XC9128/XC9129 Series
1A Driver Transistor Built-In, Step-Up DC/DC Converters
ETR0411-006
■GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The XC9128/XC9129 series are synchronous step-up DC/DC converters with a 0.2Ω (TYP.) N-channel driver transistor and a
synchronous 0.2Ω (TYP.) P-channel switching transistor built-in. A highly efficient and stable current can be supplied up to 1.0A by reducing ON resistance of the built-in transistors. With a high switching frequency of 1.2MHz, a small inductor is selectable making the series ideally suited for applications requiring low profile or space saving solutions. With the MODE pin, the series provides mode selection of PWM control or PFM/PWM automatic switching control. In the PWM/PFM automatic switching mode, the series switches from PWM to PFM to reduce switching loss when load current is small. When load current is large, the series switches automatically to the PWM mode so that high efficiency is achievable over a wide range of load conditions. The series also provides small output ripple from light to large loads by using the built-in circuit which enables the smooth transition between PWM and PFM. With a adaptor enable function of the XC9128 series, when a voltage higher than the input voltage is applied to the output, the input and the output become isolated making it possible for the IC to work in parallel with the likes of an AC adaptor.
■APPLICATIONS
●Digital audio equipment ●Digital cameras, Video equipment ●Computer Mice ●Various multi-function power supplies using alkali cells (1 to 3 cells), nickel hydride batteries, or single lithium cells
■ FEATURES
High Efficiency, Large Current Step-Up Converter Output Current : 150mA@VOUT=3.3V, VIN=0.9V 500mA@VOUT=3.3V, VIN=1.8V Input Voltage Range : 0.8V~6.0V Output Voltage Setting : 1.8V~5.3V (Externally set) Range Set up freely with a reference voltage supply of 0.45V (±0.010V) & external components Oscillation Frequency : 1.2MHz (Fixed oscillation frequency accuracy ±15%) Input Current : 1.0A Maximum Current Limit : 1.2A (MIN.), 2.0A (MAX.) Control : PWM, PWM/PFM control externally selectable High Speed :100mV @ VOUT=3.3V, Transient Response VIN=1.8V, IOUT=10mA→100mA Protection Circuits : Thermal shutdown : Integral latch method (Over current limit) Soft-Start Time : 5ms (TYP.) internally set Ceramic Capacitor Compatible Adaptor Enable Function (XC9128 series) Packages : MSOP-10, USP-10B, SOP-8 Flag Output (XC9128 series) : Open-drain output
■TYPICAL APPLICATION CIRCUIT
CIN 1 VIN L EN FO 2 3 4 5 PGND Lx BAT EN FO VOUT 10 MODE 9 8 7 6 RFB2 CFB RFB1
■TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
●Efficiency vs. Output Current XC9128B45CDx
VOUT=5.0V, fOSC=1.2MHz L=4.7μH (CDRH4D28C), CIN=10μF, CL=32μF
VOUT MODE FB AGND AEN/
CL (ceramic)
100 80 Efficiency : EFFI (%) 60
3.7V 40 20 0 0.1
VIN=1.8V
PWM(MODE:H) PWM/PFM(MODE:L) 1 10 100 Output Current : IOUT (mA)
Output Current: IOUT (mA)
1000
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XC9128/XC9129 Series
■PIN CONFIGURATION
PGND 1 Lx 2 BAT 3 EN 4 FO 5 MSOP-10 (TOP VIEW) 10 VOUT 9 MODE 8 FB 7 AGND 6 AEN/ FO 5 EN 4 BAT 3 Lx 2 PGND 1 USP-10B (BOTTOM VIEW) XC9128 Series 8 VOUT 6 NC 7 AGND 8 FB 9 MODE 10 VOUT USP-10B (BOTTOM VIEW) XC9129 Series 6 AEN/ 7 AGND 8 FB 9 MODE 10 VOUT
PGND 1
NC 5 EN 4
Lx 2
7 MODE 6 FB
BAT 3 Lx 2 PGND 1
BAT 3
EN 4 SOP-8 (TOP VIEW) Under Development
5 AGND
■PIN ASSIGNMENT
MSOP-10* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PIN NUMBER USP-10B* USP-10B* (XC9128) (XC9129) 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 5, 6 SOP-8 ** 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 PIN NAME PGND Lx BAT EN FO AEN/ AGND FB MODE VOUT NC FUNCTION Power Ground Output of Internal Power Switch Battery Input Chip Enable Flag Output Adaptor Enable Analog Ground Output Voltage Monitor Mode Switch Output Voltage No Connection
* For MSOP-10 and USP-10B packages, please short the GND pins (pins 1 and 7). *The dissipation pad for the USP-10B package should be solder-plated following the recommended mount pattern and metal masking so as to enhance mounting strength and heat release. If the pad needs to be connected to other pins, it should be connected to the Ground pins (pins 1 and 7). ** For SOP-8 package, please short the GND pins (pins 1 and 5).
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XC9128/XC9129
Series
1. EN, AEN/ Pin Function
●XC9128 Series EN PIN L→H H H H L L
■FUNCTION CHART
AEN/ PIN L H→L H→L H L H FB PIN VOLTAGE Lower than 0.45×0.8V Higher than 0.45×0.95V IC OPERATIONAL STATE Operation Operation Operation Step-Up Operation Shut-Down Disable Disable SOFT-START FUNCTION Available Available Not Available -
* Do not leave the EN and AEN/ Pins open.
●XC9129 Series EN PIN H L IC OPERATIONAL STATE Operation Disable
* Do not leave the EN Pin open.
2. MODE Pin Function
●XC9128/XC9129 Series MODE PIN H L FUNCTION
PWM Control PWM/PFM Automatic Switching Control
■PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION
●Ordering Information
XC9128①②③④⑤⑥-⑦ XC9129①②③④⑤⑥-⑦
*1 ) *1 )
・・・・ MSOP-10, USP-10B ・・・・ USP-10B SOP-8 (Under Development)
DESIGNATOR ①
DESCRIPTION Transistor Built-In, Output Voltage Freely Set (FB voltage), Integral Protection Type Reference Voltage Oscillation Frequency
SYMBOL B D 45 C AR AR-G DR DR-G SR
DESCRIPTION With integral protection Without integral protection Fixed reference voltage 0.45V ②=4, ③=5 1.2MHz MSOP-10 MSOP-10 (Halogen & Antimony free) USP-10B USP-10B (Halogen & Antimony free) SOP-8 (under development)
②③ ④
⑤⑥-⑦
Packages Taping Type (*2)
(*1) (*2)
The “-G” suffix indicates that the products are Halogen and Antimony free as well as being fully RoHS compliant. The device orientation is fixed in its embossed tape pocket. For reverse orientation, please contact your local Torex sales office or representative. (Standard orientation: ⑤R-⑦, Reverse orientation: ⑤L-⑦)
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XC9128/XC9129 Series
■BLOCK DIAGRAM
●XC9128 Series
* XC9129 Series The XC9129 series does not have AEN/ pin and FO pin.
■ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Ta=25℃ PARAMETER VOUT Pin Voltage AEN/ Pin Voltage (*2) FO Pin Voltage (*2) FO Pin Current (*2) FB Pin Voltage BAT Pin Voltage MODE Pin Voltage EN Pin Voltage LX Pin Voltage LX Pin Current MSOP-10 USP-10B Power Dissipation SOP-8 (Under Development) Operating Temperature Range Storage Temperature Range
*1: When implemented on a PCB. *2: The XC9129 series does not have AEN/ pin and FO pin. These pins are available only in the XC9128 series.
SYMBOL VOUT VAEN/ VFO IFO VFB VBAT VMODE VEN VLx ILx Pd Topr Tstg
RATINGS - 0.3~6.5 - 0.3~6.5 - 0.3~6.5 10 - 0.3~6.5 - 0.3~6.5 - 0.3~6.5 - 0.3~6.5 - 0.3~VOUT+0.3 2000 350 (*1) 150 300 - 40~+85 - 55~+125
UNITS V V V mA V V V V V mA mW
o o
C C
AGND, PGND is the standard voltage for all of voltages.
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XC9128/XC9129
Series
■ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
XC9128/XC9129 Series PARAMETER Input Voltage FB Voltage Output Voltage Setting Range Operation Start Voltage SYMBOL VIN VFB VOUTSET VST1 CONDITIONS
-
Topr=25 oC MIN. (*8)
TYP. 0.45 0.8 0.7 3 30 28 2 2 1.20 92 250 93 0.20 0.20 (*1) 1 1.5 3.5
MAX. 6.0 0.46 5.3 0.8 0.9 (*1) 6 80 78 10 10 1.38 96 0 400 0.35 (*1) 0.35 (*1) 2.0 -
UNITS V V V V V V V mA μA μA μA MHz % % mA % Ω Ω μA A ms
CIRCUIT ④ ① ① ① ① ① ② ② ③ ② ④ ④ ④ ① ① ⑤ ⑦ ⑤ ① ①
Oscillation Start Voltage Operation Hold Voltage Supply Current 1 Supply Current 2 (XC9128) Supply Current 2 (XC9129) Input Pin Current Stand-by Current Oscillation Frequency Maximum Duty Cycle Minimum Duty Cycle PFM Switching Current Efficiency (*2) LX SW "Pch" ON Resistance LX SW "Nch" ON Resistance LX Leak Current Current Limit
(*5) (*6)
VST2 VHLD IDD1 IDD2 IBAT ISTB fOSC DMAX DMIN IPFM EFFI RLxP RLxN ILXL ILIM tLAT
VOUT=VIN=3.3V, VFO=0V Voltage to start oscillation during VFB= 0.46V → 0.44V Connect to external components, RL=1kΩ Connect to external components, RL=33Ω Voltage to start oscillation during VIN=0V → 1V, RL=1kΩ Connect to external components, RL=1kΩ VIN = VOUT =3.3V, VFB=0.45×0.9 VIN = VOUT =3.3V VFB=0.45×1.1 (Oscillation stop), VMODE=0V VIN =3.3V, VOUT =1.8V, VEN=0V VIN = VOUT =3.3V, VEN=0V (*8) VIN = VOUT =3.3V, VFO=0V , VFB=0.45×0.9 VIN = VOUT =3.3V, VFO=0V (*8), VFB=0.45×0.9 VIN = VOUT =3.3V, VFO=0V (*8), VFB=0.45×1.1 Connect to external components, VMODE=0V, RL=330Ω Connect to external components, RL=33Ω VIN=VLx=VOUT+50mV, VFB=0.45×1.1 (*3) VIN=VOUT=3.3V, Lx =50mV (*4) VIN=VOUT= VLX, VFB=0V VOUT>2.5V Time to stop oscillation during RL=33Ω → 3.3Ω, VFO=L → H Time to stop oscillation during RL=33Ω → 3.3Ω Time to start oscillation during VEN=0V → VIN at VIN = VOUT =3.3V, VFO=0V, VFB=0.45×0.95 VIN = VOUT =3.3V, VFO=0V, VFB=0.45×0.95 Time to start oscillation during VAEN/=VIN→0V. VIN = VOUT =3.3V, VFO=0V, VFB=0.45×0.8 Time to start oscillation during VAEN/=VIN→0V VIN =3.3V Voltage to stop oscillation during VOUT=1.56V→1.3V VIN =VOUT=3.3V, VFO=0.25V VIN = VOUT =3.3V, VEN=0V ,VFO=1V
0.44 1.8 1.02 85 1.2 -
Integral Latch Time (XC9128)
Integral Latch Time (XC9129) (*6) Soft-Start Time 1
tSS1
1.7
5.3
10.5
ms
④
Soft-Start Time 2 (*7)
tSS2
-
0.02
0.04
ms
④
Soft-Start Time 3 (*7) Thermal Shutdown Temperature Hysteresis Width Output Voltage Drop Protection (*6) FO Output Current (*7) FO Leakage Current (*7)
tSS3
1.7
5.3
10.5
ms
o o
④
TTSD THYS VLVP IFO_OUT IFO_Leak
1.3 1.3 -
150 20 1.48 1.7 0
1.56 2.2 1
C C
⑥ ④ ④
V mA μA
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XC9128/XC9129 Series
■ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Continued)
●XC9128/XC9129 Series (Continued) PARAMETER EN "H" Voltage SYMBOL VENH CONDITIONS VIN =VOUT=3.3V, VFO=0V Voltage to start oscillation during VFB=0.45×0.9, VEN= 0.2V→0.65V VIN = VOUT =3.3V, VFO=0V (*8) EN "L" Voltage VENL Voltage to stop oscillation during VFB=0.45×0.9, VEN= 0.65V→0.2V RL =330Ω, Voltage operates at PWM control RL =330Ω, Voltage operates at PFM control VIN = VOUT =3.3V, VFO=0V Voltage to start oscillation during VAEN/= 0.9V→0.7V VIN=VOUT=VFB=VEN=6.0V VIN=VOUT=VFB=6.0V, VEN=0V VIN=VOUT=VFB=VMODE=6.0V VIN=VOUT=VFB=6.0V, VMODE=0V VIN=VOUT=VFB=VAEN/=6.0V VIN=VOUT=6.0V, VEN=0V, VAEN/=0V VIN=VOUT=VFB=6.0V VIN=VOUT=6.0V, VFB=0V 0.2 V ④
(*8)
Topr=25 oC MIN. 0.65 TYP. MAX. 6.0 UNITS V CIRCUIT ④
MODE "H" Voltage MODE "L" Voltage AEN/ Voltage
(*7)
VMODEH VMODEL VAEN/ IENH IENL IMODEH IMODEL IAEN/H IAEN/L IFBH IFBL
0.65 AGND 0.7 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1
0.8 -
6.0 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 (*8) (*8)
V V V μA μA μA μA μA μA μA μA
① ① ④ ② ② ② ② ② ② ② ②
EN "H" Current EN "L" Current MODE "H" Current MODE "L" Current AEN/ "H" Current AEN/ "L" Current FB "H" Current FB "L" Current
Test Conditions:
(*7) (*7)
For the Circuit No.1, unless otherwise stated, VIN=1.8V, VEN=VMODE=VFO=3.3V, VAEN/=0V For the Circuit No.3, unless otherwise stated, VIN=1.8V, VOUT=VEN=VMODE=3.3V, FB=0V
For the Circuit No.2, unless otherwise stated, VIN=1.8V, VFB =0V, VEN=VMODE=3.3V, VAEN/=0V
For the Circuit No.4, unless otherwise stated, VIN=1.8V, VFB=0V, VEN=VMODE=Vpull=VFO=3.3V, VAEN/ =0V For the Circuit No.5, unless otherwise stated, VIN=3.3V, VAEN/=0V For the Circuit No.7, unless otherwise stated, VEN=VMODE=3.3V External Components:
(*8) (*8)
(*8)
For the Circuit No.6, unless otherwise stated, VEN=VMODE=Vpull=VFO=3.3V, VFB=0V
For the Circuit No.1, RFB1=270kΩ, RFB2=43kΩ, CFB=12pF, L=4.7μH(LTF5022 TDK), CL1=22μF(ceramic), CL2=10 μF(ceramic), CIN=10μF(ceramic) For the Circuit No.2,3, CIN=1μF(ceramic) For the Circuit No.4,6, CIN=1μF(ceramic), Rpull=300Ω For the Circuit No.5, CIN=1μF(ceramic), COUT=1μF(ceramic) For the Circuit No.7, CIN=1μF(ceramic), COUT=1μF(ceramic), SBD =XBS304S17(TOREX), Rpull=0.5Ω
* * * * * *
1 : Designed value 2 : Efficiency ={(output voltage) X (output current)} ÷ {(input voltage) X (input current)} X 100 3 : LX SW "P-ch" ON resistance=(VLx-VOUT pin test voltage)÷100mA 4 : Testing method of LX SW "N-ch" ON resistance is stated at test circuits. 5 : Current flowing through the Nch driver transistor is limited. 6 : The XC9128D/XC9129D series does not have integral latch protection and VLVP function. This is only available with the XC9128B/XC9129B series. 7 : The XC9129 series does not have FO and AEN/ pins. 8 : The XC9129 series does not have FO and AEN/ pins. These pins are only available in the XC9128 series. The AEN/FO functions are only effective for the test of the XC9128 series.
* *
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XC9128/XC9129
Series
■TYPICAL APPLICATION CIRCUIT
Output voltage can be set by adding external split resistors. Output voltage is determined by the following equation, based on the values of RFB1 and RFB2. The sum of RFB1 and RFB2 should normally be 500kΩ or less. VOUT=0.45 × (RFB1 + RFB2) / RFB2 The value of CFB, speed-up capacitor for phase compensation, should be fZFB = 1 / (2 x π x CFB1 x RFB1) which is in the range of 10 kHz to 50 kHz. Adjustments are depending on application, inductance (L), load capacitance (CL) and dropout voltage. [Example of calculation] When RFB1=270kΩ, RFB2=43kΩ, VOUT1 = 0.45 × (270k+43k ) / 43k = 3.276V [Typical example] VOUT (V) 1.8 2.5 3.3 5.0 RFB1 (kΩ) 300 270 270 180 RFB2 (kΩ) 100 59 43 17.8 CFB (pF) 10 12 12 15
[External Components] 1.2MHz: L : 4.7μH (CDRH4D28C SUMIDA) CL1: 22μF (ceramic) CL2: 10μF (ceramic) CIN: 10μF (ceramic) * CL1 should be selected in 10μF or higher. Capacitance CL1 + CL2 is recommended 30μF or higher. (Ceramic capacitor compatible) If CL1 is lower than 10μF, operation may be unstable. In case of the usage CL1 + CL2 <30μF, output ripple may increase so that we recommend that you fully check actual performance on the board. * If using Tantalum or Electrolytic capacitors please be aware that ripple voltage will be higher due to the larger ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) values of those types of capacitors. Please also note that the IC’s operation may become unstable with such capacitors so we recommend that you fully check actual performance.
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XC9128/XC9129 Series
■OPERATIONAL EXPLANATION
The XC9128/XC9129 series consists of a reference voltage source, ramp wave circuit, error amplifier, PWM comparator, phase compensation circuit, N-channel driver transistor, P-channel synchronous rectification switching transistor and current limiter circuit. The error amplifier compares the internal reference voltage with the FB pin feed back voltage via resistors RFB1 and RFB2. Phase compensation is performed on the resulting error amplifier output, to input a signal to the PWM comparator to determine the turn-on time of the N-channel driver transistor during PWM operation. The PWM comparator compares, in terms of voltage level, the signal from the error amplifier with the ramp wave from the ramp wave circuit, and delivers the resulting output to the buffer driver circuit to cause the Lx pin to output a switching duty cycle. This process is continuously performed to ensure stable output voltage. The current feedback circuit monitors the N-channel driver transistor’s turn-on current for each switching operation, and modulates the error amplifier output signal to provide multiple feedback signals. This enables a stable feedback loop even when a low ESR capacitor, such as a ceramic capacitor, is used, ensuring stable output voltage. The source provides the reference voltage to ensure stable output of the DC/DC converter. The ramp wave circuit determines switching frequency. The frequency is fixed internally at 1.2MHz. The Clock generated is used to produce ramp waveforms needed for PWM operation, and to synchronize all the internal circuits. The error amplifier is designed to monitor output voltage. The amplifier compares the reference voltage with the feedback voltage divided by the internal resistors (RFB1 and RFB2). When the FB pin is lower than the reference voltage, output voltage of the error amplifier increases. The gain and frequency characteristics of the error amplifier are optimized internally. < Maximum Current Limit> The current limiter circuit monitors the maximum current flowing through the N-channel driver transistor connected to the Lx pin, and features a combination of the current limit and latch function. 1 When the driver current is greater than a specific level (equivalent to peak coil current), the maximum current limit function starts to operate and the pulses from the Lx pin turn off the N-channel driver transistor at any given time. 2When the driver transistor is turned off, the limiter circuit is then released from the maximum current limit detection state. 3At the next pulse, the driver transistor is turned on. However, the transistor is immediately turned off in the case of an over current state. 4 When the over current state is eliminated, the IC resumes its normal operation. The XC9128B/XC9129B series waits for the over current state to end by repeating the steps 1 through 3. If an over current state continues for several ms and the above three steps are repeatedly performed, the IC performs the function of latching the OFF state of the N-channel driver transistor, and goes into operation suspension mode. After being put into suspension mode, the IC can resume operation by turning itself off once and then re-starting via the EN pin, or by restoring power to the V IN pin. The XC9128D/XC9129D series does not have this latch function, so operation steps 1 through 3 repeat until the over current state ends. Integral latch time may be released from a over current detection state because of the noise. Depending on the state of a substrate, it may result in the case where the latch time may become longer or the operation may not be latched. Please locate an input capacitor as close as possible.
Limit
< Circuit No.3 >
Lx
VOUT A A FB A
Lx
VOUT
A A
BAT
MODE
BAT
MODE
CIN VIN
EN
FB
VMODE VIN
CIN
EN
FB VMODE
VOUT
FO VEN PGND
AEN/
A VAEN/
FO VEN PGND ※ External Components
AEN/ VFB AGND
AGND CIN : 1uF (ceramic)
※ External Components
CIN
: 1uF (ceramic)
< Circuit No.4 >
Wave Form Measure Point Rpull Lx Vpull A VIN BAT MODE VOUT
Lx
VOUT
BAT A VMODE CIN FB VLx FO VAEN/ VIN PGND
MODE VOUT
CIN VEN A VFO
EN
FB
EN
FB VAEN/ VFB
COUT
FO
AEN/
AEN/
PGND
AGND
AGND
※ External Components
CIN : 1uF (ceramic) Rpull : 300Ω
※ External Components
CIN : 1uF (ceramic) COUT : 1uF (ceramic)
Wave Form Measure Point Rpull Lx Vpull A VIN BAT MODE FB VMODE A VFO FO AEN/ FB PGND AGND VOUT V VEN VOUT
Wave Form Measure Point Lx SBD V1 Rpull BAT Vpull CLX VIN FO VEN PGND AGND AEN/ VMODE CIN EN FB COUT VOUT MODE VOUT
CIN
EN
※ External Components
CIN : 1uF (ceramic) Rpull : 300Ω
※ External Components
CIN : 1uF (ceramic) COUT : 1uF (ceramic) SBD : XBS304S17(TOREX) Rpull : 0.5Ω
Measurement method for ON resistance of the Lx switch Using the layout of circuit No.7 above, set the LX pin voltage to 50mV by adjusting the Vpull voltage whilst the N-ch driver transistor is turned on. Then, measure the voltage difference between both ends of Rpull. ON Resistance is calculated by using the following formula: RLXN=0.05 ÷ ((V1 – 0.05) ÷ 0.5) where V1 is a voltage between SBD and Rpull. LX pin voltage and V1 are measured by an oscilloscope. *1: The XC9129 series does not have the AEN/ pin and the FO pin. When the XC9129 series is measured, the FO and AEN pins are not effective in the above mentioned test circuits, they are NC.
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XC9128/XC9129 Series
■PACKAGING INFORMATION
●MSOP-10 ●USP-10B
MAX0 . 6
2. 6±0. 15
●SOP-8
(unit : mm)
0.2 -0.1
+0.05
4.2±0.4
6.1 -0.3
+0.4
5.0 -0.2
+0.5
0.25~0.9
0~
10 °
0~0.25
1.5±0.1
1.27±0.03
0.4±0.1
12/13
0. 4 ± 0. 0 3
1. 6 ± 0. 1
0. 2 5 ± 0. 1
XC9128/XC9129
Series
1. The products and product specifications contained herein are subject to change without notice to improve performance characteristics. Consult us, or our representatives before use, to confirm that the information in this datasheet is up to date. 2. We assume no responsibility for any infringement of patents, patent rights, or other rights arising from the use of any information and circuitry in this datasheet. 3. Please ensure suitable shipping controls (including fail-safe designs and aging protection) are in force for equipment employing products listed in this datasheet. 4. The products in this datasheet are not developed, designed, or approved for use with such equipment whose failure of malfunction can be reasonably expected to directly endanger the life of, or cause significant injury to, the user. (e.g. Atomic energy; aerospace; transport; combustion and associated safety equipment thereof.) 5. Please use the products listed in this datasheet within the specified ranges. Should you wish to use the products under conditions exceeding the specifications, please consult us or our representatives. 6. We assume no responsibility for damage or loss due to abnormal use. 7. All rights reserved. No part of this datasheet may be copied or reproduced without the prior permission of TOREX SEMICONDUCTOR LTD.
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