Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
1. Introduction
In case an application requires a higher current than the nominal value of one module, two MagI³C power modules can
operate in parallel, doubling the output current. For this reason and the purpose of better understanding of the topic ‘current
sharing’, a reference design board (order code: 178003) is introduced here.
The reference design consists of two MagI³C power modules (171021501) connected in parallel (with 2.5A rated current)
with all complementary components needed to achieve current sharing. The two DC-DC converters can be controlled in
two modes of operation, from the phase shift perspective, namely, interleaved mode (180° phase shift) and non-interleaved
mode (0° phase shift).
Figure 1. MagI³C Current Sharing Reference Design
2. Specifications
Electrical Specifications
Input Voltage Range
Output Voltage Range
Output Current
Maximum Output Power
Switching Frequency
DNS003 V1.0
Features
7V – 50V
2.5V – 15V
0A – 5A
75W
Adjustable
(500kHz – 1MHz)
Symmetrical current-sharing
tolerance
Superimposed output voltage ripple
Selectable synchronization
Discrete clock generator
Pads for an LC input filter
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Copyright © Würth Elektronik eiSos GmbH & Co. KG
± 3% typ.
< 4mVPP
Interleaved or
non interleaved
Integrated on the
board
Integrated on the
board
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
3. Functional Diagram
Figure 2 shows the simplified block diagram of the two MagI³C Power Modules connected in parallel.
VIN
MagI³C
Power
Module 1
CIN1
CLK
Generator
500kHz
RT/CLK
VIN
+
COUT
VOUT
MagI³C
Power
Module 2
AGND
CIN2
RT/CLK
COUT1
PGND
+
COUT2
PGND
CIN
VOUT
VOUT
AGND
VIN
Figure 2. Functional Diagram
In addition, the input and output capacitors of the respective modules are shown. In order to operate the power modules in
parallel, it is required to synchronize both devices to an external clock.
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
4. Reference Design Description___________________________________________
The following pictures show the current-sharing reference design board with its features:
Input trace
Output trace
Output trace
Input trace
Figure 3. Current-Sharing Reference Design with two MagI³C Power Modules in Parallel
DNS003 V1.0
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
Discrete clock generator
Selection between interleaved (async) and noninterleaved (sync) mode
Shunt resistors for
measuring the input and
output current (optional)
Figure 4. Features – clock, mode select, shunt
Optional
input
implementation
Electrolytic capacitor at
input:
To prevent undesired
oscillations caused by
series resonance of long
supply wires with the
ceramic input capacitors
Electrolytic capacitor at
output:
improves transient
performance
filter
Figure 5. Feature – input filter, input / output capacitor
DNS003 V1.0
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
Figure 6. Features – terminals, test points, adjustment
Solid screw terminals for
VIN and VOUT
Allows for reliable
connections
and
measurements
Standard wires can
be used
Robust test points
Measuring wires can
be connected
separately
Easy access to
relevant points
Easy adjustment of VOUT
and switching frequency
Values for different output voltages:
VOUT
R8 and R9
2.5V
3.3V
5V
9V
12V
15V
4.7kΩ
3.2kΩ
1.9kΩ
976Ω
714Ω
563Ω
Values for different switching frequencies with C1 = 1nF:
DNS003 V1.0
Switching frequency fCLK
Capacitor value C1
Resistor value R1
500kHz
1nF
823Ω
600kHz
1nF
632Ω
700kHz
1nF
503Ω
800kHz
1nF
410Ω
900kHz
1nF
342Ω
1MHz
1nF
289Ω
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
5. Paralleling of MagI³C Power Modules______________________________________
There are three common ways to connect DC/DC-Converters in parallel for the purposes of current sharing and redundancy:
Brute-force current sharing (no additional circuitry)
Forced current sharing (also known as active current sharing)
Droop Regulation (output impedance increase to force the equal currents)
This reference design (two MagI³C Power Module 171021501 in parallel) uses the principle of the brute-force current
sharing. This type of parallel connection has the advantage of scalability and is - compared to the other types - inexpensive.
To realize this parallel circuitry several steps are necessary, which are explained in detail in the following chapter.
This reference design achieves the advantage of doubling the current capability, independent of the selected mode (noninterleaved / interleaved-mode). Another advantage of connecting in parallel is the improved heat distribution compared to
the case of using a single module rated at the full load, i.e. the MagI³C Power Module 171050601 (nominal rated output
current of 5A). While this module forms one heat spot on the board due to the power dissipation, the power losses of the
parallel version with two modules split and thus heat is distributed. This creates two hot spots that are lower in temperature
than a single module with the same output current.
In addition, the used modules of the parallel circuitry have a higher input voltage range (50Vmax) than compared to the single
module (36Vmax), which results in a higher usability.
Furthermore paralleling the MagI³C Power Module 171021501, it is possible to select between two different modes:
interleaved and non-interleaved, which will be explained now.
Parallel circuit
doubled power at the output
better thermal performance
Interleavedmode
Non-interleavedmode
reduced input voltage ripple
Better conducted EMI
reduced output voltage ripple
faster control of the load
high input and output voltage ripple
high pulse currents due to
simultaneous switching of MOSFETS
high EMI results
transient performance
Figure 7. Overview of the Interleaved- and Non-Interleaved-Mode
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
5.1 Non-Interleaved Mode
The non-interleaved mode means that both PWM signals, which drive the modules, are in phase. This mode can be used
if an application has wide limits regarding electromagnetic emission and/or output voltage ripple.
But if an application has strict limits the more complex mode must be used, which will be explained in the following.
5.2 Interleaved Mode
If the PWM signals are 180° out of phase, as showing in figure 8 the power modules work in interleaved mode. Running
the converter in interleaved manner brings several benefits. From an electromagnetic interference reduction standpoint, the
input voltage ripple is reduced because of the phase shift. Therefore, the requirements for an input filter are more relaxed.
The 180° phase shifted output voltage ripple results in a smaller superimposed output voltage ripple on the shared output.
This smaller ripple also results in smaller value of the required output capacitor.
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
Vn1
switch node
Voltage (Vn1)
0
Vn2
t
Δϕ =180°
switch node
Voltage (Vn2)
0
t
IL1
inductor
current (IL1)
Iout1
0
t
IL2
inductor
current (IL2)
Iout2
0
t
Figure 8. Signal Characteristics of Interleaved-Mode
The first two waveforms show the switching nodes phase-shifted by 180°. Below, the corresponding inductor
currents are shown, also phase-shifted by 180°.
Additionally, current-sharing leads also to a faster control of the load transient, which can be described with
figure 9 shown below. Therefore, statistically speaking, the possibility to meet the optimal recovery time (where
the inductor current reaches its peak) is doubled since two peaks occur. This mode is therefore recommended
due to the application limits concerning electromagnetic interference or output voltage ripple.
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
6. Circuit Description
6.1 Parallel circuitry
In the following circuit diagram, the basic connections for current-sharing (in green) and the connection of the clock
generator (in red) are shown. The circuitry (number and size of input and output capacitors, synchronization configuration
of R and C, etc.) is applied according to the “BILL OF MATERIAL” section. Layout rules (e.g. close placement of the input
capacitor to VIN pin) also apply to each individual power module as recommended in their datasheet.
C4
R5
29
28
+
INTSS
PM1
FB
SS/TR
VOUT
1
C7
C8
36
R9
2
J1
CLK
RSET INT
RT/CLK
12-15
AGND
C 14
VOUT1
PGND
C13
31
VIN1
COMP
26
VIN
+
CIN
COUT
C25
28
C3
29
R4
SS/TR
INTSS
AGND
PM2
FB
31
RT/CLK
26
C9
PGND
COMP
2
VIN2
RSET INT
VOUT2
36
R8
1
12-15
C11
C 10
C12
Figure 9. Circuit Diagram of the Current-Sharing Reference Design
Connections between the two MagI³C-Power-Modules:
Connect VOUT1 and VOUT2 together to operate as a single output
Both FB pins have to be connected to get the same output voltage on both modules:
(RSET has to be selected according to the table in the “BILL OF MATERIAL”)
Both COMP pins have to be connected to force the same duty cycles in both modules
(CSHARE is recommended with 100pF and used to filter noise)
Both SS/TRK pins have to be connected to reach the output voltage at the same time
(CSS has to be selected according to the datasheet table or formula or use the pin INTSS)
The AGND and PGND pins have to be connected to refer to the same ground level
Synchronization to a clock generator
DNS003 V1.0
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
6.2 Clock Generator
For paralleling two Power Modules (171021501) a clock generator with a rectangular signal is essential. Both RT/CLK-Pins
have to be synchronized to this rectangular wave. Therefore the power modules can be - as already mentioned - driven in
phase (non-interleaved mode) and 180° out-of-phase (interleaved-mode), which has different advantages considering
technical issues.
The implemented clock generator for interleaving-mode is shown as follows:
LM293 6HV-5.0
VIN
CIN
10µF
VIN
VOUT
8
3
20mΩ
1
GND
2
10µF
4
CVCC
100nF
COUT
LMC555CM
VCC
OUT
Cbyp
100nF
SN74LVC1G14
RT/CLK (31)
RESET
TRIGG ER
5
CLK
3
2
RCLK
CVOLT THR 6
GND
1
RT/CLK (31)
CCLK
DIS 7
Setting the frequency
Figure 10: Clock Generator Circuit
The clock is generated by the timer LMC555CM. It is configured as a 50% duty cycle oscillator. Due to its limited maximum
supply voltage of 15V a linear regulator LM2936HV is used to support supply voltages up to 60V same as the MagI³C
module. The phase shift of 180° is realized by the Schmitt-trigger-inverter SN74LVC1614. The particular signal with a 180°
phase shift is routed to each Pin RT/CLK of the power module.
To reduce disturbances and have short traces, the discrete clock generator is included in the reference design. Therefore
short traces and symmetrical distance to the MagI³C power modules are assured, see
DNS003 V1.0
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
S-T-Inverter
ZOOM
ZOOM
LMC555CM
LM2936HV
Figure 11: Clock Generator zoom view
Figure 12: Clock Generator on the Board
The 171021501 power module can operate with a user selectable frequency. For this reason R1 and C1 have to be chosen.
The recommended capacitor C1 value is 1nF. With this information, the resistor value of R1 can be calculated.
For different frequencies, the following equation will be helpful to calculate the right resistor value:
𝑅1 ∙ 𝐶1 =
DNS003 V1.0
1
1.4 ∙𝑓𝐶𝐿𝐾 ∙(1+
𝑓𝐶𝐿𝐾
)
680 𝑘𝐻𝑧
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
7. Filter Suggestions for Conducted EMI
The input filter shown in the schematic below is recommended to achieve conducted compliance according to EN55032
Class B. For radiated EMI the input filter is not necessary. It is useful to comply with the setup recommended in the standard.
If two or more modules are connected to a single rail, the individual module’s input has to be decoupled by an inductor in
each input line in order to avoid mutual oscillations caused by the coupling and additional undesired antenna effect. To
decouple these input lines and comply with the standard, two input LC filter designs are recommended:
7.1 LC Input Filter with a Common Filter Capacitor
First of all a LC input filter with one common filter capacitor Cf is recommended:
L1
VIN
C13
MagI³C
Power Module 1
C14
VIN
GND
Cin
+
Cf
L2
VIN
GND
C9
C10
MagI³C
Power Module 2
GND
Input LC Filter
Figure 13: Simplified Schematic with a LC Input Filter (Common Cf)
Bill of Material of the Input LC Filter
Designator
Description
Order Code
Manufacturer
C99 (Cf)
Filter ceramic chip capacitor 4.7μF/50V X7R, 1210
885012209048
Würth Elektronik
L1, L2
Filter inductor, 4.7µH, PD2 family
744773047
Würth Elektronik
DNS003 V1.0
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
Interleaved Mode:
Test conditions
Value
Unit
Input voltage VIN
24
V
Output voltage VOUT
5
V
Switching frequency fSW
500
kHz
Output current IOUT
5
A
Filter capacitor Cf
4.7
µF
Filter inductor L1, L2
4.7
µH
Ambient temperature TAMB
22
°C
Conducted EMI Results measured on the reference design board:
80
70
Conducted Emissions 178003
VIN = 24V, VOUT = 5V, ILOAD = 5A with input filter 4.7µF (885012209048) common and 4.7µH (744773047)
Average Quasi peak
Conducted Emissions [dBµV]
60
EN55022 Class B Quasi Peak limit
50
EN55022 Class B Average limit
40
30
20
10
0
-10
0.15
0.5
1
10
30
Frequency [MHz]
Figure 14: Conducted EMI
The used filter complies with the standard EN55022 Class B.
The reference design board allows also a splitting of the filter capacitor C f, which is now shown below.
DNS003 V1.0
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
7.2 LC Input Filter with a Filter Capacitor in Each Input Line
A LC input filter with a separated filter capacitor C17, C18 in each input trace:
L1
VIN
C18
C13
MagI³C
Power Module
C14
VIN
GND
C1
+
L2
VIN
C17
GND
C9
MagI³C
Power Module
C10
GND
Input LC Filter
Figure 15: Simplified Schematic with a LC Input Filter (Separated Cf)
Bill of Material of the input LC Filter
Designator
Description
C17, C18
Filter ceramic chip capacitor 2.2μF/100V X7R, 1210
L1, L2
Filter inductor, 4.7µH, PD2 family
DNS003 V1.0
Order Code
744773047
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Copyright © Würth Elektronik eiSos GmbH & Co. KG
Manufacturer
Various
Würth Elektronik
Page 14/21
Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
Interleaved Mode:
Test conditions
Value
Unit
Input voltage VIN
24
V
Output voltage VOUT
5
V
Switching frequency fSW
500
kHz
Output current IOUT
5
A
Filter capacitor C17, C18
2.2
µF
Filter inductor L1, L2
4.7
µH
Ambient temperature TAMB
22
°C
Conducted EMI Results measured on the reference design board:
80
70
Conducted Emissions 178003
VIN = 24V, VOUT = 5V, ILOAD = 5A with input filter 2.2µF separated and 4.7µH (744773047)
Average Quasi peak
Conducted Emissions [dBµV]
60
EN55022 Class B Quasi Peak limit
50
EN55022 Class B Average limit
40
30
20
10
0
-10
0.15
0.5
1
10
30
Frequency [MHz]
Figure 16: Conducted EMI
Dividing the filter capacitor Cf leads to a minimal (approximately 6-7dBµV) improvement of the EMC. With these results the
following final recommendation can be given: With two separated filter capacitors, there is more safety (higher filtering
effect) with the layout, if the input lines are not exactly symmetrical because of e.g. space reasons.
DNS003 V1.0
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
8. Thermal Performance and Layout Section
When creating the layout, special care must be taken for the input and output traces. The critical points for a symmetrical
current-sharing are the input and output traces. The length and width and therefore the impedance of the input and output
trace have to be identical. Additionally the section LAYOUT in the datasheet of the MagI³C Power Module (171021501) is
recommended.
The PCB consists of four layer (copper thickness 70µm) which are connected through vias under each power module.
Test conditions
Value
Unit
Input voltage VIN
24
V
Output voltage VOUT
5
V
Switching frequency fSW
500
kHz
Output current IOUT
5
A
Power losses
10.55
W
Ambient temperature TAMB
22
°C
Figure 15 below shows the top side of the current-sharing reference design.
Figure 17: Thermo picture with IR Camera
CONCLUSION
Both power modules are at the same temperature level
Symmetrical distribution of the heat on the PCB
Optimal utilization of PCB area to ensure heat spreading
DNS003 V1.0
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
Figure 18: Top View
CONCLUSION
Symmetrical routing of power paths
Clock generator placed in center
Shunt resistors for current measurements
Input filter option in each path
The next two chapters show the “SCHEMATIC” and the “BILL OF MATERIAL” of the reference design.
DNS003 V1.0
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
9. Schematic
Figure 19: Schematic of the Reference Design
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
10. Assembly Drawing
Figure 20: Assembly Drawing
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
11. Bill of Material
Designator
Description
Quantity
Order Code
Manufacturer
IC3, IC4
MagI³C Power Module
2
171021501
Würth Elektronik
R2, R3
SMD bridge 0Ω resistance
2
-
Various
4.7kΩ for VOUT = 2,5V
2
-
Various
3.2kΩ for VOUT = 3,3V
2
-
Various
1.9kΩ for VOUT = 5V
2
-
Various
976Ω for VOUT = 9V
2
-
Various
714Ω for VOUT = 12V
2
-
Various
2
-
Various
4
-
Various
4
-
Various
R10 (Rin1), R11 (Rin2)
563Ω for VOUT = 15V
Ceramic chip capacitor
2.2µF/100V, X7R, 1210
Ceramic chip capacitor
22µF/25V, X7R, 1210
Aluminium electrolytic
capacitor 27µF/100V
Shunt resistor 1mΩ
2
-
Various
R12 (Rout1), R13 (Rout2)
Shunt resistor 1mΩ
2
-
Various
C25
Ceramic chip capacitor
100pF/10V, X7R, 0805
1
R8, R9
C9, C10, C13, C14
C7, C8, C11, C12
C15 (Cin), C16 (Cout)
2
860040874001
Würth Elektronik
885012207004
Würth Elektronik
Order Code
LMC555CMX/NOPBCTND
SN74LVC1G14DBVR
LM2936HVMAX5.0/NOPBCT-ND
Manufacturer
885012207086
Würth Elektronik
Clock generator components:
Designator
Description
IC1
Timer
1
IC2
Schmitt-Trigger Inverter
1
IC5
Linear Voltage Regulator
1
C1
R1
C2, C20
C3, C4
R4, R5
C5
C6
R6, R7
DNS003 V1.0
Ceramic chip capacitor
1nF/50V, X7R, 0805
823Ω for f = 500kHz
Quantity
1
Texas Instruments
Texas Instruments
Texas Instruments
1
-
Various
632Ω for f = 600kHz
1
-
Various
503Ω for f = 700kHz
1
-
Various
410Ω for f = 800kHz
1
-
Various
342Ω for f = 900kHz
1
-
Various
289Ω for f = 1000kHz
Ceramic chip capacitor
100nF/50V, X7R, 0805
Ceramic chip capacitor
470pF/10V, C0G, 0805
1kΩ
Ceramic chip capacitor
2.2µF/100V, X7R, 1210
Ceramic chip capacitor
10µF/10V, X7R, 0805
Shunt resistor 20mΩ
1
-
Various
2
885012207098
Würth Elektronik
2
885012007007
Würth Elektronik
2
-
Various
1
-
Various
1
2
885012207026
-
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Various
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Reference Design Note
MagI3C Power Modules
DNS003 Current-sharing with MagI³C Power Modules
Important Notes
The Reference Design Note / Application Note is based on our knowledge and experience of typical requirements
concerning these areas. It serves as general guidance and should not be construed as a commitment for the suitability for
customer applications by Würth Elektronik eiSos GmbH & Co. KG. The information in the Application Note is subject to
change without notice. This document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without written permission, and
contents thereof must not be imparted to a third party nor be used for any unauthorized purpose.
Würth Elektronik eiSos GmbH & Co. KG and its subsidiaries and affiliates (WE) are not liable for application assistance of
any kind. Customers may use WE’s assistance and product recommendations for their applications and design. The
responsibility for the applicability and use of WE Products in a particular customer design is always solely within the authority
of the customer. Due to this fact it is up to the customer to evaluate and investigate, where appropriate, and decide whether
the device with the specific product characteristics described in the product specification is valid and suitable for the
respective customer application or not.
The technical specifications are stated in the current data sheet of the products. Therefore the customers shall use the data
sheets and are cautioned to verify that data sheets are current. The current data sheets can be downloaded at www.we online.com. Customers shall strictly observe any product-specific notes, cautions and warnings. WE reserves the right to
make corrections, modifications, enhancements, improvements, and other changes to its products and services.
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acknowledge and agree that they are solely responsible for all legal, regulatory and safety-related requirements concerning
their products and any use of WE products in such safety-critical applications, notwithstanding any applications-related
information or support that may be provided by WE. CUSTOMERS SHALL INDEMNIFY WE AGAINST ANY DAMAGES
ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF WE PRODUCTS IN SUCH SAFETY-CRITICAL APPLICATIONS.
USEFUL LINKS
CONTACT INFORMATION
Application Notes / Reference Design Notes
https://www.we-online.com/app-notes
Technical Support
powermodules@we-online.com
REDEXPERT Design Tool
https://www.we-online.com/redexpert
Würth Elektronik eiSos GmbH & CO. KG
Max-Eyth-Str. 1, 74638 Waldenburg
Germany
Toolbox
https://www.we-online.com/toolbox
Tel.: +49 7942 945 0
we-online.com
MagI3C Product Catalog
https://katalog.we-online.com/en/pm
DNS003 V1.0
Markus Roppel - February 2019
Copyright © Würth Elektronik eiSos GmbH & Co. KG
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