Supply Voltage (VCC) Voltage at Any Pin Total Current into VCC Pin (Source) Total Current out of GND Pin (Sink) Storage Temperature Range 7V –0.3V to VCC + 0.3V 100 mA 110 mA –65˚C to +140˚C Note: If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/Distributors for availability and specifications. Note: Absolute maximum ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. DC and AC electrical specifications are not ensured when operating the device at absolute maximum ratings. DC Electrical Characteristics: -40˚C ≤ TA ≤ +85˚C unless otherwise specified Parameter Operating Voltage Supply Current LED-pin Sink Current Temperature Input Levels Ni-Cd / Ni-MH Upper limit Li-Ion Upper limit Lower Limit Start limit Li-Ion (for both 4.1 and 4.2V Cells) Maintenance Charge Minimum Voltage Maintenance Charge Restart Voltage Good Battery Threshold Maintenance Current Maintenance Current Lower Threshold Minimum Current Fast Charge Termination Qualification Current Maximum Charging Current Ni-Cd/Ni-MH Maximum Battery Voltage Maximum Battery Current Battery Presence Limit Discharged Battery Limit Good Battery Threshold Soft Start Current Topping Charge Current Maintenance Charge Current VREF Conditions Min 4.5 2.5 7.5 (Voltage at TEMP-pin) (Voltage at TEMP-pin) (Voltage at TEMP-pin) (Voltage at TEMP-pin) (CEL pin) (CEL pin) (CEL pin) (Voltage at CS-pin) (Voltage at CS-pin) (Voltage at CS-pin) (Voltage at CS-pin) (Voltage at CS-pin) (CEL pin) (Voltage at CS-pin) (CEL pin) (CEL pin) (CEL pin) (Voltage at CS-pin) (Voltage at CS-pin) (Voltage at CS-pin) 3.15 3.0 0.5 2.2 2.6 2.153 1.2 2.3 2.42 2.3 2.3 1.5 3.017 1.5 1.0 1.7 1.2 2.3 2.3 2.45 2.5 15 Typ Max 5.5 Units V mA mA V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V 2.425 AC Electrical Characteristics Parameter RCIN frequency Fast-PWM frequency Slow-PWM frequency Conditions R = 3.3kΩ, C = 68pF Min Typ 2.5 250 0.1 Max Units MHz Hz Hz 4 www.national.com 4.0 Functional Description 4.1 General The LM3647 can be configured to charge three different types of batteries: Ni-Cd, Ni-MH and Li-Ion. The charger behavior for Ni-Cd and Ni-MH is similar but the charge curves will appear slightly different due to the differences in chemistry. The Ni-Cd/Ni-MH charging algorithm is divided into four phases: Soft Start: The LM3647 detects that a battery is connected and verifies that the temperature is within limit. Charging starts with a current of 0.2C and switches into next phase on timeout. Error termination will be triggered by Maximum Battery Voltage (CEL-pin > 3.017V) or if the battery voltage never reaches the Defective Battery Level (CEL-pin < 1.2V). Fast Charge: Constant current is applied to the battery and the LM3647 monitors voltage and temperature (optional). Switch into next phase will appear as a voltage drop in the charging curve: (Ni-Cd ~ 50mV/cell) and (Ni-MH ~ 17mV/cell). Error termination will be triggered by over-temperature. Topping Charge: A current of 0.2C is applied to the battery for a user defined time (RC network at SEL4) Maintenance Charge: Is user selectable and is a fixed percentage of the Fast Charge rate. Discharge before charge is user selectable. Ni-Cd Charging Curve: Voltage next phase on timeout (~ 1 minute). Error termination will be triggered if the battery voltage does not reach the LiIon Battery Qualification Level (CEL-pin < 1.2V) within one minute. s Fast Charge Constant Current: Battery voltage will rise until Maximum Battery Voltage (CEL-pin = 2.675V or 2.74V depending on SEL3) is reached. s Fast Charge Constant Voltage: Keeps the voltage constant until the current has decreased below the threshold (CS at 2.3V). s Maintenance Charge: Is user selectable and is a fixed percentage of the Fast Charge rate. Voltage Current Time Qualification Fast Charge Constant Current Fast Charge Constant Voltage Maintenance Charge 4.2 Advanced Pin Descriptions SEL1 is a selection pin to set the LM3647 in different charge behavior. The pin has three states: tied to Vcc, GND, or unconnected (Hi-Z). When the charger is configured to charge Ni-Cd or Ni-MH batteries, this pin determines if the charger discharges the battery before charging or if the charger shall only maintenance charge the battery. When the charger is configured for Li-Ion batteries, this pin determines how the charger behaves during maintenance charge. SEL2 is a selection pin to determine the battery type to be charged. The pin has three states: tied to Vcc (Ni-MH), GND (Ni-Cd), or unconnected (Li-lon). SEL3 is a selection pin used to set charger hardware modes. The pin has two states: tied to Vcc or GND. When configured for Ni-Cd/Ni-MH batteries, this pin determines whether the PWM is fast and has current feedback, or slow and has external current control. When configured for Li-Ion batteries, this pin changes the regulation point for maximum voltage, 2.675V (4.1V Cell) or 2.74V (4.2V Cell). Note: SEL3 must be hard wired to Vcc if a charger that supports both Li-Ion and Ni-Cd Ni-MH is implemented. SEL4 is connected to a RC-network that determines the charge time-outs. This RC-network is also connected to the output LED1. RCIN is a high-speed timing pin, used to drive the charger at the right frequency connected to a RC-network. GND is the ground pin. Vcc is the power-supply pin. This pin should have a 100nF capacitor tied to GND. RESET is a reset pin. LED1 is an active-low output used to indicate charge phase. It is also used when measuring the charge timeout value. Time Discharge Soft Start Fast Charge Topping Charge Maintenance Charge Ni-MH Charging Curve: Voltage Time Discharge Soft Start Fast Charge Topping Charge Maintenance Charge The Li-Ion charging algorithm is also divided into four phases: s Qualification: The LM3647 detects that a battery is connected and verifies that the temperature (optional but highly recommended for safety reasons) is within limit. Charging starts with a current of 0.2C and switches into 5 www.national.com LED2 is an active-low output used to indicate charge or discharge. It also sends out digitally what the LM3647 has read at the mode selection pins and charge timeout. LED3 is an active-low output used to indicate charge start/ stop and error. VREF is the voltage reference analog input. The LM3647 uses this pin as a reference when measuring the other analog inputs. CEXT is a timing pin used by the LM3647, it must be connected to a low loss capacitor. CEL is an analog input that measures the battery voltage via a resistor divider network. CS is an analog input that is connected to a differential amplifier that measures the voltage over a small current sensing resistor. TEMP is an analog input that is connected to the temperature sensing NTC-resistor (if used). If no temperature sensor is used, the input must be biased to approximate 1.5-2V. DISCHG is a digital output that controls a power-FET that discharges the batteries before charging them. If this function is not used then leave this pin unconnected. SYSOK is an open drain output that resets the LM3647 in the rare case of an internal illegal operating condition. This pin is connected to the RESET pin to increase reliable operation of the device in hostile operating environments (e.g., noisy environments). BUZZER is a digital output that controls a small FET and turns the buzzer on and off. The buzzer must have it’s own oscillator drive circuitry. PWM is a digital output that controls the charge voltage or turns the external current source on and off (depending on mode-selection). Resistor network selection Quick Guide: Ni-Cd/Ni-MH No. of Cells Normal Max R6 R7 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2.4V 3.6V 4.8V 6V 7.2V 8.4V 9.6V 10.8V 12V 3.7V 5.55V 7.4V 9.25V 11.1V 12.95V 14.8V 16.65V 18.5V 16k 62k 15k 39k 22k 11k 30k 5.6k 10k 3.9k Example: A standard 9V Ni-Cd block battery is composed of 6 small Ni-Cd cells and therefore have a nominal voltage of 7.2V. See table above for resistor values. Li-Ion: The voltage divider network for Li-Ion must be selected with great care for maximum utilization of the batteries. Li-Ion battery cells have a nominal voltage of 3.6V or 3.7V and the maximum voltage per cell is specified at 4.1V or 4.2V respectively. By multiplying the number of battery cells with the maximum cell voltage, it is possible to determine the Maximum Voltage of the Battery Pack. When the maximum battery voltage has been determined, the voltage divider network has to be dimensioned using the following formula: R7 MaximumBatteryVoltage × ------------------------ = CEL = 2.675 V ( R6 + R7) 4.3 Configurations 4.3.1 Maximum Battery Voltage The maximum battery voltage corresponds to the number of battery cells. The resistor network in the figure below scales the battery voltage to a level suitable for the LM3647. For NiCd/Ni-MH batteries the tolerance of the network is not critical, and only defines the maximum battery voltage (which is used as a backup termination method). For Li-Ion batteries the network must be more accurate, and resistors with low tolerances must be used (1% or better). Ni-Cd/Ni-MH: Each battery cell is at nominal voltage 1.2V, but the critical voltage is rather the maximum voltage per cell specified at 1.85V. By multiplying the number of cells with the maximum cell voltage, the Maximum Battery Voltage is achieved. When the maximum battery voltage has been determined, the voltage divider network can be dimensioned using the following formula: R7 MaximumBatteryVoltage × ------------------------ = CEL = 3.017 V ( R6 + R7) (2.740V if SEL3 is set to Vcc) The LM3647 supports two different user selectable battery input voltages on the cell pins. These are 2.675V (SEL3 tied to GND) and 2.740V (SEL3 tied to Vcc). This selection pin can be used to configure the charger to handle both 3.6V and 3.7V Li-Ion-cells, without changing resistor values. SEL3 can also be used if there is problem in finding the right values in the resistor network. 6 www.national.com 4.3.3 Charge Current The charge-current is selected by setting the current sensing resistor and the gain of the differential amplification stage. The current sensing resistor (R5) should be dimensioned such that a voltage drop over it is not too small, because the signal will be more susceptible to noise and offsets in the amplification-stage. The resistance should not be too large either (especially in high-current applications), because this will only generate more heat from the component. A suitable value is one that develops about 50mV across the resistor when maximum current flows through it. R1 Resistor network selection Quick Guide: Li-Ion (3.6V cell) No. of Cells Normal Max R6 R7 R2 1 2 3 4 3.6V 7.2V 10.8V 14.4V 3.675V 7.35V 11.025V 14.7V 16k 62k 27k 22k 30k 30k 7.5k 3.9k Li-Ion (3.7V cell) No. of Cells Normal Max R6 R7 The current-sensing signal is amplified, inverted and centered on the 2.5V reference by the operational amplifier and fed into the CS pin on the LM3647. The amplification stage must be dimensioned by setting the appropriate ratio between R1 (R3) and R2 (R4). The figure below is dimensioned for a maximum current of about 1.1A. This was dimensioned using the following formula: ( R2) ⁄ ( R1) MaxCurrent = --------------------------R5 R1 = R3 R2 = R4 R 2 = 5.1 k Ω R 1 = 100 k Ω R 5 = 0.047 Ω MaxCurrent ≈ 1.09 Ampere 4.3.4 Dimensioning the reset circuitry The reset-circuitry is designed to hold the RESET-pin until the power supply to the LM3647 has stabilized. The RC-network (R21 and C4) should be dimensioned in the following way: ( R 21 × C 4 ) > 5 xPowerSupplyRiseTime The diode D2 discharges the capacitance C4 when power loss occurs. The resistor R20 is used to protect the SYSOKpin, and its value is not critical (typical value is 2kΩ). The con- 1 2 3 4 3.7V 7.4V 11.1V 14.8V 3.74V 7.48V 11.22V 14.96V 16k 62k 27k 22k 30k 30k 7.5k 3.9k 4.3.2 Charge Timeout The LM3647 uses the charge timeout value as a backup termination method if the normal termination methods fail. The charge timeout also controls the length of some of the phases, (e.g., the Topping Charge phase). The timeout is selectable between a charge rate of 3.2C down to 0.4C. The table below shows R-C values and their resulting timeout. R Value 100 kΩ 100 kΩ 100 kΩ 100 kΩ 100 kΩ 100 kΩ 100 kΩ 100 kΩ C Value internal 10 nF 15 nF 22 nF 33 nF 47 nF 68 nF 100 nF Appropriate Charge Rates 3.2C 2.4C 1.4C 1.2C 0.9C 0.7C 0.5C 0.4C 7 www.national.com nection between RESET and SYSOK is optional but highly recommended for safe operation of the LM3647. The resistor R7 keeps the transistor Q2 off until the LM3647 has been powered up and is in control of the circuitry. 4.3.7 BUZZER output circuitry 4.3.5 Dimensioning the RCIN circuitry The RC-circuitry is designed to time the charger so it charges and regulates at the correct frequency. The values of the R and C are important, because a change in the RC-value gives a higher or lower operating frequency which affects charge quality. The capacitance should be a ceramic type and preferably an NP0 type, which gives the least frequency deviation with temperature change. The buzzer-circuitry turns the transistor Q3 on when the buzzer should sound. If the current consumption for the buzzer is lower than 0.3mA then the buzzer may be directly connected to the BUZZER-pin. Please note that the BUZZERpin does not generate a PWM-signal, such buzzers must have their own drive-circuitry. If an electromagnetic buzzer is used, then the transistor may need a reverse-biased diode to protect it from harmful voltage spikes. Q3 4.3.6 Dimensioning the DISCHARGE circuitry The discharge-circuitry controls the discharge rate during the discharge phase (if used). The discharge output turns on the transistor Q2, and a current flows from the battery through the discharge resistor R8. The current through R8 depends on battery voltage and the value of R8. This value depends on the maximum discharge rate for the battery-pack. The approximate value can be calculated using the formula below: MaximumBatteryVoltage R 8 ≈ -----------------------------------------------------------------MaximumDisch arg eRate 4.3.8 PWM filter circuitry The PWM-pin can either output a fast PWM-signal, or a slow on/off output (for controlling external constant current source, Ni-Cd/Ni-MH mode only). Fast PWM-mode: The RC-network R6, C9 and R5, C1||C2 lowpass-filters the PWM-signal from the LM3647 to a DC-level that is fed into the operational amplifier. The resistor R22 is required to prevent DC-output before the LM3647 has control of the RC-networks. 8 www.national.com CURRENT-LIMITER PWM R6 10k R22 10k DC-PWM The PWM duty cycle for the different charge cycles are listed below: Charge Phase: Soft Start Fast Charge Topping Charge Maintenance Charge 4.3.9 User Interface PWM Duty Cycle: 10% 100% 10% 5% R5 10k C9 1uF C1 1uF C2 1uF Slow PWM-mode: The PWM-pin turns the external current source on and off at a rate of 0.1Hz. (This example is just one of many possible design solutions.) The PWM-pin (SLOW_PWM) turns the transistor Q1 on and off. When the transistor is off the current source is on, and when the transistor is on the current source is off (V_OUT at approximate 0.7V). The value of R1 depends on the size of the charge current (see formula): I out = 1.25 - Vd R1 Vd = Voltage Drop Across D1 The user interface consists of three LEDs and one buzzer. The LEDs have four different states: On, off, slow flash (~1 Hz) and fast flash (~10 Hz). The buzzer has three different states: off, one short beep (~100ms) and one long beep (~1s). The user interface is designed in a flexible way. Use of the buzzer or the LEDs is optional, depending on design requirements. It is possible to use the LM3647 with one, two or all three LEDs. A single Charged Status LED can be implemented with a 2input NAND gate on LED1 and LED3. In this implemention, note that a pull-up resistor is required on LED1 and LED3. Ni-Cd/Ni-MH User Interface Scheme Charge phase No battery New battery / Temp-test Softstart charge Charging Topping charge Maintenance Discharge Temperature error Error Off Fast flash Slow flash On On On Off 2 Fast flashes Fast flash LED1 status Off Off Off Slow flash Fast flash Off Slow flash Off Off LED2 status Off Off Off Off Off On Off On Fast flash LED3 status Off Short beep Off Off Off Long beep Off Short beep Short beep Buzzer status 9 www.national.com Li-Ion User Interface Scheme Charge phase No battery New battery / Temp-test Qualification charge Charging CC Charging CV Maintenance Temperature error Error Off Fast flash Slow flash On On On 2 Fast flashes Fast flash LED1 status Off Off Off Slow flash Fast flash Off Off Off LED2 status Off Off Off Off Off On On Fast flash LED3 status Off Short beep Off Off Off Long beep Short beep Short beep Buzzer status 10 www.national.com 4.4 Typical Circuit Configurations 4.4.1 Common Circuitry used for both Ni-Cd/Ni-MH and Li-Ion 11 www.national.com 4.4.2 Circuitry used only for Ni-Cd/Ni-MH 12 www.national.com 4.4.3 Circuitry used for Li-Ion (can also be used for Ni-Cd and Ni-MH if those chemestries are to be supported with the same charger) Note: D7 is required to protect Q4 from reverse current. 13 www.national.com 4.4.4 Li-Ion Application Example UNREGULATED_DC (MAX20V) 14 14 www.national.com Figure 1. Li-lon Charger Application 4.4.5 UNREGULATED_DC (MAX20V) Ni-Cd/Ni-MH, Application Example 15 15 www.national.com Figure 2. Ni-Cd/NiMH Charger Application 4.5 Recommended dimensioning for the NTC The voltage at TEMP-input must be between 2.2V and 0.5V for the charger to start. While charging the voltage, must stay between 3.0V (maximum temperature) for Li-Ion, or 3.15V (maximum temperature) for Ni-Cd/Ni-MH, and 0.5V (mini- mum temperature) or the charger will register a temperature fault and abort the charge. These voltages correspond to the upper and lower limits for the battery pack temperature. When no NTC is used the TEMP-input pin must be biased to a voltage level between 2.2V and 0.5V. Typical configuration curve, (NTC characteristics: 3kΩ @ 25°C, β=3988: Voltage at Temperature input 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Temperature in °C 16 www.national.com LM3647 Universal Battery Charger for Li-Ion, Ni-MH and Ni-Cd Batteries Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted Molded SO Wide Body Package (WM) Order Number LM3647IM See NS Package Number M20B LIFE SUPPORT POLICY NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein: 1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform, when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. 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