KS7332

KS7332 INTRODUCTION PRODUCT SUMMARY KS7332 is a digital image signal handling IC aimed at improving image contrast and counter light correction, applicable to CCD-using video camera systems such as camcorders and surveillance cameras. KS7332 receives the CCD output as digital data, analyzes the image's luminance distribution, then outputs a signal with improved dynamic range of luminance and color difference. It also uses a spatial adaptive filter to remove low intensity noise and output a stable image. FEATURES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • NTSC/PAL, Normal/Hiband, DVC compatible 10-bit A/D input Digital clamp WDR expansion using non-linear histogram modification Look up table (LUT) transform using line memory S1, S2 signals' HUE component correction by look-up-table transform Built-in memory for histogram storage Image analysis with histogram LOG function as reference Color sensitivity correction Serial micom interface Built-in operation for connection with AE 10-bit S1, S2 signal output for DCP I/F Spatial adaptive noise removal filter for low intensity images Interpretation of image characteristic through graphic OSD 48-LQFP-0707 MANUFACTURING PROCESS AND PACKAGE Manufacturing process: 0.35 um silicon gate 3 metals 3.3V CMOS (CSP7L) APPLICATIONS • • Camcorder system Surveillance camera, PC camera 1 KS7332 PIN DIAGRAM SCANEN MDSEL1 26 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 SI9 SI8 VDD SI7 SI6 SI5 SI4 SI3 SI2 GND SI1 SI0 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 MDSEL0 TSTO HD12 HIGH GND TSTI DVC VDD ND0 PAL SO9 SO8 GND SO7 SO6 SO5 SO4 SO3 SO2 VDD SO1 SO0 KS7332 17 16 15 14 13 VD HD VDD RSTN SCSN SCLK GND CLK SMI Figure 1. Pin Diagram MSB V1 SM0 2 KS7332 PIN DESCRIPTION Table 1. Pin Description No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Name VD V1 HD VDD CLK RSTN SMI SCLK SCSN GND SMO MSB SO0 SO1 VDD SO2 SO3 SO4 SO5 SO6 SO6 GND SO8 SO9 MDSEL0 MDSEL1 VDD DVC PAL HIGH SCANEN NDO I/O I I I P I I I I I P O I O O P O O O O O O P O O I I P I I I I O Description Vertical driving pulse Vertical transfer pulse horIzontal driving pulse Power System clock System reset Serial data input from system micom System micom clock System micom reset Ground Serial data output to system micom Micom data MSB order S1S2 data output 0 for DCP S1S2 data output 1 for DCP Power S1S2 data output 2 for DCP S1S2 data output 3 for DCP S1S2 data output 4 for DCP S1S2 data output 5 for DCP S1S2 data output 6 for DCP S1S2 data output 7 for DCP Ground S1S2 data output 8 for DCP S1S2 data output 9 for DCP Operation mode selection 0 Operation mode selection 1 Power DVC mode enable signal PAL mode enable signal High mode enable signal Scan enable signal Namd tree output DVC "1" 8mm "0" PAL "1" NTSC "0" High "1" Normal "0" Normal “0” Normal "0" Normal "0" TRI-State out Scsn low ACT. "1" MSB first "0" LSB first 3.3 V ADCK (KS7331) Note CCD 3 KS7332 Table 1. Pin Description(Continued) No 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Name HD12 GND TSTI TSTO SI9 SI8 VDD SI7 SI6 SI5 SI4 SI3 SI2 GND SI1 SI0 I/O O P I O I I P I I I I I I P I I HD delay output Ground Test input Test output S1S2 data input 9 from ADC S1S2 data input 8 from ADC Power S1S2 data input 7 from ADC S1S2 data input 6 from ADC S1S2 data input 5 from ADC S1S2 data input 4 from ADC S1S2 data input 3 from ADC S1S2 data input 2 from ADC Ground S1S2 data input 1 from ADC S1S2 data input 0 from ADC Description Note 4 KS7332 BLOCK DIAGRAM SPSRAM 256 × 10 LUTB SPSRAM 1023 × 10 Preprocess SPSRAM 256 × 12 Histogram SPSRAM 256 × 10 GRAPH SPSRAM 256 × 10 LUTA GRAPH A/D TPUT/ S2 BITS Gnal Preprocess Histogram Lookuptable Luminance EXPAND ALPF MIX Out S1/10B SIG Segmentation SPSRAM 256 × 10 ALPHA Chrominance EXPAND AE MICOM SYNC_GEN Figure 2. Block Diagram 5 KS7332 DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Table 2. Absolute Maximum Ratings Item DC supply voltage (digital) DC input voltage Storage temperature Latch-up current Symbol VDD VIN TSTG ILU Rating -0.3 ~ 3.8 -0.3 ~ VDD +0.3 -40 ~ 125 ±100 Unit V V °C mA Remark - OPERATING TEMPERATURE KS7332 functions within 0 °C ~ +70 °C Its AC and DC characteristics must satisfy specifications. ELECTROSTATIC CHARACTERISTICS Table 3. Electrostatic Characteristics Item Human body model (HBM) Machine model (MM) CDM All Electrostatic Standard Pin No Design Goal ±2000 ±300 ±800 V Unit Remark ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (DC) SS = 0V, V DD = 3.3 ± 0.3V, Ta = 0 ~ 70 °C V Table 4. Electrical Characteristics (DC) Item Supply voltage Input voltage Output voltage Input current Output leakage current Operating current Static current [REMARK] 1: All Input pins 2: All output pins except 3 3: SMO (Tri-state) Symbol VDD High level Low level High level Low level High level Low level Tri-state VIH VIL VOH VOL IIH IIL IOZ IDD ISS Condition IOH = -1mA IOL = 1mA VIN = VDD VIN = VSS VOUT = VSS or VDD - Min 3.0 2.0 2.4 -10 -10 -10 - Typ 3.3 - Max 3.6 0.8 0.4 10 10 10 70 500 Unit Remark VDD, VDDA V 1 2 µA µA mA µA 1 3 - 6 KS7332 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (AC) Table 5. Electrical Characteristics (AC) Item Signal Symbol Design Goal Characteristics Min Input data setup time Input data hold time I9 ~ SI0, HD, VD SI9 ~ SI0, HD, VD Tsu Thd 5 5 Typ Max ns ns VDD = 3.3V ± 0.3V Ta = 0 ~ 70 °C VDD= 3.3V ± 0.3V Ta = 0 ~ 70 °C Unit Remark CLK Thd SI9 ~ SI10, HD, VD Tsu 7 KS7332 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND OPERATION DESCRIPTION SYSTEM CONFIGURATION CCD KS7332 Graphic Block Sync Signal Generation Block AE CDS AGC Preprocessing Block Expanded Signal Synthesizer DCP ADC Histogram Generating Block Segmentation Block Adaptive LPF Block Lookuptable Block Chrominance Expander Block Micom I/F Luminance Expander Block System Micom Figure 3. System Configuration 8 KS7332 The preprocessing block receives the 10-bit ADC output, carries out digital clamping, black line detection & correction, and preprocess low pass filtering. The histogram generating block uses the preprocessing block's output to generate a probability density function of the image signal luminance output, and stores it in line memory. It also generates a signal for adjusting luminance distribution and sends it to the segmentation block and the look-up-table generating block. The histogram generating block is composed of the active area selection block, luminance signal separation block that uses LPF, histogram accumulation block that uses line memory, and the histogram clip block. The segmentation block uses the accumulated histogram to generate back bias impressing conditions and sends them to the MICOM I/F module for improvement of the dynamic range. The segmentation block is composed of a histogram organizing block, histogram integrating block, gamma adjusting block, back bias adjusting block, and a block that probes the minimum segment using accumulated histograms. The look-up-table block uses the output of the histogram generating block and the segmentation block to generate a conversion function for the improvement of the dynamic range. It is composed of the histogram integrating block, the look-up-table generating block, and the look-up-table 2nd differentiation. The luminance expander receives the LUT value from the look-up-table block and stores it in line memory. It also moves the address by 1 and stores it in a different line memory. The LUT values stored in the two line memories go through spatial and temporal interpolation to receive data with an expanded band zone for luminance signals. The luminance expander is composed of blocks that carry out the following functions: I/F function for LUT-storing line Memory, temporal interpolation function, spatial interpolation function, 8-bit division function for gain calculation, and expanded luminance signal output function. The chrominance expander receives the outputs of the preprocessing block and the luminance expander, adjusts the color difference signal according to the ratio between the expanded and the non-expanded luminance signals, and outputs the expanded chrominance signal. It also adjusts the color data's sensitivity according to the the band zone of the luminance signal. The adaptive LPF block receives the output of the chrominance expander, reduces the high frequency components such as noise in areas with little change in the grey level, and emphasizes edge and other minute details. It also uses a high pass filter to extract the edge of the image. The graphic block receives the accumulated histogram and LUT data, and shows them as graphic data on the currently visible screen. Also, the graphic data is placed in the middle of the screen while 10-bit A/D signals, expanded brightness signals, expanded color signals, edge signals, and noiseless color signals are output to the background according to need. The expanded signal synthesizer receives 10-bit A/D signals, expanded luminance signals, expanded color signals, edge signals, and noiseless color signals. It chooses the needed signals and outputs them to the exterior. It also carries out time delay for each signal so that it has the same delay as the final output. 9 KS7332 SYSTEM OPERATION DESCRIPTION Sync Signal Generating Block The sync signal generating block generates horizontal/vertical count data using the sync signal from the Timing Generator (TG). It also generates SP (Start Point) data using DVC, HIGH, PAL, and AP_ADJ (Start Point Adjustment) from System MICOM, and FLD (Field) signals using HD, VD, and PAL signals. • • • • • Internal vertical counter (VCNT: line counter) Internal horizontal counter (HCNT: pixel counter) Internal field signal (FLD) Internal horizontal active area signal (HACTIVE) Internal vertical active area signal (VACTIVE) Preprocessing Block The preprocessing block uses the CCD's A/D output to carry out digital clamping, black line detection & correction, and preprocess low pass filtering, then outputs to the histogram generating block. • • • Digital clamping Black line detection & correction Preprocess low pass filtering Histogram Generating Block The histogram generating block uses the output from the preprocessing block to generate a probability density function for the video signal's luminance output and stores it in line memory. A signal for luminance distribution adjustment is generated and sent to the segmentation block and look-up-table block. • • • • ACTIVE Area Selection Luminance Signal Separation using LPF Histogram Accumulation using Line Memory Histogram Clip feature Segmentation Block The segmentation block uses the accumulated histogram from the histogram generating block for the improvement of dynamic range. back bias impressing conditions are generated and sent to the look-up-table block and the MICOM I/F module. • • • • • Histogram segmentation Histogram integration Histogram minimum section probing feature Gamma control Back bias adjustment 10 KS7332 Look-Up-Table Block The look-up-table block uses the output of the histogram generating block and the segmentation block to generate a conversion function for the improvement of dynamic range. It is composed of the histogram integrating block, look-up-table generating block, and the look-up-table 2nd differentiation. • • • Histogram Integration Look-Up-Table Generating ability Look-Up-Table 2nd Differentiation Luminance Expander The luminance expander receives the LUT value from the look-up-table block and stores it in line memory. It also moves the address by 1 and stores it in a different line memory. The LUT values stored in the two line memories are put through temporal and spatial interpolation to receive data with an expanded band zone for luminance signals. • • • • • Line memory I/F function for look-up-table value storage Temporal interpolation Spatial interpolation 8-bit division for gain calculation Expanded luminance signal output feature Chrominance Expander The chrominance expander receives the outputs of the preprocessing block and the luminance expander, adjusts the color difference signal according to the ratio between the expanded and non-expanded luminance signals, and outputs the expanded chrominance signal. It also adjusts the color data's sensitivity according to the the band zone of the luminance signal. • • Color difference signal adjustment according to ratio between expanded and non-expanded luminance signals Color data sensitivity adjustment according to luminance signal band zone Adaptive LPF Block The adaptive LPF block receives the output of the chrominance expander, reduces high frequency components such as noise in areas with little change in the grey level, and emphasizes edge and other minute details. It also uses a high pass filter to extract the edge of the image. • • • • Horizontal signal delay Weight calculation of neighboring picture element pixels Adaptive noise elimination Edge emphasis and extraction 11 KS7332 Graphic Block The graphic block receives the accumulated histogram and LUT data, and shows them as graphic data on the currently visible screen. Also, the graphic data is placed in the middle of the screen while 10-bit A/D signals, expanded luminance signals, expanded color signals, edge signals, and noiseless color signals are output to the background according to need. • • • • Fixing graphic data to the middle Graphic data output Background screen selection output Graphic data status selection Expanded Signal Synthesizer The expanded signal synthesizer receives 10-bit A/D signals, expanded luminance signals, expanded color signals, edge signals, and noiseless color signals. It chooses the needed signals and outputs them to the exterior. It also carries out time delay for each signal so that it has the same delay as the final output. • • • • • • • 10-bit A/D signal input feature Expanded luminance signal input feature Expanded color signal input feature Edge signal input feature Noiseless color signal input feature Selective input signal output Input signal delay feature 12 KS7332 MICOM REGISTER TABLE OPERATION DESCRIPTION The start signal and clock operate in slave mode, so this part is nonsychronous to the rest of the system. The register setting is normally carried out for all segments within the field, and it is latched at negedge VD when scsn is restored to high. SCSN td1 thw tlw td2 SCLK tsu thd SI si_data[255] si_data[254] si_data[0] tdo SO so_data[255] so_data[254] so_data[0] Figure 4. Operation Description Symbol td1 td2 thw tlw tsu thd tdo Description SCSN low edge to SCLK low edge SCLK high edge to SCSN high edge SCLK high width SCLK low width SI data setup time SI data hold time SO data out delay time Standard (µs) min 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 max 0.1 13 KS7332 MICOM INPUT Table 6. Micom Input Register Bits MICOM Command Function OUT_MODE [2:0], DLY_MODE [4:0] ¨ OUT_MODE: Output mode selection OUT_MODE 000 001 010 011 100 101 [255:248] Default Input Preprocess module output WDR output Saturation output Graphic output EDGE output WDR + saturation + ALPF output MODE 1111_0001 Default Value ¦DLY_MODE: Output delay mode selection - For matching output's delay DLY_MODE 00000 00001 00010 10100 Default No delay 1 clock delay 2 clock delay 20 clock delay 21 clock delay MODE 14 KS7332 Table 6. Micom Input(Continued) Register Bits MICOM Command Function CLPEN, SORSL, V1_EXIST, GR_MODE [1:0], GRB_MODE [2:0] 111X_XXXX Default Value CLPEN SORSL V1_EXIST GR_MODE [1:0] GRB_MODE [2:0] [247:240] ¨ CLPEN: On/off of digital clamp operation; on = '1', off = '0' ¦SORSL: On/off of preprocess LPF operation; on = '0', off = '1' Æ V1_EXIST: V1 signal existence; yes = '0', no = 1' Ø GR_MODE: Graphic mode - GR_MODE[0]: Histogram CLIP feature (DO_HIST >> GR_MODE[0]) - GR_MODE[1]: DOT/White graphic selection feature DOT = '1', WHITE = '0' × GRB_MODE : Background screen in graphic mode GRB_MODE 000 001 010 011 100 101 Default Black Input Preprocess module output WDR output Saturation output EDGE output WDR + saturation + ALPF output 0000_0000 MODE CMP_ADJ [3:0], SP_ADJ [3:0] [239:232] - CMP_ADJ: Digital clamp operating range adjustment - SP_SDJ: Starting point adjustment of horizontal active area selection for AE POFFSET [7:0] 0000_0000 [231:224] POFFSET [7:0] - POFFSET: Used when adding or subtracting the OFFSET to the 8 picture element pixels, integrated and averaged over TCLP SP_H [7:0] 0001_1001 [223:216] SP_H [7:0] - Horizontal active starting point for active area selection = SP_H