R1524H033B-T1-KE

R1524x Series AEC-Q100 Compliant 200 mA 36 V Input Ultra Low Supply Current VR for Automotive Applications No. EC-332-200602 OUTLINE The R1524x is an ultra-low supply current voltage regulator featuring 200 mA output current and 36 V input voltage. This device consists of an Output Short-circuit Protection Circuit, an Over-current Protection Circuit, and a Thermal Shutdown Circuit in addition to the basic regulator circuits. The operating temperature range is between −40°C to 125°C, and the maximum input voltage is 36 V. All these features allow this device to become an ideal power source for car accessories and ECUs. The output voltages are internally fixed (refer to SELECTION GUIDE). The output voltage accuracy is ±0.6%. The packages for this device range from high-density mounting to ultra high wattage. The R1524x is offered in four packages; a 5-pin SOT-23-5, a 5-pin SOT-89-5, and a 6-pin HSOP-6J, and an 8-pin HSOP-8E package. FEATURES ● Input Voltage Range (Maximum Rating) ············· 3.5 V to 36 V (50 V) ● Operating Temperature Range ························· −40°C to 125°C ● Supply Current ·············································· Typ. 2.2 µA ● Standby Current ············································ Typ. 0.1 µA ● Dropout Voltage ············································ Typ. 0.6 V (IOUT = 200 mA, VOUT = 5.0 V) ● Output Voltage Range ···································· 1.8 V / 2.5 V / 2.8 V / 3.0 V / 3.3 V / 3.4 V / 5.0 V / 5.5 V / 6.0 V / 6.4 V / 7.0 V / 7.5 V / 8.0 V / 8.5 V / 9.0 V/ 10.0 V / 10.5 V / 11.0 V / 12.0 V *Contact Ricoh sales representatives for other voltages. ● Output Voltage Accuracy ································· ±0.6% (Ta = 25°C) ● Output Voltage Temperature-Drift Coefficient ······· Typ. ±60 ppm/°C ● Line Regulation ············································· Typ. 0.01%/V (VSET + 1 V ≤ VIN ≤ 36 V) ● Built-in Output Short-circuit Protection Circuit ······ Typ. 80 mA ● Built-in Over-current Protection Circuit ··············· Typ. 350 mA ● Built-in Thermal Shutdown Circuit ····················· Thermal Shutdown Temperature: Typ. 160°C ● Ceramic capacitors are recommended to be used with this device ····························· COUT = 0.1 μF or more ● Packages ···················································· SOT-23-5, SOT-89-5, HSOP-6J, HSOP-8E APPLICATIONS ● Power source for accessories such as car audios, car navigation systems, and ETC systems ● Power source for ECUs such as EV inverter and battery charge control unit 1 R1524x EC-332-200602 SELECTION GUIDE The set output voltage, the package type, and the quality class are user-selectable. Selection Guide Product Name Package Quantity per Reel Pb Free Halogen Free R1524NxxxB-TR-#E SOT-23-5 3,000 pcs Yes Yes R1524HxxxB-T1-#E SOT-89-5 1,000 pcs Yes Yes R1524SxxxB-E2-#E HSOP-6J 1,000 pcs Yes Yes R1524SxxxH-E2-#E HSOP-8E 1,000 pcs Yes Yes xxx: Specify the set output voltage (VSET) 1.8 V (018) / 2.5 V (025) / 2.8 V (028) / 3.0 V (030) / 3.3 V (033) / 3.4 V (034) / 5.0 V (050) / 5.5 V (055) / 6.0 V (060) / 6.4 V (064) / 7.0 V (070) / 7.5 V (075) / 8.0 V (080) / 8.5 V (085) / 9.0 V (090) / 10.0 V (100) / 10.5 V (105) / 11.0 V (110) / 12.0 V (120) *Contact Ricoh sales representatives for other voltages. # : Quality Class # Operating Temperature Range Test Temperature A −40°C to 125°C 25°C, High K −40°C to 125°C Low, 25°C, High BLOCK DIAGRAM Thermal Shutdown Circuit VOUT VDD Vref Short Current Limit Protection CE GND R1524x Block Diagram 2 R1524x No. EC-332-200602 PIN DESCRIPTIONS 5 4 5 3 1 4 (mark side) 1 2 SOT-23-5 Pin Configuration 6 5 2 3 SOT-89-5 Pin Configuration Top View 4 8 7 6 Bottom View 5 5 6 7 8 2 1 (1) 1 2 1 3 HSOP-6J Pin Configuration 2 3 4 4 3 1 HSOP-8E Pin Configuration SOT-23-5 Pin Descriptions Pin No. Symbol Description 1 GND(2) Ground Pin 2 GND(2) Ground Pin 3 CE 4 VOUT Output Pin 5 VDD Input Pin Chip Enable Pin (Active-high) SOT-89-5 Pin Descriptions Pin No. Symbol Description 1 VOUT Output Pin 2 GND(2) Ground Pin 3 CE 4 GND(2) 5 VDD Chip Enable Pin (Active-high) Ground Pin Input Pin (1) The tab on the bottom of the package enhances thermal performance and is electrically connected to GND (substrate level). It is recommended that the tab be connected to the ground plane on the board, or otherwise be left open. (2) The GND pin must be wired together when it is mounted on board. 3 R1524x EC-332-200602 HSOP-6J Pin Descriptions Pin No. Symbol Description 1 VOUT Output Pin 2 GND(1) Ground Pin 3 CE 4 GND(1) Ground Pin 5 GND(1) Ground Pin 6 VDD Chip Enable Pin (Active-high) Input Pin HSOP-8E Pin Descriptions Pin No. Symbol Description 1 VOUT 2 NC No Connection 3 NC No Connection 4 CE Chip Enable Pin (Active-high) 5 GND 6 NC No Connection 7 NC No Connection 8 VDD Input Pin Output Pin Ground Pin PIN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS Driver CE VOUT VOUT Pin (1) 4 The GND pin must be wired together when it is mounted on board. CE Pin R1524x No. EC-332-200602 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Absolute Maximum Ratings Symbol VIN Item Input Voltage Rating Unit −0.3 to 50 V 60 V −0.3 to 50 V Voltage( 1) VIN Peak Input VCE Input Voltage (CE Pin) VOUT Output Voltage −0.3 to VIN + 0.3 ≤ 50 V IOUT Output Current 300 mA Power Dissipation(2) (JEDEC STD.51-7 Test Land Pattern) PD SOT-23-5 830 SOT-89-5 3200 HSOP-6J 3400 HSOP-8E 3600 mW Tj Junction Temperature Range −40 to 150 °C Tstg Storage Temperature Range −55 to 150 °C ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Electronic and mechanical stress momentarily exceeded absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage and may degrade the lifetime and safety for both device and system using the device in the field. The functional operation at or over these absolute maximum ratings are not assured. RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS Recommended Operating Conditions Symbol Item VIN Input Voltage Ta Operating Temperature Range Rating Unit 3.5 to 36 V −40 to 125 °C RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS All of electronic equipment should be designed that the mounted semiconductor devices operate within the recommended operating conditions. The semiconductor devices cannot operate normally over the recommended operating conditions, even if they are used over such conditions by momentary electronic noise or surge. And the semiconductor devices may receive serious damage when they continue to operate over the recommended operating conditions. (1) (2) Duration time: 200 ms Refer to POWER DISSIPATION for detailed information. 5 R1524x EC-332-200602 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS CIN = COUT = 0.1 μF, unless otherwise noted. The specifications surrounded by are guaranteed by design engineering at -40°C ≤ Ta ≤ 125°C. R1524x (-AE) Electrical Characteristics Symbol Item Supply Current ISS Istandby Standby Current (Ta = 25°C) Conditions VIN = 14 V IOUT = 0 mA Min. Typ. Max. VSET ≤ 5.0 V 2.2 6.5 5.0 V < VSET 2.5 6.8 0.1 1.0 VIN = 36 V, VCE = 0 V μA ×0.994 VSET + 1 V(1) ≤ VIN ≤ Ta = 25°C 36 V, IOUT = 1 mA −40°C ≤ Ta ≤ 125°C ×0.984 ∆VOUT /∆IOUT Load Regulation VIN = VSET + 3.0 V 1 mA ≤ IOUT ≤ 200 mA ∆VOUT /∆VIN Line Regulation VSET + 1 V(1) ≤ VIN ≤ VSET < 3.3 V 36 V, IOUT = 1 mA 3.3 V ≤ VSET VDIF Dropout Voltage IOUT = 200 mA ILIM Output Current Limit VIN = VSET + 3.0 V 220 350 420 mA ISC Short Current Limit VIN = 3.5 V, VOUT = 0 V 60 80 110 mA 2.0 36 V 0 1.0 V 0.6 μA VCEH CE Pin Input Voltage, high VIN = VSET + 1 V(1) VCEL CE Pin Input Voltage, low VIN = 36 V IPD TTSD TTSR CE Pull-down Current Thermal Shutdown Detection Temperature Thermal Shutdown Released Temperature ×1.016 (1) V SET ≤ 2.5 V, VIN = 3.5 V V Refer to the Product-specific Electrical Characteristics -20 5 20 mV -0.02 0.01 0.02 %/V Refer to the Product-specific Electrical Characteristics VIN = 36 V, VCE = 2 V 0.2 Junction Temperature 160 °C Junction Temperature 135 °C All test items listed under Electrical Characteristics are done under the pulse load condition (Tj ≈ Ta = 25°C). 6 μA Output Voltage VOUT ×1.006 Unit R1524x No. EC-332-200602 The specifications surrounded by are guaranteed by design engineering at -40°C ≤ Ta ≤ 125°C. R1524x (-AE) Product-specific Electrical Characteristics VOUT (V) VOUT (V) Product (Ta = 25°C) (−40°C ≤ Ta ≤ 125°C) Name MIN. TYP. MAX. MIN. TYP. MAX. R1524x018x 1.7892 1.80 1.8108 1.7712 1.80 1.8288 R1524x025x 2.4850 2.50 2.5150 2.4600 2.50 2.5400 R1524x028x 2.7832 2.80 2.8168 2.7552 2.80 2.8448 R1524x030x 2.9820 3.00 3.0180 2.9520 3.00 3.0480 R1524x033x 3.2802 3.30 3.3198 3.2472 3.30 3.3528 R1524x034x 3.3796 3.40 3.4204 3.3456 3.40 3.4544 R1524x050x 4.9700 5.00 5.0300 4.9200 5.00 5.0800 R1524x055x 5.4670 5.50 5.5330 5.4120 5.50 5.5880 R1524x060x 5.9640 6.00 6.0360 5.9040 6.00 6.0960 R1524x064x 6.3616 6.40 6.4384 6.2976 6.40 6.5024 R1524x070x 6.9580 7.00 7.0420 6.8880 7.00 7.1120 R1524x075x 7.4550 7.50 7.5450 7.3800 7.50 7.6200 R1524x080x 7.9520 8.00 8.0480 7.8720 8.00 8.1280 (Ta = 25°C) ∆VOUT/∆IOUT (mV) MIN. -10 TYP. 10 MAX. VDIF (V) TYP. MAX. 1.6 2.5 1.2 2.2 0.8 2.0 40 0.6 1.2 -18 R1524x085x 8.4490 8.50 8.5510 8.3640 8.50 8.6360 R1524x090x 8.9460 9.00 9.0540 8.8560 9.00 9.1440 R1524x100x 9.9400 10.0 10.0600 9.8400 10.0 10.1600 R1524x105x 10.4370 10.5 10.5630 10.3320 10.5 10.6680 R1524x110x 10.9340 11.0 11.0660 10.8240 11.0 11.1760 R1524x120x 11.9280 12.0 12.0720 11.8080 12.0 12.1920 18 72 0.5 7 R1524x EC-332-200602 CIN = COUT = 0.1 μF, unless otherwise noted. (−40°C ≤ Ta ≤ 125°C) R1524x (-KE) Electrical Characteristics Symbol ISS Item Supply Current Istandby Standby Current VOUT VIN = 14 V IOUT = 0 mA Typ. Max. VSET ≤ 5.0 V 2.2 6.5 5.0 V < VSET 2.5 6.8 Min. 0.1 1.0 VIN = 36 V, VCE = 0 V VSET + 1 V(1) ≤ VIN ≤ Ta = 25°C 36 V, IOUT = 1 mA −40°C ≤ Ta ≤ 125°C ∆VOUT Load Regulation /∆IOUT VIN = VSET + 3.0 V 1 mA ≤ IOUT ≤ 200 mA ∆VOUT Line Regulation /∆VIN VSET + 1 V(1) ≤ VIN ≤ VSET < 3.3 V 36 V, IOUT = 1 mA 3.3 V ≤ VSET ×0.994 ×1.006 ×0.984 ×1.016 Unit μA μA V Refer to the Productspecific Electrical Characteristics -20 5 20 mV -0.02 0.01 0.02 %/V Refer to the Product-specific Electrical Characteristics VDIF Dropout Voltage IOUT = 200 mA ILIM Output Current Limit VIN = VSET + 3.0 V 220 350 420 mA ISC Short Current Limit VIN = 3.5 V, VOUT = 0 V 60 80 110 mA 2.0 36 V 0 1.0 V 0.6 μA VCEH CE Pin Input Voltage, high VIN = VSET + 1 V(1) VCEL CE Pin Input Voltage, low VIN = 36 V CE Pull-down Current VIN = 36 V, VCE = 2 V IPD TTSD TTSR (1) V SET 8 Output Voltage Conditions Thermal Shutdown Detection Temparature Thermal Shutdown Released Temperature ≤ 2.5 V, VIN = 3.5 V 0.2 Junction Temperature 150 160 °C Junction Temperature 125 135 °C R1524x No. EC-332-200602 R1524x (-KE) Product-specific Electrical Characteristics VOUT (V) VOUT (V) Product (Ta = 25°C) (−40°C ≤ Ta ≤ 125°C) Name MIN. TYP. MAX. MIN. TYP. MAX. R1524x018x 1.7892 1.80 1.8108 1.7712 1.80 1.8288 R1524x025x 2.4850 2.50 2.5150 2.4600 2.50 2.5400 R1524x028x 2.7832 2.80 2.8168 2.7552 2.80 2.8448 R1524x030x 2.9820 3.00 3.0180 2.9520 3.00 3.0480 R1524x033x 3.2802 3.30 3.3198 3.2472 3.30 3.3528 R1524x034x 3.3796 3.40 3.4204 3.3456 3.40 3.4544 R1524x050x 4.9700 5.00 5.0300 4.9200 5.00 5.0800 R1524x055x 5.4670 5.50 5.5330 5.4120 5.50 5.5880 R1524x060x 5.9640 6.00 6.0360 5.9040 6.00 6.0960 R1524x064x 6.3616 6.40 6.4384 6.2976 6.40 6.5024 R1524x070x 6.9580 7.00 7.0420 6.8880 7.00 7.1120 R1524x075x 7.4550 7.50 7.5450 7.3800 7.50 7.6200 R1524x080x 7.9520 8.00 8.0480 7.8720 8.00 8.1280 (−40°C ≤ Ta ≤ 125°C) ∆VOUT/∆IOUT (mV) MIN. -10 TYP. 10 MAX. VDIF (V) TYP. MAX. 1.6 2.5 1.2 2.2 0.8 2.0 40 0.6 1.2 -18 R1524x085x 8.4490 8.50 8.5510 8.3640 8.50 8.6360 R1524x090x 8.9460 9.00 9.0540 8.8560 9.00 9.1440 R1524x100x 9.9400 10.0 10.0600 9.8400 10.0 10.1600 R1524x105x 10.4370 10.5 10.5630 10.3320 10.5 10.6680 R1524x110x 10.9340 11.0 11.0660 10.8240 11.0 11.1760 R1524x120x 11.9280 12.0 12.0720 11.8080 12.0 12.1920 18 72 0.5 9 R1524x EC-332-200602 THEORY OF OPERATION Thermal Shutdown R1524x has a built-in thermal shutdown circuit, which stops the regulator operation if the junction temperature of this device increases to 160°C (Typ.) or higher. If the temperature drops to 135°C (Typ.) or lower, the regulator restarts the operation. Unless eliminating the overheating problem, the regulator turns on and off repeatedly and as a result, a pulse shaped output voltage is generated. APPLICATION INFORMATION TYPICAL APPLICATIONS VDD R1524x C1 CE VOUT VOUT C2 GND CE Control C1 = Ceramic 0.1 µF C2 = Ceramic 0.1 µF R1524x Typical Applications TYPICAL APPLICATION FOR IC CHIP BREAKDOWN PREVENTION VDD C1 R1524x CE VOUT VOUT C2 D1 GND CE Control C1 = Ceramic 0.1 µF C2 = Ceramic 0.1 µF R1524x Typical Application for IC Chip Breakdown Prevention When a sudden surge of electrical current travels along the VOUT pin and GND due to a short-circuit, electrical resonance of a circuit involving an output capacitor (C2) and a short circuit inductor generates a negative voltage and may damage the device or the load devices. Connecting a schottky diode (D1) between the VOUT pin and GND has the effect of preventing damage to them. 10 R1524x No. EC-332-200602 TECHNICAL NOTES Phase Compensation In the R1524x, phase compensation is provided to secure stable operation even when the load current is varied. For this purpose, make sure to use 0.1 μF or more of a capacitor (C2). In case of using a tantalum type capacitor and the ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) value of the capacitor is large, the output might be unstable. Evaluate the circuit including consideration of frequency characteristics. Connect 0.1 μF or more of a capacitor (C1) between VDD and GND, and as close as possible to the pins. PCB Layout For SOT-23-5 package type, wire the following GND pins together: No. 1 and No. 2 For SOT-89-5 package type, wire the following GND pins together: No. 2 and No. 4. For HSOP-6J package type, wire the following GND pins together: No. 2, No. 4, and No. 5. 11 R1524x EC-332-200602 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS Note: Typical Characteristics are intended to be used as reference data; they are not guaranteed. 1) Output Voltage vs. Output Current (Ta = 25°C) R1524x018B R1524x033B 2 Output Voltage VOUT (V) 1.8 Output Voltage VOUT (V) 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 VIN=3.8V 0.4 VIN=4.8V 0.2 0 0 3.6 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.0 100 200 300 400 Output Current IOUT (mA) VIN=5.3V 6.3V 0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 10.0 9.0 VIN=7V 8V Output Voltage VOUT (V) 7.0 6.0 VIN=11V 5.0 12V 4.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 100 200 300 Output Current IOUT (mA) 400 R1524x120B 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 VIN=14V VIN=15V 100 200 300 OutputCurrent IOUT (mA) 12 8.0 1.0 0 0 400 R1524x090B Output Voltage VOUT (V) Output Voltage VOUT (V) R1524x050B 100 200 300 Output Current IOUT (mA) 400 0 100 200 300 Output Current IOUT (mA) 400 R1524x No. EC-332-200602 2) Output Voltage vs. Input Voltage (Ta = 25°C) R1524x018B R1524x033B 1.8 Output Voltage VOUT (V) 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 IOUT=1mA 50mA 100mA 0.4 0.2 Output Voltage VOUT (V) 2 3.6 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.0 IOUT=1mA 50mA 100mA 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Input Voltage VIN (V) 6 Input Voltage VIN (V) 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 R1524x090B 10.0 9.0 IOUT=1mA 50mA 100mA Output Voltage VOUT (V) Output Voltage VOUT (V) R1524x050B 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 IOUT=1mA 50mA 100mA 2.0 1.0 0.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 Input Voltage VIN (V) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Input Voltage VIN (V) OutputVoltage VOUT [V] R1524x120B 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 IOUT=1mA 50mA 100mA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 InputVoltage VIN[V] 13 R1524x EC-332-200602 3) Supply Current vs. Temperature R1524x018B R1524x033B 5.0 5.0 VIN = 14V 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -40-25 0 25 50 75 2.0 1.5 1.0 -40-25 0 25 50 R1524x050B R1524x090B 75 100 125 5.0 VIN = 14V 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 VIN = 14V 4.5 Supply Current Iss (μA) Supply Current Iss (μA) 2.5 Ta (°C) 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 -40-25 0 25 50 75 100 125 Ta (°C) 5.0 VIN = 14V 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 -40 -25 0 25 50 Ta (℃) 0.0 -40-25 0 25 50 Ta (°C) R1524x120B Supply Current Iss (μA) 3.0 0.0 100 125 0.5 14 3.5 Ta (°C) 4.5 0.0 4.0 0.5 5.0 0.0 VIN = 14V 4.5 Supply Current Iss (μA) Supply Current Iss (μA) 4.5 75 100 125 75 100 125 R1524x No. EC-332-200602 4) Supply Current vs. Input Voltage R1524x033B 4.0 8 3.5 7 Supply Current Iss (μA) Supply Current ISS (μA) R1524x018B 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 Ta=-40°C 1.0 25°C 0.5 Ta=-40°C 25°C 6 125°C 5 4 3 2 1 125°C 0 0.0 0 6 12 18 24 30 Input Voltage VIN (V) 0 36 6 12 18 24 30 Input Voltage VIN (V) 36 R1524x120B 8 Supply Current ISS (uA) 7 Ta=-40℃ Ta=25℃ Ta=125℃ 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 Input Voltage VIN (V) 5) Output Voltage vs. Temperature (IOUT = 1mA) R1524x018B R1524x033B 3.366 1.836 VIN = 14V Output Voltage VOUT (V) Output Voltage VOUT (V) VIN = 14V 1.818 1.800 1.782 1.764 -40-25 0 25 50 Ta (°C) 75 100 125 3.333 3.300 3.267 3.234 -40-25 0 25 50 75 100 125 Ta (°C) 15 R1524x EC-332-200602 R1524x050B R1524x090B 5.100 9.180 VIN = 14V Output Voltage VOUT (V) Output Voltage VOUT (V) VIN = 14V 5.050 5.000 4.950 4.900 -40-25 0 25 50 75 9.090 9.000 8.910 8.820 100 125 -40-25 0 Ta (°C) 25 50 75 100 125 Ta (°C) R1524x120B 12.24 Output Voltage VOUT (V) VIN = 14V 12.12 12.00 11.88 11.76 -40 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 Ta (℃) 6) Dropout Voltage vs. Output Current R1524x018B R1524x033B 2.0 2.5 Dropout Voltage VDIF (V) Dropout Voltage VDIF (V) Ta=-40°C 2.0 1.5 1.0 Ta=-40°C 25°C 0.5 125°C 1.0 0.5 125°C 0.0 0.0 0 50 100 150 Output Current IOUT (mA) 16 25°C 1.5 200 0 50 100 150 Output Current IOUT (mA) 200 R1524x No. EC-332-200602 R1524x050B R1524x090B 1.5 1.0 Ta=-40°C 25°C Dropout Voltage VDIF (V) Dropout Voltage VDIF (V) Ta=-40°C 125°C 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.8 25°C 125°C 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 50 100 150 200 Output Current IOUT (mA) 0 50 100 150 200 Output Current IOUT (mA) R1524x120B 1.0 Dropout Voltage VDIF (V) Ta=-40℃ Ta=25℃ 0.8 Ta=125℃ 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 50 100 150 200 Output Current IOUT (mA) 7) Dropout Voltage vs. Output Voltage (Ta = 25°C) 1.8 Iout=1mA Dropout Voltage VDIF (V) 1.6 50mA 1.4 100mA 1.2 200mA 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Output Voltage VOUT (V) 17 R1524x EC-332-200602 8) Ripple Rejection vs. Input Voltage (Ta = 25°C, Ripple = 0.2 Vpp) R1524x018B R1524x033B 70 70 Ripple Rejection Ratio RR (dB) 60 Ripple Rejection RR (dB) f=100Hz IOUT=50mA 50 1kHz 40 30 10kHz 20 100kHz 10 0 IOUT=50mA 60 f=100Hz 50 40 1kHz 30 10kHz 20 10 100kHz 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 Input Voltage VIN (V) Input Voltage VIN (V) R1524x050B R1524x090B 70 IOUT=50mA Ripple Rejection Ratio RR (dB) Ripple Rejection Ratio RR (dB) 70 60 f=100Hz 50 40 1kHz 30 10kHz 20 10 100kHz 0 5.0 6.5 8.0 9.5 11.0 12.5 14.0 Input Voltage VIN (V) f=100Hz 40 1kHz 30 20 10kHz 10 100kHz 9.0 R1524x120B 70 Ripple Rejection Ratio RR (dB) 50 0 3.5 60 IOUT=50mA 50 f=100Hz 40 1kHz 30 20 10kHz 10 0 11.0 100kHz 12.0 13.0 14.0 Input Voltage VIN (V) 18 IOUT=50mA 60 15.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 Input Voltage VIN (V) 14.0 R1524x No. EC-332-200602 9) Ripple Rejection vs. Frequency (Ta = 25°C, Ripple = 0.2 Vpp) R1524x018B R1524x033B 80 80 IOUT=1mA 50mA 100mA 60 Ripple Rejection (dB) Ripple Rejection Ratio RR (dB) VIN = 3.8V 70 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.01 VIN = 5.3V 70 IOUT=1mA 50mA 100mA 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.1 1 10 100 Frequency (kHz) 0.01 1000 R1524x050B 1 10 100 Frequency (kHz) 1000 R1524x090B 80 80 VIN = 7.0V 70 Ripple Rejection Ratio RR (dB) Ripple Rejection Ratio RR (dB) 0.1 IOUT=1mA 50mA 100mA 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 VIN = 11.0V 70 IOUT=1mA 50mA 100mA 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Frequency (kHz) 1000 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Frequency (kHz) 1000 R1524x120B Ripple Rejection Ratio RR (dB) 80 VIN=14.0V 70 60 Iout=1mA 50mA 100mA 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Frequency (kHz) 19 R1524x EC-332-200602 10) Input Transient Response (Ta = 25°C) R1524x033B 6.8 10.8 6.8 Input Voltage 4.8 2.4 2.8 2.2 0.8 2.0 Output Voltage 1.8 1.6 C2 = 0.1 μF 1.4 10 μF Output Voltage VOUT (V) 8.8 5.8 5.3 6 4 4.3 2 3.8 0 Output Voltage 3.3 2.8 10μF C2=0.1μF 1.8 -1 0 1 2 3 4 Time (ms) 5 0 14 12.5 12 12.0 8 6.5 6 6.0 4 5.5 2 Output Voltage 4.5 0 10μF C2=0.1μF Input Voltage VIN (V) 10 Input Voltage tr=tf=1μs 4.0 Output Voltage VOUT (V) IOUT=1mA 8.0 5.0 3 4 5 6 R1524x090B 8.5 7.0 2 Time (ms) R1524x050B 7.5 1 6 18 IOUT=1mA 11.5 16 14 Input Voltage tr=tf=1μs 11.0 12 10.5 10 10.0 8 9.5 6 Output Voltage 9.0 8.5 4 10μF C2=0.1μF 2 0 8.0 3.5 7.5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 Time (ms) Input Voltage tr=tf=1μs Output Voltage 10μF -1 0 1 2 3 Time (ms) 4 5 6 Input Voltage VIN (V) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 IOUT=1mA C2=0.1μF 1 2 3 Time (ms) R1524x120B 14.0 13.5 13.0 12.5 12.0 11.5 11.0 10.5 0 4 5 6 Input Voltage VIN (V) -1 Output Voltage VOUT (V) 8 4.8 1.0 Output Voltage VOUT (V) 10 Input Voltage tr=tf=1μs 2.3 1.2 20 12 IOUT=1mA 6.3 Input Voltage VIN (V) Output Voltage VOUT (V) IOUT=1mA Input Voltage VIN (V) R1524x018B R1524x No. EC-332-200602 11) Load Transient Response (Ta = 25°C) R1524x033B 4.8 10 0 2.4 2.1 Output Voltage 1.8 1.5 10μF 1.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3.6 3.3 2.7 9 10μF R1524x050B R1524x090B 14.4 20 13.5 1mA Output Current tr=tf=0.5μs 0 6.5 6.0 Output Voltage 5.0 4.5 C2=0.1μF 10μF 3.5 Output Voltage VOUT (V) 40 4.0 C2=0.1μF Time (µs) 7.5 5.5 Output Voltage 3.0 8.0 7.0 0 3.9 Time (ms) Output Current IOUT (mA) Output Voltage VOUT (V) 1 20 2.1 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0.9 0 1mA 4.2 2.4 C2=0.1μF -1 Output Current tr=tf=0.5μs 12.6 40 Output Current tr=tf=0.5μs 1mA 11.7 10.8 9.9 Output Voltage 9.0 8.1 7.2 6.3 C2=0.1μF 10μF 20 0 Output Current IOUT (mA) 1mA 4.5 40 Output Current IOUT (mA) 5.1 20 Output Voltage VOUT (V) Output Current tr=tf=0.5μs 30 Output Current (mA) Output Voltage VOUT (V) R1524x018B 5.4 3.0 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Time (µs) Time (µs) R1524x120B 40 18.0 Output Current tr=tf=0.5μs 16.8 Output Voltage VOUT (V) 15.6 1mA 14.4 13.2 Output Voltage 12.0 10.8 C2=0.1μF 9.6 10μF 20 0 Output Current IOUT (mA) 19.2 8.4 7.2 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Time (μs) 21 R1524x EC-332-200602 12) CE Transient Response (Ta = 25°C) 3 700 Output Voltage 2 600 500 1 0V 400 300 C2=0.1μF 200 C2=10μF 100 Inrush Current 3.8V 800 0 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Time (ms) CE Input Voltage 0V Output Voltage VOUT (V) CE Input Voltage Inrush Current (mA) Output Voltage VOUT (V) 3.8V 4 0 4 3 2 1 0 900 5 C2=10μF, IOUT=1mA 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.0 -0.3 C2=0.1μF, IOUT=100mA C2=0.1μF, IOUT=1mA C2=10μF, IOUT=100mA Output Voltage -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 Time (ms) 5 6 7 8 R1524x033B Output Voltage VOUT (V) 3.3 CE Input Voltage Output Voltage 0V 900 800 700 600 2.2 C2=0.1μF 1.1 500 1μF 0.0 10μF 400 300 200 100 Inrush Current Output Voltage VOUT (V) 5V 4.4 Inrush Current (mA) 5.5 0 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 5V 0V C2=10μF IOUT=1mA C2=10μF, IOUT=100mA & C2=0.1μF, IOUT=1mA C2=0.1μF IOUT=100mA Output Voltage -2 -0.20.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 CE Input Voltage 0 2 4 Time (ms) 6 8 10 12 14 Time (ms) R1524x050B Output Voltage VOUT (V) 8.0 6.0 0V CE Input Voltage Output Voltage 0.0 C2=0.1μF 800 7.0 700 500 1μF 10μF 400 300 200 100 Inrush Current -0.20.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Time (ms) 22 8.0 600 4.0 2.0 900 0 Output Voltage VOUT (V) 5V Inrush Current (mA) 10.0 5V CE Input Voltage 0V 6.0 C2=10μF IOUT=1mA 5.0 4.0 C2=10μF,IOUT=100mA & C2=0.1μF,IOUT=1mA 3.0 2.0 C2=0.1μF IOUT=100mA 1.0 0.0 Output Voltage -2 0 2 4 6 8 Time (ms) 10 12 14 Input Voltage CE (V) R1524x018B R1524x No. EC-332-200602 R1524x090B Output Voltage VOUT (V) 9.0 CE Input Voltage Output Voltage 0V 900 14.0 800 12.0 700 600 6.0 C2=0.1μF 3.0 500 1μF 0.0 10μF 400 300 200 100 Inrush Current Output Voltage VOUT (V) 5V 12.0 Inrush Current (mA) 15.0 5V 0V CE Input Voltage C2=10μF IOUT=1mA 10.0 8.0 6.0 C2=10μF,IOUT=100mA & C2=0.1μF,IOUT=1mA 4.0 C2=0.1μF IOUT=100mA 2.0 0.0 0 Output Voltage -2 -0.20.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 0 2 4 Time (ms) 6 8 10 12 14 Time (ms) R1524x120B 13) Power-on Transient Response (Ta = 25°C, VCE = 5 V) R1524x018B R1524x033B 8.0 2 1 0 0V 6.4 Output Voltage 300 C2=0.1μF 200 C2=10μF 100 0 Inrush Current -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Time (ms) Input Voltage -100 5.3V 800 700 4.8 Output Voltage 3.2 1.6 0.0 900 0V C2=0.1μF 1μF 10μF 600 500 400 300 200 100 Inrush Current Inrush Current (mA) 3 Input Voltage Output Voltage VOUT (V) 3.8V Inrush Current (mA) Output Voltage VOUT (V) 4 0 -0.20.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Time (ms) 23 R1524x EC-332-200602 R1524x050B R1524x090B 15.0 800 12.0 6.0 Output Voltage 700 4.0 600 2.0 500 0.0 C2=0.1μF 0V 400 1μF 300 10μF 200 100 Inrush Current 900 Input Voltage 11V 800 Output 9.0 700 600 6.0 3.0 0.0 500 C2=0.1μF 0V 400 1μF 300 10μF 200 100 0 0 Inrush Current -0.20.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Inrush Current (mA) 7V Output Voltage VOUT (V) Output Voltage VOUT (V) 8.0 Inrush Current (mA) 900 Input Voltage 10.0 -0.20.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Time (ms) Time (ms) R1524x120B 14) Load Dump (Ta = 25°C) 6.8 60 6.3 50 5.8 40 5.3 30 Input Voltage 4.8 20 10 4.3 3.8 0 Output Voltage 3.3 C2=0.1μF 2.8 10μF 2.3 1.8 -10 0 10 20 30 Time (ms) 40 50 60 -10 0 10 20 30 Time (ms) 40 50 60 Input Voltage VIN (V) Output Voltage C2=0.1μF Output Voltage VOUT (V) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Input Voltage 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.80 1.79 24 R1524x033B Input Voltage VIN (V) Output Voltage VOUT (V) R1524x018B R1524x No. EC-332-200602 60 12.5 60 8.0 50 12.0 50 7.5 40 11.5 40 7.0 30 Input Voltage 6.5 20 6.0 10 5.5 0 Output Voltage 5.0 10μF C2=0.1μF 4.5 4.0 Output Voltage VOUT (V) 8.5 11.0 30 Input Voltage 10.5 20 10 10.0 9.5 0 Output Voltage 9.0 C2=0.1μF 8.5 10μF Input Voltage VIN (V) R1524x090B Input Voltage VIN (V) Output Voltage VOUT (V) R1524x050B 8.0 3.5 7.5 -10 0 10 20 30 40 Time (ms) 50 60 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Time (ms) R1524x120B 25 R1524x EC-332-200602 15) Cranking (Ta = 25°C) R1524x090B 20 16.5 20 7.5 15 15.0 15 7.0 10 6.5 5 6.0 0 C2=0.1μF 10μF 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 10 Input Voltage 12.0 10.5 5 0 C2=0.1μF 9.0 10μF 7.5 6.0 4.5 3.0 Output Voltage 3.0 Output Voltage 1.5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Time (ms) R1524x120B 26 13.5 6 7 8 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Time (ms) 6 7 8 Input Voltage VIN (V) Input Voltage Output Voltage VOUT (V) 8.0 Input Voltage VIN (V) Output Voltage VOUT (V) R1524x050B R1524x No. EC-332-200602 Input Transient/Load Transient vs. Output Capacity (C2) R1524 performs a stable operation by using 0.1 µF of ceramic capacitor as the output capacitor. However, the variation of output voltage may not meet the demand of the system when input voltage and load current vary. In such cases, the variation of output voltage can be minimized significantly by using 10 µF or higher ceramic capacitor. When using an electrolytic capacitor for the output line, place the electrolytic capacitor outer side of the ceramic capacitor arranged close to the IC. Input Transient Response Load Transient Response R1524x033B R1524x033B 4.8 8 Input Voltage tr=tf=1μs 5.3 5.1 10 6 4.8 4 4.3 2 0 3.8 Output Voltage 3.3 2.8 10μF C2=0.1μF Input Voltage VIN (V) Output Voltage VOUT (V) 5.8 12 2.3 40 20 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.6 Output Voltage 3.3 3.0 C2=0.1μF 2.7 10μF 2.4 1.8 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 1mA Output Current tr=tf=0.5μs 0 Output Current IOUT (mA) IOUT=1mA 6.3 Output Voltage VOUT (V) 6.8 2.1 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 6 Time (µs) Time (ms) ESR vs. Output Current It is recommended that a ceramic type capacitor be used for this device. However, other types of capacitors having lower ESR can also be used. The relation between the output current (IOUT) and the ESR of output capacitor is shown below. VDD VOUT R1524xxxxB C1 CE C2 IOUT GND ESR C1 = Ceramic 0.1 μF, C2 = Ceramic 0.1 μF 27 R1524x EC-332-200602 R1524x018B 100 VIN=3.5V to 36V 1000 Equivalent Series Resistance ESR (Ω) VIN=3.5V to 36V 1000 Equivalent Series Resistance ESR (Ω) R1524x033B 100 10 10 1 0.1 1 0.1 0.01 0.01 0 50 100 150 200 0 Output Current IOUT (mA) 150 200 R1524x090B VIN=5V to 36V VIN=9V to 36V 1000 Equivalent Series Resistance ESR (Ω) Equivalent Series Resistance ESR (Ω) 100 Output Current IOUT (mA) R1524x050B 1000 50 100 100 10 10 1 0.1 1 0.1 0.01 0.01 0 50 100 150 200 Output Current IOUT (mA) 0 50 100 150 200 Output Current IOUT (mA) R1524x120B VIN=12V to 36V Equivalent Series Resistance ESR (Ω) 1000 Frequency Band: 10 Hz to 2 MHz 100 Measurement Temperature: −40°C to 125°C 10 Hatched area: Noise level is 40 μV (average) or below Ceramic Capacitors: CIN = 0.1 μF, Murata, GRM188R71H104JA93D COUT = 0.1 μF, TDK, CGA3E2X7R1E104K 1 0.1 0.01 0 50 100 150 Output Current IOUT (mA) 28 Measurement Conditions 200 POWER DISSIPATION SOT-23-5 Ver. A The power dissipation of the package is dependent on PCB material, layout, and environmental conditions. The following measurement conditions are based on JEDEC STD. 51-7. Measurement Conditions Item Measurement Conditions Environment Mounting on Board (Wind Velocity = 0 m/s) Board Material Glass Cloth Epoxy Plastic (Four-Layer Board) Board Dimensions 76.2 mm × 114.3 mm × 0.8 mm Copper Ratio Outer Layer (First Layer): Less than 95% of 50 mm Square Inner Layers (Second and Third Layers): Approx. 100% of 50 mm Square Outer Layer (Fourth Layer): Approx. 100% of 50 mm Square Through-holes  0.3 mm × 7 pcs Measurement Result (Ta = 25°C, Tjmax = 150°C) Item Measurement Result Power Dissipation 830 mW Thermal Resistance (ja) ja = 150°C/W Thermal Characterization Parameter (ψjt) ψjt = 51°C/W ja: Junction-to-Ambient Thermal Resistance ψjt: Junction-to-Top Thermal Characterization Parameter 900 830 800 Power Dissipation PD (mW) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 Ambient Temperature (°C) Power Dissipation vs. Ambient Temperature Measurement Board Pattern i SOT-23-5 PACKAGE DIMENSIONS Ver. A 2.9±0.2 1.1±0.1 1.9±0.2 0.8±0.1 (0.95) 4 1 2 0～0.1 0.2min. +0.2 1.6-0.1 5 2.8±0.3 (0.95) 3 0.4±0.1 +0.1 0.15-0.05 SOT-23-5 Package Dimensions i POWER DISSIPATION SOT-89-5 Ver. A The power dissipation of the package is dependent on PCB material, layout, and environmental conditions. The following measurement conditions are based on JEDEC STD. 51-7. Measurement Conditions Item Measurement Conditions Environment Mounting on Board (Wind Velocity = 0 m/s) Board Material Glass Cloth Epoxy Plastic (Four-Layer Board) Board Dimensions 76.2 mm × 114.3 mm × 0.8 mm Copper Ratio Outer Layer (First Layer): Less than 95% of 50 mm Square Inner Layers (Second and Third Layers): Approx. 100% of 50 mm Square Outer Layer (Fourth Layer): Approx. 100% of 50 mm Square Through-holes  0.3 mm × 13 pcs Measurement Result (Ta = 25°C, Tjmax = 150°C) Item Measurement Result Power Dissipation 3200 mW Thermal Resistance (ja) ja = 38°C/W Thermal Characterization Parameter (ψjt) ψjt = 13°C/W ja: Junction-to-Ambient Thermal Resistance ψjt: Junction-to-Top Thermal Characterization Parameter 3500 3200 Power Dissipation PD (mW) 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 Ambient Temperature (°C) Power Dissipation vs. Ambient Temperature Measurement Board Pattern i SOT-89-5 PACKAGE DIMENSIONS Ver. A 4.5±0.1 1.5±0.1 0.4±0.3 2 5 4.35±0.1 φ1.0 1 4 4 2.5±0.1 1.00±0.2 5 0.4±0.1 0.3±0.2 0.42±0.1 0.1 S 3 0.4±0.1 3 2 1 0.3±0.2 1.6±0.2 S 0.42±0.1 0.42±0.1 0.47±0.1 1.5±0.1 1.5±0.1 SOT-89-5 Package Dimensions i POWER DISSIPATION HSOP-6J Ver. A The power dissipation of the package is dependent on PCB material, layout, and environmental conditions. The following measurement conditions are based on JEDEC STD. 51-7. Measurement Conditions Item Measurement Conditions Environment Mounting on Board (Wind Velocity = 0 m/s) Board Material Glass Cloth Epoxy Plastic (Four-Layer Board) Board Dimensions 76.2 mm × 114.3 mm × 0.8 mm Copper Ratio Outer Layer (First Layer): Less than 95% of 50 mm Square Inner Layers (Second and Third Layers): Approx. 100% of 50 mm Square Outer Layer (Fourth Layer): Approx. 100% of 50 mm Square Through-holes  0.3 mm × 28 pcs Measurement Result (Ta = 25°C, Tjmax = 150°C) Item Measurement Result Power Dissipation 3400 mW Thermal Resistance (ja) ja = 37°C/W Thermal Characterization Parameter (ψjt) ψjt = 7°C/W ja: Junction-to-Ambient Thermal Resistance ψjt: Junction-to-Top Thermal Characterization Parameter 4000 3400 Power Dissipation PD (mW) 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 Ambient Temperature (°C) Power Dissipation vs. Ambient Temperature Measurement Board Pattern i HSOP-6J PACKAGE DIMENSIONS Ver. A HSOP-6J Package Dimensions i POWER DISSIPATION HSOP-8E Ver. B The power dissipation of the package is dependent on PCB material, layout, and environmental conditions. The following measurement conditions are based on JEDEC STD. 51-7. Measurement Conditions Item Measurement Conditions Environment Mounting on Board (Wind Velocity = 0 m/s) Board Material Glass Cloth Epoxy Plastic (Four-Layer Board) Board Dimensions 76.2 mm × 114.3 mm × 0.8 mm Copper Ratio Outer Layer (First Layer): Less than 95% of 50 mm Square Inner Layers (Second and Third Layers): Approx. 100% of 50 mm Square Outer Layer (Fourth Layer): Approx. 100% of 50 mm Square Through-holes φ 0.3 mm × 21 pcs Measurement Result (Ta = 25°C, Tjmax = 150°C) Item Measurement Result Power Dissipation 3600 mW Thermal Resistance (θja) θja = 34.5°C/W Thermal Characterization Parameter (ψjt) ψjt = 10°C/W θja: Junction-to-Ambient Thermal Resistance ψjt: Junction-to-Top Thermal Characterization Parameter 4000 3600 Power Dissipation (mW) 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 Ambient Temperature (°C) Power Dissipation vs. Ambient Temperature Measurement Board Pattern i PACKAGE DIMENSIONS HSOP-8E ∗ HSOP-8E Package Dimensions ∗ The tab on the bottom of the package shown by blue circle is substrate potential (GND). It is recommended that this tab be connected to the ground plane on the board but it is possible to leave the tab floating. i 1. The products and the product specifications described in this document are subject to change or discontinuation of production without notice for reasons such as improvement. Therefore, before deciding to use the products, please refer to Ricoh sales representatives for the latest information thereon. 2. The materials in this document may not be copied or otherwise reproduced in whole or in part without prior written consent of Ricoh. 3. Please be sure to take any necessary formalities under relevant laws or regulations before exporting or otherwise taking out of your country the products or the technical information described herein. 4. The technical information described in this document shows typical characteristics of and example application circuits for the products. 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Anti-radiation design is not implemented in the products described in this document. 8. The X-ray exposure can influence functions and characteristics of the products. Confirm the product functions and characteristics in the evaluation stage. 9. WLCSP products should be used in light shielded environments. The light exposure can influence functions and characteristics of the products under operation or storage. 10. There can be variation in the marking when different AOI (Automated Optical Inspection) equipment is used. In the case of recognizing the marking characteristic with AOI, please contact Ricoh sales or our distributor before attempting to use AOI. 11. Please contact Ricoh sales representatives should you have any questions or comments concerning the products or the technical information. Halogen Free Ricoh is committed to reducing the environmental loading materials in electrical devices with a view to contributing to the protection of human health and the environment. 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