TD6810T18

        Techcode® DATASHEET 1.5MHz 800mA Synchronous Step-Down Regulator Dropout General Description  Features    The TD6810 is a high efficiency monolithic synchronous buck regulator using a constant frequency, current mode architecture. The device is available in an adjustable version and fixed output voltages of 1.5V and 1.8V. Supply current during operation is only 20mA and drops to ≤1mA in shutdown. The 2.5V to 5.5V input voltage range makes the TD6810 ideally suited for single Li-Ion battery-powered applications. 100% duty cycle provides low dropout operation, extending battery life in portable systems.Automatic Burst Mode operation increases efficiency at light loads, further extending battery life. Switching frequency is internally set at 1.5MHz, allowing the use of small surface mount inductors and capacitors. The internal synchronous switch increases efficiency and eliminates the need for an external Schottky diode. Low output voltages are easily supported with the 0.6V feedback reference voltage. The TD6810 is available in a low profile (1mm) TSOT23-5 package.   z z z z z z z z z z z z z TD6810 High Efficiency: Up to 96% High Efficiency at light loads Very Low Quiescent Current: Only 20uA During Operation 800mA Output Current 2.5V to 5.5V Input Voltage Range 1.5MHz Constant Frequency Operation No Schottky Diode Required Low Dropout Operation: 100% Duty Cycle 0.6V Reference Allows Low Output Voltages Shutdown Mode Draws ≤1uA Supply Current Current Mode Operation for Excellent Line and Load Transient Response Overtemperature Protected Low Profile (1mm) TSOT23-5 Package Applications  z z z z z z Cellular Telephones Personal Information Appliances Wireless and DSL Modems Digital Still Cameras MP3 Players Portable Instruments Package Types            SOT23­5  gure 1. Package Types of TD6810    July,  02,  2011                                                        Techcode  Semiconductor  Limited                                                  www.techcodesemi.com  1          Techcode® DATASHEET 1.5MHz 800mA Synchronous Step-Down Regulator Dropout TD6810 Pin Assignments      Pin Name Description 1 RUN Run Control Input. Forcing this pin above 1.5V enables the part. Forcing this pin below 0.3V shuts down the device. In shutdown, all functions are disabled drawing 40%. However, the TD6810 uses a patent-pending scheme that counteracts this compensating ramp, which allows the maximum inductor peak current to remain unaffected throughout all duty cycles. The basic TD6810 application circuit is shown in Figure 3. External component selection is driven by the load requirement and begins with the selection of L followed by CIN and COUT. Inductor Selection  For most applications, the value of the inductor will fall in the range of 1uH to 4.7uH. Its value is chosen based on the desired ripple current. Large value inductors lower ripple current and small value inductors result in higher ripple currents. Higher VIN or VOUT also increases the ripple current as shown in equation 1. A reasonable starting point for setting ripple current is DIL = 320mA (40% of 800mA). The DC current rating of the inductor should be at least equal to the maximum load current plus half the ripple current to prevent core saturation. Thus, a 920mA rated inductor should be enough for most applications (800mA + 120mA). For better efficiency, choose a low DC-resistance inductor. The inductor value also has an effect on Burst Mode operation. The transition to low current operation begins when the inductor current peaks fall to approximately 200mA. Lower inductor values (higher DIL) will cause this to occur at lower load currents, which can cause a dip in efficiency in the upper range of low current operation. In Burst Mode operation, lower inductance values will cause the burst frequency to increase.     Maximum Output Current vs Input Voltag    July,  02,  2011                                                        Techcode  Semiconductor  Limited                                                  www.techcodesemi.com  11          Techcode® DATASHEET 1.5MHz 800mA Synchronous Step-Down Regulator Dropout TD6810 Function Description(Cont.)  Inductor Core Selection  Different core materials and shapes will change the size/current and price/current relationship of an inductor. Toroid or shielded pot cores in ferrite or permalloy materials are small and don’t radiate much energy, but generally cost more than powdered iron core inductors with similar electrical characteristics. The choice of which style inductor to use often depends more on the price vs size requirements and any radiated field/EMI requirements than on what the TD6810 requires to operate. Table 1 shows some typical surface mount inductors that work well in TD6810 applications.   Table 1. Representative Surface Mount Inductors  CIN and COUT Selection  In continuous mode, the source current of the top MOSFET is a square wave of duty cycle VOUT/VIN. To prevent large voltage transients, a low ESR input capacitor sized for the maximum RMS current must be used. The maximum RMS capacitor current is given by: This formula has a maximum at VIN = 2VOUT, where IRMS = IOUT/2. This simple worst-case condition is commonly used for design because even significant deviations do not offer much relief. Note that the capacitor manufacturer’s ripple current ratings are often based on 2000 hours of life. This makes it advisable to further derate the capacitor, or choose a capacitor rated at a higher temperature than required. Always consult the manufacturer if there is any question. The selection of COUT is driven by the required effective series resistance (ESR). Typically, once the ESR requirement for COUT has been met, the RMS current rating generally far exceeds the IRIPPLE(P-P) requirement. The output ripple DVOUT is determined by: where f = operating frequency, COUT = output capacitanceand DIL = ripple current in the inductor. For a fixed output voltage, the output ripple is highest at maximum input voltage since DIL increases with input voltage. Aluminum electrolytic and dry tantalum capacitors are both available in surface mount configurations. In the case of tantalum, it is critical that the capacitors are surge tested for use in switching power supplies. An excellent choice is the AVX TPS series of surface mount tantalum. These are specially constructed and tested for low ESR so they give the lowest ESR for a given volume. Other capacitor types include Sanyo POSCAP, Kemet T510 and T495 series, and Sprague 593D and 595D series. Consult the manufacturer for other specific recommendations.       July,  02,  2011                                                        Techcode  Semiconductor  Limited                                                  www.techcodesemi.com  12          Techcode® DATASHEET 1.5MHz 800mA Synchronous Step-Down Regulator Dropout TD6810 Function Description(Cont.)  Using Ceramic Input and Output  Capacitors  Higher values, lower cost ceramic capacitors are now becoming available in smaller case sizes. Their high ripple current, high voltage rating and low ESR make them ideal for switching regulator applications. Because the TD6810’s control loop does not depend on the output capacitor’s ESR for stable operation, ceramic capacitors can be used freely to achieve very low output ripple and small circuit size. However, care must be taken when ceramic capacitors are used at the input and the output. When a ceramic capacitor is used at the input and the power is supplied by a wall adapter through long wires, a load step at the output can induce ringing at the input, VIN. At best, this ringing can couple to the output and be mistaken as loop instability. At worst, a sudden inrush of current through the long wires can potentially cause a voltage spike at VIN, large enough to damage the part. When choosing the input and output ceramic capacitors, choose the X5R or X7R dielectric formulations. These dielectrics have the best temperature and voltage characteristics of all the ceramics for a given value and size. Output Voltage Programming  In the adjustable version, the output voltage is set by a resistive divider according to the following formula: The external resistive divider is connected to the output, allowing remote voltage sensing as shown in Figure4.    Figure 4:Setting the output Voltage  Vout  R1  R2  1.2V  150K  150K  1.5V  160K  240K  1.8V  150K  300K  2.5V  150K  470K  3.3V  150K  680K  Table 2. Vout VS. R1, R2, Cf Select Table  Efficiency Considerations  The efficiency of a switching regulator is equal to the output power divided by the input power times 100%. It is often useful to analyze individual losses to determine what is limiting the efficiency and which change would produce the most improvement. Efficiency can be expressed as: Efficiency = 100% – (L1 + L2 + L3 + ...) where L1, L2, etc. are the individual losses as a percentage of input power. Although all dissipative elements in the circuit produce losses, two main sources usually account for most of the losses in TD6810 circuits: VIN quiescent current and I2R losses. The VIN quiescent current loss dominates the efficiency loss at very low load currents whereas the I2R loss dominates the efficiency loss at medium to high load currents. In a typical efficiency plot, the efficiency curve at very low load currents can be misleading since the actual power lost is of no consequence as illustrated in Figure 5.   July,  02,  2011                                                        Techcode  Semiconductor  Limited                                                  www.techcodesemi.com  13          Techcode® DATASHEET 1.5MHz 800mA Synchronous Step-Down Regulator Dropout TD6810 Function Description(Cont.)  RSW = (RDS(ON)TOP)(DC) + (RDS(ON)BOT)(1 – DC) The RDS(ON) for both the top and bottom MOSFETs can be obtained from the Typical Performance Charateristics curves. Thus, to obtain I2R losses, simply add RSW to RL and multiply the result by the square of the average output current. Other losses including CIN and COUT ESR dissipative losses and inductor core losses generally account for less than 2% total additional loss. Thermal Considerations    Figure 4:Power Lost VS Load Current  1. The VIN quiescent current is due to two components: the DC bias current as given in the electrical characteristics and the internal main switch and synchronous switch gate charge currents. The gate charge current results from switching the gate capacitance of the internal power MOSFET switches. Each time the gate is switched from high to low to high again, a packet of charge, dQ, moves from VIN to ground. The resulting dQ/dt is the current out of VIN that is typically larger than the DC bias current. In continuous mode, IGATECHG =f(QT + QB) where QT and QB are the gate charges of the internal top and bottom switches. Both the DC bias and gate charge losses are proportional to VIN and thustheir effects will be more pronounced at higher supply voltages. 2. I2R losses are calculated from the resistances of the internal switches, RSW, and external inductor RL. In continuous mode, the average output current flowing through inductor L is “chopped” between the main switch and the synchronous switch. Thus, the series resistance looking into the SW pin is a function of both top and bottom MOSFET RDS(ON) and the duty cycle (DC) as follows: In most applications the TD6810 does not dissipate much heat due to its high efficiency. But, in applications where the TD6810 is running at high ambient temperature with low supply voltage and high duty cycles, such as in dropout, the heat dissipated may exceed the maximum junction temperature of the part. If the junction temperature reaches approximately 150°C, both power switches will be turned off and the SW node will become high impedance. To avoid the TD6810 from exceeding the maximum junction temperature, the user will need to do some thermal analysis. The goal of the thermal analysis is to determine whether the power dissipated exceeds the maximum junction temperature of the part. The temperature rise is given by: TR = (PD)(qJA) where PD is the power dissipated by the regulator and qJA is the thermal resistance from the junction of the die to the ambient temperature. The junction temperature, TJ, is given by: TJ = TA + TR where TA is the ambient temperature. As an example, consider the TD6810 in dropout at an input voltage of 2.7V, a load current of 800mA and an ambient temperature of 70°C. From the typical performance graph of switch resistance, the RDS(ON) of the P-channel switch at 70°C is approximately 0.52W.   July,  02,  2011                                                        Techcode  Semiconductor  Limited                                                  www.techcodesemi.com  14          Techcode® DATASHEET TD6810 1.5MHz 800mA Synchronous Step-Down Regulator Dropout Function Description(Cont.)  Therefore, power dissipated by the part is: PD = ILOAD 2 • RDS(ON) = 187.2mW For the SOT-23 package, the qJA is 250°C/ W. Thus, the junction temperature of the regulator is: TJ = 70°C + (0.1872)(250) = 116.8°C which is below the maximum junction temperature of 125°C. Note that at higher supply voltages, the junction temperature is lower due to reduced switch resistance (RDS(ON)).   Checking Transient Response  The regulator loop response can be checked by looking at the load transient response. Switching regulators take several cycles to respond to a step in load current. When a load step occurs, VOUT immediately shifts by an amount equal to (ΔILOAD • ESR), where ESR is the effective series resistance of COUT. ΔILOAD also begins to charge or discharge COUT, which generates a feedback error signal. The regulator loop then acts to return VOUT to its steadystate value. During this recovery time VOUT can be monitored for overshoot or ringing that would indicate a stability problem. A second, more severe transient is caused by switching in loads with large (>1μF) supply bypass capacitors. The discharged bypass capacitors are effectively put in parallel with COUT, causing a rapid drop in VOUT. No regulator can deliver enough current to prevent this problem if the load switch resistance is low and it is driven quickly. The only solution is to limit the rise time of the switch drive so that the load rise time is limited to approximately (25 • CLOAD).Thus, a 10μF capacitor charging to 3.3V would require a 250μs rise time, limiting the charging current to about 130mA.     July,  02,  2011                                                        Techcode  Semiconductor  Limited                                                  www.techcodesemi.com  15          Techcode® DATASHEET 1.5MHz 800mA Synchronous Step-Down Regulator Dropout TD6810 Package Information  TSOT23­5    Package Outline Dimensions          July,  02,  2011                                                        Techcode  Semiconductor  Limited                                                  www.techcodesemi.com  16          Techcode® DATASHEET 1.5MHz 800mA Synchronous Step-Down Regulator Dropout TD6810 Design Notes     July,  02,  2011                                                        Techcode  Semiconductor  Limited                                                  www.techcodesemi.com  17