Smart Star (SR9000)
Modular C-Programmable Control System
User’s Manual
019–0107 •
090519–L
Smart Star (SR9000) User’s Manual
Part Number 019-0107 • 090519–L • Printed in U.S.A.
© 2002–2009 Digi International Inc. • All rights reserved.
No part of the contents of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means
without the express written permission of Digi International.
Permission is granted to make one or more copies as long as the copyright page contained therein is
included. These copies of the manuals may not be let or sold for any reason without the express written
permission of Digi International.
Digi International reserves the right to make changes and
improvements to its products without providing notice.
Trademarks
Rabbit and Dynamic C are registered trademarks of Digi International Inc.
The latest revision of this manual is available on the Rabbit Web site, www.rabbit.com,
for free, unregistered download.
Digi International Inc.
www.rabbit.com
Smart Star (SR9000)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I. CPU/Backplane
Chapter 1. Introduction
9
1.1 Features .................................................................................................................................................9
1.2 User Connections ................................................................................................................................11
1.3 Optional Add-Ons...............................................................................................................................11
1.4 Development and Evaluation Tools....................................................................................................12
1.4.1 Tool Kit .......................................................................................................................................12
1.4.2 Software ......................................................................................................................................12
1.5 CE Compliance ...................................................................................................................................13
1.5.1 Design Guidelines .......................................................................................................................15
1.5.2 Interfacing the Smart Star to Other Devices ...............................................................................15
Chapter 2. Getting Started
17
2.1 Attach the CPU Card to the Backplane ..............................................................................................18
2.2 Connect the Power Supply..................................................................................................................19
NOTE: Notice to Customers
Outside North America............................................................................................................................19
2.3 Programming Cable Connections .......................................................................................................20
2.4 Installing Dynamic C ..........................................................................................................................21
2.5 Starting Dynamic C ............................................................................................................................22
2.6 PONG.C ..............................................................................................................................................23
2.7 Installing I/O Cards.............................................................................................................................24
2.8 Where Do I Go From Here? ...............................................................................................................25
Chapter 3. Hardware Features
27
3.1 Backplane Features .............................................................................................................................28
3.1.1 Power Distribution ......................................................................................................................28
3.1.2 I/O Card Slots..............................................................................................................................31
3.2 Smart Star CPU Card Features ...........................................................................................................32
3.2.1 Serial Communication.................................................................................................................32
3.2.1.1 RS-232................................................................................................................................ 32
3.2.1.2 RS-485................................................................................................................................ 33
3.2.1.3 Programming Port .............................................................................................................. 35
3.2.1.4 Ethernet Port (SR9150 only) .............................................................................................. 36
3.3 Programming Cable ............................................................................................................................37
3.3.1 Changing Between Program Mode and Run Mode ....................................................................37
3.3.2 Memory .......................................................................................................................................38
3.3.2.1 SRAM................................................................................................................................. 38
3.3.2.2 Flash EPROM .................................................................................................................... 38
3.3.3 Other Connectors ........................................................................................................................39
3.4 Other Hardware...................................................................................................................................41
3.4.1 Clock Doubler .............................................................................................................................41
3.4.2 Spectrum Spreader ......................................................................................................................41
User’s Manual
3
Chapter 4. Software
43
4.1 Running Dynamic C........................................................................................................................... 43
4.1.1 Upgrading Dynamic C................................................................................................................ 45
4.1.1.1 Patches and Bug Fixes....................................................................................................... 45
4.1.1.2 Upgrades ............................................................................................................................ 45
4.2 Sample Programs................................................................................................................................ 46
4.3 Dynamic C Libraries .......................................................................................................................... 47
4.4 Smart Star Backplane Function Calls................................................................................................. 48
4.4.1 Board Reset ................................................................................................................................ 48
4.4.2 Board Initialization ..................................................................................................................... 48
4.5 Serial Communication Calls............................................................................................................... 49
Chapter 5. Using the TCP/IP Features
51
5.1 Ethernet Connections ......................................................................................................................... 51
5.2 TCP/IP Sample Programs................................................................................................................... 53
5.2.1 How to Set IP Addresses in the Sample Programs..................................................................... 53
5.2.2 How to Set Up Your Computer for Direct Connect ................................................................... 54
5.2.3 Run the PINGME.C Demo......................................................................................................... 55
5.2.4 Additional Demo Programs........................................................................................................ 55
5.2.5 LCD/Keypad Sample Programs Showing TCP/IP Features ...................................................... 56
5.3 Where Do I Go From Here? ............................................................................................................... 57
Chapter 6. Smart Star Specifications
59
6.1 Electrical and Mechanical Specifications .......................................................................................... 60
6.1.1 Smart Star Backplane ................................................................................................................. 60
6.1.2 CPU Card.................................................................................................................................... 62
6.2 Jumper Configurations ....................................................................................................................... 64
6.3 Conformal Coating ............................................................................................................................. 66
6.4 Use of Rabbit 2000 Parallel Ports ...................................................................................................... 67
6.5 Exclusion Zone................................................................................................................................... 68
Part II. Digital I/O Cards
Chapter 7. Digital I/O Cards
71
7.1 Features .............................................................................................................................................. 71
7.2 User Interface ..................................................................................................................................... 72
7.3 User FWT Connections ...................................................................................................................... 73
7.3.1 Pinouts ........................................................................................................................................ 73
7.4 Digital Inputs and Outputs ................................................................................................................. 74
7.4.1 Digital Inputs .............................................................................................................................. 75
7.4.2 Digital Outputs ........................................................................................................................... 77
7.5 Software ............................................................................................................................................. 79
7.5.1 Sample Programs........................................................................................................................ 79
7.5.1.1 Running Sample Programs ................................................................................................ 79
7.5.2 Dynamic C Libraries .................................................................................................................. 79
7.5.3 Smart Star Digital I/O Card Function Calls ............................................................................... 80
7.6 Electrical and Mechanical Specifications .......................................................................................... 82
4
Smart Star (SR9000)
Part III. A/D Converter Cards
Chapter 8. A/D Converter Cards
87
8.1 A/D Converter Card Features .............................................................................................................87
8.2 User Interface......................................................................................................................................88
8.3 User FWT Connections ......................................................................................................................89
8.3.1 Pinouts.........................................................................................................................................89
8.4 Power Distribution ..............................................................................................................................90
8.5 Software ..............................................................................................................................................91
8.5.1 Sample Programs ........................................................................................................................91
8.5.1.1 Running Sample Programs................................................................................................. 91
8.5.2 Dynamic C Libraries ...................................................................................................................91
8.5.3 Smart Star A/D Converter Card Function Calls..........................................................................92
8.6 Electrical and Mechanical Specifications ...........................................................................................96
Part IV. D/A Converter Cards
Chapter 9. D/A Converter Cards
101
9.1 D/A Converter Card Features ...........................................................................................................101
9.2 User Interface....................................................................................................................................102
9.3 User FWT Connections ....................................................................................................................104
9.3.1 Pinouts.......................................................................................................................................104
9.4 Power Distribution ............................................................................................................................105
9.5 Software ............................................................................................................................................106
9.5.1 Sample Programs ......................................................................................................................106
9.5.1.1 Running Sample Programs............................................................................................... 106
9.5.2 Dynamic C Libraries .................................................................................................................106
9.5.3 Smart Star D/A Converter Card Function Calls........................................................................107
9.6 Electrical and Mechanical Specifications .........................................................................................113
Part V. Relay Cards
Chapter 10. Relay Cards
117
10.1 Relay Card Features........................................................................................................................117
10.2 User Interface..................................................................................................................................118
10.3 User FWT Connections ..................................................................................................................119
10.3.1 Pinouts.....................................................................................................................................119
10.4 Power Distribution ..........................................................................................................................120
10.5 Relay Cards Software .....................................................................................................................121
10.5.1 Sample Programs ....................................................................................................................121
10.5.2 Running Sample Programs......................................................................................................121
10.5.3 Dynamic C Libraries ...............................................................................................................121
10.5.4 Smart Star Relay Card Function Calls ....................................................................................122
10.6 Electrical and Mechanical Specifications .......................................................................................123
User’s Manual
5
Part VI. Appendices
Appendix A. Field Wiring Terminals
127
A.1 Selecting and Installing a Field Wiring Terminal ........................................................................... 128
A.2 Dimensions...................................................................................................................................... 129
Appendix B. LCD/Keypad Module
131
B.1 Specifications................................................................................................................................... 131
B.2 Contrast Adjustments for All Boards .............................................................................................. 133
B.3 Keypad Labeling.............................................................................................................................. 134
B.4 Header Pinouts................................................................................................................................. 135
B.4.1 I/O Address Assignments ........................................................................................................ 135
B.5 Mounting LCD/Keypad Module ..................................................................................................... 136
B.5.1 Installation Guidelines ............................................................................................................. 136
B.5.2 Mounting Instructions.............................................................................................................. 137
B.5.2.1 Bezel-Mount Installation................................................................................................. 137
B.6 Connecting LCD/Keypad Module to Smart Star Backplane........................................................... 139
B.7 Sample Programs............................................................................................................................. 141
B.8 LCD/Keypad Module Function Calls.............................................................................................. 143
B.8.1 LEDs ........................................................................................................................................ 143
B.8.2 LCD Display ............................................................................................................................ 144
B.8.3 Keypad ..................................................................................................................................... 160
B.9 Font and Bitmap Converter ............................................................................................................. 163
Appendix C. Power Management
165
C.1 Current Requirements...................................................................................................................... 166
C.2 Batteries and External Battery Connections.................................................................................... 166
C.2.1 Replacing the Backup Battery ................................................................................................. 167
C.2.2 Battery-Backup Circuit ............................................................................................................ 167
C.2.3 Power to VRAM Switch .......................................................................................................... 168
C.2.4 Reset Generator........................................................................................................................ 169
C.2.5 External Battery ....................................................................................................................... 170
C.3 Chip Select Circuit........................................................................................................................... 171
Appendix D. Smart Star Slot Address Layout
173
D.1
D.2
D.3
D.4
Digital I/O Card Channel Layout .................................................................................................... 175
A/D Converter Card Channel Layout.............................................................................................. 176
D/A Converter Card Channel Layout.............................................................................................. 177
Relay Card Channel Layout ............................................................................................................ 178
Index
179
Schematics
183
6
Smart Star (SR9000)
CPU/BACKPLANE
PART I. CPU/BACKPLANE
User’s Manual
7
CPU/BACKPLANE
Smart Star (SR9000)
CPU/BACKPLANE
1. INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 introduces the Smart Star embedded control system
and describes the features associated with the backplane chassis
and the CPU Card. The Tool Kit containing the hardware essentials to begin using the Smart Star is described, and the software
highlights are presented.
The Smart Star is a modular and expandable embedded control system whose configuration
of Digital I/O, A/D Converter, D/A Converter, and Relay Cards can be tailored to a large
variety of demanding real-time control and data acquisition applications.
The typical Smart Star system consists of a rugged backplane with a built-in voltage regulator,
a CPU Card, and one or more I/O cards. The CPU Card plugs into a designated slot on the
backplane chassis, which has additional slots available for any combination of I/O cards.
A high-performance Rabbit 2000 microprocessor on the CPU Card operates at 22.1 MHz
to provide fast data processing.
1.1 Features
• C-programmable to create a custom user interface
• Flexible functionality—modular configuration allows interchanging or replacing individual I/O cards
• Expandable—up to 168 I/O ports
• Choice of two backplanes—with either 3 or 7 slots for I/O cards
• Choice of CPU cards—with or without one RJ-45 10/100-compatible Ethernet port
with 10Base-T Ethernet interface
• RS-232 and RS-485 serial ports allow networking to other Smart Star units, singleboard computers, or enterprise computing centers
• 128K SRAM and 512K flash memory, optional 512K SRAM
• Real-time clock
• Watchdog supervisor
• Backup battery
• Optional backlit 122 × 32 graphic display/keypad module
• RabbitLink Ethernet gateway available for remote download/debug, Web serving, and
e-mail
User’s Manual
9
Table 1. Smart Star Backplanes and Cards
Card
Model
Features
SR9010
7 I/O card slots, 1 CPU card slot, header connections
for optional LCD/keypad module
SR9050
3 I/O card slots, 1 CPU card slot, header connections
for optional LCD/keypad module
SR9150
Full-featured CPU card with RJ-45 Ethernet port
SR9160
Full-featured CPU card without RJ-45 Ethernet port
SR9200
16 digital inputs, 8 digital sinking outputs
SR9210
8 digital inputs, 16 digital sinking outputs
SR9220
8 digital inputs, 8 digital sinking outputs
SR9205
16 digital inputs, 8 digital sourcing outputs
SR9215
8 digital inputs, 16 digital sourcing outputs
SR9225
8 digital inputs, 8 digital sourcing outputs
SR9300
12-bit A/D converter, 11 channels, 0 V – 10 V
SR9310
12-bit A/D converter, 11 channels, -10 V – +10 V
SR9320
12-bit A/D converter, 11 channels, 4 mA – 20 mA
SR9400
12-bit D/A converter, 8 channels, 0 V – 10 V
SR9410
12-bit D/A converter, 8 channels, -10 V – +10 V
SR9420
12-bit D/A converter, 8 channels, 4 mA – 20 mA
SR9500
5 SPST relays and 1 SPDT relay, each protected
with onboard snubbers
SR9510
8 SPDT relays (no snubbers)
Backplane
CPU
Digital I/O
I/O Cards
CPU/BACKPLANE
Table 1 lists the backplanes, CPU cards, and the I/O cards that are available for the Smart
Star control system. Appendix A provides detailed specifications for the Smart Star backplanes and the CPU cards.
A/D Converter
D/A Converter
Relay
10
Smart Star (SR9000)
Connections to the I/O cards are made via a ribbon cable connector or optional field wiring terminals that are either pluggable or have screw terminals. Three different Field Wiring Terminals (FWTs) are available. Table 2 lists the I/O cards and the Rabbit part
numbers for the corresponding FWTs.
Table 2. Guide to FWT Selection
Rabbit Part Number
Pluggable Terminals
Screw Terminals
FWT Description
I/O Cards
FWT27
Digital I/O
Relay (SR9510)
101-0420
101-0514
FWT18
A/D Converter
D/A Converter
101-0421
101-0515
FWT18R
Relay (SR9500)
101-0422
101-0516
NOTE: Appendix A, “Field Wiring Terminals,” provides further information on FWTs,
including their dimensions.
1.3 Optional Add-Ons
The LCD/keypad module is the only available optional add-on. Further details on the
LCD/keypad module are provided in Appendix B.
Visit our Web site for up-to-date information about additional add-ons and features as
they become available. The Web site also has the latest revision of this user’s manual.
User’s Manual
11
CPU/BACKPLANE
1.2 User Connections
CPU/BACKPLANE
1.4 Development and Evaluation Tools
1.4.1 Tool Kit
The Tool Kit has the hardware essentials that you need to create and use your own Smart
Star control system.
The items in the Tool Kit and their use are as follows:
• Smart Star (SR9000) Getting Started instructions.
• Dynamic C CD-ROM, with complete product documentation on disk.
• Programming cable, used to connect your PC serial port to the Smart Star CPU Card to
write and debug C programs that run on the Smart Star control system.
• FWT27 pluggable field wiring terminal.
• Screwdriver.
• DC power supply, used to power the backplane, which in turn supplies power to the
CPU card and the I/O cards. The DC power supply accepts an AC input of 100 V to
240 V at up to 0.6 A, and delivers a DC output up to 1.1 A at 24 V.
• Rabbit 2000 Processor Easy Reference poster.
• Registration card.
1.4.2 Software
The Smart Star control system is programmed using Rabbit’s Dynamic C. A compatible
version is included on the Tool Kit CD-ROM.
Rabbit also offers add-on Dynamic C modules containing the popular µC/OS-II real-time
operating system, as well as PPP, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and other select
libraries. In addition to the Web-based technical support included at no extra charge, a
one-year telephone-based technical support module is also available for purchase. Visit
our Web site at www.rabbit.com or contact your Rabbit sales representative or authorized
distributor for further information.
12
Smart Star (SR9000)
CPU/BACKPLANE
1.5 CE Compliance
Equipment is generally divided into two classes.
CLASS A
CLASS B
Digital equipment meant for light industrial use
Digital equipment meant for home use
Less restrictive emissions requirement:
less than 40 dB µV/m at 10 m
(40 dB relative to 1 µV/m) or 300 µV/m
More restrictive emissions requirement:
30 dB µV/m at 10 m or 100 µV/m
These limits apply over the range of 30–230 MHz. The limits are 7 dB higher for frequencies
above 230 MHz. Although the test range goes to 1 GHz, the emissions from Rabbit-based
systems at frequencies above 300 MHz are generally well below background noise levels.
The CPU card, I/O cards, and backplane in the Smart Star embedded control system have
been tested and were found to be in conformity with the following applicable immunity
and emission standards as described in Table 3.
Table 3. CE Compliance of Smart Star Backplanes and Cards
Card
Used for CE
Compliance
Testing
Model
Description
SR9010
7 I/O card slots, 1 CPU card slot,
header connections for optional
LCD/keypad module*
Full-featured
SR9050
3 I/O card slots, 1 CPU card slot,
header connections for optional
LCD/keypad module*
Sub-version
SR9150
22.1 MHz CPU card with Ethernet
Full-featured
SR9160
22.1 MHz CPU card without Ethernet Sub-version
SR9200
16 inputs, 8 sinking outputs
Full-featured
×
SR9205
16 inputs, 8 sourcing outputs
Full-featured
×
SR9210
8 inputs, 16 sinking outputs
Sub-version
SR9220
8 inputs, 8 sinking outputs
Sub-version
SR9300
Eleven 12-bit analog inputs (0–10 V)
Sub-version
SR9310
Eleven 12-bit analog inputs (±10 V)
Full-featured
SR9320
Eleven 12-bit analog inputs (4–20 mA) Sub-version
SR9500
5 SPST relays and 1 SPDT relay, each
Full-featured
protected with onboard snubbers
×
SR9510
8 SPDT relays (no snubbers)
×
×
Backplane
CPU
I/O Cards
Digital I/O
A/D Converter
Relay
Full-featured
×
×
* No CE compliance testing was done with the LCD/keypad module connected to a Smart Star
embedded control system. A system consisting of Smart Star boards and an LCD/keypad module therefore cannot be considered to be CE-compliant.
User’s Manual
13
CPU/BACKPLANE
The sub-versions of the boards are also CE-compliant. All boards that
are CE-compliant have the CE mark.
Several Smart Star boards are not yet CE-compliant. These boards are
listed in Table 4.
Table 4. Smart Star Backplanes and Cards Not CE-Compliant
Card
Model
Backplane
SR9000
7 I/O card slots, 1 CPU card slot
Legacy product
CPU
SR9100
25.8 MHz CPU card
Legacy product
SR9400
Eight analog outputs (0–10 V)
SR9410
Eight analog outputs (±10 V)
SR9420
Eight analog outputs (4–20 mA)
D/A Converter
Description
Comments
Passed emissions tests,
immunity tests pending
Immunity
The CE-compliant Smart Star boards meet the following EN55024/1998 immunity standards.
• EN61000-4-3 (Radiated Immunity)
• EN61000-4-4 (EFT)
• EN61000-4-6 (Conducted Immunity)
Additional shielding or filtering may be required for a heavy industrial environment.
Emissions
The CE-compliant Smart Star boards meet the following emission standards when used
with a Smart Star embedded control system that contains a Rev. C or higher version of the
Rabbit 2000 microprocessor with its spectrum spreader turned on and set to the normal
mode. This microprocessor is used in all Smart Star CPU boards that carry the CE mark.
• EN55022:1998 Class A
• FCC Part 15 Class A
NOTE: The Smart Star embedded control system satisfied the Class A limits but not the
Class B limits. Such equipment need not be restricted in its sale, but the following
warning must be included in the instructions for its use.
Warning
This is a class A product. In a domestic environment this product may cause radio interference, in which case the user may be required to take adequate measures.
Additional shielding or filtering may be needed to meet Class B emissions standards.
14
Smart Star (SR9000)
Note the following requirements for incorporating a Smart Star embedded control system
into your application to comply with CE requirements.
General
• The power supply provided with the Tool Kit is for development purposes only. It is the
customer’s responsibility to provide a CE-compliant power supply for the end-product
application.
• When connecting the Smart Star embedded control system to outdoor cables, the customer is responsible for providing CE-approved surge/lighting protection.
• Rabbit recommends placing digital I/O or analog cables that are 3 m or longer in a
metal conduit to assist in maintaining CE compliance and to conform to good cable
design practices.
• When installing or servicing the Smart Star embedded control system, it is the responsibility of the end-user to use proper ESD precautions to prevent ESD damage to the
Smart Star.
Safety
• All inputs and outputs to and from the Smart Star embedded control system must not be
connected to voltages exceeding SELV levels (42.4 V AC peak, or 60 V DC).
• The lithium backup battery circuit on the CPU card in the Smart Star embedded control
system has been designed to protect the battery from hazardous conditions such as
reverse charging and excessive current flows. Do not disable the safety features of the
design.
1.5.2 Interfacing the Smart Star to Other Devices
Since Smart Star embedded control systems are designed to be connected to other devices,
good EMC practices should be followed to ensure compliance. CE compliance is ultimately the responsibility of the integrator. Additional information, tips, and technical
assistance are available from your authorized Rabbit distributor, and are also available on
our Web site at www.rabbit.com.
User’s Manual
15
CPU/BACKPLANE
1.5.1 Design Guidelines
CPU/BACKPLANE
16
Smart Star (SR9000)
CPU/BACKPLANE
2. GETTING STARTED
Chapter 2 explains how to connect the power supply to the
Smart Star backplane, how to install the CPU Card on the backplane, and how to connect the programming cable to the CPU
Card. Once you run a sample program to demonstrate that you
have connected everything correctly, you will be ready to go on
to install I/O cards and finish developing your system.
User’s Manual
17
1. Orient the backplane with the PROCESSOR SLOT facing away from you as shown in
Figure 1.
J3
C19
C24
C23
C25
U10 C27
C28
JP1
C26
U6
J7
J6
GND
R17
Y1
J4
C18
R5
R12
C7
U8
R2
Align facing edge of
CPU card with back
edge of alignment hole
C49
J4
C22
C17
C11
R20
R11
C4
C46
C35
C53
RP4
C1
C15
C30
C2
U14
R32
R33
C21
U1
C31
C36
J8
C41
U9
Y3
C32
C16
R3
C13
R26
Q1
Q3
C33
R21
3
DS1
POWER
IN
51
25
1
PROCESSOR
SLOT
PROCESSOR
SLOT
R42
Battery
BT1
J1
R1
GND
C10
USER +RAW
C8
R23
R41
R39
Y2
C12
R14
R13
D5
C40
J5
J5
U3
D2
D1
R34
RT1
D3
R4
C3
R1
PWR
J
52
26
U3
C37
1
L3
C15
U4 C8
C
U3 7
2
C4
D1
R3
R4 +
C13
C14
2
D3
1
C16
TVS
J3
C17
J10
SLOT 0
C36
U2
C6
CPU/BACKPLANE
2.1 Attach the CPU Card to the Backplane
C5
C
U6 10
C19
+
R9
J5
U5 C9
C22
C23
SLOT 2
D4 L2
J4
C20
SLOT 1
D3
J6
JP1
J7
C29
C28
SLOT 4
R2
C26
A
CPUCT
C25
K
RC ACT L
M NK
LIN
SLOT 3
Align facing edge of
CPU card with back
edge of alignment hole
J8
C31
C32
RN
SLOT 5
1
R5
J9
CC34
34
CC35
35
SLOT 6
Figure 1. Attach the CPU Card to the Backplane
2. Position the CPU Card above the backplane as shown in Figure 1.
3. Carefully insert the CPU Card header into the PROCESSOR SLOT on the backplane
and line up the facing edge of the CPU Card with the back edge of the alignment holes
on the backplane as shown in Figure 1.
NOTE: Be careful to line up the pins on the CPU Card with the socket on the backplane when
installing the CPU Card. The CPU Card can be damaged once power is applied if the CPU Card
is not installed correctly.
4. Use the two 4-40 screws supplied with the CPU Card to anchor the plastic brackets so
that they hold the CPU Card firmly in place on the backplane.
18
Smart Star (SR9000)
Connect the power supply to the POWER IN
connector on the backplane—the red (positive) wire to +RAW and the black (negative)
wire to GND, as shown in Figure 2.
CPU
Board
The power supply included with the Smart Star
Tool Kit may be used worldwide. Customers
outside North America simply need to
exchange the line cord and plug from the
power supply to their wall outlet with one
available locally.
1. To exchange the line cord and plug, first
remove the existing line cord. To access the
screws, use a screwdriver to gently lift up
and remove the plastic insulating cover.
TVS1
PWR
J1
To
Smart Star
POWER IN
To wall
outlet
To Smart Star
power supply
DS1
1
2
C14
C12
3
PWR 1
J2
C13
52
POWER
IN
Red
V ADJ V +V
L N
(AC)
Plastic
Insulating
Cover
Figure 3. Power Supply Connections
(overseas)
1
26
25
51
Black
J1
DS1
POWER
IN
USER +RAW GND
V_USER +RAW
L2
SR9050
C15
R6
Jumper
J1
Figure 2. Power Supply Connections
(North America)
NOTE: Be careful to hook up
the positive and negative leads
exactly as described. Only the
+5 V circuitry is protected
against reverse polarity.
A USER connection is supplied on the
backplane to allow an independent power
supply to be used for future development.
For now, use a wire jumper to connect
USER to +RAW so that they share the same
power supply.
User’s Manual
Notice to Customers
Outside North America
GND
R3
SR9010
C1
D2
3
C2
USER +RAW GND
D1
L1
PROCESSOR SLOT
C14
CPU/BACKPLANE
2.2 Connect the Power Supply
2.Unscrew the wires at the ground, L, and N
terminals.
3.Attach the line cord that you obtained locally
to the power supply. Be sure to follow any
color-coding conventions, for example,
green/yellow to ground, brown to L, and
blue to N terminals.
4.Ensure that the wires are attached securely
and are not touching each other. Snap on
the plastic insulating cover.
NOTE: The power supply included
with the Smart Star Tool Kit is
intended for development purposes
only.
19
1. Connect the programming cable to the CPU Card.
Connect the 10-pin PROG connector of the programming cable to header J2 on the CPU
Card as shown in Figure 4. Connect the other end of the programming cable to a COM
port on your PC. Note that COM1 on the PC is the default COM port in the Dynamic C
installation.
NOTE: Be sure to use the programming cable (Part No. 101-0513) supplied with the
Smart Star Tool Kit—the programming cable has red shrink wrap around the RS-232
converter section located in the middle of the cable. Programming cables from other
Rabbit kits are not designed to work with the Smart Star.
Diagnostic
connector
DIAG
Red
shrink wrap
To
PC COM port
Programming
connector
PROG
Colored side
towards pin 1
Pin 1
J3
C19
C24
C23
JP1
C25
U10 C27
C28
C26
U6
J7
J6
GND
CPU/BACKPLANE
2.3 Programming Cable Connections
R17
Y1
J4
C18
R5
R12
C7
C49
J4
C22
C17
C11
R20
R11
C4
C46
C35
U8
R2
C53
RP4
C1
C15
C30
C2
U14
R32
R33
C21
U1
C31
C36
U9
J8
C41
Y3
C32
C16
R3
R13
C8
C10
C13
R23
R26
Q1
Q3
C33
R41
R39
D2
Y2
C12
R14
D1
D5
C40
J5
J5
U3
R34
RT1
D3
R4
C3
R1
R21
BT1
R42
Battery
Figure 4. Programming Cable Connections
NOTE: Never disconnect the programming cable by pulling on the ribbon cable.
Carefully pull on the connector to remove it from the header.
NOTE: Some PCs now come equipped only with a USB port. It may be possible to use
an RS-232/USB converter (Part No. 20-151-0178) with the programming cable supplied with the Tool Kit. Note that not all RS-232/USB converters work with Dynamic C.
20
Smart Star (SR9000)
CPU/BACKPLANE
2. Apply power.
Plug the power supply in to a nearby outlet. The CPU Card is now ready to be used.
NOTE: A hardware RESET is accomplished by unplugging the power supply, then plugging it back in.
To power down the SmartStar, unplug the power supply. You should disconnect power
before making any circuit adjustments or changing any connections to the SmartStar.
User’s Manual
21
CPU/BACKPLANE
2.4 Installing Dynamic C
If you have not yet installed Dynamic C version 7.06P3 (or a later version), do so now by
inserting the Dynamic C CD from the Smart Star Tool Kit in your PC’s CD-ROM drive.
The CD will auto-install unless you have disabled auto-install on your PC.
If the CD does not auto-install, click Start > Run from the Windows Start button and
browse for the setup.exe file on your CD drive. Click OK to begin the installation once
you have selected the setup.exe file.
The online documentation is installed along with Dynamic C, and an icon for the documentation menu is placed on the workstation’s desktop. Double-click this icon to reach the
menu. If the icon is missing, create a new desktop icon that points to default.htm in the
docs folder, found in the Dynamic C installation folder.
The latest versions of all documents are always available for free, unregistered download
from our Web sites as well.
The Dynamic C User’s Manual provides detailed instructions for the installation of
Dynamic C and any future upgrades.
NOTE: If you have an earlier version of Dynamic C already installed, the default installation of the later version will be in a different folder, and a separate icon will appear on
your desktop.
22
Smart Star (SR9000)
Once the CPU Card is installed and connected as described above, start Dynamic C by
double-clicking on the Dynamic C icon or by double-clicking on dcrab_XXXX.exe in the
Dynamic C root directory, where XXXX are version-specific characters.
Dynamic C defaults to using the serial port on your PC that you specified during installation. If the port setting is correct, Dynamic C should detect the CPU Card and go through
a sequence of steps to cold-boot the CPU Card and to compile the BIOS. (Some versions
of Dynamic C will not do the initial BIOS compile and load until the first time you compile a program.)
If you receive the message No Rabbit Processor Detected, the programming
cable may be connected to the wrong COM port, a connection may be faulty, or the target
system may not be powered up. First, check both ends of the programming cable to ensure
that it is firmly plugged into the PC and the programming port.
If there are no faults with the hardware, select a different COM port within Dynamic C.
From the Options menu, select Communications. Select another COM port from the list,
then click OK. Press to force Dynamic C to recompile the BIOS. If Dynamic C
still reports it is unable to locate the target system, repeat the above steps until you locate the
active COM port. You should receive a Bios compiled successfully message
once this step is completed successfully.
If Dynamic C appears to compile the BIOS successfully, but you then receive a communication error message when you compile and load a sample program, it is possible that your
PC cannot handle the higher program-loading baud rate. Try changing the maximum
download rate to a slower baud rate as follows.
• Locate the Serial Options dialog in the Dynamic C Options > Communications
menu. Select a slower Max download baud rate.
If a program compiles and loads, but then loses target communication before you can
begin debugging, it is possible that your PC cannot handle the default debugging baud
rate. Try lowering the debugging baud rate as follows.
• Locate the Serial Options dialog in the Dynamic C Options > Communications
menu. Choose a lower debug baud rate.
User’s Manual
23
CPU/BACKPLANE
2.5 Starting Dynamic C
CPU/BACKPLANE
2.6 PONG.C
You are now ready to test your set-up by running a sample program.
Find the file PONG.C, which is in the Dynamic C SAMPLES folder. To run the program,
open it with the File menu (if it is not still open), compile it using the Compile menu, and
then run it by selecting Run in the Run menu. The STDIO window will open and will display a small square bouncing around in a box.
This program does not test the serial ports on the CPU Card, but does ensure that the CPU
is basically functional.
24
Smart Star (SR9000)
CPU/BACKPLANE
2.7 Installing I/O Cards
1. Orient the backplane with the CPU Card already installed and facing towards you as
shown in Figure 5.
D34 D33 D32 D31 D30 D29 D28
JP2
JP3
R60 C44 C36 R52
R44
R68
R69
R70
R71
R72
R73
R49
R50
R74
R75
R67 C51 C43 R59 R51
Q29
Q30
Q31
Q32
Q33
Q34
D35
R28
D20
R36
D27 D26 D25 D24 D23 D22 D21
R40 R39 R38 R37
R43 R42 R41
C
B E
Q35 C35
RxD
GND
+ RS-485
PWR
3
To
power supply
LIN
K
RC A C T
M LN
K
A
CP C T
U
JP1
26
C2
3
1
25
POWER
IN
51
J1
J
J10
2
C1
3
C
U3 7
U4 C8
52
C1
4
2
R3
R1
1
DS
GND
PROCESSOR SLOT
USER +RAW
GND
+RAW
C2
9
J7
C4
C2
0
C1
9
J4
C1
7
Flash
EPROM
JP2
C37
USER
C2
6
J6
C2
2
R9
R16
R16
C9
J5 R10
C14
U11
TP3
C2
5
R2
R18
R22
U5
R9
Flash
EPROM
L3
1
C36
R7
RP1
U5
C1
6
TV
RP2
JP3
C29
U2
C5
RP3
JP5
JP4
D4
RN1
U4
TP1
J3
D4
R38
U2
R31
S1
D3
C2
8
DS1
DS3
C20
Q6
C48
R25
R28
U6 C10
C42
R37
C5
R27
SRAM
Q4
C6
D6
RN2
U7
L2
C51
R19
C34
C37
C38
C39
+
Q7
Q2
C9
C45
Q5
R35
U5
R29
R30
DS6
DS5
DS4
ETX_CT
ERX_CT
TX_CT
TPOUT+
TPOUT
TPIN+
TPIN
RX_CT
C47
R36
R24
SLOT 0
L1
CPU
Card
SLOT 1
TP2
DS2
SLOT 2
R44
TVS1
R4 +
PWR
LNK
SLOT 3
C44
R40
C50
CPU
ACT
SLOT 4
C43
U12
R43
C52
ACT LNK
2
TxD
RCM
USER
J8
JACK
RN
1
RxC
C3
1
TxC
RCM
SERIAL
SLOT 5
CPU Card
C3
2
R5
J9
2
C3
4
B E
R27Q27 C27 R35
C3
5
R20
Q21
Q25
Q24
Q23
Q22
JP1 R21
Q28
C
SLOT
SLOT 6
6
R25
Q26
C
Place tabs on
card into
alignment slot
C28
Q20
C
C20
I/O Card
Tip: It's easier to install the
plastic brackets when you
install I/O cards starting
from the slot furthest away
from the CPU card. You
may have to remove the
CPU card to install the
brackets on the I/O card
in SLOT 0.
Note: The plastic brackets
on the CPU card are
attached on the opposite
side of the board relative
to the I/O cards.
Figure 5. Installing I/O Cards on the Backplane
2. Position the new I/O card above the backplane over any unused slot position (SLOT 0 to
SLOT 6) as shown in Figure 5. Note the slot number and the type of I/O card since
Dynamic C addresses the I/O cards by slot number.
3. Carefully insert the I/O card header into the slot on the backplane and line up the tabs
on the I/O cards with the slots on the backplane as shown in Figure 5.
4. Use the two 4-40 screws supplied with the I/O card to anchor the plastic brackets on the CPU
Card or the I/O card firmly on the backplane. Tighten the screws as needed using a Phillips
screwdriver whose shaft is at least 3" (7 cm) long, but is no thicker than 0.16" (4 mm).
User’s Manual
25
CPU/BACKPLANE
2.8 Where Do I Go From Here?
NOTE: If you purchased your Smart Star through a distributor or Rabbit partner, contact
the distributor or partner first for technical support.
If there are any problems at this point:
• Use the Dynamic C Help menu to get further assistance with Dynamic C.
• Check the Rabbit Technical Bulletin Board at www.rabbit.com/support/bb/.
• Use the Technical Support e-mail form at www.rabbit.com/support/.
If the sample program ran fine, you are now ready to go on to install I/O cards, explore
other Smart Star features, and develop your own applications.
Chapter 3, “Hardware Features,” provides detailed information about the CPU Card, and
how to install the I/O cards. Be sure to take the total current consumption of the individual
cards into account when selecting a power supply. Appendix C.1, “Current Requirements,” provides more detailed information. Chapter 4, “Software,” describes the
Dynamic C software libraries and introduces some sample programs for use with the CPU
Card. Chapter 6, “Smart Star Specifications,” provides specifications for the backplanes
and the CPU cards, including mounting and clearance recommendations.
Separate sections in this manual have been prepared for the various I/O cards, and include
complete information about their pinouts and Dynamic C software libraries, including
sample programs.
Once you have developed your application and bench-tested the finished system, you may
install the finished system.
26
Smart Star (SR9000)
CPU/BACKPLANE
3. HARDWARE FEATURES
Chapter 3 describes the principal features for the Smart Star
backplanes and CPU cards.
• Power Distribution
- Power Distribution
- I/O Card Slots
• Smart Star CPU Card Features
- Serial Communication
- Memory
- Other Connectors
User’s Manual
27
3.1.1 Power Distribution
Power is supplied to the Smart Star control system from an external source through header
J1 on the backplane. The +5 V circuitry on the Smart Star control system is protected
against reverse polarity by a Schottky diode as shown in Figure 6.
+V_USER
+RAW
J1
POWER
IN
CPU/BACKPLANE
3.1 Backplane Features
1
SWITCHING VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
+5 V
2
3
Figure 6. Smart Star Control System Power Supply Schematic
A capacitor provides surge current protection for the voltage regulator, and allows the
external power supply to be located some distance away from the Smart Star control system. A switching power regulator is used. The +RAW input voltage may range from 9 V to
30 V (15 V to 30 V you plan to use a D/A Converter Card).
The backplane has inputs for two separate power supplies on header J1, +RAW and
V_USER. The +RAW power supply goes to the switching power regulator, which outputs
the +5 V DC used by the CPU Card and by the I/O cards plugged into the backplane. The
V_USER connection allows a different voltage to be available on the I/O cards for future
development.
NOTE: Always connect V_USER to +RAW with a jumper wire between terminals 1 and 2
on header J1 for the development activities described in the Smart Star manuals.
28
Smart Star (SR9000)
Power In
24 V DC power
supply included
in Tool Kit
+RAW
930 V DC
Optional
power supply
(for future use)
V_USER
930 V DC
SLOT 0
6
+RAW
+5 V switching
regulator
+5 V
20
Jumper
+V_USER
22
1, 26
(a) Backplane
PROCESSOR
SLOT
Backup Battery
+5 V
20
J4
22
+V_USER
51
+RAW
3 V DC
J5
CPU logic,
memory
VRAM
SRAM, CPU,
RTC
1, 26, 52
(b) CPU Card
Figure 7. Smart Star Power Supplies—Backplane and CPU Card
User’s Manual
29
CPU/BACKPLANE
Figure 7 shows how the power supplies are distributed on the backplane and on the CPU Card.
CPU/BACKPLANE
Figure 8 shows how the power supplies are distributed on the I/O cards.
+5 V
+RAW
+V_USER
K
Relay Coils
Multiplexer/Latch
Multiplexer/Latch
High-Voltage Outputs
(user-selectable)
Digital I/O
Relay
Multiplexer/Latch
Voltage Regulators/
A/D Reference Voltage
A/D Converter
Multiplexer/Latch
Voltage Regulators:
±12 V
D/A Converter
Figure 8. Smart Star Power Distribution on I/O Cards
NOTE: Note that Rabbit recommends tying +RAW to +V_USER as explained in
Section 2.2, “Connect the Power Supply.”
The user has the option of using a separate power supply to K when configuring the highpower outputs for the digital I/O cards. The connection to K is through the user interface
on the digital I/O card. Further details are provided in Chapter 7, “Digital I/O Cards.”
30
Smart Star (SR9000)
The backplane serves to make the CPU Card accessible to up to seven I/O cards plugged
in to SLOT 0 through SLOT 6 on the backplane. Figure 9 shows the pinout for SLOT 0
through SLOT 6 (headers J3–J9) on the backplane.
J3J9
GND
D1
D3
D5
D7
A1
A3
/IOWR
INHIB_OUT
/RESET
NC
TX
SCLK
D0
D2
D4
D6
A0
A2
/IORD
/SELECT
/ATTN1
+5 V
+V_USER
RX
GND
Figure 9. Pinout for SLOT 0 Through SLOT 6
(Headers J3–J9) on the Backplane
NOTE: The SR9050 backplane can accommodate up to three I/O cards plugged in to
SLOT 0
User’s Manual
through SLOT 2 (headers J3–J5).
31
CPU/BACKPLANE
3.1.2 I/O Card Slots
3.2.1 Serial Communication
The CPU Card has one screw terminal header for RS-232/RS-485 serial communication
(J3) and one RJ-45 Ethernet jack (J7, SR9150 only). The RJ-12 jack, J6, is reserved for
future use and therefore has no signals. The pinouts are shown in Figure 10.
7
J3
6
TXC
1
RXC
2
TXD
3
RXD
4
GND
5
TXC
GND
6
RXC
RS-485+
7
5
4
3
2
1
J6
7
6
TXC
J3
RXC
J3
J3
RTS
Mode 2:
one 5-wire RS-232
CTS
Mode 1:
two 3-wire RS-232
GND
Mode 0:
FD RS-485/3-wire RS-232
RS-485
CPU/BACKPLANE
3.2 Smart Star CPU Card Features
5
4
3
2
1
J7
Figure 10. Smart Star CPU Card Serial Pinout
The factory default for the CPU Card is one RS-232 (3-wire) and one RS-485 serial channel, corresponding to Mode 0 in Figure 10. The other modes shown in Figure 10 are set in
software via the Dynamic C serMode function call (see Section 4.5, “Serial Communication Calls”).
3.2.1.1 RS-232
The CPU Card’s RS-232 serial channel is connected to an RS-232 transceiver. The transceiver provides the voltage output, slew rate, and input voltage immunity required to meet
the RS-232 serial communication protocol. Basically, the chip translates the Rabbit 2000’s
0 V to +Vcc signals to RS-232 signal levels. Note that the polarity is reversed in an
RS-232 circuit so that +5 V is output as approximately -10 V and 0 V is output as approximately +10 V. The transceiver also provides the proper line loading for reliable communication.
The maximum baud rate is 115,200 bps. RS-232 can be used effectively at this baud rate
for distances up to 15 m.
The Rabbit 2000 serial port C TXD and RXD signals are presented either as RS-232 TX
and RX or as RTS/CTS handshaking, depending on the mode selected with the Dynamic C
function serMode. The RS-232 signals are available on screw terminal header J3.
32
Smart Star (SR9000)
The CPU Card has one RS-485 serial channel, which is connected to the Rabbit 2000
serial port C through an RS-485 transceiver. The chip’s slew rate limiters provide for a
maximum baud rate of 250,000 bps, and allows networking over a distance of up to 300 m
(or 1000 ft.). The half-duplex communication uses the Rabbit 2000’s PD4 pin to control
the data enable on the communication line.
The RS-485 signals are available on the CPU Card through screw terminal header J3.
The Smart Star control system can be used in an RS-485 multidrop network. Connect the
485+ to 485+ and 485– to 485– using single twisted-pair wires on the CPU Card’s header
J4 as shown in Figure 11. Note that a common ground is recommended.
Ground recommended
J3
C25
U10 C27
C28
JP1
C26
J4
GND
C18
C22
C30
R32
Q3
C16
R3
R42
D1
D2
R13
Y2
Battery
C8
BT1
J5
J5
U3
C10
C13
R23
R26
Q1
Q3
C33
D5
R41
R39
R26
Q1
J8
C41
C40
R23
R21
C32
R34
C13
RT1
C12
R13
C10
D5
R14
D2
C33
R41
R39
D1
Battery
C8
BT1
C36
D3
R4
C3
R1
C40
R42
Y2
R21
J5
J5
U3
R33
C16
R3
U14
C31
U9
Y3
C32
R34
Q3
RT1
C12
R26
Q1
D5
R14
C8
R23
C33
R41
R39
C13
C10
J8
C41
D3
R4
C3
R1
C40
R13
C12
R14
D2
Y2
R34
J5
J5
C36
C21
U1
Y3
C32
C16
U3
D1
C17
C31
U9
D3
R3
R20
R32
J8
C41
U14
R33
C36
C53
C15
C2
C30
R32
R33
C31
C49
RP4
C1
C21
U1
C46
C35
J4
U8
R2
C53
U14
Y3
RT1
C11
R12
C7
C15
C2
C30
C21
U9
R4
C3
R1
R11
C4
RP4
C1
C15
U1
J7
J6
J4
C18
R5
J4
C25
U10 C27
C28
C26
R17
Y1
C49
U8
R2
C53
RP4
C1
C2
C46
C35
C22
C17
C11
R12
C7
U8
R2
R11
C4
J4
R20
R12
C7
J4
C18
C24
C23
U6
J7
R17
Y1
C49
C19
C26
R5
C22
C17
C11
R20
R11
C4
C46
C35
J3
C25
U10 C27
C28
J6
GND
R17
R5
C24
C23
U6
J7
J6
Y1
C19
JP1
C24
C23
GND
C19
U6
JP1
J3
R21
BT1
R42
Battery
Figure 11. Multidrop Smart Star Network
User’s Manual
33
CPU/BACKPLANE
3.2.1.2 RS-485
5
3
1
6
4
2
Factory
Default
JP1
J3
C19
C24
C23
JP1
C25
U10 C27
C28
C26
U6
J7
J6
GND
CPU/BACKPLANE
The CPU Card comes with a 220 Ω termination resistor and 681 Ω bias resistors already
installed and enabled with jumpers across pins 1–2 and 5–6 on header JP1, as shown in
Figure 12.
R17
Y1
J4
C18
R5
R12
C7
C49
J4
C22
C17
C11
R20
R11
C4
C46
C35
U8
R2
C53
RP4
C1
C15
C30
C2
R32
R33
C21
U1
C31
C36
U6
U9
Y3
R4
C3
R1
C32
C16
R3
D2
R13
Y2
C8
C10
C12
R14
D1
C13
R23
R26
Q1
Q3
1
D3
JP1
7
R21
BT1
5
R42
Battery
bias
R22
681 W
termination
R18
220 W
bias
R19
681 W
J8
2
D5
C33
R41
R39
U3
C41
C40
J5
J5
6
U14
R34
RT1
485+
6
485
Figure 12. RS-485 Termination and Bias Resistors
For best performance, the bias and termination resistors in a multidrop network should
only be enabled on both end nodes of the network. Disable the termination and bias resistors on any intervening Smart Star units in the network by removing both jumpers from
header JP1.
TIP: Save the jumpers for possible future use by “parking” them across pins 1–3 and 4–6
of header JP1. Pins 3 and 4 are not otherwise connected to the CPU Card.
34
Smart Star (SR9000)
The CPU Card has a 10-pin programming header labeled J2. The programming port uses
the Rabbit 2000’s Serial Port A for communication. Dynamic C uses the programming
port to download and debug programs.
The programming port is also used for the following operations.
• Cold-boot the Rabbit 2000 on the RabbitCore module after a reset.
• Remotely download and debug a program over an Ethernet connection using the
RabbitLink EG2110.
• Fast copy designated portions of flash memory from one Rabbit-based board (the
master) to another (the slave) using the Rabbit Cloning Board.
Alternate Uses of the Serial Programming Port
All three clocked Serial Port A signals are available as
• a synchronous serial port
• an asynchronous serial port, with the clock line usable as a general CMOS input
The serial programming port may also be used as a serial port via the DIAG connector on
the serial programming cable.
In addition to Serial Port A, the Rabbit 2000 startup-mode (SMODE0, SMODE1), status,
and reset pins are available on the serial programming port.
The two startup mode pins determine what happens after a reset—the Rabbit 2000 is
either cold-booted or the program begins executing at address 0x0000.
The status pin is used by Dynamic C to determine whether a Rabbit microprocessor is
present. The status output has three different programmable functions:
1. It can be driven low on the first op code fetch cycle.
2. It can be driven low during an interrupt acknowledge cycle.
3. It can also serve as a general-purpose CMOS output.
The /RESET_IN pin is an external input that is used to reset the Rabbit 2000 and the
onboard peripheral circuits on the Smart Star. The serial programming port can be used to
force a hard reset on the Smart Star by asserting the /RESET_IN signal.
Refer to the Rabbit 2000 Microprocessor User’s Manual for more information.
User’s Manual
35
CPU/BACKPLANE
3.2.1.3 Programming Port
CPU/BACKPLANE
3.2.1.4 Ethernet Port (SR9150 only)
Figure 13 shows the pinout for the Ethernet port (J2 on the CPU Card). Note that there are
two standards for numbering the pins on this connector—the convention used here, and
numbering in reverse to that shown. Regardless of the numbering convention followed,
the pin positions relative to the spring tab position (located at the bottom of the RJ-45 jack
in Figure 13) are always absolute, and the RJ-45 connector will work properly with offthe-shelf Ethernet cables.
ETHERNET
1
8
1.
2.
3.
6.
RJ-45 Plug
E_Tx+
E_Tx
E_Rx+
E_Rx
RJ-45 Jack
Figure 13. RJ-45 Ethernet Port Pinout
RJ-45 pinouts are sometimes numbered opposite to the way shown in Figure 13.
Two LEDs are placed behind the RJ-45 Ethernet jack, one to indicate an Ethernet link
(LNK) and one to indicate Ethernet activity (ACT). Only the CPU LEDs are functional at
this time since the RCM LEDs were added for future enhancements to the CPU Card.
The transformer/connector assembly ground is connected to the CPU Card digital ground
via a 0 Ω resistor “jumper,” R43, as shown in Figure 14.
RJ-45 Ethernet Plug
R43
Board
Ground
Chassis
Ground
Figure 14. Isolation Resistor R43
The factory default is for the 0 Ω resistor “jumper” at R43 to be installed. In high-noise
environments, remove R43 and ground the transformer/connector assembly directly
through the chassis ground. This will be especially helpful to minimize ESD and/or EMI
problems.
36
Smart Star (SR9000)
The programming cable is used to connect the programming port of the Smart Star CPU
Card to a PC serial COM port. The programming cable converts the RS-232 voltage levels
used by the PC serial port to the TTL voltage levels used by the Rabbit 2000.
When the PROG connector on the programming cable is connected to the CPU Card’s
programming header, programs can be downloaded and debugged over the serial interface.
The DIAG connector of the programming cable may be used on the CPU Card’s programming header with the Smart Star operating in the Run Mode. This allows the programming
port to be used as a regular serial port.
3.3.1 Changing Between Program Mode and Run Mode
The Smart Star is automatically in Program Mode when the PROG connector on the programming cable is attached to the CPU Card, and is automatically in Run Mode when no
programming cable is attached. When the Rabbit 2000 is reset, the operating mode is determined by the status of the SMODE pins. When the programming cable’s PROG connector
is attached, the SMODE pins are pulled high, placing the Rabbit 2000 in the Program
Mode. When the programming cable’s PROG connector is not attached, the SMODE pins
are pulled low, causing the Rabbit 2000 to operate in the Run Mode.
Program Mode
Run Mode
Diagnostic
connector
DIAG
Red
shrink wrap
To
PC COM port
Colored side
towards pin 1
Programming
connector
PROG
Pin 1
C19
C24
C23
J3
C25
U10 C27
C28
JP1
C26
U6
J4
GND
C18
C11
R12
C7
J4
C53
RP4
C1
C30
C30
U14
C36
C21
U1
J8
C41
C31
U3
R42
D1
D2
R13
Y2
Battery
C8
BT1
C13
C10
R23
R26
Q1
Q3
C33
R41
R39
Q3
J8
D5
C40
R26
Q1
J5
J5
R34
R23
R21
C32
C16
R3
C12
C13
RT1
R14
C8
C10
C12
R14
R13
Y2
C33
R41
R39
U3
D2
D1
D5
D3
R4
C3
R1
C40
J5
J5
R34
C32
C16
C41
Y3
D3
R3
C36
U9
Y3
RT1
U14
R32
C31
R33
R32
R33
C21
C15
C2
U9
R4
C3
R1
C49
U8
R2
C53
C46
C35
C22
C17
R11
C4
J4
U8
RP4
C15
U1
J7
J4
C18
R20
R12
C7
R2
C1
C2
C26
R17
Y1
C49
R5
C22
C17
C11
R20
R11
C4
C46
C35
C25
U10 C27
C28
J6
GND
R17
R5
C24
C23
U6
J7
J6
Y1
C19
JP1
J3
R21
BT1
R42
Battery
RESET Smart Star when changing mode:
Cycle power off/on
after removing or attaching programming cable.
Figure 15. Smart Star Program Mode and Run Mode Set-Up
A program “runs” in either mode, but can only be downloaded and debugged when the
Smart Star is in the Program Mode.
Refer to the Rabbit 2000 Microprocessor User’s Manual for more information on the programming port and the programming cable.
User’s Manual
37
CPU/BACKPLANE
3.3 Programming Cable
CPU/BACKPLANE
3.3.2 Memory
3.3.2.1 SRAM
The Smart Star CPU Cards are designed to accept 128K or 512K of static RAM packaged
in an SOIC case. Standard CPU Cards come with 128K of SRAM.
3.3.2.2 Flash EPROM
The Smart Star CPU Card are also designed to accept 128K to a total of 512K of flash
memory packaged in a TSOP case. The CPU cards come with two 256K flash memory
chips.
NOTE: Rabbit recommends that any customer applications should not be constrained by
the sector size of the flash memory since it may be necessary to change the sector size
in the future.
A Flash Memory Bank Select jumper configuration option based on 0 Ω surface-mounted
resistors exists at header JP5 on the CPU Card. This option, used in conjunction with some
configuration macros, allows Dynamic C to compile two different co-resident programs
for the upper and lower halves of the 256K flash in such a way that both programs start at
logical address 0000. This is useful for applications that require a resident download manager and a separate downloaded program. See Technical Note 218, Implementing a Serial
Download Manager for a 256K Flash, for details.
38
Smart Star (SR9000)
The connectors labeled J4 and J5 in Figure 16 are reserved for future use and should not
be used in customer applications at this time.
J3
C19
C24
C23
C25
U10 C27
C28
JP1
C26
U6
J7
J6
GND
R17
Y1
J4
C18
R5
R12
C7
C49
J4
C22
C17
C11
R20
R11
C4
C46
C35
U8
R2
C53
RP4
C1
C15
C30
C2
U14
R32
R33
C21
U1
C31
C36
U9
J8
C41
Y3
C32
C16
R3
D2
R13
Y2
C8
C10
C12
R14
D1
C13
R23
R26
Q1
Q3
C33
D5
R41
R39
U3
C40
J5
J5
R34
RT1
D3
R4
C3
R1
R21
BT1
R42
Battery
Figure 16. CPU Card Connectors J4 and J5
User’s Manual
39
CPU/BACKPLANE
3.3.3 Other Connectors
C6
+
C37
1
2
L3 R3 C4
R1
C5 +
D3
R4
C36
L2
TVS1
U2
D4
C9
U5
C10
51
J2
U6
SR9010
52
J3
R5
J8
J9
C16
C19
C22
C25
C28
C31
C17
C20
C23
C26
C29
C32
SLOT 5
J7
SLOT 4
C14
C7
U3
R2
SLOT 3
C13
J6
J5
SLOT 2
26
C8
J4
SLOT 1
U4
25
R9
C34
C35
RN1
SLOT 6
POWER
IN
3
USER +RAW GND
J1
SLOT 0
PWR
DS1
PROCESSOR SLOT
CPU/BACKPLANE
Jumpers across pins 9–10 and 13–14 on header JP1 on the backplane are used to bring out
the ACT and LNK LED signals to header J6, which is used to connect the optional LCD/keypad module. Remove these jumpers (you may park them across pins 7–8 and 11–12 on
header JP1) if you do not wish to use the ACT and LNK signals on the LCD/keypad module.
J10
1
2
JP1
LINK ACT LNK ACT
RCM
CPU
Factory
Default
JP1
2
4
6
8 10 12 14
1
3
5
7
RCM
9
11 13
CPU
Figure 17. Header JP1 Configurations for ACT and LNK Signals
NOTE: The RCM positions for pins 1–2 and 5–6 on header JP1 are reserved for future
use and should not be used in customer applications at this time.
40
Smart Star (SR9000)
CPU/BACKPLANE
3.4 Other Hardware
3.4.1 Clock Doubler
The Smart Star CPU cards take advantage of the Rabbit 2000 microprocessor’s internal
clock doubler. A built-in clock doubler allows half-frequency crystals to be used to reduce
radiated emissions. The 22.1 MHz frequency is generated using an 11.0592 MHz crystal.
The clock doubler is disabled automatically in the BIOS for crystals with a frequency
above 12.9 MHz.
The clock doubler may be disabled if 22.1 MHz clock speeds are not required. Disabling
the Rabbit 2000 microprocessor’s internal clock doubler will reduce power consumption
and further reduce radiated emissions. The clock doubler is disabled with a simple configuration macro as shown below.
1. Select the “Defines” tab from the Dynamic C Options > Project Options menu.
2. Add the line CLOCK_DOUBLED=0 to always disable the clock doubler.
The clock doubler is enabled by default, and usually no entry is needed. If you need to specify
that the clock doubler is always enabled, add the line CLOCK_DOUBLED=1 to always enable
the clock doubler. The clock speed will be doubled as long as the crystal frequency is
less than or equal to 26.7264 MHz.
3. Click OK to save the macro. The clock doubler will now remain off whenever you are in the
project file where you defined the macro.
3.4.2 Spectrum Spreader
Smart Star CPU cards that carry the CE mark have a Rabbit 2000 microprocessor that features a spectrum spreader, which helps to mitigate EMI problems. By default, the spectrum
spreader is on automatically for CPU cards that carry the CE mark when used with Dynamic C
7.32 or later versions, but the spectrum spreader may also be turned off or set to a stronger
setting. The means for doing so is through a simple configuration macro as shown below.
.
1. Select the “Defines” tab from the Dynamic C Options > Project Options menu.
2. Normal spreading is the default, and usually no entry is needed. If you need to specify normal
spreading, add the line
ENABLE_SPREADER=1
For strong spreading, add the line
ENABLE_SPREADER=2
To disable the spectrum spreader, add the line
ENABLE_SPREADER=0
NOTE: The strong spectrum-spreading setting is unnecessary for the Smart Star.
3. Click OK to save the macro. The spectrum spreader will now remain off whenever you are in
the project file where you defined the macro.
There is no spectrum spreader functionality for Smart Star CPU cards that do not carry the
CE mark or when using any CPU card with a version of Dynamic C prior to 7.30.
User’s Manual
41
CPU/BACKPLANE
42
Smart Star (SR9000)
CPU/BACKPLANE
4. SOFTWARE
Dynamic C is an integrated development system for writing
embedded software. It runs on an IBM-compatible PC and is
designed for use with Rabbit controllers and other controllers
based on the Rabbit microprocessor.
Chapter 4 provides the libraries, function calls, and sample programs related to the Smart Star backplane and CPU cards.
4.1 Running Dynamic C
You have a choice of doing your software development in the flash memory or in the static
RAM included on the Smart Star CPU cards. The flash memory and SRAM options are
selected with the Options > Program Options > Compiler menu.
The advantage of working in RAM is to save wear on the flash memory, which is limited
to about 100,000 write cycles. The disadvantage is that the code and data might not both
fit in RAM.
NOTE: An application can be developed in RAM, but cannot run standalone from RAM
after the programming cable is disconnected. Standalone applications can only run from
flash memory.
NOTE: Do not depend on the flash memory sector size or type. Due to the volatility of
the flash memory market, the Smart Star and Dynamic C were designed to accommodate flash devices with various sector sizes.
Developing software with Dynamic C is simple. Users can write, compile, and test C and
assembly code without leaving the Dynamic C development environment. Debugging
occurs while the application runs on the target. Alternatively, users can compile a program
to an image file for later loading. Dynamic C runs on PCs under Windows 95 or later. Programs can be downloaded at baud rates of up to 460,800 bps after the program compiles.
User’s Manual
43
CPU/BACKPLANE
Dynamic C has a number of standard features.
• Full-feature source and/or assembly-level debugger, no in-circuit emulator required.
• Royalty-free TCP/IP stack with source code and most common protocols.
• Hundreds of functions in source-code libraries and sample programs:
X Exceptionally fast support for floating-point arithmetic and transcendental functions.
X RS-232 and RS-485 serial communication.
X Analog and digital I/O drivers.
X I2C, SPI, GPS, encryption, file system.
X LCD display and keypad drivers.
• Powerful language extensions for cooperative or preemptive multitasking
• Loader utility program to load binary images into Rabbit targets in the absence of
Dynamic C.
• Provision for customers to create their own source code libraries and augment on-line
help by creating “function description” block comments using a special format for
library functions.
• Standard debugging features:
X Breakpoints—Set breakpoints that can disable interrupts.
X Single-stepping—Step into or over functions at a source or machine code level, µC/OS-II aware.
X Code disassembly—The disassembly window displays addresses, opcodes, mnemonics, and
machine cycle times. Switch between debugging at machine-code level and source-code level by
simply opening or closing the disassembly window.
X Watch expressions—Watch expressions are compiled when defined, so complex expressions
including function calls may be placed into watch expressions. Watch expressions can be updated
with or without stopping program execution.
X Register window—All processor registers and flags are displayed. The contents of general registers
may be modified in the window by the user.
X Stack window—shows the contents of the top of the stack.
X Hex memory dump—displays the contents of memory at any address.
X STDIO window—printf outputs to this window and keyboard input on the host PC can be
detected for debugging purposes. printf output may also be sent to a serial port or file.
44
Smart Star (SR9000)
CPU/BACKPLANE
4.1.1 Upgrading Dynamic C
4.1.1.1 Patches and Bug Fixes
Dynamic C patches that focus on bug fixes are available from time to time. Check the Web
site www.rabbit.com/support/ for the latest patches, workarounds, and bug fixes.
The default installation of a patch or bug fix is to install the file in a directory (folder) different from that of the original Dynamic C installation. Rabbit recommends using a different directory so that you can verify the operation of the patch without overwriting the
existing Dynamic C installation. If you have made any changes to the BIOS or to libraries,
or if you have programs in the old directory (folder), make these same changes to the
BIOS or libraries in the new directory containing the patch. Do not simply copy over an
entire file since you may overwrite a bug fix. Once you are sure the new patch works
entirely to your satisfaction, you may retire the existing installation, but keep it available
to handle legacy applications.
4.1.1.2 Upgrades
Dynamic C installations are designed for use with the board they are included with, and
are included at no charge as part of our low-cost kits. Dynamic C is a complete software
development system, but does not include all the Dynamic C features. Rabbit also offers
add-on Dynamic C modules containing the popular µC/OS-II real-time operating system,
as well as PPP, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and other select libraries. In addition to the Web-based technical support included at no extra charge, a one-year telephonebased technical support module is also available for purchase.
User’s Manual
45
CPU/BACKPLANE
4.2 Sample Programs
Sample programs are provided in the Dynamic C SAMPLES folder. The sample program
PONG.C demonstrates the output to the STDIO window. The various directories in the
SAMPLES folder contain specific sample programs that illustrate the use of the corresponding Dynamic C libraries.
The SAMPLES\SMRTSTAR folder provides sample programs specific to the Smart Star
control system. Each sample program has comments that describe the purpose and function of the program. Follow the instructions at the beginning of the sample program.
To run a sample program, open it with the File menu (if it is not still open), compile it using
the Compile menu, and then run it by selecting Run in the Run menu. The BL2500 must
be in Program mode (see Section 3.3, “Programming Cable”) and must be connected to a
PC using the programming cable as described in Section 2.2, “Connect the Power Supply.”
More complete information on Dynamic C is provided in the Dynamic C User’s Manual.
Let’s take a look at sample programs for the backplane and the CPU Card in the
SMRTSTAR folder.
The RS232 directory contains two sample programs to illustrate RS-232 serial communication.
• SSTAR232.C—Demonstrates a simple RS-232 loopback using both serial ports C and D.
• SSTAR5W.C—Demonstrates simple 5-wire RS-232 communication with flow control.
The RS485 directory contains two sample programs to illustrate RS-485 serial communication.
• MASTER.C—Demonstrates a simple RS-485 transmission of lower case letters to a
slave controller. The slave will send converted upper case letters back to the master
controller for display in the STDIO window. Use SLAVE.C to program the slave controller.
• SLAVE.C—Demonstrates a simple RS-485 transmission of alphabetic characters to a
master controller. The slave will send converted upper case letters back to the master
controller for display in the STDIO window. Use MASTER.C to program the master
controller.
46
Smart Star (SR9000)
CPU/BACKPLANE
4.3 Dynamic C Libraries
One library directory contains software that is unique to the Smart Star.
• SMRTSTAR.LIB—This library supports all the functions needed by the Smart Star systems including Digital I/O Cards, Relay Cards, D/A Converter and A/D Converter
Cards, and serial communication.
Functions dealing with the backplane and the CPU Card are described in this chapter.
Functions relevant to the individual I/O cards are described in the chapter specific to the
I/O card.
Other functions applicable to all devices based on the Rabbit 2000 microprocessor are
described in the Dynamic C User’s Manual.
User’s Manual
47
CPU/BACKPLANE
4.4 Smart Star Backplane Function Calls
4.4.1 Board Reset
void brdResetBus();
Resets all cards on the bus.
RETURN VALUE
None.
4.4.2 Board Initialization
void brdInit();
Initializes slot addressing, disables card enable/disable line, resets card slot bus and LED latch, and turns
all LEDS OFF. Call this function at the beginning of the application.
RETURN VALUE
None.
48
Smart Star (SR9000)
Library files included with Dynamic C provide a full range of serial communications support.
The RS232.LIB library provides a set of circular-buffer-based serial functions. The
PACKET.LIB library provides packet-based serial functions where packets can be delimited
by the 9th bit, by transmission gaps, or with user-defined special characters. Both libraries
provide blocking functions, which do not return until they are finished transmitting or receiving, and nonblocking functions, which must be called repeatedly until they are finished. For
more information, see the Dynamic C Function Reference Manual and Technical Note 213,
Rabbit 2000 Serial Port Software.
Use the following function calls with the Smart Star.
int serMode(int mode);
User interface to set up serial communication lines for the Smart Star control system. Call this function
after serXOpen().
PARAMETERS
mode is the defined serial port configuration of the CPU Card.
Serial Port
Parallel Port
Mode
C (PC2 and PC3)
D (PC0 and PC1)
0
RS-232, 3-wire
RS-485
1
RS-232, 3-wire
RS-232, 3-wire
2
RS-232, 5-wire
3
RS-232, 5-wire
D (PD0 and PD1)
RTS/CTS
RS-485
RTS/CTS
RETURN VALUE
0 if correct mode, 1 if not.
ser485Tx();
Enables RS-485 transmission (disables receive) on serial port D.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
ser485Rx
User’s Manual
49
CPU/BACKPLANE
4.5 Serial Communication Calls
CPU/BACKPLANE
ser485Rx();
Disables RS-485 transmission (enables receive) on serial port D.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
ser485Tx
50
Smart Star (SR9000)
CPU/BACKPLANE
5. USING THE TCP/IP FEATURES
Chapter 5 discusses using the TCP/IP features on the CPU cards.
Note that the TCP/IP feature is available only on the SR9150
CPU Card.
5.1 Ethernet Connections
Before proceeding you will need to have the following items.
• If you don’t have an Ethernet connection, you will need to install a 10Base-T Ethernet
card (available from your favorite computer supplier) in your PC.
• Two RJ-45 straight-through Ethernet cables and a hub, or an RJ-45 crossover Ethernet
cable.
The Ethernet cables and Ethernet hub are available from Rabbit in a TCP/IP tool kit. More
information is available at www.rabbit.com.
1. Install the CPU Card on the backplane, and connect the power supply and the
programming cable as shown in Chapter 2, “Getting Started.”
2. Ethernet Connections
• If you do not have access to an Ethernet network, use a crossover Ethernet cable to connect the installed CPU Card to a PC that at least has a 10Base-T Ethernet card.
• If you have an Ethernet connection, use a straight-through Ethernet cable to establish
an Ethernet connection to the installed CPU Card from an Ethernet hub. These connections are shown in Figure 18.
SR9150
CPU Card
User’s PC
SR9150
CPU Card
Ethernet
cables
Ethernet
crossover
cable
Hub
Direct Connection
(network of 2 computers)
To additional
network
elements
Direct Connection Using a Hub
Figure 18. Ethernet Connections
User’s Manual
51
CPU/BACKPLANE
3. Apply Power
Plug in the power supply. The Smart Star is now ready to be used.
NOTE: A hardware RESET is accomplished by unplugging the power supply, then plugging it back in.
The green LNK light is on the CPU Card is on when the Smart Star is properly connected
either to an Ethernet hub or to an active Ethernet card. The orange ACT light flashes each
time a packet is received.
52
Smart Star (SR9000)
We have provided a number of sample programs demonstrating various uses of TCP/IP for
networking embedded systems. These programs require that you connect your PC and the
Smart Star together on the same network. This network can be a local private network
(preferred for initial experimentation and debugging), or a connection via the Internet.
5.2.1 How to Set IP Addresses in the Sample Programs
With the introduction of Dynamic C 7.30 we have taken steps to make it easier to run
many of our sample programs. You will see a TCPCONFIG macro. This macro tells
Dynamic C to select your configuration from a list of default configurations. You will
have three choices when you encounter a sample program with the TCPCONFIG macro.
1. You can replace the TCPCONFIG macro with individual MY_IP_ADDRESS,
MY_NETMASK, MY_GATEWAY, and MY_NAMESERVER macros in each program.
2. You can leave TCPCONFIG at the usual default of 1, which will set the IP configurations
to 10.10.6.100, the netmask to 255.255.255.0, and the nameserver and gateway
to 10.10.6.1. If you would like to change the default values, for example, to use an IP
address of 10.1.1.2 for the CPU Card, and 10.1.1.1 for your PC, you can edit the
values in the section that directly follows the “General Configuration” comment in the
TCP_CONFIG.LIB library. You will find this library in the LIB\TCPIP directory.
3. You can create a CUSTOM_CONFIG.LIB library and use a TCPCONFIG value greater
than 100. Instructions for doing this are at the beginning of the TCP_CONFIG.LIB
library in the LIB\TCPIP directory.
There are some other “standard” configurations for TCPCONFIG that let you select different features such as DHCP. Their values are documented at the top of the
TCP_CONFIG.LIB library in the LIB\TCPIP directory. More information is available in
the Dynamic C TCP/IP User’s Manual.
IP Addresses Before Dynamic C 7.30
Most of the sample programs use macros to define the IP address assigned to the CPU Card
and the IP address of the gateway, if there is a gateway. Instead of the TCPCONFIG macro,
you will see a MY_IP_ADDRESS macro and other macros.
#define
#define
#define
#define
MY_IP_ADDRESS "10.10.6.170"
MY_NETMASK "255.255.255.0"
MY_GATEWAY "10.10.6.1"
MY_NAMESERVER "10.10.6.1"
In order to do a direct connection, the following IP addresses can be used for the CPU Card:
#define MY_IP_ADDRESS "10.1.1.2"
#define MY_NETMASK "255.255.255.0"
// #define MY_GATEWAY "10.10.6.1"
// #define MY_NAMESERVER "10.10.6.1"
In this case, the gateway and nameserver are not used, and are commented out. The IP
address of the CPU Card is defined to be 10.1.1.2. The IP address of you PC can be
defined as 10.1.1.1.
User’s Manual
53
CPU/BACKPLANE
5.2 TCP/IP Sample Programs
CPU/BACKPLANE
5.2.2 How to Set Up Your Computer for Direct Connect
Follow these instructions to set up your PC or notebook. Check with your administrator if
you are unable to change the settings as described here since you may need administrator
privileges. The instructions are specifically for Windows 2000, but the interface is similar
for other versions of Windows.
TIP: If you are using a PC that is already on a network, you will disconnect the PC from
that network to run these sample programs. Write down the existing settings before
changing them to facilitate restoring them when you are finished with the sample programs and reconnect your PC to the network.
1. Go to the control panel (Start > Settings > Control Panel), and then double-click the
Network icon.
2. Select the network interface card used for the Ethernet interface you intend to use (e.g.,
TCP/IP Xircom Credit Card Network Adapter) and click on the “Properties” button.
Depending on which version of Windows your PC is running, you may have to select
the “Local Area Connection” first, and then click on the “Properties” button to bring up
the Ethernet interface dialog. Then “Configure” your interface card for a “10Base-T
Half-Duplex” or an “Auto-Negotiation” connection on the “Advanced” tab.
NOTE: Your network interface card will likely have a different name.
3. Now select the IP Address tab, and check Specify an IP Address, or select TCP/IP and
click on “Properties” to assign an IP address to your computer (this will disable “obtain
an IP address automatically”):
IP Address : 10.10.6.101
Netmask : 255.255.255.0
Default gateway : 10.10.6.1
4. Click or to exit the various dialog boxes.
SR9150
CPU Card
IP 10.10.6.101
Netmask
255.255.255.0
User’s PC
Ethernet
crossover
cable
Direct Connection PC to Smart Star CPU Card
54
Smart Star (SR9000)
Connect the crossover cable from your computer’s Ethernet port to the CPU Card’s RJ-45
Ethernet connector. Open this sample program from the SAMPLES\TCPIP\ICMP folder,
compile the program, and start it running under Dynamic C. When the program starts running, the green LNK light on the CPU Card should be on to indicate that an Ethernet connection is made. (Note: If the LNK light does not light, you may not have a crossover
cable, or if you are using a hub perhaps the power is off on the hub.)
The next step is to ping the board from your PC. This can be done by bringing up the MSDOS window and running the ping program:
ping 10.10.6.100
or by Start > Run
and typing the command
ping 10.10.6.100
Notice that the orange ACT light flashes on the CPU Card while the ping is taking place,
and indicates the transfer of data. The ping routine will ping the board four times and write
a summary message on the screen describing the operation.
5.2.4 Additional Demo Programs
The program SMTP.C (SAMPLES\SMRTSTAR\TCPIP\) demonstrates a basic Smart
Star system using the SMTP library to send an e-mail when a keypress is detected on an
LCD/keypad module. In order to run this sample program, edit the IP address as for the
pingme program, edit the “mail to” e-mail address, compile the program, and start it executing. An e-mail corresponding to the keypad button that was pressed is sent.
The program SSI.C (SAMPLES\SMRTSTAR\TCPIP\) demonstrates how to make the
Smart Star CPU Card a Web server. This program allows you to turn the LEDs on an
attached LCD/keypad module on and off from a remote Web browser. In order to run these
sample programs, edit the IP address as for the pingme program, compile the program, and
start it executing. Then bring up your Web browser and enter the following server address:
http://10.1.1.2. This should bring up the Web page served by the sample program.
The program SSI2.C (SAMPLES\SMRTSTAR\TCPIP\) demonstrates the use of I/O
cards via instructions sent from a Web browser. You will need an A/D Converter Card, a
D/A Converter Card, or a relay card installed on the backplane in order for the Web
browser to be able to initiate changes on one or more of these I/O cards. Before you run
this sample program, edit the IP address as for the pingme program, compile the program,
and start it executing. The analog outputs will change or the relays will open and close in
response to instructions sent from the Web browser.
User’s Manual
55
CPU/BACKPLANE
5.2.3 Run the PINGME.C Demo
CPU/BACKPLANE
5.2.5 LCD/Keypad Sample Programs Showing TCP/IP Features
The following sample programs, found in the TCPIP subdirectory in
SAMPLES/LCD_Keypad/122x32_1x7, are demonstrate the features of the LCD/keypad module connected to the backplane. Remember to configure the IP address, netmask,
and gateway as indicated in the sample programs.
• MBOXDEMO.C—This program implements a web server that allows Web e-mail messages to be entered that are then shown on the LCD display. The keypad allows you to
scroll within messages, flip to other e-mails, mark messages as read, and delete e-mails.
When a new e-mail arrives, an LED turns on, and turns off once the message has been
marked as read. A log of all e-mail actions is kept, and can be displayed in the Web
browser. All current e-mails can also be read with the Web browser.
When using MBOXDEMO.C, connect the Smart Star CPU Card and a PC (or other device
with a Web Browser) to an Ethernet. If you connect the PC and the CPU Card directly,
be sure to use a crossover Ethernet cable; straight-through Ethernet cables and a hub
may be used instead.
• TCP_RESPOND.C—This program and TCP_SEND.C are executed on two separate single-board computers to demonstrate how the two boards communicate with each other.
Use PCSEND.EXE on the PC console side at the command prompt if you do not have a
second board. PCSEND.EXE is located with source code in the
SAMPLES/LCD_Keypad/Windows directory.
TCP_RESPOND.C waits for a message from another single-board computer. The message received is displayed on the LCD, and you may respond by pressing a key on the
keypad. The response is then sent to the remote single-board computer.
• TCPSEND.C—This program and TCP_RESPOND.C are executed on two separate single-board computers to demonstrate how the two boards communicate with each other.
Use PCRESPOND.EXE on the PC console side at the command prompt if you do not
have a second board. PCRESPOND.EXE is located with source code in the
SAMPLES/LCD_Keypad/Windows directory.
When a key on the keypad is pressed, a message associated with that key is sent to a
specified destination address and port. The destination then responds to that message.
The response is displayed on the LCD.
Note that only the LEFT and UP scroll keys are set up to cause a message to be sent.
When using TCPSEND.C and TCP_RESPOND.C, connect the CPU Card and the other
single-board computer to an Ethernet. If you connect the them directly, be sure to use a
crossover Ethernet cable; straight-through Ethernet cables and a hub may be used instead.
56
Smart Star (SR9000)
NOTE: If you purchased your Smart Star through a distributor or Rabbit partner, contact
the distributor or partner first for technical support.
If there are any problems at this point:
• Use the Dynamic C Help menu to get further assistance with Dynamic C.
• Check the Rabbit Technical Bulletin Board at www.rabbit.com/support/bb/.
• Use the Technical Support e-mail form at www.rabbit.com/support/.
If the sample programs ran fine, you are now ready to go on.
Additional sample programs are described in the Dynamic C TCP/IP User’s Manual.
Refer to the Dynamic C TCP/IP User’s Manual to develop your own applications. An
Introduction to TCP/IP provides background information on TCP/IP, and is available on
our Web site.
User’s Manual
57
CPU/BACKPLANE
5.3 Where Do I Go From Here?
CPU/BACKPLANE
58
Smart Star (SR9000)
CPU/BACKPLANE
6. SMART STAR SPECIFICATIONS
This chapter provides the specifications for the Smart Star backplane and CPU Card, and describes the conformal coating.
User’s Manual
59
6.1.1 Smart Star Backplane
Figure 19 shows the mechanical dimensions for the two Smart Star backplanes.
1.42
0.75
(19.1)
0.75
(19.1)
(19.1)
0.58
0.75
(14.7)
(19.1)
C5 +
R4
D3
C6
+
C37
2
1
L3 R3 C4
R1
0.75
(19.1)
(19.1)
C36
L2
TVS1
D4
U2
C9
U5
C10
C31
C17
C20
C23
C26
C29
C32
RN1
4.20
(107)
J9
C28
SLOT 5
C14
R5
J8
J7
C25
SLOT 4
C7
U3
R2
C22
SLOT 3
C13
J6
J5
C19
SLOT 2
26
J4
C16
SLOT 1
U4
C8
(94)
PROCESSOR SLOT
SR9010
52
J3
25
R9
3.70
J
51
U6
C34
C35
SLOT 6
POWER
IN
3
USER +RAW GND
J1
SLOT 0
PWR
DS1
0.75
0.75
(36.1)
J10
1
2
JP1
0.25
(6.4)
3.00
(76.2)
0.25
LINK ACT LNK ACT
RCM
CPU
(6.4)
6.50
(165)
0.75
0.75
TVS1
R6
GND
C1
(13.5)
DS1
D1
U1
0.53
(19.1)
(19.1)
V_USER +RAW
1.72
(43.7)
PWR
D2
L1
C15
L2
SR9050
(93)
3.66
J3
C4
R4
J4
J5
C5
C6
C8
C9
C7
U3
C10
C12
RN1
C11
4.40
C3
U2
R1
(112)
J2
J1
R3
C2
C14
U4
C13
JP1
LINK ACT LNK ACT
RCM
CPU
(5.3)
3.30
(6.4)
0.21
0.25
CPU/BACKPLANE
6.1 Electrical and Mechanical Specifications
(84)
3.75
(95)
Figure 19. Smart Star Backplane Dimensions
NOTE: All diagram and graphic measurements are in inches followed by millimeters
enclosed in parentheses.
60
Smart Star (SR9000)
CPU/BACKPLANE
Table 5 lists the electrical, mechanical, and environmental specifications for the Smart
Star backplanes.
Table 5. Smart Star Backplane Specifications
Specification
Parameter
SR9010
SR9050
Board Size
6.50" × 4.20" × 0.75"
(165 mm × 107 mm × 19 mm)
Connectors
one 2 × 26 (CPU card slot), 2 mm
one 2 × 26 (CPU card slot), 2 mm
seven 2 × 13 (I/O card slots), 2 mm three 2 × 13 (I/O card slots), 2 mm
Slot Select
Each slot has a predefined dedicated set of addresses
(see Appendix D and the software chapters in the
individual I/O card manuals)
Temperature
–40°C to +70°C
Humidity
5% to 95%, noncondensing
External Input Voltage
9 V to 30 V DC at 1 A typical for onboard +5 V regulated supply;
provision for independent 9 V to 30 V DC (V_USER) voltage source for
I/O cards—the exact voltage for the second supply depends on the
requirements of the specific I/O cards used (Rabbit recommends tying
V_USER to +RAW unless there is a specific need for an independent
power supply)
Onboard Voltage Regulator
Surface-mount switching regulator sources 5 V at 1 A
Data Lines
Buffered bidrirectional data lines (D0–D7)
Address Lines
Buffered address lines (A0–A3)
Read/Write Control
Buffered IORD, IOWR
Reset
I/O cards and CPU card can be reset independently
User’s Manual
3.75" × 4.40" × 0.75"
(95 mm × 112 mm × 19 mm)
61
Figure 20 shows the mechanical dimensions for the CPU cards.
1.38
2.43
(35.0)
(61.7)
J3
C19
C24
C23
JP1
C25
U10 C27
C28
C26
U6
J7
J6
GND
R17
Y1
J4
C18
R5
C11
R12
C7
C49
J4
C22
C17
C4
R20
R11
C46
C35
U8
R2
C53
RP4
C1
C36
J8
C41
Y3
D3
C32
C16
R3
D2
R13
Y2
C8
C10
C12
R14
D1
C13
R23
R26
Q1
Q3
C33
D5
R41
R39
U3
C40
J5
J5
R21
BT1
R42
Battery
3.53
(3.8)
R4
C3
R1
R34
RT1
3.12
C31
U9
(79.2)
R33
R32
U1
U14
2.49
C30
C21
(63.2)
C15
C2
0.15
CPU/BACKPLANE
6.1.2 CPU Card
(89.7)
4.00
(102)
Figure 20. CPU Card Dimensions
62
Smart Star (SR9000)
CPU/BACKPLANE
Table 6 lists the electrical, mechanical, and environmental specifications for the CPU
Card.
Table 6. CPU Card Specifications
Parameter
Specification
Board Size (with optional
backup battery board)
4.00" × 3.12" × 1.00"
(102 mm × 79.2 mm × 25.4 mm)
Connectors
one RJ-45 (Ethernet) (SR9150 only)
one 2 × 5, 2 mm pitch (serial programming port)
one 0.9 mm × 0.5 screw-terminal connector strips (accept 14–
30 AWG or 0.05–1.5 mm² wire)
Ethernet Interface
(SR9150 only)
Direct connection to 10/100-compatible Ethernet networks
with 10Base-T interface via RJ-45 connection
Temperature
–40°C to +70°C
Humidity
5% to 95%, noncondensing
Input Voltage
5 V DC at 190 mA typical
Microprocessor
Rabbit 2000®
Clock
22.1 MHz
SRAM
128K, surface mounted, 512K option
Flash EPROM
2 × 256K, surface mounted
Timers
Five 8-bit timers cascadable in pairs, one 10-bit timer with 2
match registers that each have an interrupt
Serial Ports
Three serial ports:
• one CMOS-compatible programming port
• remaining ports software-configurable as two 3-wire RS232, one 5-wire RS-232, or one 3-wire RS-232/
one RS-485
Serial Rate
Selected baud rates up to 115, 200 bps
CMOS-compatible port supports up to 6.45 Mbps
(synchronous)
Watchdog/Supervisor
Yes
Time/Date Clock
Yes
Expansion Port
Supports up to 7 I/O cards
Backup Battery
Yes: Panasonic CR2330 or equivalent 3 V lithium coin type,
265 mA·h standard using onboard battery holder;
provision for external battery
User’s Manual
63
Figure 21 shows the header locations used to configure the various CPU Card options via
jumpers.
GND
CPU/BACKPLANE
6.2 Jumper Configurations
JP1
C40
R41
R39
R42
Battery
RCM
TxC
RxC
TxD
RxD
GND
+ RS-485
SERIAL
JACK
JP5
JP4
JP3
JP2
Figure 21. Location of Smart Star CPU Card Configurable Positions
64
Smart Star (SR9000)
CPU/BACKPLANE
Table 7 lists the configuration options.
Table 7. Smart Star CPU Card Jumper Configurations
Header
JP1
JP2
JP3
JP4
JP5
Description
RS-485 Bias and Termination
Resistors
Pins Connected
1–2
5–6
Bias and termination resistors
connected
1–3
4–6
Bias and termination resistors not
connected*
1–2
128K/256K
2–3
512K
1–2
128K
2–3
512K
1–2
128K/256K
2–3
512K
1–2
Normal Mode
2–3
Bank Mode
U5 Flash Memory Size
SRAM Size
U11 Flash Memory Size
Flash Memory Bank Select
Factory
Default
×
×
×
×
×
* Although pins 1–3 and 4–6 of header JP1 are shown “jumpered” for the termination and
bias resistors not connected, pins 3 and 4 are not actually connected to anything, and this
configuration is a “parking” configuration for the jumpers so that they will be readily
available should you need to enable the termination and bias resistors in the future.
User’s Manual
65
The areas around the crystal oscillator and the battery backup circuit on the CPU Card
have had the Dow Corning silicone-based 1-2620 conformal coating applied. The conformally coated areas are shown in Figure 22. The conformal coating protects these highimpedance circuits from the effects of moisture and contaminants over time.
J3
C19
C24
C23
JP1
J7
J6
R17
Y1
Conformally
coated area
C25
U10 C27
C28
C26
U6
GND
CPU/BACKPLANE
6.3 Conformal Coating
J4
C18
R5
R12
C7
C49
J4
C22
C17
C11
R20
R11
C4
C46
C35
U8
R2
C53
RP4
C1
C15
C30
C2
U14
R32
R33
C21
U1
C31
C36
U9
J8
C41
Y3
C32
C16
R3
R13
C8
C10
C13
R23
R26
Q1
Q3
C33
R41
R39
D2
Y2
C12
R14
D1
D5
C40
J5
J5
U3
R34
RT1
D3
R4
C3
R1
R21
BT1
R42
Battery
Figure 22. CPU Card Areas Receiving Conformal Coating
Any components in the conformally coated area may be replaced using standard soldering
procedures for surface-mounted components. A new conformal coating should then be
applied to offer continuing protection against the effects of moisture and contaminants.
NOTE: For more information on conformal coatings, refer to Rabbit Technical Note
TN303, Conformal Coatings.
66
Smart Star (SR9000)
CPU/BACKPLANE
6.4 Use of Rabbit 2000 Parallel Ports
Figure 23 shows the Rabbit 2000 parallel ports.
PB2
PB5
PE0
PE1
PB6
PB7
Port B
PC0, PC2, PC4
PC1, PC3, PC5
Serial Ports
(Port C)
PE3
PE7
Port E
CPU
(RABBIT 2000)
Serial Port
Control
(Port D)
Z-Bus Reset
PC6PC7
Programming
Port
Real-Time Clock
DA0DA7
Data Lines
RAM
PD0PD4
PD7
Address Lines
A0A3
6 Timers
I/O Control
IORD
IOWR
Clock Doubler
Misc. Input
Backup Battery
Support
Flash
Watchdog
RESET
Figure 23. Smart Star CPU Card Rabbit 2000 Systems
User’s Manual
67
CPU/BACKPLANE
6.5 Exclusion Zone
It is recommended that you allow for an “exclusion zone” of 3" (80 mm) around the Smart
Star in all directions when the Smart Star is incorporated into an assembly that includes
other components. This “exclusion zone” that you keep free of other components and
boards will allow for sufficient air flow, and will help to minimize any electrical or EMI
interference between adjacent boards.
68
Smart Star (SR9000)
User’s Manual
69
DIGITAL I/O
PART II. DIGITAL I/O CARDS
DIGITAL I/O
Smart Star Digital I/O Cards (SR9200)
Chapter 7 describes the features of the Digital I/O Card, one of
the I/O cards designed for the Smart Star embedded control system.The Smart Star is a modular and expandable embedded control system whose configuration of I/O, A/D Converter, D/A
Converter, and Relay Cards can be tailored to a large variety of
demanding real-time control and data acquisition applications.
The typical Smart Star system consists of a rugged backplane with a power supply, a CPU
card, and one or more I/O cards. The CPU Card plugs into a designated slot on the backplane chassis, which has seven additional slots available for I/O cards to be used in any
combination. A high-performance Rabbit 2000 microprocessor on the CPU Card provides
fast data processing.
7.1 Features
The SR9200 Digital I/O Cards offer protected digital inputs and high-current driver outputs in three banks, each containing 8 I/O points. One bank’s configuration is fixed as protected digital inputs, one bank’s configuration is fixed as high-current driver outputs, and
one bank may be configured either as protected digital inputs or as high-current driver outputs, depending on the model of Digital I/O Card selected. The high-current driver outputs
are either all sinking or all sourcing, depending on the model of Digital I/O Card selected.
Table 8 lists the Digital I/O Cards that are available for the Smart Star control system.
Table 8. Smart Star Digital I/O Cards
I/O Card
Model
Features
SR9200
16 digital inputs, 8 digital sinking outputs
SR9210
8 digital inputs, 16 digital sinking outputs
SR9220
8 digital inputs, 8 digital sinking outputs
SR9205
16 digital inputs, 8 digital sourcing outputs
SR9215
8 digital inputs, 16 digital sourcing outputs
SR9225
8 digital inputs, 8 digital sourcing outputs
Digital I/O
User’s Manual
71
DIGITAL I/O
7. DIGITAL I/O CARDS
7.2 User Interface
DIGITAL I/O
Figure 24 shows the complete pinout for the user interface on header J2. Note that pin 1 is
indicated by a small arrow on the ribbon cable connector.
J2
GND
DIGIN1
DIGIN3
K
DIGIN5
DIGIN7
I/O8
I/O10
GND
I/O13
I/O15
HVOUT1
GND
HVOUT4
HVOUT5
HVOU7
GND
DIGIN0
DIGIN2
GND
DIGIN4
DIGIN6
GND
I/O9
I/O11
I/O12
I/O14
HVOUT0
HVOUT2
HVOUT3
K
HVOUT6
Figure 24. Digital I/O Card User Interface Pinout
72
Smart Star Digital I/O Cards (SR9200)
7.3 User FWT Connections
DIGITAL I/O
Connections to the Digital I/O Cards are made via a ribbon cable connector or optional
field wiring terminals that are either pluggable or have screw terminals. Table 9 lists the
Rabbit part numbers for the FWTs.
Table 9. Guide to FWT Selection
Rabbit Part Number
FWT Description
I/O Cards
FWT27
Digital I/O
Pluggable Terminals
Screw Terminals
101-0420
101-0514
7.3.1 Pinouts
Figure 25 shows the pinout for FWT27s used on
Digital I/O Cards. Note that only 23 of the I/O
points are available on the FWT27—the HVOUT7
digital output is not available on the FWT27.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
GND
DIGIN0
DIGIN1
DIGIN2
DIGIN3
K
DIGIN4
DIGIN5
DIGIN6
DIGIN7
I/O8
I/O9
I/O10
I/O11
I/O12
I/O13
I/O14
I/O15
HVOUT0
HVOUT1
HVOUT2
HVOUT3
HVOUT4
K
HVOUT5
HVOUT6
GND
Figure 25. FWT Pinout for
Digital I/O Cards
User’s Manual
73
7.4 Digital Inputs and Outputs
Figure 26 shows the locations of the I/O banks.
R51
R49
R50
R44
R59
C51
C43
(inputs)
Bank 2
R67
D34 D33 D32 D31 D30 D29 D28
JP2
JP3
R60 C44 C36 R52
Bank 0
(inputs)
R68
R69
R70
R71
R72
R73
R74
R75
Q33
Q32
Q31
Q30
Q29
C
D35
C
Q28
C
Q34
R28
D27 D26 D25 D24 D23 D22 D21
R40 R39 R38 R37
R43 R42 R41
D20
R36
C20
Q21
Q22
Q25
Q24
Q23
JP1 R21
Q20
C
C28
R20
SINKING OUTPUTS
Q26
DIGITAL I/O
The Digital I/O Card has 24 I/O points that are factory configured as either inputs or outputs
in banks of eight, depending on the model.
B E
Q35 C35
B E
R27Q27 C27 R35
Bank 2
Bank 1
(outputs)
(outputs)
SOURCING OUTPUTS
2
34
33
C18
D7
Q24
D13
Q26
Q28
D14
R87
C53
D15
Q30
R90
Q29
R92
R91
Q32
R94
C54
D16
R93
Q31
D6
R61
C50
Q27
D11
Q22
Q21
R78
Q12
R80
R84
D10
Q20
Q19
R75
D5
Q10
R57
R60
Q11
R79
Q25
D9
Q18
Q17
R72
D4
Q8
R53
C44
C52
R89
R88
C49
C51
R86
R85
C48
R77
R76
R83
R82
C47
R74
R73
R69
D8
Q16
Q15
R71
R70
R81
C46
Q23
R65
Q14
R67
R66
R68
D3
Q6
R59
R58
R49
C43
Q13
R64
D2
Q9
R56
C22
Q4
Q7
JP3
R52
U6
C42
R55
R54
R45
Q5
R48
C21
C41
R51
R50
U5
C40
R47
R46
U4
JP2
R32
R31
R30
R29
R28
R27
R26
R25
J1
Q3
C20
R24
C9 R17
U3
D1
R43
R42
R44
C16
C7C15
C6C14
C5C13
C4C12
C3C11
C2C10
(inputs)
C19
Q2
Q1
Bank 2
D12
J2
R41
U2
R40
C1
Bank 1
(outputs)
C17
U1
R16 C8
R9
(inputs)
R1
Bank 0
JP1
R8
R7
R6
R5
R4
R3
R2
1
R95
Bank 2
(outputs)
C55
C45
R62
R63
Figure 26. Locations of Banks
74
Smart Star Digital I/O Cards (SR9200)
The I/O points on Bank 0 are always inputs, and the I/O points on Bank 1 are always outputs. The I/O points on Bank 2 were configured at the factory as either inputs or outputs,
depending on the model of the Digital I/O Card. Table 10 lists the factory configurations.
Model
Bank 2 Configured As
SR9200
Inputs
SR9210
Sinking outputs
SR9220
—
SR9205
Inputs
SR9215
Sourcing outputs
SR9225
—
DIGITAL I/O
Table 10. Digital I/O Card Bank 2
Factory Configurations
The operation of Bank 2 is determined by the components on the Digital I/O Card. There
is no jumper setting to select between inputs and outputs for Bank 2.
7.4.1 Digital Inputs
Table 11 provides the pinout configuration for the input points.
Table 11. Digital Inputs Pinout
Pin
User’s Manual
Bank 0
Pin
Bank 2
2
DIGIN0
IN0
13
I/O8
IN8
3
DIGIN1
IN1
14
I/O9
IN9
4
DIGIN2
IN2
15
I/O10
IN10
5
DIGIN3
IN3
16
I/O11
IN11
8
DIGIN4
IN4
18
I/O12
IN12
9
DIGIN5
IN5
19
I/O13
IN13
10
DIGIN6
IN6
20
I/O14
IN14
11
DIGIN7
IN7
21
I/O15
IN15
75
The protected digital inputs, shown in Figure 27, are factory configured with 10 kΩ pullup resistors. Digital I/O cards are also available in quantity with the protected digital
inputs pulled down as shown in Figure 27.
FD Factory
Default
DIGITAL I/O
INPUT PULLED UP
Vcc
10 kW
22 kW
DIGIN
74HC257
CPU card
MULTIPLEXER
10 nF
INPUT PULLED DOWN
22 kW
DIGIN
74HC257
CPU card
MULTIPLEXER
10 kW
10 nF
Figure 27. Protected Digital Inputs
A 0 Ω surface-mount resistor is used as a jumper to select whether the inputs are pulled up
or down, as shown in Figure 28.
FD
1
2
3
1
2
3
JP1
Bank 0
INPUTS
PULLED UP
JP2
1
2
3
JP1
Bank 0
1
2
3
JP2
Factory
Default
INPUTS
PULLED
DOWN
Bank 2
1
2
3
JP2
Bank 0
FD
1
2
3
JP3
JP3
INPUTS
PULLED UP
Bank 2
Bank 2
1
2
3
JP2
Bank 0
1
2
3
Bank 2
SOURCING OUTPUTS
SINKING OUTPUTS
Factory
Default
R28
D20
R36
D34 D33 D32 D31 D30 D29 D28
JP2
JP3
R60 C44 C36 R52
R44
R68
R69
R70
R71
R72
R73
R49
R50
R74
R75
R67 C51 C43 R59 R51
D35
Q29
Q30
Q31
Q32
Q33
Q34
R32
R31
R30
R29
R28
R27
R26
R25
D27 D26 D25 D24 D23 D22 D21
R40 R39 R38 R37
R43 R42 R41
C20
Q21
Q22
Q23
C18
J2
C19
U3
C20
U4
JP2
Q24
U2
R24
C9 R17
Q25
C16
C7C15
C6C14
C5C13
C4C12
C3C11
C2C10
Q26
C17
U1
R16 C8
C1
JP1 R21
JP1
R9
C
34
33
1
R1
Q28
C
R8
R7
R6
R5
R4
R3
R2
C
B E
R27Q27 C27 R35
C28
R20
2
Q20
C
INPUTS
PULLED
DOWN
C21
U5
U6
C22
J1
B E
Q35 C35
Figure 28. Selecting Pulled Up or Pulled Down Digital Inputs
The digital inputs are able to operate continuously from -30 V to +30 V, and have a logic
threshold of 2.5 V. They are protected against spikes up to ±48 V.
76
Smart Star Digital I/O Cards (SR9200)
7.4.2 Digital Outputs
The high-current digital outputs are either sinking or sourcing, depending on the model of
the Digital I/O Card. Table 12 provides the pinout configuration for the output points.
Pin
Bank 2
Pin
13
I/O8
OUT8
22
HVOUT0
OUT0
14
I/O9
OUT9
23
HVOUT1
OUT1
15
I/O10
OUT10
24
HVOUT2
OUT2
16
I/O11
OUT11
26
HVOUT3
OUT3
18
I/O12
OUT12
27
HVOUT4
OUT4
19
I/O13
OUT13
29
HVOUT5
OUT5
20
I/O14
OUT14
30
HVOUT6
OUT6
21
I/O15
OUT15
31
HVOUT7
OUT7
DIGITAL I/O
Table 12. Digital Outputs Pinout
Bank 1
Figure 29 shows the power distribution on the Digital I/O Card.
BACKPLANE
SLOT 06
20
USER INTERFACE (J2)
+5 V
Multiplexer/
Latch
JP1 or JP3
22
+V_USER
51
+RAW
1, 25
K
7, 28
FPWR
1, 6, 12, 17, 25, 33
Figure 29. Digital I/O Card Power Distribution
When designing your interface with the Smart Star system, you need to establish whether
you will use the +V_USER/+RAW supply on the backplane or your own independent K
supply to drive the high-current outputs. The selection of this FPWR power supply is
implemented via a 0 Ω surface-mount resistor on header JP1 (sinking outputs) or header
JP3 (sourcing outputs) as shown in Figure 30. The factory default is to use
+V_USER/+RAW, but Digital I/O Cards are available in quantity with the FPWR power
supply jumpered to your own independent K supply.
User’s Manual
77
FPWR
FPWR
R49
R50
R51
R44
R59
C43
C51
R67
D34 D33 D32 D31 D30 D29 D28
JP2
JP3
R60 C44 C36 R52
R68
R69
R70
R71
R72
R73
R74
R75
D35
Q29
Q30
D20
R36
C20
Q22
JP1 R21
Q23
Q31
Q32
Q33
Q32
R94
C54
D16
R93
Q34
D15
R92
R91
Q31
D27 D26 D25 D24 D23 D22 D21
R40 R39 R38 R37
R43 R42 R41
C53
Q30
Q24
Q28
D14
Q25
D13
Q26
R90
Q29
Q26
Q24
D12
R87
C50
Q27
D11
Q22
R78
Q21
R80
R84
Q20
D10
R75
Q19
D6
R61
Q12
R60
Q11
R79
Q25
D9
Q18
R72
Q17
R57
D5
Q10
Q9
R56
C44
C52
R89
R88
C49
C51
R86
R85
C48
R77
R76
R83
R82
C47
R74
R73
R69
D8
R71
R70
R81
C46
Q16
R68
R53
D4
Q8
Q7
JP3
R52
C43
R59
R58
R49
D3
Q6
Q5
R48
C42
R55
R54
D7
Q14
R67
Q15
C41
R51
R50
R45
D2
Q4
Q3
R47
R46
Q13
R66
Q23
C40
R64
Q21
R20
DIGITAL I/O
SOURCING
OUTPUTS
R65
D1
R43
R42
R44
C
Q2
Q1
R41
Q28
C
1 +V_USER
2
FD
3 Factory
Default
JP3
1 K
2
3
JP3
SINKING
OUTPUTS
R40
C
B E
R27Q27 C27 R35
C28
Q20
C
R28
1 +V_USER
2
FD
3 Factory
Default
JP1
1 K
2
3
JP1
R95
C55
C45
B E
Q35 C35
R62
R63
Figure 30. Selecting Power Supply for High-Current Sinking or Sourcing Outputs
Figure 31 shows how to connect a load to the high-current outputs based on whether your
Digital I/O Card model has sinking or sourcing outputs.
SOURCING OUTPUT
SINKING OUTPUT
FPWR
Load
FPWR
HVOUT
HVOUT
100 kW
CPU card
536 W
100 nF
CPU card
1 kW
100 nF
Load
Figure 31. Connecting a Load to the High-Current Outputs
Each high-current output is able to sink or source up to 200 mA continuously, with a load
limit of 40 V. Each high-current output may be switched independently, or a whole bank
may be switched at once. The total current draw should be kept below 2.0 A when all
high-current outputs on one Digital I/O Card are operating simultaneously, and the total
current draw from your +V_USER/+RAW supply for all the I/O cards should be kept
below 7.0 A.
NOTE: Note that the power supply provided in the Smart Star Tool Kit has a maximum output of 1.1 A.
78
Smart Star Digital I/O Cards (SR9200)
7.5 Software
• SSTARIO.C—Demonstrates digital I/O using individual channels and whole banks. The
sample program is set up for 8 inputs and 16 outputs. If necessary, you may change the
macros in the sample program to match your Digital I/O Card.
7.5.1.1 Running Sample Programs
To run a sample program, open it with the File menu (if it is not still open), compile it
using the Compile menu, and then run it by selecting Run in the Run menu. The CPU
Card must be connected to a PC using the programming cable as described in Section 2.3,
“Programming Cable Connections.”
More complete information on Dynamic C is provided in the Dynamic C User’s Manual.
7.5.2 Dynamic C Libraries
The SMRTSTAR directory contains libraries required to operate the Smart Star control
system.
• SMRTSTAR.LIB—This library supports all the functions needed by the Smart Star systems including Digital I/O Cards, Relay Cards, D/A Converter and A/D Converter
Cards, and serial communication.
Other functions applicable to all devices based on the Rabbit 2000 microprocessor are
described in the Dynamic C Function Reference Manual.
User’s Manual
79
DIGITAL I/O
7.5.1 Sample Programs
7.5.3 Smart Star Digital I/O Card Function Calls
DIGITAL I/O
int digIn(int channel);
Reads the state of a digital input channel (IN0–IN15, IN8–IN15 is not available on all versions of the
Digital I/O Card).
PARAMETER
channel is the digital input channel to read. channel should be passed as
channel = (slotnumber * 128) + (channelnumber)
or
channel = ChanAddr(slotnumber, channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–15.
RETURN VALUE
The state of the digital input channel, 0 or 1.
SEE ALSO
digBankIn, digOut, digBankOut
int digBankIn(int bank);
Reads the state of Bank 0 or Bank 2 (if installed) digital input channels—Bank 0 consists of IN0–IN7
and Bank 2 consists of IN8–IN15.
PARAMETER
bank is the bank of digital input channels to read. bank should be passed as
bank = (slotnumber * 16) + (banknumber)
or
bank = BankAddr(slotnumber, banknumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and banknumber is 0 or 2.
RETURN VALUE
An input value in the lower byte, where each bit corresponds to one channel.
SEE ALSO
digIn, digOut, digBankOut
80
Smart Star Digital I/O Cards (SR9200)
void digOut(int channel, int value);
Writes a value to an output channel (OUT0–OUT15, OUT8–IN15 not available on all versions of the
Digital I/O Card).
DIGITAL I/O
PARAMETERS
channel is the digital output channel to write. channel should be passed as
channel = (slotnumber * 128) + (channelnumber)
or
channel = ChanAddr(slotnumber, channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–15.
value is the output value, 0 or 1.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
digBankOut, digIn,
digBankIn
int digBankOut(int bank, int value);
Writes a byte value to Bank 1 or Bank 2 (if installed) digital output channels—Bank 1 consists of OUT0–
OUT7 and Bank 2 consists of OUT8–OUT15.
PARAMETER
bank is the bank of digital output channels to write. bank should be passed as
bank = (slotnumber * 16) + (banknumber)
or
bank = BankAddr(slotnumber, banknumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and banknumber is 1 or 2.
value is the output value, where each bit corresponds to one channel.
RETURN VALUE
An input value in the lower byte, where each bit corresponds to one channel.
SEE ALSO
digOut, digIn, digBankIn
User’s Manual
81
7.6 Electrical and Mechanical Specifications
Figure 32 shows the mechanical dimensions for the Digital I/O Card.
DIGITAL I/O
3.00
(76)
1.88
(48)
2
2
J1
C5
U6
C6
C4
(70)
U4
U5
(63)
C3
C2
2.73
U3
U2
2.49
J2 C1
U1
34
33
1
26
Figure 32. Digital I/O Card Dimensions
NOTE: All diagram and graphic measurements are in inches followed by millimeters
enclosed in parentheses.
82
Smart Star Digital I/O Cards (SR9200)
Table 13 lists the electrical, mechanical, and environmental specifications for the Digital
I/O Card.
Table 13. Digital I/O Card Specifications
Specification
Board Size
2.73" × 3.00" × 0.44"
(70 mm × 76 mm × 11 mm)
Connectors
one 2 × 17 latch/eject ribbon connector, 0.1 inch pitch
Operating Temperature
–40°C to +70°C
Humidity
5% to 95%, noncondensing
Power Requirements
5 V DC at 65 mA from backplane (+5 V supply)
9 V to 30 V DC for +RAW/+V_USER from backplane or 9 V
to 30 V DC for K on user interface header J2
Maximum draw 2.0 A from +RAW/+V_USER on backplane
Digital Inputs
Continuous operation from -30 V to +30 V, logic threshold at
2.5 V, protected against spikes ±48 V, 10 kΩ pull-up/pull-down
resistors
Digital Outputs
Each output can sink (source) up to 200 mA continuously with
load limit of 40 V, each output may be switched independently
or bank of eight may be switched all at once, load current
supplied from +RAW/+V_USER on backplane or usersupplied K on user interface header J2
User’s Manual
DIGITAL I/O
Parameter
83
DIGITAL I/O
84
Smart Star Digital I/O Cards (SR9200)
A/D CONVERTER
PART III. A/D CONVERTER CARDS
User’s Manual
85
A/D CONVERTER
Smart Star A/D Converter Cards (SR9300)
Chapter 8 describes the features of the A/D Converter Card, one
of the I/O cards designed for the Smart Star embedded control
system.
The Smart Star is a modular and expandable embedded control system whose configuration of I/O, A/D Converter, D/A Converter, and Relay Cards can be tailored to a large
variety of demanding real-time control and data acquisition applications.
The typical Smart Star system consists of a rugged backplane with a power supply, a CPU
card, and one or more I/O cards. The CPU card plugs into a designated slot on the backplane chassis, which has seven additional slots available for I/O cards to be used in any
combination. A high-performance Rabbit 2000 microprocessor on the CPU card provides
fast data processing.
8.1 A/D Converter Card Features
Three models of A/D Converter Cards are available, as shown in Table 14.
Table 14. Smart Star A/D Converter Cards
I/O Card
A/D Converter
User’s Manual
Model
Features
SR9300
12-bit A/D converter, 11 channels, 0 V – 10 V
SR9310
12-bit A/D converter, 11 channels, -10 V – +10 V
SR9320
12-bit A/D converter, 11 channels, 4 mA – 20 mA
87
A/D CONVERTER
8. A/D CONVERTER CARDS
8.2 User Interface
Figure 33 shows the circuit used to condition the analog signal before it goes to the A/D
converter chip. Depending on the model of A/D Converter Card you have, it is designed to
handle analog inputs of 0 V to 10 V, -10 V to +10 V, or 4–20 mA. The two different voltage ranges are handled with different gain resistors, Rg: 23.7 kΩ for the SR9300 and
12.1 kΩ for the SR9310. The input shown in Figure 33 is configured differently for the
SR9320, which handles analog inputs of 4–20 mA.
C FB
1 nF
A/D CONVERTER
Rg
Input
R IN
To ADC
100 kW
VREF
R TOP
10 kW
R BOTTOM
100 nF
Figure 33. Analog Input Amplifier Circuit
The TLC2543 A/D converter chip on the A/D Converter Card uses synchronous Serial Port
B and Timer A5 on the Rabbit 2000 to do the A/D conversions.
Figure 34 shows the complete pinout for the user interface on header J2. Note that pin 1 is
indicated by a small arrow on the ribbon cable connector.
J2
AIN0
GND
AIN3
AIN4
GND
GND
AIN8
AIN9
GND
GND
AIN1
AIN2
GND
AIN5
AIN6
AIN7
GND
AIN10
+5 V (ADC)
+2.5 V
Figure 34. A/D Converter Card User Interface Pinout
88
Smart Star A/D Converter Cards (SR9300)
8.3 User FWT Connections
Connections to the A/D Converter Cards are made via a ribbon cable connector or
optional field wiring terminals that are either pluggable or have screw terminals. Table 15
lists the Rabbit part numbers for the FWTs.
Table 15. Guide to FWT Selection
FWT Description
I/O Cards
FWT18
A/D Converter
Pluggable Terminals
Screw Terminals
101-0421
101-0515
A/D CONVERTER
Rabbit Part Number
8.3.1 Pinouts
Figure 35 shows the pinout for the FWTs used on
the A/D Converter Cards.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
AIN0
AIN1
GND
AIN2
AIN3
GND
AIN4
AIN5
GND
AIN6
GND
AIN7
AIN8
GND
AIN9
AIN10
+5 V (ADC)
+2.5 V (ADC)
Figure 35. FWT Pinout for
A/D Converter Cards
User’s Manual
89
8.4 Power Distribution
Figure 36 shows the power distribution on the A/D Converter Card.
BACKPLANE
SLOT 06
20
22
+5 V
+V_USER
Multiplexer/
Latch
+5 V VccADC
A/D CONVERTER
Precision
+2.5 V reference
1, 26
Figure 36. A/D Converter Card Power Distribution
90
Smart Star A/D Converter Cards (SR9300)
8.5 Software
8.5.1 Sample Programs
• SSTARAD1.C—Demonstrates how to calibrate an A/D converter channel using two
known voltages, and defines the two coefficients, gain and offset. These coefficients are
then read back to compute the equivalent voltage.
• SSTARAD3.C—Demonstrates how to calibrate all A/D converter channels using two
known voltages and defines the two coefficients, gain and offset. These coefficients are
then read back to compute the equivalent voltage and are saved to flash memory.
8.5.1.1 Running Sample Programs
To run a sample program, open it with the File menu (if it is not still open), compile it
using the Compile menu, and then run it by selecting Run in the Run menu. The CPU
Card must be connected to a PC using the programming cable as described in Section 2.3,
“Programming Cable Connections.”
More complete information on Dynamic C is provided in the Dynamic C User’s Manual.
8.5.2 Dynamic C Libraries
The SMRTSTAR directory contains libraries required to operate the Smart Star control
system.
• SMRTSTAR.LIB—This library supports all the functions needed by the Smart Star systems including Digital I/O Cards, Relay Cards, D/A Converter and A/D Converter
Cards, and serial communication.
Other functions applicable to all devices based on the Rabbit 2000 microprocessor are
described in the Dynamic C Function Reference Manual.
User’s Manual
91
A/D CONVERTER
• SSTARAD2.C—Reads and displays voltage and equivalent values of each A/D converter
channel. Calibrations must have been previously stored into flash memory before running this program. See sample program SSTARAD3.C.
8.5.3 Smart Star A/D Converter Card Function Calls
int anaInEERd(int channel);
The A/D Converter Card calibration constants, gain, and offset are stored in the factory in the upper half
of the EEPROM on the A/D Converter Card. Use this function to read the A/D Converter Card calibration constants, gain, and offset from the upper half of the EEPROM on the A/D Converter Card.
PARAMETERS
channel is the analog input channel. channel should be passed as
channel = (slotnumber * 128) + (channelnumber)
A/D CONVERTER
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–10
or
channel = ChanAddr(slotnumber, channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–10.
RETURN VALUE
0 if successful.
-1—control command unacceptable.
-2—EEPROM address unacceptable.
SEE ALSO
anaInEEWr
int anaSaveCalib();
The calibration constants may also be saved in the flash memory on the Smart Star CPU Card. Doing so
will speed up A/D conversions since a memory access from flash memory will be faster than from
EEPROM. Use anaSaveCalib to save the current set of calibration constants for the analog input and
output channels in the Smart Star flash memory. The calibration constants stored in flash memory can
then be accessed at any time with the anaLoadCalib function.
If the factory-set calibration are not used, customer-measured calibration constants should first be established using the anaInCalib function.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
anaLoadCalib, anaInCalib
void anaLoadCalib();
Reads a complete set of calibration constants for the analog input and output channels from the Smart
Star flash memory on the CPU Card. These should be set using the anaInCalib or anaInEERd function, then saved to flash memory using the anaSaveCalib function.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
anaSaveCalib, anaInCalib
92
Smart Star A/D Converter Cards (SR9300)
int anaInCalib(int channel, int value1,
float volt1, int value2, float volt2);
Used to recalibrate the response of the A/D converter channel as a linear function using the two conversion points provided. Gain and offset constants are calculated and placed into the global table
_adcCalib.
PARAMETERS
channel is the A/D converter input channel (0–10). channel should be passed as
channel = (slotnumber * 128) + (channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–10
channel = ChanAddr(slotnumber, channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–10.
value1 is the first A/D converter value.
volt1 is the voltage/current corresponding to the first A/D converter value. Current values entered as
milliamps will produce milliamp values, and amp values entered will produce amp values.
value2 is the second A/D converter value.
volt2 is the voltage/current corresponding to the second A/D converter value. Current values entered
as milliamps will produce milliamp values, and amp values entered will produce amp values.
RETURN VALUE
0 if successful,
-1, if not able to make calibration constants.
SEE ALSO
anaIn, anaInVolts
int anaInEEWr(int channel);
Writes the calibration constants, gain, and offset to the upper half of the EEPROM on the A/D Converter
Card.
PARAMETERS
channel is the analog input channel. channel should be passed as
channel = (slotnumber * 128) + (channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–10
or
channel = ChanAddr(slotnumber, channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–10.
RETURN VALUE
0 if successful.
-1—control command unacceptable.
-2—EEPROM address unacceptable.
-3—data value unacceptable.
SEE ALSO
anaInEERd, _anaInEEWr
User’s Manual
93
A/D CONVERTER
or
unsigned int anaIn(unsigned int channel);
Reads the state of an analog input channel and converts it to a digital value. A timeout occurs, causing
the function to exit, if the end of the conversion is not detected within 13 µs.
PARAMETERS
channel is the analog input channel to read. channel should be passed as
channel = (slotnumber * 128) + (channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–10
or
channel = ChanAddr(slotnumber, channelnumber)
A/D CONVERTER
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–10.
RETURN VALUE
A value corresponding to the voltage on the analog input channel, 0–4095. A value outside this range
indicates a failure
SEE ALSO
anaInCalib, anaInVolts
int anaInVolts(int channel);
Reads the state of an analog input channel and uses the previously set calibration constants to convert the
state to volts.
PARAMETERS
channel is the analog input channel. channel should be passed as
channel = (slotnumber * 128) + (channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–10
or
channel = ChanAddr(slotnumber, channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–10.
RETURN VALUE
A voltage value corresponding to the voltage on the analog input channel (0–+10 V on the SR9300 or
-10–+10 V on the SR9310).
SEE ALSO
anaIn, anaInCalib, anaInmAmps
94
Smart Star A/D Converter Cards (SR9300)
float anaInmAmps(unsigned int channel);
Reads the state of an analog input channel and uses the previously set calibration constants to convert the
state to current.
NOTE: The factory-set calibration constants are for current measurements in amperes.
PARAMETERS
channel is the analog input channel. channel should be passed as
channel = (slotnumber * 128) + (channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–10
or
A/D CONVERTER
channel = ChanAddr(slotnumber, channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–10.
RETURN VALUE
A current value corresponding to the 4–20 mA (0.004–0.020 A) current on the analog input channel.
SEE ALSO
anaIn, anaInCalib, anaInVolts
User’s Manual
95
8.6 Electrical and Mechanical Specifications
Figure 37 shows the mechanical dimensions for the A/D Converter Card.
3.00
(76)
1.19
A/D CONVERTER
(48)
J2
U3
C5
U4
C2
R2
C7
C8
+
+
C6
C10
+
R5
C13
R4
C12
R3
C11
C14
+
J1
C9
+
U6
6
1
11
16
C4
(70)
U2
(63)
C3
C1
2.73
U5
2.49
U1
R1
Figure 37. Relay Card Dimensions
NOTE: All diagram and graphic measurements are in inches followed by millimeters
enclosed in parentheses.
96
Smart Star A/D Converter Cards (SR9300)
Table 16 lists the electrical, mechanical, and environmental specifications for the A/D
Converter Card.
Table 16. A/D Converter Card Specifications
Specification
Board Size
2.73" × 3.00" × 0.44"
(70 mm × 76 mm × 11 mm)
Connectors
one 2 × 10 latch/eject ribbon connector, 0.1 inch pitch
Operating Temperature
–40°C to +70°C
Humidity
5% to 95%, noncondensing
Power Requirements
5 V DC at 40 mA from backplane (+5 V supply)
9 V to 30 V DC, 35 mA at 24 V DC, +RAW/+V_USER from
backplane
Number of Inputs
11 conditioned channels
Analog Input Ranges*
0 V to +10 V (max. ±22 V DC)
–10 V to +10 V (max. ±40 V DC)
4 mA to 20 mA (max. 30 mA)
Resolution
12 bits (0–4095)
Conversion Time
(including Dynamic C)
0.13 ms/channel (includes 0.08 ms/channel for raw count)
Repeatability
Typical ±½ count, maximum ±1 count @ –20°C to +70°C
Typical ±1 count, maximum ±2 counts @ –40°C to –20°C
Accuracy
A/D CONVERTER
Parameter
Typical ±1 count, maximum ±2 counts @ 25°C
±4 counts @ –40°C and +70°C†
Input Impedance
SR9300 (0 V to +10 V): 100 kΩ min.
SR9310 (–10 V to +10 V): 100 kΩ min.
SR9320 (4 mA to 20 mA): 249 Ω ± 1%
Linearity Error (end to end)
±1 count
* The A/D Converter Card is protected against transients that might exceed the maximum ratings.
† Accuracy at temperature extremes can be improved by recalibrating the A/D Converter
Card at the temperature it will be used at.
User’s Manual
97
A/D CONVERTER
98
Smart Star A/D Converter Cards (SR9300)
D/A CONVERTER
PART IV. D/A CONVERTER CARDS
User’s Manual
99
D/A CONVERTER
Smart Star D/A Converter Cards (SR9400)
9. D/A CONVERTER CARDS
Chapter 9 describes the features of the D/A Converter Card, one
of the I/O cards designed for the Smart Star embedded control
system.
The typical Smart Star system consists of a rugged backplane with a power supply, a CPU
card, and one or more I/O cards. The CPU card plugs into a designated slot on the backplane chassis, which has seven additional slots available for I/O cards to be used in any
combination. A high-performance Rabbit 2000 microprocessor on the CPU card provides
fast data processing.
9.1 D/A Converter Card Features
Three models of D/A Converter Cards are available, as shown in Table 17.
Table 17. Smart Star D/A Converter Cards
I/O Card
D/A Converter
User’s Manual
Model
Features
SR9400
12-bit D/A converter, 8 channels, 0 V – 10 V
SR9410
12-bit D/A converter, 8 channels, -10 V – +10 V
SR9420
12-bit D/A converter, 8 channels, 4 mA – 20 mA
101
D/A CONVERTER
The Smart Star is a modular and expandable embedded control system whose configuration of I/O, A/D Converter, D/A Converter, and Relay Cards can be tailored to a large
variety of demanding real-time control and data acquisition applications.
9.2 User Interface
Figure 38 shows the D/A converter circuit. A buffer, U6, buffers the data signals D0–D7
from the Smart Star backplane, and sends them to the D/A converter, U2–U5. Signals D2–
D5 are used to switch the chip select line to identify which D/A converter will perform the
conversion. The model of D/A Converter Card determines the analog output ranges (0 V to
10 V, -10 V to +10 V, or 4–20 mA). The different voltage or current ranges are handled with
different feedback resistors, as shown in Figure 38. A switching regulator provides a regulated power supply for the op-amps.
33 pF
SR9400/SR9410
825 kW
+5 V
U2U5
DA_DATA
DA_CLK
DIN
SCLK
DAC
165 kW
OUT
/CS
D/A _SEN[07]
U10
100 W
+
0W
D/A CONVERTER
D/A _OUT[07]
33 pF
SR9420
U2U5
DA_DATA
DA_CLK
8.25 kW
+5 V
DIN
SCLK
/CS
DAC
OUT
165 kW
165 kW
U10
0W
10 W
+
8.25 kW
D/A _OUT[07]
Figure 38. D/A Converter Card Circuit
NOTE: The D/A_SEN[0–7] sensing inputs are not used when using the current source
version (model SR9420) of the D/A Converter Card.
102
Smart Star D/A Converter Cards (SR9400)
Figure 39 shows the complete pinout for the user interface on header J1. Note that pin 1 is
indicated by a small arrow on the ribbon cable connector.
J1
D/A_SEN0
D/A_SEN1
D/A_SEN2
D/A_SEN3
D/A_SEN4
AGND
D/A_SEN5
D/A_SEN6
AGND
AGND
D/A_OUT0
D/A_OUT1
GND
D/A_OUT2
D/A_OUT3
D/A_OUT4
D/A_OUT5
D/A_OUT6
D/A_OUT7
D/A_SEN7
Pin 1
The D/A Converter Card has eight analog output channels, D/A_OUT[0–7], and is also
equipped with a remote sensing capability through sensing inputs D/A_SEN[0–7] for the
voltage-amplifier versions of the D/A Converter Card (models SR9400 and SR9410).
These sensing inputs compensate for the voltage drop across the wire leads of low-impedance
loads to provide a more precise output across the load.
Let’s look at Figure 40 to see how this happens. Assume the load is 500 Ω. If the impedance of the wire used to connect the load to the output terminal on the D/A Converter Card
is 5 Ω, there will be a voltage drop of about 5 Ω/500 Ω = 1% across the wire. The voltage
across the load will then be 1% less, which is about 40 counts for the SR9400. By connecting D/A_SEN as shown in Figure 40, the output driver will be able to sense the voltage
drop across the wire and provide a more accurate voltage output across the load. If the
load impedance is much greater than the impedance of the wire leads, simply leave the
D/A_SEN sensing inputs open.
33 pF
825 kW
D/A _SEN[07]
U10
100 W
+
5W
0W
5W
D/A _OUT[07]
500 W
Figure 40. D/A Converter Output for Low-Impedance Loads
User’s Manual
103
D/A CONVERTER
Figure 39. D/A Converter Card User Interface Pinout
9.3 User FWT Connections
Connections to the D/A Converter Cards are made via a ribbon cable connector or
optional field wiring terminals that are either pluggable or have screw terminals. Table 18
lists the Rabbit part numbers for the FWTs.
Table 18. Guide to FWT Selection
Rabbit Part Number
FWT Description
I/O Cards
FWT18
D/A Converter
Pluggable Terminals
Screw Terminals
101-0421
101-0515
D/A CONVERTER
9.3.1 Pinouts
Figure 41 shows the pinout for the FWTs used on
the D/A Converter Cards.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
D/A_SEN0
D/A_OUT0
D/A_SEN1
D/A_OUT1
D/A_SEN2
GND
D/A_SEN3
D/A_OUT2
D/A_SEN4
D/A_OUT3
GND
D/A_OUT4
D/A_SEN5
D/A_OUT5
D/A_SEN6
D/A_OUT6
D/A_OUT7
D/A_SEN7
Figure 41. FWT Pinout for
D/A Converter Cards
104
Smart Star D/A Converter Cards (SR9400)
9.4 Power Distribution
Figure 42 shows the power distribution on the D/A Converter Card.
BACKPLANE
SLOT 06
20
Multiplexer/
Latch
+5 V
+4.096 V
DAC reference
22
+V_USER
±12 V voltage
regulators
1, 26
Figure 42. D/A Converter Card Power Distribution
D/A CONVERTER
Figure 43 shows the power supply for the op-amps used as voltage amplifiers/current
sources.
U1
+12 V Reg
+V_USER
IN
OUT
GND
OFF/ON control
+12 V
U9
SR9410
only
12 V Reg
IN
OUT
GND
12 V
Figure 43. Op-Amp Power Supplies
There is provision in software using the anaOutDisable or the anaOutEnable function calls to turn the regulated ±12 V power supply off or on since pin 5 on U1 is connected
to PE7 on the Rabbit 2000 microprocessor on the backplane. This type of disabling/enabling
allows the analog output channels to float in a high-impedance state.
The voltage regulator on/off is disabled by default when there is a reset or when the D/A
Converter Card is first used. All output channels must be configured to the required voltage or current outputs before calling the anaOutEnable function since unconfigured
channels are automatically set to the maximum output.
The –12 V supply is provided only for the SR9410, which provides analog outputs up to ±10 V.
User’s Manual
105
9.5 Software
9.5.1 Sample Programs
• ANAVOUT.C—Demonstrates how to set the D/A channel for the desired output.
• SSDAC1.C—Demonstrates how to recalibrate a D/A converter channel using two known
voltages, and shows how to define the two coefficients, gain and offset, that will be
rewritten into the D/A Converter Card's EEPROM.
• SSDAC2.C—Demonstrates how to recalibrate a D/A converter channel using an A/D
Converter Card andtwo known voltages. Shows how to define the two coefficients, gain
and offset, that will be rewritten into the D/A Converter Card's EEPROM.
• SSDAC3.C—Demonstrates how to recalibrate a D/A converter channel using two known
currents, and shows how to define the two coefficients, gain and offset, that will be
rewritten into the D/A Converter Card's EEPROM.
• SSDAC4.C—Demonstrates how to recalibrate a D/A converter channel using an A/D
Converter Card,two known currents. Shows how to define the two coefficients, gain and
offset, that will be rewritten into the D/A Converter Card's EEPROM.
D/A CONVERTER
9.5.1.1 Running Sample Programs
To run a sample program, open it with the File menu (if it is not still open), compile it
using the Compile menu, and then run it by selecting Run in the Run menu. The CPU
Card must be connected to a PC using the programming cable as described in Section 2.3,
“Programming Cable Connections.”
More complete information on Dynamic C is provided in the Dynamic C User’s Manual.
9.5.2 Dynamic C Libraries
The SMRTSTAR directory contains libraries required to operate the Smart Star control
system.
• SMRTSTAR.LIB—This library supports all the functions needed by the Smart Star systems including Digital I/O Cards, Relay Cards, A/D Converter and D/A Converter
Cards, and serial communication.
Other functions applicable to all devices based on the Rabbit 2000 microprocessor are
described in the Dynamic C Function Reference Manual.
106
Smart Star D/A Converter Cards (SR9400)
9.5.3 Smart Star D/A Converter Card Function Calls
void anaOutDisable(void);
Turns off (disables) voltage regulator for output-channel op-amps on all D/A Converter Cards, leaving
all output channels in a high-impedance state.
RETURN VALUE
None.
See Also
anaOutEnable, anaOut, anaOutVolts, anaOutmAmps
void anaOutEnable(void);
Turns on (enables) voltage regulator for output-channel op-amps on all D/A Converter Cards.
NOTE: The voltage regulator on/off is disabled (off) at power-up or reset. All output
channels must be configured to the required voltage or current outputs before calling
the anaOutEnable function since unconfigured channels will be set automatically to
the maximum output.
D/A CONVERTER
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
anaOutDisable, anaOut, anaOutVolts, anaOutmAmps
int anaOutEERd(int channel);
The D/A Converter Card calibration constants, gain, and offset are stored in the factory in the upper half
of the EEPROM on the D/A Converter Card. Use this function to read the D/A Converter Card calibration constants into the global table _dacCalib
PARAMETERS
channel is the D/A converter output channel. channel should be passed as
channel = (slotnumber * 128) + (channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–7
or
channel = ChanAddr(slotnumber, channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–7.
RETURN VALUE
0 if successful.
–1—control command unacceptable.
–2—EEPROM address unacceptable.
SEE ALSO
anaOutEEWr
User’s Manual
107
int anaOutCalib(int channel, int value1,
float voltamp1, int value2, float voltamp2);
Calibrates the response of the desired D/A converter channel as a linear function using the two conversion points provided. Gain and offset constants are calculated and placed into global table _dacCalib.
PARAMETERS
channel is the D/A converter output channel. channel should be passed as
channel = (slotnumber * 128) + (channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–7
or
channel = ChanAddr(slotnumber, channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–7.
value1 is the first D/A conversion data point. Use a value near 4095 to produce a lower output measurement.
voltamp1 is the voltage/current measurement corresponding to the first D/A converter value.
Current values entered as milliamps will produce milliamp values, and amp values entered will
produce amp values.
D/A CONVERTER
value2 is the second D/A conversion data point. Use a value near 0 to produce a higher output measurement.
voltamp2 is the voltage/current measurement corresponding to the second D/A converter value.
Current values entered as milliamps will produce milliamp values, and amp values entered will produce
amp values.
Approximate Output Equivalent
rawcount
SR9400
SR9410
SR9420
0 (0000H)
+10 V
+10 V
20 mA
2047 (07FFH)
+5 V
0V
12 mA
4095 (0FFFH)
0V
–10 V
4 mA
RETURN VALUE
0 if successful.
–1 if not able to make calibration constants.
SEE ALSO
anaOut, anaOutVolts, anaOutmAmps
108
Smart Star D/A Converter Cards (SR9400)
int anaSaveCalib(int boardtype);
The calibration constants may also be saved in the flash memory on the Smart Star CPU Card. Doing so
will speed up D/A conversions since a memory access from flash memory will be faster than from
EEPROM. Use anaSaveCalib to save the current set of calibration constants for the analog input or
output channels in the Smart Star flash memory. The calibration constants stored in flash memory can
then be accessed at any time with the anaLoadCalib function.
Calibration constants should first be established using anaOutCalib or obtained via anaOutEERd.
PARAMETER
boardtype is the type of board, which is 0 for the D/A Converter Card, 1 for the A/D Converter Card.
RETURN VALUE
0 if successful.
–1—attempt to write non-flash area, nothing written.
–2—rootSrc not in root.
–3—timeout while writing flash memory.
–4—attempt to write to ID block sector(s).
SEE ALSO
int anaLoadCalib(int boardtype);
Reads a complete set of calibration constants for the analog output channels from the Smart Star flash
memory on the CPU Card. These should have been loaded to the flash memory with the anaSaveCalib function.
PARAMETER
boardtype is the type of board, which is 0 for the D/A Converter Card, 1 for the A/D Converter Card.
RETURN VALUE
0 if successful.
–1—attempt to read from non-flash area.
–2—destination not all in root.
SEE ALSO
anaSaveCalib, anaOutCalib
User’s Manual
109
D/A CONVERTER
anaLoadCalib, anaOutCalib
int anaOut(unsigned int channel,
unsigned int rawcount);
Sets the voltage of an analog output channel by serially clocking in 16 bits to a D/A converter using the
following format:
• Program bits (D15…D12)
• New data (D11…D0)
D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10
R1
SPD PWR
R0
D9
D8
MSB
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
12 data bits MSB–LSB (0–4095)
D1
D0
LSB
D/A CONVERTER
SPD—Speed control bit: 1 = fast mode (default), 0 = slow mode
PWR—Power control bit: 1 = power down, 0 = normal operation (default)
The following table lists all the possible combinations of the register-selects bits R1
(Register 1) and R0 (Register 0)
R1
R0
Register
0
0
Write data to D/A converter channel B
0
1
Write data to buffer
1
0
Write data to D/A converter channel A
1
1
Reserved
PARAMETERS
channel is the D/A converter output channel to write. channel should be passed as
channel = (slotnumber * 128) + (channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–7
or
channel = ChanAddr(slotnumber, channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–7.
rawcount is a value corresponding to the voltage on the analog output channel (0–4095). The following rawcount data correspond to the analog outputs indicated.
Approximate Output Equivalent
rawcount
SR9400
SR9410
SR9420
0 (0000H)
+10 V
+10 V
20 mA
2047 (07FFH)
+5 V
0V
12 mA
4095 (0FFFH)
0V
–10 V
4 mA
RETURN VALUE
0 if successful.
–1 if rawcount is greater than 4095.
SEE ALSO
anaOutVolts, anaOutCalib
110
Smart Star D/A Converter Cards (SR9400)
void anaOutVolts(unsigned int channel,
float voltage);
Sets the voltage of an analog output channel by using the previously set calibration constants to calculate
correct data values.
PARAMETERS
channel is the D/A converter output channel. channel should be passed as
channel = (slotnumber * 128) + (channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–7
or
channel = ChanAddr(slotnumber, channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–7.
voltage is the voltage desired on the output channel.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
void anaOutmAmps(unsigned int channel,
float current);
Sets the current of an analog output channel by using the previously set calibration constants to calculate
correct data values.
NOTE: The factory-set calibration constants are for current measurements in amperes.
PARAMETERS
channel is the D/A converter output channel. channel should be passed as
channel = (slotnumber * 128) + (channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–7
or
channel = ChanAddr(slotnumber, channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–7.
current is the current range (4–20 mA or 0.004–0.020 A) desired on the output channel.
RETURN VALUE
0 if successful.
–1 if not able to make calibration constants.
SEE ALSO
anaOut, anaOutVolts, anaOutCalib
User’s Manual
111
D/A CONVERTER
anaOut, anaOutCalib, anaOutmAmps
int anaOutEEWr(int channel);
Writes the calibration constants, gain, and offset to the upper half of the EEPROM on the D/A Converter
Card.
PARAMETERS
channel is the D/A converter output channel. channel should be passed as
channel = (slotnumber * 128) + (channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–7
or
channel = ChanAddr(slotnumber, channelnumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and channelnumber is 0–7.
voltage is the voltage desired on the output channel.
RETURN VALUE
0 if successful.
-1—control command unacceptable.
-2—EEPROM address unacceptable.
-3—data value unacceptable.
SEE ALSO
D/A CONVERTER
anaOutEERd
112
Smart Star D/A Converter Cards (SR9400)
9.6 Electrical and Mechanical Specifications
Figure 44 shows the mechanical dimensions for the D/A Converter Card.
3.00
(76)
1.19
(48)
J1
C6
R3
C7
C11
+
C10
U8
U7 C9
R1
R2
+
U6
(63)
D1
U2
C8
U1
R4
D2
U9
(70)
C5
2.49
C4
U5
U4
U3
C3
2.73
L1
+
C1
C2
L2
C12
D4
C13
D/A CONVERTER
J2
+
R5
C14 D3
Figure 44. D/A Converter Card Dimensions
NOTE: All diagram and graphic measurements are in inches followed by millimeters
enclosed in parentheses.
User’s Manual
113
Table 19 lists the electrical, mechanical, and environmental specifications for the D/A
Converter Card.
Table 19. D/A Converter Card Specifications
D/A CONVERTER
Parameter
114
Specification
Board Size
2.73" × 3.00" × 0.44"
(70 mm × 76 mm × 11 mm)
Connectors
one 2 × 10 latch/eject ribbon connector, 0.1 inch pitch
Operating Temperature
–40°C to +70°C
Humidity
5% to 95%, noncondensing
Power Requirements
5 V DC at 50 mA typical from backplane (+5 V supply)
15 V to 30 V DC, 30 mA at 24 V DC, +RAW/+V_USER from
backplane
Number of Outputs
8 channels
Analog Output Ranges
SR9400: 0 V to +10 V, 20 mA/channel (maximum)
SR9410: –10 V to +10 V, 20 mA/channel (maximum)
SR9420: 4 mA to 20 mA, 10 V (maximum)
Resolution
12 bits (0–4095)
Conversion Time
(including Dynamic C)
0.2 ms/channel
Output Stability
±½ count
Output Impedance
SR9400: < 1 Ω,
SR9410: < 1 Ω,
SR9420: > 100 kΩ
Smart Star D/A Converter Cards (SR9400)
RELAY CARDS
PART V. RELAY CARDS
User’s Manual
115
RELAY CARDS
Smart Star Relay Cards (SR9500)
10. RELAY CARDS
Chapter 10 describes the features of the Relay Card, one of the
I/O cards designed for the Smart Star embedded control system.
The Smart Star is a modular and expandable embedded control system whose configuration of I/O, A/D Converter, D/A Converter, and Relay Cards can be tailored to a large
variety of demanding real-time control and data acquisition applications.
The typical Smart Star system consists of a rugged backplane with a power supply, a CPU
card, and one or more I/O cards. The CPU card plugs into a designated slot on the backplane chassis, which has seven additional slots available for I/O cards to be used in any
combination. A high-performance Rabbit 2000 microprocessor on the CPU card provides
fast data processing.
10.1 Relay Card Features
Two models of Relay Cards are available, as shown in Table 20.
I/O Card
Model
Features
SR9500
5 SPST relays and 1 SPDT relay, each protected
with onboard snubbers
SR9510
8 SPDT relays (no snubbers)
Relay
The SR9500 Relay Cards are suitable for switching all kinds of loads up to 30 V DC at 1 A
or 48 V AC at 0.5 A. The SR9510 handles similar loads, but is restricted to noninductive
loads unless you add snubbers to the system that is interfacing with the Smart Star.
User’s Manual
117
RELAY CARDS
Table 20. Smart Star Relay Cards
10.2 User Interface
Depending on the model of Relay Card (see Table 20), the relays on the Relay Card will be
configured as SPDT or SPST with or without snubbers. Figure 45 shows these relay configurations.
+V
COM
8
NO
7
1
SPDT
(no snubbers)
NC
9
10
COM
8
1
RELDRV
+V
100 nF
47 W
7
SPDT
NO
100 nF
47 W
9
10
8
1
(with snubbers)
RELDRV
NC
+V
COM
100 nF
NO
47 W
7
SPST
(with snubbers)
9
10
RELDRV
Figure 45. Relay Configurations
RELAY CARDS
The diode protects the coil power supply (and the Smart Star backplane) from inductive
spikes caused by energizing/de-energizing the coil, and the resistor-capacitor snubbers
protect the relay contacts against voltage spikes induced by inductive loads.
Figure 46 shows the complete pinout for the user interface on header J1. Note that pin 1 is
indicated by a small arrow on the ribbon cable connector.
SR9510
SR9500
J1
J1
GND
REL0NO
REL0COM
REL1NO
REL1COM
REL2NO
REL2COM
REL3NO
GND
REL3COM
REL4NO
REL4COM
GND
REL5NO
REL5COM
GND
GND
GND
REL0COM
REL1NO
REL1COM
REL2NO
REL2NC
REL3NO
REL3NC
GND
REL4NC
REL5COM
REL6NO
GND
REL7NO
REL7NC
GND
REL0NO
REL0COM
GND
REL1NO
REL1COM
GND
REL2NO
REL2COM
REL3NO
REL3COM
REL4NO
REL4COM
REL5NO
REL5COM
REL5NC
REL5NC
REL0NO
REL0NC
GND
REL1NC
REL2COM
GND
REL3COM
REL4NO
REL4COM
REL5NO
REL5NC
REL6COM
REL6NC
REL7COM
Figure 46. Relay Card User Interface Pinout
118
Smart Star Relay Cards (SR9500)
10.3 User FWT Connections
Connections to the Relay Cards are made via a ribbon cable connector or optional field
wiring terminals that are either pluggable or have screw terminals. Table 21 lists the
Rabbit part numbers for the FWTs.
Table 21. Guide to FWT Selection
Rabbit Part Number
Pluggable Terminals
Screw Terminals
FWT Description
I/O Cards
FWT18R
Relay (SR9500)
101-0422
101-0516
FWT27
Relay (SR9510)
101-0420
101-0514
10.3.1 Pinouts
FWT18R
FWT27
SR9500 6-relay card
SR9510 8-relay card
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
REL0NO
REL0COM
GND
REL1NO
REL1COM
GND
REL2NO
REL2COM
GND
REL3NO
REL3COM
GND
REL4NO
REL4COM
GND
REL5NO
REL5COM
REL5NC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
GND
REL0NO
REL0COM
REL0NC
REL1NO
REL1COM
REL1NC
REL2NO
REL2COM
REL2NC
REL3NO
REL3COM
REL3NC
REL4NO
REL4COM
REL4NC
REL5NO
REL5COM
REL5NC
REL6NO
REL6COM
REL6NC
REL7NO
REL7COM
REL7NC
RELAY CARDS
Figure 47 shows the pinout for the
FWTs used on the Relay Cards.
GND
Figure 47. FWT Pinouts for Relay Cards
User’s Manual
119
10.4 Power Distribution
Figure 48 shows the power distribution on the Relay Card.
BACKPLANE
SLOT 06
20
22
+5 V
+V_USER
Multiplexer/
Latch
+12 V linear
regulator
Comparator
+12 V coil actuation
voltage
1, 25
Figure 48. Relay Card Power Distribution
RELAY CARDS
The relay coil actuation voltage is 12 V, and so +V_USER should be 12 V to 30 V DC. The
+V_USER supply passes through a linear regulator and comparator, which are in parallel.
The comparator is set for approximately +13.9 V, and as long as +V_USER is more than
+13.9 V, the +12 V from the linear regulator will provide the coil actuation voltage.
Should +V_USER be less than +13.9 V, the comparator will supply +V_USER directly to
provide the coil actuation voltage.
120
Smart Star Relay Cards (SR9500)
10.5 Relay Cards Software
10.5.1 Sample Programs
• SSTARRLY.C—Demonstrates turning a relay on the Relay Card on and off.
10.5.2 Running Sample Programs
To run a sample program, open it with the File menu (if it is not still open), compile it
using the Compile menu, and then run it by selecting Run in the Run menu. The CPU
Card must be connected to a PC using the programming cable as described in Section 2.3,
“Programming Cable Connections.”
Complete information on Dynamic C is provided in the Dynamic C User’s Manual.
10.5.3 Dynamic C Libraries
The SMRTSTAR directory contains libraries required to operate the Smart Star control
system.
RELAY CARDS
• SMRTSTAR.LIB—This library supports all the functions needed by the Smart Star systems including Digital I/O Cards, Relay Cards, D/A Converter and A/D Converter
Cards, and serial communication.
User’s Manual
121
10.5.4 Smart Star Relay Card Function Calls
void relayOut(int relay, int value);
Sets the state of a relay.
PARAMETER
relay is the relay to set. relay should be passed as
relay = (slotnumber * 128) + (relaynumber)
or
relay = ChanAddr(slotnumber, relaynumber)
where slotnumber is 0–6, and relaynumber is 0–5 (SR9500) or 0–7 (SR9510), depending on the
model of Relay Card.
RELAY CARDS
value is the value to set the relay to, 0 or 1 (off or on).
122
Smart Star Relay Cards (SR9500)
10.6 Electrical and Mechanical Specifications
Figure 49 shows the mechanical dimensions for the Relay Card.
3.00
(76)
1.88
(48)
2
C1
K2
5
6
1
10
R1
C2
K3
1
10
C3
K5
1
10
R5
C5
K4
5
6
1
10
R3
C4
K6
5
6
1
10
R6
C6
C7
(70)
J1
10
2.73
1
(63)
K1
34
33
2.49
1
R7
5
2
6
R2
J2
5
+
26
6
R4
C8
5
6
U1
C9
D1
Figure 49. Relay Card Dimensions
RELAY CARDS
NOTE: All diagram and graphic measurements are in inches followed by millimeters
enclosed in parentheses.
User’s Manual
123
Table 22 lists the electrical, mechanical, and environmental specifications for the Relay
Card.
Table 22. Relay Card Specifications
Parameter
Specification
2.73" × 3.00" × 0.44"
(70 mm × 76 mm × 11 mm)
Connectors
one 2 × 17 latch/eject ribbon connector, 0.1 inch pitch
Operating Temperature
–40°C to +70°C
Humidity
5% to 95%, noncondensing
Power Requirements
5 V DC at 10 mA from backplane (+5 V supply)
12 V to 30 V DC, 10 mA at 24 V DC, +RAW/+V_USER from
backplane
Relay Switching Contacts
30 V DC at 1 A or 48 V AC at 0.5 A
Relays
SR9500: 1 SPDT, 5 SPST (N.O., COM) with snubbers
SR9510: 8 SPDT (N.O., N.C., COM), no snubbers
RELAY CARDS
Board Size
124
Smart Star Relay Cards (SR9500)
User’s Manual
125
APPENDICES
PART VI. APPENDICES
APPENDICES
Smart Star (SR9000)
APPENDIX A.
FIELD WIRING TERMINALS
User’s Manual
127
APPENDICES
Appendix A explains how to prepare the connector on an I/O
card to accept a field wiring terminal, and how to secure the
field wiring terminal to the I/O card. The dimensions for the
field wiring terminals are included.
A.1 Selecting and Installing a Field Wiring Terminal
Connections to the I/O cards are made via a ribbon cable connector or optional field wiring
terminals that are either pluggable or have screw terminals. Three different Field Wiring
Terminals (FWTs) are available. Table A-1 lists the I/O cards and the Rabbit part numbers
for the corresponding FWTs.
Table A-1. Guide to FWT Selection
Rabbit Part Number
FWT Description
Pluggable Terminals
Screw Terminals
I/O Cards
FWT27
Digital I/O (SR9200 series)
Relay (SR9510)
101-0420
101-0514
FWT18
A/D Converter (SR9300 series)
D/A Converter (SR9400 series)
101-0421
101-0515
Relay (SR9500)
101-0422
101-0516
FWT18R
APPENDICES
Before you can install the FWT you selected
for your I/O card, you must remove the tabs
1
from the connector on the I/O card. To do so,
move the tab inwards as far as possible, as
2
shown in Figure A-1. Then insert a screwdriver into the space below the tab on the
side of the connector and gently nudge the
tab up and out. If you are careful, the tab will
Figure A-1. Remove Tabs from Connector
remain intact to be saved and snapped back
on I/O Card
in place should you need to use a ribbon
cable connector in the future.
Plug the FWT connector into the connector
on the I/O card. Be sure to position the pluggable or screw connectors so that the header
pins on the printed circuit board are towards
you, as shown in Figure A-2. Position the
mylar insulator above the FWT as shown in
Figure A-2 to protect the header pins on the
printed circuit board, and secure the FWT
using the two 4-40 × ¼ screws supplied.
them. Note that the mylar insulator will be
bowed slightly once the screws are in place.
128
Pin 1
Mylar insulator
Pin 1
Figure A-2. Secure FWT to I/O Card
Smart Star (SR9000)
A.2 Dimensions
Figure A-3 shows the overall FWT dimensions.
0.725
(18.5)
0.125
0.725
(18.5)
2.75
(3.2)
(70)
4.20
(107)
Figure A-3. FWT Dimensions
NOTE: All diagram and graphic measurements are in inches followed by millimeters
enclosed in parentheses.
User’s Manual
129
APPENDICES
The actual appearance of the terminals may vary, depending on the number and type of
terminals. The pinouts for the FWTs applicable to a particular I/O card are shown with the
pinouts for the connectors on the individual I/O cards.
APPENDICES
130
Smart Star (SR9000)
APPENDIX B. LCD/KEYPAD MODULE
An optional LCD/keypad module with a NEMA 4 water-resistant bezel is available for the Smart Star. Appendix B describes
the LCD/keypad module and provides the software function
calls to make full use of the LCD/keypad module.
B.1 Specifications
The LCD/keypad module comes with or without a panel-mounted NEMA 4 water-resistant
bezel as shown in Figure B-1.
LCD/Keypad Modules
Figure B-1. LCD/Keypad Module Versions
Mounting hardware and a 60 cm (24") extension cable are also available for the LCD/keypad module through your sales representative or authorized distributor.
User’s Manual
131
APPENDICES
Either version can be connected to the Smart Star backplane, and can be installed at a remote
location up to 60 cm (24") away. Contact your Rabbit sales representative or your authorized distributor for further assistance in purchasing an LCD/keypad module.
Table B-1 lists the electrical, mechanical, and environmental specifications for the LCD/
keypad module.
Table B-1. LCD/Keypad Specifications
Parameter
Specification
Board Size
2.60" × 3.00" × 0.75"
(66 mm × 76 mm × 19 mm)
Bezel Size
4.50" × 3.60" × 0.30"
(114 mm × 91 mm × 7.6 mm)
Temperature
Operating Range: 0°C to +50°C
Storage Range: –40°C to +85°C
Humidity
5% to 95%, noncondensing
Power Consumption
1.5 W maximum*
Connections
Connects to high-rise header sockets on Smart Star
LCD Panel Size
122 × 32 graphic display
Keypad
7-key keypad
LEDs
Seven user-programmable LEDs
* The backlight adds approximately 650 mW to the power consumption.
The LCD/keypad module has 0.1"
IDC headers at J1, J2, and J3 for
physical connection to other boards or
ribbon cables. Figure B-2 shows the
LCD/keypad module footprint. These
values are relative to one of the
mounting holes.
(2.5)
(19.5)
0.768
(15.4)
0.607
J1
(40.6)
0.200
(5.1)
J3
J2
1.600
NOTE: All measurements are in
inches followed by millimeters
enclosed in parentheses. All dimensions have a manufacturing tolerance of ±0.01" (0.25 mm).
0.100
0.500
(12.7)
1.450
(36.8)
2.200
APPENDICES
(55.9)
Figure B-2. User Board Footprint for LCD/Keypad
Module
132
Smart Star (SR9000)
B.2 Contrast Adjustments for All Boards
Starting in 2005, LCD/keypad modules were factory-configured to optimize their contrast
based on the voltage of the system they would be used in. Be sure to select a KDU5V
LCD/keypad module for use with the Smart Star — these modules operate at 5 V. You may
adjust the contrast using the potentiometer at R2 as shown in Figure B-3. LCD/keypad
modules configured for 3.3 V should not be used with the 5 V Smart Star because the
higher voltage will reduce the backlight service life dramatically.
LCD/Keypad Module Jumper Configurations
Description
Pins
Connected
Factory
Default
2.8 V
12
×
3.3 V
34
5V
n.c.
C9
U3
D1
C7
JP1
R3
U2
C4
U1
R4
R5
C11
C13
U4
J5
CR1
C12
R7
LCD1
R6
D2 C1
C6
C10
R2
C5
C2
Contrast
Adjustment
C3
J5
R1
Header
Q1
J5
Part No. 101-0541
R8
R26
2
R10
Q4
Q6
OTHER LP3500
3.3 V 2.8 V
n.c. = 5 V
R12
R9
Q7
Q2
U6
U5
Q5
R15
R18
R14
R16
R13
R20
4
R17
1
R21
R11
J5
3
Q3
R19
2
R23
1
4
R22
3
J1
R25
Q8
J2
U7 C14
C16 R24
C15
KP1
C17
RN1
DISPLAY
BOARD
J4
Figure B-3. LCD/Keypad Module Voltage Settings and Contrast Adjustment
NOTE: Older LCD/keypad modules that do not have a header at J5 or a contrast adjustment potentiometer at R2 are limited to operate only at 5 V, and will work with the
Smart Star. The older LCD/keypad modules are no longer being sold.
User’s Manual
133
APPENDICES
You can set the contrast on the LCD display of pre-2005 LCD/keypad modules by adjusting the potentiometer at R2 or by setting the voltage for 5 V by removing the jumper that
was installed at the factory across pins 1–2 on header J5 as shown in Figure B-3. Only one
of these two options is available on these older LCD/keypad modules.
B.3 Keypad Labeling
The keypad may be labeled according to your needs. A template is provided in Figure B-4
to allow you to design your own keypad label insert.
1.10
(28)
2.35
(60)
Figure B-4. Keypad Template
To replace the keypad legend, remove the old legend and insert your new legend prepared
according to the template in Figure B-4. The keypad legend is located under the blue keypad matte, and is accessible from the left only as shown in Figure B-5.
Keypad label is located
under the blue keypad matte.
Figure B-5. Removing and Inserting Keypad Label
APPENDICES
The sample program KEYBASIC.C in the 122x32_1x7 folder in SAMPLES\LCD_KEYPAD
shows how to reconfigure the keypad for different applications.
134
Smart Star (SR9000)
B.4 Header Pinouts
DB6B
DB4B
DB2B
DB0B
A1B
A3B
GND
LED7
LED5
LED3
LED1
/RES
VCC
Figure B-6 shows the pinouts for the LCD/keypad module.
J2
GND
LED7
LED5
LED3
LED1
/RES
VCC
GND
DB6B
DB4B
DB2B
DB0B
A1B
A3B
DB7B
DB5B
DB3B
DB1B
A0B
A2B
GND
GND
LED6
LED4
LED2
/CS
+5BKLT
J1
GND
GND
LED6
LED4
LED2
/CS
+5BKLT
GND
DB7B
DB5B
DB3B
DB1B
A0B
A2B
J3
Figure B-6. LCD/Keypad Module Pinouts
B.4.1 I/O Address Assignments
The LCD and keypad on the LCD/keypad module are addressed by the /CS strobe as
explained in Table B-2.
Table B-2. LCD/Keypad Module Address Assignment
User’s Manual
Function
61C0Exx0–61C0Exx7
LCD control
61C0Exx8
LED enable
61C0Exx9
Not used
61C0ExxA
7-key keypad
61C0ExxB (bits 0–6)
7-LED driver
61C0ExxB (bit 7)
LCD backlight on/off
61C0ExxC–61C0ExxF
Not used
135
APPENDICES
Address
B.5 Mounting LCD/Keypad Module
B.5.1 Installation Guidelines
When possible, following these guidelines when mounting the LCD/keypad module.
1. Leave sufficient ventilation space
2. Do not install the LCD/keypad module directly above machinery that radiates a lot of
heat (for example, heaters, transformers, and high-power resistors).
3. Leave at least 8" (20 cm) distance from electric power lines and even more from highvoltage devices.
4. When installing the LCD/keypad module near devices with strong electrical or magnetic fields (such as solenoids), allow a least 3" (8 cm), more if necessary.
The LCD/keypad module has strong environmental resistance and high reliability, but you
can maximize system reliability by avoiding or eliminating the following conditions at the
installation site.
• Abrupt temperature changes and condensation
• Ambient temperatures exceeding a range of 0°C to 50°C
• Relative humidity exceeding a range of 5% to 95%
• Strong magnetism or high voltage
• Corrosive gases
• Direct vibration or shock
• Excessive iron dust or salt
APPENDICES
• Spray from harsh chemicals
136
Smart Star (SR9000)
B.5.2 Mounting Instructions
A bezel and a gasket are included with the LCD/keypad module. When properly mounted
in a panel, the LCD/keypad module bezel is designed to meet NEMA 4 specifications for
water resistance.
Since the LCD/keypad module employs an LCD display, the viewing angle must be considered when mounting the display. Install the LCD/keypad module at a height and angle
that makes it easy for the operator to see the screen.
B.5.2.1 Bezel-Mount Installation
This section describes and illustrates how to bezel-mount the LCD/keypad module. Follow these steps for bezel-mount installation.
1. Cut mounting holes in the mounting panel in accordance with the recommended dimensions in Figure B-7, then use the bezel faceplate to mount the LCD/keypad module onto
the panel.
0.125 D, 4x
0.230
(5.8)
2.870
(86.4)
0.130
(3.3)
CUTOUT
3.400
(3)
(72.9)
3.100
(78.8)
Figure B-7. Recommended Cutout Dimensions
User’s Manual
137
APPENDICES
2. Carefully “drop in” the LCD/keypad module with the bezel and gasket attached.
3. Fasten the unit with the four 4-40 screws and washers included with the LCD/keypad
module. If your panel is thick, use a 4-40 screw that is approximately 3/16" (5 mm)
longer than the thickness of the panel.
Bezel/Gasket
DISPLAY BOARD
U1
C1
U2
C4
U3
C3
C2
Q1
R17
D1
J1
R1
R2
R4
R3
R5
R7
R6
R8
R15
R14
R13
R12
R11
R9
R10
Panel
R18
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q8
Q7
C5
R16
KP1
J3
RN1
U4
C6
C7
C8
J2
Figure B-8. LCD/Keypad Module Mounted in Panel (rear view)
Carefully tighten the screws until the gasket is compressed and the plastic bezel faceplate is touching the panel.
APPENDICES
Do not tighten each screw fully before moving on to the next screw. Apply only one or
two turns to each screw in sequence until all are tightened manually as far as they can
be so that the gasket is compressed and the plastic bezel faceplate is touching the panel.
138
Smart Star (SR9000)
B.6 Connecting LCD/Keypad Module to Smart Star Backplane
The LCD/keypad module can be located as far as 2 ft. (60 cm) away from the Smart Star
backplane, and is connected via a ribbon cable as shown in Figure B-9.
C5
D1
C7
JP1
R3
U2
C4
U1
C10
C9
R4
R5
C11
CR1
C13
Pin 1
C12
R7
LCD1
R6
D2 C1
C6
C3
R1
C2
R2
U3
U4
Q1
J5
J1
R25
R8
Q4
Q6
OTHER LP3500
3.3 V 2.8 V
n.c. = 5 V
R12
Q7
Q2
U6
U5
Q5
R15
R18
R9
Q3
R19
2
R10
R20
4
R17
1
R16
R14
J5
3
R21
R13
R23
R11
R22
R26
Q8
J2
U7 C14
C16 R24
C15
KP1
RN1
C17
DISPLAY
BOARD
J4
Pin 1
LINK ACT LNK ACT
RCM
CPU
JP1
C13
C11
U4
RN1
C12
C9
C8
C10
U3
C4
C7
C6
C5
J3
J5
J4
R4
R1
J2
U2
C3
L1
C15
C2
D2
L2
C14
J1
R3
TVS1
C1
GND
D1
V_USER +RAW
U1
DS1
R6
PWR
Note the locations and connections for pin 1 on both the backplane and the LCD/keypad
module.
User’s Manual
139
APPENDICES
Figure B-9. Connecting LCD/Keypad Module to Backplane
The SR9050 backplane can also be panel-mounted behind the LCD/keypad module.
1. Prepare a cutout and install the LCD/keypad module in the cutout as explained in
Section B.5.2.1.
2. Use brackets to secure the LCD/keypad module to the panel using the four 4-40 screws
and washers included with the LCD/keypad module. The four screw positions are indicated with the number 1 in Figure B-10. If your panel is thick, use a 4-40 screw that is
approximately 3/16" (5 mm) longer than the thickness of the panel.
3. Use a ribbon cable to connect header J6 on the backplane to header J1 on the LCD/keypad module. Note the pin 1 positions reflected by the red-colored line in the ribbon
cable shown in Figure B-10.
2
1
Bezel/Gasket
Bracket
2
DISPLAY BOARD
U1
C1
U2
C4
U3
C3
C2
1
LINK ACT LNK ACT
RCM
CPU
Q1
R17
D1
J1
JP1
R1
R8
U4
R15
R14
R12
C12
Q5
Q4
C8
Q3
Q6
R18
Q2
C11
R7
R6
R13
R11
R9
R10
RN1
C5
Q8
Q7
C9
C10
U3
C6
C5
C4
J3
RN1
U4
R1
U2
C7
R4
C8
C6
J2
C7
J5
J4
J2
J3
KP1
R16
Panel
R5
R4
R3
C13
R2
C3
2
L1
C15
C2
D2
L2
C14
2
J1
R3
TVS1
C1
GND
1
D1
V_USER +RAW
U1
DS1
R6
PWR
1
Figure B-10. Install Smart Star Backplane Behind LCD/Keypad Module
APPENDICES
4. Secure the Smart Star backplane using four 4-40 × ½" or 6-32 × ½" screws at the screw
positions indicated with the number 2 in Figure B-10.
Brackets and ribbon cables are sold separately. Note that only a Smart Star assembly using
the SR9050 backplane can be panel-mounted.
140
Smart Star (SR9000)
B.7 Sample Programs
The following sample programs are found in the SAMPLES\LCD_Keypad\122x32_1x7
folder.
• ALPHANUM.C—Demonstrates how to create messages using the keypad and then displaying them on the LCD display.
• COFTERMA.C—Demonstrates cofunctions, the cofunction serial library, and using a
serial ANSI terminal such as Hyperterminal from an available COM port connection.
• DISPPONG.C—Demonstrates output to LCD display.
• DKADEMO1.C—Demonstrates some of the LCD/keypad module font and bitmap
manipulation features with horizontal and vertical scrolling, and using the
GRAPHIC.LIB library.
• FUN.C—Demonstrates drawing primitive features (lines, circles, polygons) using the
GRAPHIC.LIB library
• KEYBASIC.C—Demonstrates the following keypad functions in the STDIO display
window:
- default ASCII keypad return values.
- custom ASCII keypad return values.
- keypad repeat functionality.
• KEYMENU.C—Demonstrates how to implement a menu system using a highlight bar on
a graphic LCD display. The menu options for this sample are as follows.
1. Set Date/Time
2. Display Date/Time
3. Turn Backlight OFF
4. Turn Backlight ON
5. Toggle LEDs
6. Increment LEDs
7. Disable LEDs
• LED.C—Demonstrates how to toggle the LEDs on the LCD/keypad module.
• SCROLLING.C—Demonstrates scrolling features of the GRAPHIC.LIB library.
• TEXT.C—Demonstrates the text functions in the GRAPHIC.LIB library. Here is a list
of what is demonstrated.
1. Font initialization.
2. Text window initialization.
3. Text window, end-of-line wraparound, end-of-text window clipping, line feed, and carriage return.
5. Displaying different FONT sizes.
User’s Manual
141
APPENDICES
4. Creating 2 different TEXT windows for display.
The following sample programs, found in the SAMPLES\LCD_Keypad\122x32_1x7\
TCPIP folder, are targeted at the Ethernet-enabled versions of the Smart Star and the
BL2110. Remember to configure the IP address, netmask, and gateway as indicated in the
sample programs.
• MBOXDEMO.C—This program implements a web server that allows e-mail messages to
be entered that are then shown on the LCD display. The keypad allows you to scroll
within messages, flip to other e-mails, mark messages as read, and delete e-mails.
When a new e-mail arrives, an LED turns on, and turns off once the message has been
marked as read. A log of all e-mail actions is kept, and can be displayed in the Web
browser. All current e-mails can also be read with the Web browser.
When using MBOXDEMO.C, connect the Smart Star and a PC (or other device with a
Web Browser) to an Ethernet. If you connect the PC and the Smart Star directly, be sure
to use a crossover Ethernet cable; strait-through Ethernet cables and a hub may be used
instead.
• TCP_RESPOND.C—This program and TCP_SEND.C are executed on two separate single-board computers to demonstrate how the two boards communicate with each other.
Use PCSEND.EXE on the PC console side at the command prompt if you do not have a
second board. PCSEND.EXE is located with source code in the SAMPLES\
LCD_Keypad\Windows directory.
TCP_RESPOND.C waits for a message from another single-board computer. The mes-
sage received is displayed on the LCD, and you may respond by pressing a key on the
keypad. The response is then sent to the remote single-board computer.
• TCPSEND.C—This program and TCP_RESPOND.C are executed on two separate singleboard computers to demonstrate how the two boards communicate with each other. Use
PCRESPOND.EXE on the PC console side at the command prompt if you do not have a
second board. PCRESPOND.EXE is located with source code in the
SAMPLESLCD_Keypad\Windows directory.
When a key on the keypad is pressed, a message associated with that key is sent to a
specified destination address and port. The destination then responds to that message.
The response is displayed on the LCD.
Note that only the LEFT and UP scroll keys are set up to cause a message to be sent.
APPENDICES
When using TCPSEND.C and TCP_RESPOND.C, connect the Smart Star and the other single-board computer to an Ethernet. If you connect the them directly, be sure to use a crossover Ethernet cable; straight-through Ethernet cables and a hub may be used instead.
142
Smart Star (SR9000)
B.8 LCD/Keypad Module Function Calls
B.8.1 LEDs
When power is applied to the LCD/keypad module for the first time, the red LED (DS1)
will come on, indicating that power is being applied to the LCD/keypad module. The red
LED is turned off when the brdInit function executes.
One function is available to control the LEDs, and can be found in the LIB\SMRTSTAR\
SMRTSTAR.LIB library.
void ledOut(int led, int value);
LED on/off control. This function will only work when the LCD/keypad module is installed on the Smart
Star.
PARAMETERS
led is the LED to control.
0 = LED DS1
1 = LED DS2
2 = LED DS3
3 = LED DS4
4 = LED DS5
5 = LED DS6
6 = LED DS7
value is the value used to control whether the LED is on or off (0 or 1).
0 = off
1 = on
RETURN VALUE
None.
User’s Manual
143
APPENDICES
SEE ALSO
brdInit
B.8.2 LCD Display
The functions used to control the LCD display are contained in the Dynamic C LIB\DISPLAYS\GRAPHIC\GRAPHIC.LIB library. When x and y coordinates on the display screen
are specified, x can range from 0 to 121, and y can range from 0 to 31. These numbers represent pixels from the top left corner of the display.
void glInit(void);
Initializes the display devices, clears the screen.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glDispOnOFF, glBacklight, glSetContrast, glPlotDot, glBlock, glPlotDot,
glPlotPolygon, glPlotCircle, glHScroll, glVScroll, glXFontInit, glPrintf,
glPutChar, glSetBrushType, glBuffLock, glBuffUnlock, glPlotLine
void glBackLight(int onOff);
Turns the display backlight on or off.
PARAMETER
onOff turns the backlight on or off
1—turn the backlight on
0—turn the backlight off
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glInit, glDispOnoff, glSetContrast
void glDispOnOff(int onOff);
Sets the LCD screen on or off. Data will not be cleared from the screen.
PARAMETER
onOff turns the LCD screen on or off
1—turn the LCD screen on
0—turn the LCD screen off
RETURN VALUE
None.
APPENDICES
SEE ALSO
glInit, glSetContrast, glBackLight
144
Smart Star (SR9000)
void glSetContrast(unsigned level);
Sets display contrast.
NOTE: This function is not used with the LCD/keypad module since the support circuits
are not available on the LCD/keypad module.
void glFillScreen(char pattern);
Fills the LCD display screen with a pattern.
PARAMETER
The screen will be set to all black if pattern is 0xFF, all white if pattern is 0x00, and vertical
stripes for any other pattern.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glBlock, glBlankScreen, glPlotPolygon, glPlotCircle
void glBlankScreen(void);
Blanks the LCD display screen (sets LCD display screen to white).
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glFillScreen, glBlock, glPlotPolygon, glPlotCircle
void glBlock(int x, int y, int bmWidth,
int bmHeight);
Draws a rectangular block in the page buffer and on the LCD if the buffer is unlocked. Any portion of the
block that is outside the LCD display area will be clipped.
PARAMETERS
x is the x coordinate of the top left corner of the block.
y is the y coordinate of the top left corner of the block.
bmWidth is the width of the block.
bmWidth is the height of the block.
RETURN VALUE
None.
User’s Manual
145
APPENDICES
SEE ALSO
glFillScreen, glBlankScreen, glPlotPolygon, glPlotCircle
void glPlotVPolygon(int n, int *pFirstCoord);
Plots the outline of a polygon in the LCD page buffer, and on the LCD if the buffer is unlocked. Any
portion of the polygon that is outside the LCD display area will be clipped. If fewer than 3 vertices are
specified, the function will return without doing anything.
PARAMETERS
n is the number of vertices.
*pFirstCoord is a pointer to array of vertex coordinates: x1,y1, x2,y2, x3,y3,...
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glPlotPolygon, glFillPolygon, glFillVPolygon
void glPlotPolygon(int n, int y1, int x2, int y2,
...);
Plots the outline of a polygon in the LCD page buffer and on the LCD if the buffer is unlocked. Any
portion of the polygon that is outside the LCD display area will be clipped. If fewer than 3 vertices are
specified, the function will return without doing anything.
PARAMETERS
n is the number of vertices.
y1 is the y coordinate of the first vertex.
x1 is the x coordinate of the first vertex.
y2 is the y coordinate of the second vertex.
x2 is the x coordinate of the second vertex.
... are the coordinates of additional vertices.
RETURN VALUE
None.
APPENDICES
SEE ALSO
glPlotVPolygon, glFillPolygon, glFillVPolygon
146
Smart Star (SR9000)
void glFillVPolygon(int n, int *pFirstCoord);
Fills a polygon in the LCD page buffer and on the LCD screen if the buffer is unlocked. Any portion of
the polygon that is outside the LCD display area will be clipped. If fewer than 3 vertices are specified,
the function will return without doing anything.
PARAMETERS
n is the number of vertices.
*pFirstCoord is a pointer to array of vertex coordinates: x1,y1, x2,y2, x3,y3,...
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glFillPolygon, glPlotPolygon, glPlotVPolygon
void glFillPolygon(int n, int x1, int y1, int x2,
int y2, ...);
Fills a polygon in the LCD page buffer and on the LCD if the buffer is unlocked. Any portion of the
polygon that is outside the LCD display area will be clipped. If fewer than 3 vertices are specified, the
function will return without doing anything.
PARAMETERS
n is the number of vertices.
x1 is the x coordinate of the first vertex.
y1 is the y coordinate of the first vertex.
x2 is the x coordinate of the second vertex.
y2 is the y coordinate of the second vertex.
... are the coordinates of additional vertices.
RETURN VALUE
None.
User’s Manual
147
APPENDICES
SEE ALSO
glFillVPolygon, glPlotPolygon, glPlotVPolygon
void glPlotCircle(int xc, int yc, int rad);
Draws the outline of a circle in the LCD page buffer and on the LCD if the buffer is unlocked. Any portion of the circle that is outside the LCD display area will be clipped.
PARAMETERS
xc is the x coordinate of the center of the circle.
yc is the y coordinate of the center of the circle.
rad is the radius of the center of the circle (in pixels).
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glFillCircle, glPlotPolygon, glFillPolygon
void glFillCircle(int xc, int yc, int rad);
Draws a filled circle in the LCD page buffer and on the LCD if the buffer is unlocked. Any portion of the
circle that is outside the LCD display area will be clipped.
PARAMETERS
xc is the x coordinate of the center of the circle.
yc is the y coordinate of the center of the circle.
rad is the radius of the center of the circle (in pixels).
RETURN VALUE
None.
APPENDICES
SEE ALSO
glPlotCircle, glPlotPolygon, glFillPolygon
148
Smart Star (SR9000)
void glXFontInit(fontInfo *pInfo, char pixWidth,
char pixHeight, unsigned startChar,
unsigned endChar, unsigned long xmemBuffer);
Initializes the font descriptor structure, where the font is stored in xmem.
PARAMETERS
*pInfo is a pointer to the font descriptor to be initialized.
pixWidth is the width (in pixels) of each font item.
pixHeight is the height (in pixels) of each font item.
startChar is the value of the first printable character in the font character set.
endChar is the value of the last printable character in the font character set.
xmemBuffer is the xmem pointer to a linear array of font bitmaps.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glPrinf
unsigned long glFontCharAddr(fontInfo *pInfo,
char letter);
Returns the xmem address of the character from the specified font set.
PARAMETERS
*pInfo is the xmem address of the bitmap font set.
letter is an ASCII character.
RETURN VALUE
xmem address of bitmap character font, column major, and byte-aligned.
User’s Manual
149
APPENDICES
SEE ALSO
glPutFont, glPrintf
void glPutFont(int x, int y, fontInfo *pInfo,
char code);
Puts an entry from the font table to the page buffer and on the LCD if the buffer is unlocked. Each font
character's bitmap is column major and byte-aligned. Any portion of the bitmap character that is outside
the LCD display area will be clipped.
PARAMETERS
x is the x coordinate (column) of the top left corner of the text.
y is the y coordinate (row) of the top left corner of the text.
*pInfo is a pointer to the font descriptor.
code is the ASCII character to display.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glFontCharAddr, glPrintf
void glSetPfStep(int stepX, int stepY);
Sets the glPrintf() printing step direction. The x and y step directions are independent signed values.
The actual step increments depend on the height and width of the font being displayed, which are multiplied by the step values.
PARAMETERS
stepX is the glPrintf x step value
stepY is the glPrintf y step value
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
Use glGetPfStep() to examine the current x and y printing step direction.
int glGetPfStep(void);
Gets the current glPrintf() printing step direction. Each step direction is independent of the other,
and is treated as an 8-bit signed value. The actual step increments depends on the height and width of the
font being displayed, which are multiplied by the step values.
RETURN VALUE
The x step is returned in the MSB, and the y step is returned in the LSB of the integer result.
SEE ALSO
APPENDICES
Use glGetPfStep() to control the x and y printing step direction.
150
Smart Star (SR9000)
void glPutChar(char ch, char *ptr, int *cnt,
glPutCharInst *pInst)
Provides an interface between the STDIO string-handling functions and the graphic library. The STDIO
string-formatting function will call this function, one character at a time, until the entire formatted string
has been parsed. Any portion of the bitmap character that is outside the LCD display area will be clipped.
PARAMETERS
ch is the character to be displayed on the LCD.
*ptr is not used, but is a place holder for STDIO string functions.
*cnt is not used, is a place holder for STDIO string functions.
*pInst is a font descriptor pointer.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glPrintf, glPutFont, doprnt
void glPrintf(int x, int y, fontInfo *pInfo,
char *fmt, ...);
Prints a formatted string (much like printf) on the LCD screen. Only the character codes that exist in
the font set are printed, all others are skipped. For example, '\b', '\t', '\n' and '\r' (ASCII backspace, tab,
new line, and carriage return, respectively) will be printed if they exist in the font set, but will not have
any effect as control characters. Any portion of the bitmap character that is outside the LCD display area
will be clipped.
PARAMETERS
x is the x coordinate (column) of the top left corner of the text.
y is the y coordinate (row) of the top left corner of the text.
*pInfo is a font descriptor pointer.
*fmt is a formatted string.
... are formatted string conversion parameter(s).
EXAMPLE
glprintf(0,0, &fi12x16, "Test %d\n", count);
RETURN VALUE
None.
User’s Manual
151
APPENDICES
SEE ALSO
glXFontInit
void glBuffLock(void);
Increments LCD screen locking counter. Graphic calls are recorded in the LCD memory buffer and are
not transferred to the LCD if the counter is non-zero.
NOTE: glBuffLock() and glBuffUnlock() can be nested up to a level of 255, but
be sure to balance the calls. It is not a requirement to use these procedures, but a set of
glBuffLock() and glBuffUnlock() bracketing a set of related graphic calls speeds
up the rendering significantly.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glBuffUnlock, glSwap
void glBuffUnlock(void);
Decrements the LCD screen locking counter. The contents of the LCD buffer are transferred to the LCD
if the counter goes to zero.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glBuffLock, glSwap
void glSwap(void);
Checks the LCD screen locking counter. The contents of the LCD buffer are transferred to the LCD if the
counter is zero.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glBuffUnlock, glBuffLock, _glSwapData (located in the library specifically for the LCD
that you are using)
void glSetBrushType(int type);
Sets the drawing method (or color) of pixels drawn by subsequent graphic calls.
PARAMETER
type value can be one of the following macros.
PIXBLACK draws black pixels (turns pixel on).
PIXWHITE draws white pixels (turns pixel off).
PIXXOR draws old pixel XOR'ed with the new pixel.
RETURN VALUE
APPENDICES
None.
SEE ALSO
glGetBrushType
152
Smart Star (SR9000)
int glGetBrushType(void);
Gets the current method (or color) of pixels drawn by subsequent graphic calls.
RETURN VALUE
The current brush type.
SEE ALSO
glSetBrushType
void glPlotDot(int x, int y);
Draws a single pixel in the LCD buffer, and on the LCD if the buffer is unlocked. If the coordinates are
outside the LCD display area, the dot will not be plotted.
PARAMETERS
x is the x coordinate of the dot.
y is the y coordinate of the dot.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glPlotline, glPlotPolygon, glPlotCircle
void glPlotLine(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1);
Draws a line in the LCD buffer, and on the LCD if the buffer is unlocked. Any portion of the line that is
beyond the LCD display area will be clipped.
PARAMETERS
x0 is the x coordinate of one endpoint of the line.
y0 is the y coordinate of one endpoint of the line.
x1 is the x coordinate of the other endpoint of the line.
y1 is the y coordinate of the other endpoint of the line.
RETURN VALUE
None.
User’s Manual
153
APPENDICES
SEE ALSO
glPlotDot, glPlotPolygon, glPlotCircle
void glLeft1(int left, int top, int cols, int rows);
Scrolls byte-aligned window left one pixel, right column is filled by current pixel type (color).
PARAMETERS
left is the top left corner of bitmap, must be evenly divisible by 8, otherwise truncates.
top is the top left corner of the bitmap.
cols is the number of columns in the window, must be evenly divisible by 8, otherwise truncates.
rows is the number of rows in the window.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glHScroll, glRight1
void glRight1(int left, int top, int cols, int rows);
Scrolls byte-aligned window right one pixel, left column is filled by current pixel type (color).
PARAMETERS
left is the top left corner of bitmap, must be evenly divisible by 8, otherwise truncates.
top is the top left corner of the bitmap.
cols is the number of columns in the window, must be evenly divisible by 8, otherwise truncates.
rows is the number of rows in the window.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glHScroll, glLeft1
void glUp1(int left, int top, int cols, int rows);
Scrolls byte-aligned window up one pixel, bottom column is filled by current pixel type (color).
PARAMETERS
left is the top left corner of bitmap, must be evenly divisible by 8, otherwise truncates.
top is the top left corner of the bitmap.
cols is the number of columns in the window, must be evenly divisible by 8, otherwise truncates.
rows is the number of rows in the window.
RETURN VALUE
None.
APPENDICES
SEE ALSO
glVScroll, glDown1
154
Smart Star (SR9000)
void glDown1(int left, int top, int cols, int rows);
Scrolls byte-aligned window down one pixel, top column is filled by current pixel type (color).
PARAMETERS
left is the top left corner of bitmap, must be evenly divisible by 8, otherwise truncates.
top is the top left corner of the bitmap.
cols is the number of columns in the window, must be evenly divisible by 8, otherwise truncates.
rows is the number of rows in the window.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glVScroll, glUp1
void glHScroll(int left, int top, int cols,
int rows, int nPix);
Scrolls right or left, within the defined window by x number of pixels. The opposite edge of the scrolled
window will be filled in with white pixels. The window must be byte-aligned.
Parameters will be verified for the following:
1. The left and cols parameters will be verified that they are evenly divisible by 8. If not, they
will be truncated to a value that is a multiple of 8.
2. Parameters will be checked to verify that the scrolling area is valid. The minimum scrolling area is
a width of 8 pixels and a height of one row.
PARAMETERS
left is the top left corner of bitmap, must be evenly divisible by 8.
top is the top left corner of the bitmap.
cols is the number of columns in the window, must be evenly divisible by 8.
rows is the number of rows in the window.
nPix is the number of pixels to scroll within the defined window (a negative value will produce a scroll
to the left).
RETURN VALUE
None.
User’s Manual
155
APPENDICES
SEE ALSO
glVScroll
void glVScroll(int left, int top, int cols,
int rows, int nPix);
Scrolls up or down, within the defined window by x number of pixels. The opposite edge of the scrolled
window will be filled in with white pixels. The window must be byte-aligned.
Parameters will be verified for the following:
1. The left and cols parameters will be verified that they are evenly divisible by 8. If not, they
will be truncated to a value that is a multiple of 8.
2. Parameters will be checked to verify that the scrolling area is valid. The minimum scrolling area is
a width of 8 pixels and a height of one row.
PARAMETERS
left is the top left corner of bitmap, must be evenly divisible by 8.
top is the top left corner of the bitmap.
cols is the number of columns in the window, must be evenly divisible by 8.
rows is the number of rows in the window.
nPix is the number of pixels to scroll within the defined window (a negative value will produce a scroll
up).
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glHScroll
void glXPutBitmap(int left, int top, int width,
int height, unsigned long bitmap);
Draws bitmap in the specified space. The data for the bitmap are stored in xmem. This function calls
glXPutFastmap automatically if the bitmap is byte-aligned (the left edge and the width are each
evenly divisible by 8).
Any portion of a bitmap image or character that is outside the LCD display area will be clipped.
PARAMETERS
left is the top left corner of the bitmap.
top is the top left corner of the bitmap.
width is the width of the bitmap.
height is the height of the bitmap.
bitmap is the address of the bitmap in xmem.
RETURN VALUE
None.
APPENDICES
SEE ALSO
glXPutFastmap, glPrintf
156
Smart Star (SR9000)
void glXPutFastmap(int left, int top, int width,
int height, unsigned long bitmap);
Draws bitmap in the specified space. The data for the bitmap are stored in xmem. This function is like
glXPutBitmap, except that it is faster. The restriction is that the bitmap must be byte-aligned.
Any portion of a bitmap image or character that is outside the LCD display area will be clipped.
PARAMETERS
left is the top left corner of the bitmap, must be evenly divisible by 8, otherwise truncates.
top is the top left corner of the bitmap.
width is the width of the bitmap, must be evenly divisible by 8, otherwise truncates.
height is the height of the bitmap.
bitmap is the address of the bitmap in xmem.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
glXPutBitmap, glPrintf
int TextWindowFrame(windowFrame *window,
fontInfo *pFont, int x, int y, int winWidth,
int winHeight)
Defines a text-only display window. This function provides a way to display characters within the text
window using only character row and column coordinates. The text window feature provides end-of-line
wrapping and clipping after the character in the last column and row is displayed.
NOTE: Execute the TextWindowFrame function before other Text... functions.
PARAMETERS
*window is a window frame descriptor pointer.
*pFont is a font descriptor pointer.
x is the x coordinate of the top left corner of the text window frame.
y is the y coordinate of the top left corner of the text window frame.
winWidth is the width of the text window frame.
winHeight is the height of the text window frame.
RETURN VALUE
User’s Manual
157
APPENDICES
0—window frame was successfully created.
-1—x coordinate + width has exceeded the display boundary.
-2—y coordinate + height has exceeded the display boundary.
void TextGotoXY(windowFrame *window, int col,
int row);
Sets the cursor location to display the next character. The display location is based on the height and
width of the character to be displayed.
NOTE: Execute the TextWindowFrame function before using this function.
PARAMETERS
*window is a pointer to a font descriptor.
col is a character column location.
row is a character row location.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
TextPutChar, TextPrintf, TextWindowFrame
void TextCursorLocation(windowFrame *window,
int *col, int *row);
Gets the current cursor location that was set by a Graphic Text... function.
NOTE: Execute the TextWindowFrame function before using this function.
PARAMETERS
*window is a pointer to a font descriptor.
*col is a pointer to cursor column variable.
*row is a pointer to cursor row variable.
RETURN VALUE
Lower word = Cursor Row location
Upper word = Cursor Column location
APPENDICES
SEE ALSO
TextGotoXY, TextPrintf, TextWindowFrame, TextCursorLocation
158
Smart Star (SR9000)
void TextPutChar(struct windowFrame *window, char ch);
Displays a character on the display where the cursor is currently pointing. If any portion of a bitmap
character is outside the LCD display area, the character will not be displayed. The cursor increments its
position as needed.
NOTE: Execute the TextWindowFrame function before using this function.
PARAMETERS
*window is a pointer to a font descriptor.
ch is a character to be displayed on the LCD.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
TextGotoXY, TextPrintf, TextWindowFrame, TextCursorLocation
void TextPrintf(struct windowFrame *window,
char *fmt, ...);
Prints a formatted string (much like printf) on the LCD screen. Only printable characters in the font
set are printed, also escape sequences, '\r' and '\n' are recognized. All other escape sequences will be
skipped over; for example, '\b' and 't' will print if they exist in the font set, but will not have any effect as
control characters.
The text window feature provides end-of-line wrapping and clipping after the character in the last column and row is displayed. The cursor then remains at the end of the string.
NOTE: Execute the TextWindowFrame function before using this function.
PARAMETERS
*window is a pointer to a font descriptor.
*fmt is a formatted string.
... are formatted string conversion parameter(s).
EXAMPLE
TextPrintf(&TextWindow, "Test %d\n", count);
RETURN VALUE
None.
User’s Manual
159
APPENDICES
SEE ALSO
TextGotoXY, TextPutChar, TextWindowFrame, TextCursorLocation
B.8.3 Keypad
The functions used to control the keypad are contained in the Dynamic C LIB\
KEYPADS\KEYPAD7.LIB library.
void keyInit(void);
Initializes keypad process
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
brdInit
void keyConfig(char cRaw, char cPress,
char cRelease, char cCntHold, char cSpdLo,
char cCntLo, char cSpdHi);
Assigns each key with key press and release codes, and hold and repeat ticks for auto repeat and
debouncing.
PARAMETERS
cRaw is a raw key code index.
1x7 keypad matrix with raw key code index assignments (in brackets):
[0]
[1]
[4]
[2]
[5]
[3]
[6]
User Keypad Interface
cPress is a key press code
An 8-bit value is returned when a key is pressed.
0 = Unused.
See keypadDef() for default press codes.
cRelease is a key release code.
An 8-bit value is returned when a key is pressed.
0 = Unused.
cCntHold is a hold tick, which is approximately one debounce period or 5 µs.
How long to hold before repeating.
0 = No Repeat.
cSpdLo is a low-speed repeat tick, which is approximately one debounce period or 5 µs.
How many times to repeat.
0 = None.
APPENDICES
cCntLo is a low-speed hold tick, which is approximately one debounce period or 5 µs.
How long to hold before going to high-speed repeat.
0 = Slow Only.
160
Smart Star (SR9000)
cSpdHi is a high-speed repeat tick, which is approximately one debounce period or 5 µs.
How many times to repeat after low-speed repeat.
0 = None.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
keyProcess, keyGet, keypadDef
void keyProcess(void);
Scans and processes keypad data for key assignment, debouncing, press and release, and repeat.
NOTE: This function is also able to process an 8 × 8 matrix keypad.
RETURN VALUE
None
SEE ALSO
keyConfig, keyGet, keypadDef
char keyGet(void);
Get next keypress
RETURN VALUE
The next keypress, or 0 if none
SEE ALSO
keyConfig, keyProcess, keypadDef
int keyUnget(char cKey);
Pushes the value of cKey to the top of the input queue, which is 16 bytes deep.
PARAMETER
cKey
RETURN VALUE
None.
User’s Manual
161
APPENDICES
SEE ALSO
keyGet
void keypadDef();
Configures the physical layout of the keypad with the default ASCII return key codes.
Keypad physical mapping 1 × 7
0
4
1
['L']
5
2
['U']
['–']
6
['D']
3
['R']
['+']
['E']
where
'D' represents Down Scroll
'U' represents Up Scroll
'R' represents Right Scroll
'L' represents Left Scroll
'–' represents Page Down
'+' represents Page Up
'E' represents the ENTER key
Example: Do the followingfor the above physical vs. ASCII return key codes.
keyConfig
keyConfig
keyConfig
keyConfig
keyConfig
keyConfig
keyConfig
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
3,'R',0,
6,'E',0,
2,'D',0,
4,'-',0,
1,'U',0,
5,'+',0,
0,'L',0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
);
);
);
);
);
);
);
Characters are returned upon keypress with no repeat.
RETURN VALUE
None.
SEE ALSO
keyConfig, keyGet, keyProcess
void keyScan(char *pcKeys);
Writes "1" to each row and reads the value. The position of a keypress is indicated by a zero value in a bit
position.
PARAMETER
*pcKeys is a pointer to the address of the value read.
RETURN VALUE
None.
APPENDICES
SEE ALSO
keyConfig, keyGet, keypadDef, keyProcess
162
Smart Star (SR9000)
B.9 Font and Bitmap Converter
A Font and Bitmap Converter tool is available to convert Windows fonts and monochrome bitmaps to a library file format compatible with Rabbit’s Dynamic C applications
and graphical displays. Non-Roman characters can also be converted by applying the
monochrome bitmap converter to their bitmaps.
Start the Font and Bitmap Converter tool by double-clicking on the fbmcnvtr.exe file
in the Dynamic C directory. You then select and convert existing fonts or bitmaps. Complete instructions are available via the Help menu that is in the Font and Bitmap Converter tool.
Once you are done, the converted file is displayed in the editing window. Editing may be
done, but should not be necessary. Save the file as libraryfilename.lib, where
libraryfilename is a file name of your choice.
Add the library file(s) to applications with the statement #use libraryfilename.lib,
or by cutting and pasting from the library file(s) you created into the application program.
TIP: If you used the #use libraryfilename.lib statement, remember to enter
libraryfilename.lib into lib.dir, which is located in your Dynamic C directory.
User’s Manual
163
APPENDICES
You are now ready to add the font or bitmap to your application using the glXFontInit
or the glXPutBitmap function calls.
APPENDICES
164
Smart Star (SR9000)
APPENDIX C. POWER MANAGEMENT
User’s Manual
165
APPENDICES
Appendix C provides information on the current requirements of
the Smart Star I/O cards, the use and installation of a backup
battery, and some background on power management.
C.1 Current Requirements
Remember to take the current draw of the various I/O cards into consideration when
selecting the power supply for your Smart Star control system.
Table C-1 lists the typical current consumption for the CPU Card and the I/O cards.
Table C-1. Current Consumption of I/O Cards Attached to Smart Star Backplane
Current Consumption
I/O Cards
+5 V Supply
+V_USER Supply
Digital I/O (SR9200 series)
65 mA
up to 200 mA/output*
A/D Converter (SR9300
series)
D/A Converter (SR9400
series)
40 mA
35 mA
Relay (SR9500 series)
10 mA
75 mA
CPU Card
190 mA
—
* Maximum current 2.0 A per I/O card, 7.0 A for Smart Star system
C.2 Batteries and External Battery Connections
An onboard 265 mA·h lithium coin cell on the CPU Card provides power to the real-time
clock and SRAM when external power is removed from the Smart Star control system.
This allows the CPU Card to continue to keep track of time and preserves the SRAM
memory contents while the power is off.
The drain on the battery is typically less than 20 µA when there is no external power
applied. The battery can last
265 mA·h
------------------------ = 3.0 years.
10 µA
The drain on the battery is typically less than 4 µA when external power is applied. The
battery can last for
265 mA·h
------------------------ = 7.5 years.
4 µA
APPENDICES
Since the shelf life of the battery is 10 years, the battery can last for most of its shelf life
when external power is applied most of the time.
166
Smart Star (SR9000)
C.2.1 Replacing the Backup Battery
The battery is user-replaceable, and is fitted in a battery holder. To replace the battery, lift
up on the spring clip and slide out the old battery. Use only a Panasonic CR2330 or equivalent replacement battery, and insert it into the battery holder with the + side facing up.
NOTE: The SRAM contents and the real-time clock settings will be lost if the battery is
replaced with no power applied to the Smart Star. There is a provision for an external battery if you need to save the SRAM contents and the real-time clock settings since the CPU
Card needs to be removed from the backplane in order to change the onboard battery.
CAUTION: There is an explosion danger if the battery is short-circuited, recharged, or
replaced incorrectly. Replace the battery only with the same type or an equivalent type
recommended by the battery manufacturer. Dispose of used batteries according to the
battery manufacturer’s instructions.
C.2.2 Battery-Backup Circuit
Figure C-1 shows the battery-backup circuit.
Internal Battery
BT1
VBAT-INT
D3
R41
R39
1 kW
1 kW
T
External Battery
J8
1
2
3
VBAT-EXT
D5
VRAM
RT1
thermistor
22 kW
R42
R1
1 kW
22 kW
Vcc
D1
D2
VBAT
C12
10 nF
R3
10 kW
R6
R8
22 kW
47 kW
VOSC
C6
10 nF
Figure C-1. Smart Star CPU Card Backup Battery Circuit
The battery-backup circuit serves three purposes:
• It reduces the battery voltage to the SRAM and to the real-time clock, thereby limiting
the current consumed by the real-time clock and lengthening the battery life.
• It ensures that current can flow only out of the battery to prevent charging the battery.
VRAM and Vcc are nearly equal (
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