Rev.5.1_00
MINI ANALOG SERIES 0.5 μA Rail-to-Rail CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
S-89430A/89431A
The mini-analog series is a group of ICs that incorporate a general purpose analog circuit in a small package. The S-89430A/89431A is a CMOS type operational amplifier that feature Rail-to-Rail*1 I/O and an internal phase compensation circuit, and that can be driven at a lower voltage with lower current consumption than existing bipolar operational amplifiers. These features make this product the ideal solution for small battery-powered portable equipment. These features enable driving at a lower voltage (from 0.9 V) and with lower current consumption (0.5 μA) The S-89430A/89431A is a single operational amplifier. *1. Rail-to-Rail is a registered trademark of Motorola Inc.
Features
Lower operating voltage than the conventional general-purpose operational amplifiers: VDD = 0.9 to 5.5 V Low current consumption: Wide I/O voltage range: ( Rail-to-Rail ) Low input offset voltage: 10.0 mV (max.) (S-89430A) 5.0 mV (max.) (S-89431A) No external capaciters required for internal phase compensation Lead-free products IDD = 0.5 μA VCMR = VSS to VDD
Application
Cellular phones PDAs Notebook PCs Digital cameras Digital video cameras
Package
Package Name SC-88A SOT-23-5 Package NP005-B MP005-A Drawing Code Tape NP005-B MP005-A Reel NP005-B MP005-A
Seiko Instruments Inc.
1
MINI ANALOG SERIES S-89430A/89431A Product Name List
0.5 μA Rail-to-Rail CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER Rev.5.1_00
Input Offset Voltage VIO = 10 mV VIO = 5 mV Remark
Table 1 SC-88A (Single) S-89430ACNC-HBUTFG S-89431ACNC-HBVTFG
SOT-23-5 (Single) S-89430ACMC-HBUT2G S-89431ACMC-HBVT2G
Delivery form : Taping only
Pin Configuration
SC-88A Top view VDD 5 OUT 4
Table 2 Pin No. 1 2 3 4 5 Symbol IN(+) VSS IN(−) OUT VDD Description Non-inverted input pin GND pin Inverted input pin Output pin Positive power supply pin Internal Equivalent Circuit Figure ⎯ Figure Figure Figure 4 4 3 5
+ −
3 1 2 IN (+) VSS IN (−)
Figure 1
SOT-23-5 Top view OUT VDD 4 5 + −
1 2 3 IN (+) VSS IN (−)
Figure 2
2
Seiko Instruments Inc.
MINI ANALOG SERIES Rev.5.1_00 Internal Equivalent Circuit
(1) Output pin
VDD
0.5 μA Rail-to-Rail CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER S-89430A/89431A
(2) Input pin
VDD
VSS
VSS
Figure 3 (3) VDD pin
VDD
Figure 4
VSS
Figure 5
Seiko Instruments Inc.
3
MINI ANALOG SERIES S-89430A/89431A
0.5 μA Rail-to-Rail CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER Rev.5.1_00
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Table 3 (Ta = 25°C unless otherwise specified) Parameter Power supply voltage Input voltage Output voltage Differential input voltage Output pin current SC-88A PD SOT-23-5 Symbol VDD VIN VOUT VIND ISOURCE ISINK Ratings VSS − 0.3 to VSS + 7.0 VSS − 0.3 to VSS + 7.0 (7.0 max.) VSS − 0.3 to VDD + 0.3 (7.0 max.) ±5.5 7.0 200 (When not mounted on board) 350*1 250 (When not mounted on board) 600*1 −40 to +85 −55 to +125 Unit V V V V mA mW mW mW mW °C °C
Power dissipation
Operating temperature range Topr Storage temperature range Tstg *1. When mounted on board [Mounted board] (1) Board size : 114.3 mm × 76.2 mm × t1.6 mm (2) Board name : JEDEC STANDARD51-7 Caution
The absolute maximum ratings are rated values exceeding which the product could suffer physical damage. These values must therefore not be exceeded under any conditions.
Power Dissipation (PD) [mW ]
700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 100 150 50 Ambient Temperature (Ta) [ °C] SOT-23-5 SC-88A
Figure 6
Power Dissipation of Package (When Mounted on Board)
Recommended Operating Voltage Range
Table 4 Parameter Operating power supply voltage range Symbol VDD Range 0.9 to 5.5 Unit V
4
Seiko Instruments Inc.
MINI ANALOG SERIES Rev.5.1_00 Electrical Characteristics
1. VDD = 3.0 V
0.5 μA Rail-to-Rail CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER S-89430A/89431A
Table 5 DC Characteristics (VDD = 3.0 V) Parameter Current consumption Input offset voltage
*1
Symbol IDD VIO
Measurement Conditions VCMR = VOUT = 1.5 V S-89430A : VCMR = 1.5 V S-89431A : VCMR = 1.5 V ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ VSS + 0.1 V ≤ VOUT ≤ VDD − 0.1 V, VCMR = 1.5 V, RL = 1 MΩ RL = 100 KΩ RL = 100 KΩ VSS ≤ VCMR ≤ VDD VDD = 0.9 to 5.5 V
Input offset current IIO Input bias current IBIAS Common-mode input VCMR voltage range Voltage gain AVOL (open loop) Maximum output VOH swing voltage VOL Common-mode input CMRR signal rejection ratio Power supply voltage PSRR rejection ratio Source current ISOURCE
(Ta = 25°C unless otherwise specified) Measurement Min. Typ. Max. Unit Circuit 0.5 0.9 Figure 12 ⎯ μA −10 ±5 +10 mV Figure 8 −5 ±3 +5 1 pA ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ 1 pA ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ 0 70 2.95 ⎯ 45 70 ⎯ 80 ⎯ ⎯ 65 80 3 ⎯ ⎯ 0.05 ⎯ ⎯ V dB V dB dB Figure 9 Figure 16 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 9 Figure 7
400 500 VOUT = VDD−0.1 V ⎯ Figure 13 μA 4800 6000 ⎯ VOUT = 0 V VOUT = 0.1 V 400 550 ⎯ Sink current ISINK Figure 14 μA 4800 6000 ⎯ VOUT = VDD *1 When the output is saturated on the VDD side, a current consumption of up to 3 to 5 μA may flow. (Refer to 4. Current consumption vs. Common-mode input voltage characteristics graphs in the characteristics data. )
Table 6 AC Characteristics (VDD = 3.0 V) Parameter Symbol Slew rate Gain-bandwidth product Maximum load capacitance SR GBP CL (Ta = 25°C unless otherwise specified) Measurement Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit RL = 1.0 MΩ, CL = 15 pF (Refer to Figure 15.) CL = 0 pF ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ 5 4.8 47 ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ V/ms kHz pF
Seiko Instruments Inc.
5
MINI ANALOG SERIES S-89430A/89431A
2. VDD = 1.8 V
0.5 μA Rail-to-Rail CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER Rev.5.1_00
Table 7 DC Characteristics (VDD = 1.8 V) Parameter Current consumption Input offset voltage Input offset current Input bias current Common-mode input voltage range Voltage gain (open loop) Maximum output swing voltage Common-mode input signal rejection ratio Power supply voltage rejection ratio Source current
*1
Symbol IDD VIO IIO IBIAS VCMR AVOL
Measurement Conditions VCMR = VOUT = 0.9 V S-89430A : VCMR = 0.9V S-89431A : VCMR = 0.9V ⎯ ⎯ ⎯
(Ta = 25°C unless otherwise specified) Measurement Min. Typ. Max. Unit Circuit 0.5 0.9 μA Figure 12 ⎯ −10 ±5 +10 mV Figure 8 −5 ±3 +5 1 pA ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ 1 pA ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ 0 ⎯ 75 ⎯ ⎯ 55 60 80 1.8 ⎯ ⎯ 0.05 ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ V dB V dB dB Figure 9 Figure 16 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 9 Figure 7
VSS + 0.1 V ≤ VOUT ≤ VDD − 0.1 V, 66 VCMR = 0.9 V, RL = 1 MΩ 1.75 VOH RL = 100 KΩ VOL ⎯ RL = 100 KΩ 35 VSS ≤ VCMR ≤ VDD CMRR 45 VSS ≤ VCMR ≤ VDD − 0.3 V PSRR ISOURCE VDD = 0.9 to 5.5 V 70
220 300 VOUT = VDD − 0.1 V ⎯ Figure 13 μA 1200 1800 ⎯ VOUT = 0 V 220 300 VOUT = 0.1 V ⎯ Sink current ISINK Figure 14 μA 1200 1800 ⎯ VOUT = VDD *1. When the output is saturated on the VDD side, a current consumption of up to 3 to 5 μA may flow. (Refer to 4. Current consumption vs. Common-mode input voltage characteristics graphs in the characteristics data. )
Table 8 AC Characteristics (VDD = 1.8 V) Parameter Symbol Slew rate Gain-bandwidth product Maximum load capacitance SR GBP CL (Ta = 25°C unless otherwise specified) Measurement Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit RL = 1.0 MΩ, CL = 15 pF (Refer to Figure 15.) CL = 0 pF ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ 4.5 5 47 ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ V/ms kHz pF
6
Seiko Instruments Inc.
MINI ANALOG SERIES Rev.5.1_00
3. VDD = 0.9 V
0.5 μA Rail-to-Rail CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER S-89430A/89431A
Table 9 DC Characteristics (VDD = 0.9 V) Parameter Current consumption Input offset voltage
*1
Symbol IDD VIO
Measurement Conditions VCMR = VOUT = 0.45 V S-89430A : VCMR = 0.45V S-89431A : VCMR = 0.45V ⎯ ⎯
Input offset current IIO Input bias current IBIAS Common-mode input 0 0.9 V VCMR Figure 9 ⎯ ⎯ voltage range Voltage gain VSS + 0.1 V ≤ VOUT ≤ VDD − 0.1 V, 60 75 dB AVOL Figure 16 ⎯ (open loop) VCMR = 0.45 V, RL = 1 MΩ Maximum output 0.85 VOH Figure 10 ⎯ ⎯ RL = 100 KΩ V swing voltage 0.05 VOL Figure 11 ⎯ ⎯ RL = 100 KΩ 25 55 VSS ≤ VCMR ≤ VDD ⎯ Common-mode input dB CMRR Figure 9 40 60 VSS ≤ VCMR ≤ VDD − 0.35 V ⎯ signal rejection ratio Power supply voltage 70 80 dB PSRR VDD = 0.9 to 5.5 V Figure 7 ⎯ rejection ratio 25 65 V = VDD − 0.1 V ⎯ Source current ISOURCE OUT Figure 13 μA 40 140 ⎯ VOUT = 0 V 10 65 VOUT = 0.1 V ⎯ Sink current ISINK Figure 14 μA 12 120 ⎯ VOUT = VDD *1 When the output is saturated on the VDD side, a current consumption of up to 3 to 5 μA may flow. (Refer to 4. Current consumption vs. Common-mode input voltage characteristics graphs in the characteristics data.) Table 10 AC Characteristics (VDD = 0.9 V) Parameter Symbol Slew rate Gain-bandwidth product Maximum load capacitance SR GBP CL (Ta = 25°C unless otherwise specified) Measurement Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit RL = 1.0 MΩ, CL = 15 pF (Refer to Figure 15.) CL = 0 pF ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ 4 5 47 ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ V/ms kHz pF
(Ta = 25°C unless otherwise specified) Measurement Min. Typ. Max. Unit Circuit 0.5 0.9 μA Figure 12 ⎯ −10 ±5 +10 mV Figure 8 −5 ±3 +5 1 pA ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ 1 pA ⎯ ⎯ ⎯
Seiko Instruments Inc.
7
MINI ANALOG SERIES S-89430A/89431A Measurement Circuit
0.5 µA Rail-to-Rail CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER Rev.5.1_00
1. Power supply voltage rejection ratio
VDD RF RS
Power supply voltage rejection ratio (PSRR) The power supply voltage rejection ratio (PSRR) can be calculated by the following expression, with VOUT measured at each VDD.
− +
RF
VOUT
Measurement conditions: When VDD = 0.9 V: VDD = VDD1, VOUT = VOUT1 When VDD = 5.5 V: VDD = VDD2, VOUT = VOUT2
PSRR = 20log VDD1 − VDD2 VOUT1 − VOUT2 × R F + RS RS
RS
0.45V
Figure 7 2. Input offset voltage Input offset voltage (VIO)
VIO = VOUT −
VDD RF RS
VDD RS × 2 RF + RS
− +
RF
VOUT
RS
VCMR = VDD / 2
Figure 8
8
Seiko Instruments Inc.
MINI ANALOG SERIES Rev.5.1_00
0.5 µA Rail-to-Rail CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER S-89430A/89431A
3. Common-mode input signal rejection ratio, common-mode input voltage range
VDD RF RS
Common-mode input signal rejection ratio (CMRR) The common-mode input signal rejection ratio (CMRR) can be calculated by the following expression, with VOUT measured at each VIN. Measurement conditions: When VIN = VCMR (max.): VIN = VIN1, VOUT = VOUT1 When VIN = VCMR (min.): VIN = VIN2, VOUT = VOUT2
CMRR = 20log VIN1 − VIN2 VOUT1 − VOUT2 × R F + RS RS
− +
RF
VOUT
RS
VIN
VDD / 2
Common-mode input voltage range (VCMR) The common-mode input voltage range is the range of VIN in which VOUT satisfies the common-mode input signal rejection ratio specifications. Figure 9 4. Maximum output swing voltage VDD
− +
RL VDD/2
VOH
Maximum output swing voltage (VOH) Measurement conditions: VDD − 0.1 V VIN1 = 2 VDD + 0.1V VIN2 = 2 RL = 100 KΩ
VIN1
VIN2
Figure 10
VDD VDD/2
RL
− +
VOL
Maximum output swing voltage (VOL) Measurement conditions: VDD + 0.1 V VIN1 = 2 VDD − 0.1 V VIN2 = 2 RL = 100 KΩ
VIN1
VIN2
Figure 11
Seiko Instruments Inc.
9
MINI ANALOG SERIES S-89430A/89431A
0.5 µA Rail-to-Rail CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER Rev.5.1_00
5. Current consumption VDD
Current consumption (IDD)
A
− +
VCMR=VDD / 2
Figure 12 6. Source current
VDD VOUT
A
− +
Source current (ISOURCE) Measurement conditions: VOUT = VDD − 0.1 V or VOUT = 0 V VDD VIN1 = − 0.1 V 2 VDD VIN2 = + 0.1 V 2
VIN1
VIN2
Figure 13
7. Sink current
VDD
− +
A
Sink current (ISINK) Measurement conditions: VOUT = 0.1 V or VOUT = VDD VDD VIN1 = + 0.1 V 2 VDD VIN2 = − 0.1 V 2
VIN1
VIN2
VOUT
Figure 14
10
Seiko Instruments Inc.
MINI ANALOG SERIES Rev.5.1_00
0.5 µA Rail-to-Rail CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER S-89430A/89431A
8. Slew rate (SR): Measured by the voltage follower circuit
tR = tF = 1 µs (0 V ∼ VDD) When falling VOH − VOL SR = tTHL tTHL VOH VOUT tTLH VOL When rising VOH − VOL SR = tTLH
IN (+) = VDD
IN (+) = 0 V VOUT
Figure 15
VOH VOL
When VDD=3.0 V 2.7 V 0.3 V
When VDD=1.8 V 1.62 V 0.18 V
When VDD=0.9 V 0.81 V 0.09 V
9. Voltage gain (open loop)
VDD RS
RF
VDDN
RS RF
− D.U.T +
1 MΩ
+ NULL −
VSSN VM
VOUT
VCMR=VDD / 2
VDD / 2
Figure 16 Voltage gain (open loop) (AVOL) The voltage gain (AVOL) can be calculated by the following formula, with the value of VOUT measured at each VM.
Measurement conditions: When VM = VDD − 0.1 V: VM = VM1, VOUT = VOUT1 When VM = 0.1 V: VM = VM2, VOUT = VOUT2
AVOL = 20log
VM1 − VM2
VOUT1 − VOUT2
×
RF + RS RS
Seiko Instruments Inc.
11
MINI ANALOG SERIES S-89430A/89431A Precaution
0.5 μA Rail-to-Rail CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER Rev.5.1_00
• Note that when the output is saturated on the VDD side, a power supply current of up to 3 to 5 μA may flow. (Refer to 4. Current consumption vs. Common-mode input voltage characteristics graphs in the characteristics data) • • • Do not apply an electrostatic discharge to this IC that exceeds performance ratings of the built-in electrostatic protection circuit. Be sure to use the product with an output current of no more than 7 mA. SII claims no responsibility for any disputes arising out of or in connection with any infringement by products including this IC of patents owned by a third party.
12
Seiko Instruments Inc.
MINI ANALOG SERIES Rev.5.1_00
0.5 μA Rail-to-Rail CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER S-89430A/89431A
Characteristics (Reference Data)
1. Current consumption vs. Power supply voltage
IDD ⎯ V 1.0 0.8 25°C VDD VSS=0 V, VCMR=VOUT= 2 85°C
IDD (μA)
0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ta=-40°C
VDD (V)
2. Voltage gain vs. Frequency
VDD = 3 V, VSS = 0 V 100 80 GAIN (dB) 60 40 20 0 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 f (Hz) 1000 10000 GAIN (dB) 85°C 25°C Ta=−40°C 100 80 60 40 20 0 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 f (Hz) 1000 10000 85°C 25°C Ta=−40°C VDD = 1.8 V, VSS = 0 V
VDD = 0.9 V, VSS = 0 V 100 80 GAIN (dB) 60 40 20 0 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 f (Hz) 1000 10000 85°C 25°C Ta=−40°C
Seiko Instruments Inc.
13
MINI ANALOG SERIES S-89430A/89431A
0.5 μA Rail-to-Rail CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER Rev.5.1_00
3. Output current 3-1. ISOURCE vs. Power supply voltage
VOH=VDD−0.1 V 1500 T a=-40°C 1000 25°C 500 85°C 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
ISOURCE (μA)
VDD (V)
3-2. ISINK vs. Power supply voltage
VOL=0.1 V 1500 T a=-40°C
ISINK (μA)
1000 25°C 500 85°C 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
VDD (V)
14
Seiko Instruments Inc.
MINI ANALOG SERIES Rev.5.1_00
0.5 μA Rail-to-Rail CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER S-89430A/89431A
3-3. Output voltage (VOH) vs ISOURCE
VDD=3.0 V, VSS=0 V 3.0 2.5 Ta=-40°C 85°C 25°C 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 500 VDD=1.8 V, VSS=0 V Ta=-40°C
VOH (V)
1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 500 1000
VOH (V)
2.0
25°C 85°C 1000 1500 2000
1500
2000
ISOURCE (μA)
ISOURCE (μA)
VDD=0.9 V, VSS=0 V 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0
85°C Ta=-40°C 25°C
VOH (V)
50
100
150
200
ISOURCE (μA)
Seiko Instruments Inc.
15
MINI ANALOG SERIES S-89430A/89431A
0.5 μA Rail-to-Rail CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER Rev.5.1_00
3-4. Output voltage (VOL) vs. ISINK
VDD=3.0 V, VSS=0 V 3.0 2.5
1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 85°C 25°C VDD=1.8 V, VSS=0 V
VOL (V)
1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 500
85°C 25°C Ta=-40°C
VOL (V)
2.0
Ta=-40°C 500 1000 1500 2000
1000
1500
2000
ISINK (μA)
ISINK (μA)
VDD=0.9 V, VSS=0 V 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0
VOL (V)
Ta=-40°C 25°C 85°C
50
100
150
200
ISINK (μA)
4. Current consumption vs. Common-mode input voltage (voltage follower configuration)
VDD=3.0 V, VSS=0 V 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -0.5 0 0.5 1
IDD (μA)
85°C 25°C Ta=-40°C
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
VCMR (V)
16
Seiko Instruments Inc.
2.0±0.2 1.3±0.1
5
4
1
2 0.65
3 0.65
0.15 -0.05
+0.1
0.2 +0.1 -0.05
No. NP005-B-P-SD-1.1
TITLE No. SCALE UNIT
SC88A-B-PKG Dimensions NP005-B-P-SD-1.1
mm
Seiko Instruments Inc.
4.0±0.1
2.0±0.1
1.1±0.1 ø1.55±0.05 0.2±0.05
0.3 4.0±0.1 (2.25) ø1.05±0.1
2.05±0.1
321
4
5
Feed direction
No. NP005-B-C-SD-2.0
TITLE No. SCALE UNIT
SC88A-B-Carrier Tape NP005-B-C-SD-2.0
mm
Seiko Instruments Inc.
12.5max.
Enlarged drawing in the central part ø13±0.2
9.0±0.3
(60°)
(60°)
No. NP005-B-R-SD-2.1
TITLE No. SCALE UNIT mm
SC88A-B-Reel NP005-B-R-SD-2.1
QTY. 3000
Seiko Instruments Inc.
2.9±0.2 1.9±0.2
5 4
1
2
3
0.16 -0.06
+0.1
0.95±0.1 0.4±0.1
No. MP005-A-P-SD-1.2
TITLE No. SCALE UNIT
SOT235-A-PKG Dimensions MP005-A-P-SD-1.2
mm
Seiko Instruments Inc.
4.0±0.1(10 pitches:40.0±0.2)
+0.1
ø1.5 -0
2.0±0.05
0.25±0.1
ø1.0 -0
+0.2
4.0±0.1 1.4±0.2
3.2±0.2
321
4
5
Feed direction
No. MP005-A-C-SD-2.1
TITLE No. SCALE UNIT
SOT235-A-Carrier Tape MP005-A-C-SD-2.1
mm
Seiko Instruments Inc.
12.5max.
Enlarged drawing in the central part ø13±0.2
9.0±0.3
(60°)
(60°)
No. MP005-A-R-SD-1.1
TITLE No. SCALE UNIT mm
SOT235-A-Reel MP005-A-R-SD-1.1
QTY. 3,000
Seiko Instruments Inc.
• • • • • •
The information described herein is subject to change without notice. Seiko Instruments Inc. is not responsible for any problems caused by circuits or diagrams described herein whose related industrial properties, patents, or other rights belong to third parties. The application circuit examples explain typical applications of the products, and do not guarantee the success of any specific mass-production design. When the products described herein are regulated products subject to the Wassenaar Arrangement or other agreements, they may not be exported without authorization from the appropriate governmental authority. Use of the information described herein for other purposes and/or reproduction or copying without the express permission of Seiko Instruments Inc. is strictly prohibited. The products described herein cannot be used as part of any device or equipment affecting the human body, such as exercise equipment, medical equipment, security systems, gas equipment, or any apparatus installed in airplanes and other vehicles, without prior written permission of Seiko Instruments Inc. Although Seiko Instruments Inc. exerts the greatest possible effort to ensure high quality and reliability, the failure or malfunction of semiconductor products may occur. The user of these products should therefore give thorough consideration to safety design, including redundancy, fire-prevention measures, and malfunction prevention, to prevent any accidents, fires, or community damage that may ensue.