HEF4066BT-Q100J

HEF4066B-Q100 Quad single-pole single-throw analog switch Rev. 2 — 19 April 2016 Product data sheet 1. General description The HEF4066B-Q100 provides four single-pole, single-throw analog switch functions. Each switch has two input/output terminals (nY and nZ) and an active HIGH enable input (nE). When nE is LOW, the analog switch is turned off. This product has been qualified to the Automotive Electronics Council (AEC) standard Q100 (Grade 1) and is suitable for use in automotive applications. 2. Features and benefits  Automotive product qualification in accordance with AEC-Q100 (Grade 1)  Specified from 40 C to +85 C and from 40 C to +125 C  Fully static operation  5 V, 10 V, and 15 V parametric ratings  Standardized symmetrical output characteristics  ESD protection:  MIL-STD-833, method 3015 exceeds 2000 V  HBM JESD22-A114F exceeds 2000 V  MM JESD22-A115-A exceeds 200 V (C = 200 pF, R = 0 )  Inputs and outputs are protected against electrostatic effects  Complies with JEDEC standard JESD 13-B 3. Applications     Industrial and automotive Analog multiplexing and demultiplexing Digital multiplexing and demultiplexing Signal gating 4. Ordering information Table 1. Ordering information Type number HEF4066BT-Q100 Package Temperature range Name Description Version 40 C to +125 C SO14 plastic small outline package; 14 leads; body width 3.9 mm SOT108-1 HEF4066B-Q100 Nexperia Quad single-pole single-throw analog switch 5. Functional diagram < ( < ( < ( < (   =  Q<   = Q(    = 9'' 9''    =  966 Q= DDJ Fig 1. DDJ Functional diagram Fig 2. Logic diagram (one switch) 6. Pinning information 6.1 Pinning +()%4 <   9'' =   ( =   ( <   < (   = (   = 966   < DDD Fig 3. Pin configuration 6.2 Pin description Table 2. Pin description Symbol Pin Description 1Y, 2Y, 3Y, 4Y 1, 4, 8, 11 independent input or output 1Z, 2Z, 3Z, 4Z 2, 3, 9, 10 independent input or output 1E, 2E, 3E, 4E 13, 5, 6, 12 enable input (active HIGH) VSS 7 ground (0 V) VDD 14 supply voltage HEF4066B_Q100 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 19 April 2016 © Nexperia B.V. 2017. All rights reserved 2 of 15 HEF4066B-Q100 Nexperia Quad single-pole single-throw analog switch 7. Functional description Table 3. Function table[1] Input nE Switch H ON L OFF [1] H = HIGH voltage level; L = LOW voltage level. 8. Limiting values Table 4. Limiting values In accordance with the Absolute Maximum Rating System (IEC 60134). Voltages are referenced to VSS = 0 V (ground). Symbol Parameter VDD supply voltage IIK input clamping current VI input voltage II/O input/output current Tstg storage temperature Tamb ambient temperature Conditions VI < 0.5 V or VI > VDD + 0.5 V Min Max Unit 0.5 +18 V - 10 mA 0.5 [1] Ptot total power dissipation Tamb = 40 C to +125 C P power dissipation per switch [2] VDD + 0.5 V - 10 mA 65 +150 C 40 +125 C - 500 mW - 100 mW [1] To avoid drawing VDD current out of terminal nZ, when switch current flows into terminals nY, the voltage drop across the bidirectional switch must not exceed 0.4 V. If the switch current flows into terminal nZ, no VDD current flows out of terminals nY. In this case, there is no limit for the voltage drop across the switch, but the voltages at nY and nZ may not exceed VDD or VSS. [2] For SO14 packages: above Tamb = 70 C, Ptot derates linearly with 8 mW/K. 9. Recommended operating conditions Table 5. Recommended operating conditions Symbol Parameter VDD supply voltage VI input voltage Tamb ambient temperature in free air t/V input transition rise and fall rate VDD = 5 V HEF4066B_Q100 Product data sheet Conditions Min Typ Max 3 - 15 V 0 - VDD V 40 - +125 C - - 3.75 s/V VDD = 10 V - - 0.5 s/V VDD = 15 V - - 0.08 s/V All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 19 April 2016 © Unit Nexperia B.V. 2017. All rights reserved 3 of 15 HEF4066B-Q100 Nexperia Quad single-pole single-throw analog switch 10. Static characteristics Table 6. Static characteristics VSS = 0 V; VI = VSS or VDD unless otherwise specified. Symbol Parameter Conditions VDD Tamb = 40 C Tamb = 25 C Min VIH VIL HIGH-level input voltage LOW-level input voltage IO < 1 A IO < 1 A II input leakage current IS(OFF) OFF-state leakage current IDD supply current all valid input combinations CI input capacitance per channel; see Figure 4 nE input Max Min Max Tamb = 85 C Tamb = 125 C Unit Min Max Min Max 5V 3.5 - 3.5 - 3.5 - 3.5 - V 10 V 7.0 - 7.0 - 7.0 - 7.0 - V 15 V 11.0 - 11.0 - 11.0 - 11.0 - V 5V - 1.5 - 1.5 - 1.5 - 1.5 V 10 V - 3.0 - 3.0 - 3.0 - 3.0 V 15 V - 4.0 - 4.0 - 4.0 - 4.0 V 15 V - 0.1 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 1.0 A 15 V - - - 200 - - - - nA 5V - 1.0 - 1.0 - 7.5 - 7.5 A 10 V - 2.0 - 2.0 - 15.0 - 15.0 A 15 V - 4.0 - 4.0 - 30.0 - 30.0 A - - - - 7.5 - - - - pF 10.1 Test circuit VDD nE VIL nZ VI nY IS VSS VO 001aak669 Fig 4. Test circuit for measuring OFF-state leakage current HEF4066B_Q100 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 19 April 2016 © Nexperia B.V. 2017. All rights reserved 4 of 15 HEF4066B-Q100 Nexperia Quad single-pole single-throw analog switch 10.2 ON resistance Table 7. ON resistance Tamb = 25 C; ISW = 200 A; VSS = 0 V. Symbol Parameter Conditions VDD Typ Max Unit RON(peak) ON resistance (peak) VI = 0 V to VDD; see Figure 5 and Figure 6 5V 350 2500  10 V 80 245  15 V 60 175  5V 115 340  10 V 50 160  RON(rail) ON resistance (rail) VI = 0 V; see Figure 5 and Figure 6 VI = VDD; see Figure 5 and Figure 6 RON ON resistance mismatch between channels VI = 0 V to VDD; see Figure 5 15 V 40 115  5V 120 365  10 V 65 200  15 V 50 155  5V 25 -  10 V 10 -  15 V 5 -  10.2.1 ON resistance waveform and test circuit 001aak671 400 RON (Ω) (1) 300 VSW 200 VDD nE VIH 100 nY VI nZ (2) VSS (3) ISW 0 0 5 10 15 VI (V) 001aak670 ISW = 200 A. RON = VSW / ISW. (1) VDD = 5 V (2) VDD = 10 V (3) VDD = 15 V Fig 5. Test circuit for measuring RON HEF4066B_Q100 Product data sheet Fig 6. Typical RON as a function of input voltage All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 19 April 2016 © Nexperia B.V. 2017. All rights reserved 5 of 15 HEF4066B-Q100 Nexperia Quad single-pole single-throw analog switch 11. Dynamic characteristics Table 8. Dynamic characteristics Tamb = 25 C; VSS = 0 V; for test circuit see Figure 9. Symbol Parameter Conditions tPHL HIGH to LOW propagation delay nY, nZ to nZ, nY; see Figure 7 nY, nZ to nZ, nY; see Figure 7 tPHZ tPZH tPLZ tPZL HIGH to OFF-state propagation delay nE to nY, nZ; see Figure 8 OFF-state to HIGH propagation delay nE to nY, nZ; see Figure 8 LOW to OFF-state propagation delay nE to nY, nZ; see Figure 8 OFF-state to LOW propagation delay nE to nY, nZ; see Figure 8 VDD Typ Max Unit 5V 10 20 ns 10 V 5 10 ns 15 V 5 10 ns 5V 10 20 ns 10 V 5 10 ns 15 V 5 10 ns 5V 80 160 ns 10 V 65 130 ns 15 V 60 120 ns 5V 40 80 ns 10 V 20 40 ns 15 V 15 30 ns 5V 80 160 ns 10 V 70 140 ns 15 V 70 140 ns 5V 45 90 ns 10 V 20 40 ns 15 V 15 30 ns Table 9. Dynamic power dissipation PD PD can be calculated from the formulas shown; VSS = 0 V; tr = tf  20 ns; Tamb = 25 C. Symbol PD Parameter dynamic power dissipation VDD Typical formula for PD (W) where: 5V PD = 2500  fi + (fo  CL)  VDD 10 V PD = 11500  fi + (fo  CL)  VDD2 fo = output frequency in MHz; 15 V PD = 29000  fi + (fo  CL)  CL = output load capacitance in pF; 2 VDD2 fi = input frequency in MHz; VDD = supply voltage in V; (CL  fo) = sum of the outputs. HEF4066B_Q100 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 19 April 2016 © Nexperia B.V. 2017. All rights reserved 6 of 15 HEF4066B-Q100 Nexperia Quad single-pole single-throw analog switch 11.1 Waveforms and test circuit VI input nY or nZ VM VM tPLH tPHL 0V VO VM output nZ or nY VM 0V 001aak672 Measurement points are given in Table 10. Fig 7. nY or nZ to nZ or nY propagation delays VI VM VM input nE 0V tPLZ tPZL VDD 90 % output nY or nZ 10 % 0V tPHZ VDD tPZH 90 % output nY or nZ 10 % 0V switch ON switch OFF switch ON 001aak673 Measurement points are given in Table 10. Fig 8. Enable and disable times Table 10. Measurement points Supply voltage Input Output VDD VM VM 5 V to 15 V 0.5VDD 0.5VDD HEF4066B_Q100 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 19 April 2016 © Nexperia B.V. 2017. All rights reserved 7 of 15 HEF4066B-Q100 Nexperia Quad single-pole single-throw analog switch VI tW 90 % negative pulse VM 0V tf tr tr tf VI 90 % positive pulse 0V VM 10 % VM VM 10 % tW VDD VI VI VDD VO G RL S1 open DUT RT CL VSS 001aak674 Test data is given in Table 11. Definitions: DUT = Device Under Test. RT = Termination resistance should be equal to output impedance Zo of the pulse generator. CL = Load capacitance including test jig and probe. RL = Load resistance. Fig 9. Test circuit for measuring switching times Table 11. Test data Supply voltage Input Load S1 position VDD VI tr, tf CL RL tPHL, tPLH tPZH, tPHZ tPZL, tPLZ 5 V to 15 V 0 V or VDD 20 ns 50 pF 10 k VSS VSS VDD 11.2 Additional dynamic parameters Table 12. Additional dynamic characteristics VSS = 0 V; Tamb = 25 C. Symbol THD Vct Parameter total harmonic distortion crosstalk voltage HEF4066B_Q100 Product data sheet Conditions VDD see Figure 10; RL = 10 k; CL = 15 pF; 5 V channel ON; VI = 0.5VDD (p-p); 10 V fi = 1 kHz 15 V nE input to switch; see Figure 11; RL = 10 k; CL = 15 pF; nE = VDD (square-wave) All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 19 April 2016 10 V Typ Max [1] 0.25 - % [1] 0.04 - % [1] 0.04 - % 50 - mV © Unit Nexperia B.V. 2017. All rights reserved 8 of 15 HEF4066B-Q100 Nexperia Quad single-pole single-throw analog switch Table 12. Additional dynamic characteristics …continued VSS = 0 V; Tamb = 25 C. Symbol Parameter Conditions VDD Typ Max Unit 50 - dB Xtalk crosstalk between switches; see Figure 12; fi = 1 MHz; RL = 1 k; VI = 0.5VDD (p-p) 10 V [1] iso isolation (OFF-state) see Figure 13; fi = 1 MHz; RL = 1 k; CL = 5 pF; VI = 0.5VDD (p-p) 10 V [1] 50 - dB f(3dB) 3 dB frequency response see Figure 14; RL = 1 k; CL = 5 pF; VI = 0.5VDD (p-p) 10 V [1] 90 - MHz [1] fi is biased at 0.5VDD. 11.2.1 Test circuits VDD nE VIH nY nZ VSS fi RL CL D 001aak675 Fig 10. Test circuit for measuring total harmonic distortion 9'' 5/ 9'' 9'' 5/ Q( Q< Q= 966 * &/ 9 92 DDN a. Test circuit logic input nE off on off Vct VO 001aak677 b. Input and output pulse definitions Fig 11. Test circuit for measuring crosstalk voltage between digital input and switch HEF4066B_Q100 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 19 April 2016 © Nexperia B.V. 2017. All rights reserved 9 of 15 HEF4066B-Q100 Nexperia Quad single-pole single-throw analog switch VDD 1E VIH 1Y or 1Z 1Z or 1Y CHANNEL ON VI RL V VO1 RL V VO2 nE VIL nY or nZ nZ or nY CHANNEL OFF RL VSS 001aak678 20 log10 (VO2 / VO1) or 20 log10 (VO1 / VO2). Fig 12. Test circuit for measuring crosstalk between switches VDD VDD nE VIL nY fi nE VIH nZ VSS nY RL CL dB fi nZ VSS RL 001aak679 Adjust fi voltage to obtain 0 dBm level at input. Fig 13. Test circuit for measuring isolation (OFF-state) HEF4066B_Q100 Product data sheet CL dB 001aak680 Adjust fi voltage to obtain 0 dBm level at output. Increase fi frequency until dB meter reads 3 dB. Fig 14. Test circuit for measuring frequency response All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 19 April 2016 © Nexperia B.V. 2017. All rights reserved 10 of 15 HEF4066B-Q100 Nexperia Quad single-pole single-throw analog switch 12. Package outline 62SODVWLFVPDOORXWOLQHSDFNDJHOHDGVERG\ZLGWKPP 627 ' ( $ ; F \ +( Y 0 $ =   4 $ $ $  $ SLQLQGH[ ș /S  /  H GHWDLO; Z 0 ES   PP VFDOH ',0(16,216LQFKGLPHQVLRQVDUHGHULYHGIURPWKHRULJLQDOPPGLPHQVLRQV 81,7 $ PD[ $ $ $ ES F ' ( H +( / /S 4 Y Z \ = PP                                                 LQFKHV        ș R R  1RWH 3ODVWLFRUPHWDOSURWUXVLRQVRIPPLQFKPD[LPXPSHUVLGHDUHQRWLQFOXGHG 5()(5(1&(6 287/,1( 9(56,21 ,(& -('(& 627 ( 06 -(,7$ (8523($1 352-(&7,21 ,668('$7(   Fig 15. Package outline SOT108-1 (SO14) HEF4066B_Q100 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 19 April 2016 © Nexperia B.V. 2017. All rights reserved 11 of 15 HEF4066B-Q100 Nexperia Quad single-pole single-throw analog switch 13. Abbreviations Table 13. Abbreviations Acronym Description HBM Human Body Model ESD ElectroStatic Discharge MM Machine Model MIL Military 14. Revision history Table 14. Revision history Document ID Release date Data sheet status Change notice Supersedes HEF4066B_Q100 v.3 20160419 Product data sheet - HEF4066B_Q100 v.2 Modifications: HEF4066B_Q100 v.2 Modifications: HEF4066B_Q100 v.1 HEF4066B_Q100 Product data sheet • • Table 4: Condition for total power dissipation changed (errata) Table 4: Maximum ambient temperature changed (errata) 20140911 • Product data sheet - HEF4066B_Q100 v.1 - - Figure 11: Test circuit modified 20120807 Product specification All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 19 April 2016 © Nexperia B.V. 2017. All rights reserved 12 of 15 HEF4066B-Q100 Nexperia Quad single-pole single-throw analog switch 15. Legal information 15.1 Data sheet status Document status[1][2] Product status[3] Definition Objective [short] data sheet Development This document contains data from the objective specification for product development. Preliminary [short] data sheet Qualification This document contains data from the preliminary specification. Product [short] data sheet Production This document contains the product specification. [1] Please consult the most recently issued document before initiating or completing a design. [2] The term ‘short data sheet’ is explained in section “Definitions”. [3] The product status of device(s) described in this document may have changed since this document was published and may differ in case of multiple devices. The latest product status information is available on the Internet at URL http://www.nexperia.com. 15.2 Definitions Draft — The document is a draft version only. The content is still under internal review and subject to formal approval, which may result in modifications or additions. Nexperia does not give any representations or warranties as to the accuracy or completeness of information included herein and shall have no liability for the consequences of use of such information. Short data sheet — A short data sheet is an extract from a full data sheet with the same product type number(s) and title. A short data sheet is intended for quick reference only and should not be relied upon to contain detailed and full information. For detailed and full information see the relevant full data sheet, which is available on request via the local Nexperia sales office. In case of any inconsistency or conflict with the short data sheet, the full data sheet shall prevail. Product specification — The information and data provided in a Product data sheet shall define the specification of the product as agreed between Nexperia and its customer, unless Nexperia and customer have explicitly agreed otherwise in writing. In no event however, shall an agreement be valid in which the Nexperia product is deemed to offer functions and qualities beyond those described in the Product data sheet. 15.3 Disclaimers Limited warranty and liability — Information in this document is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, Nexperia does not give any representations or warranties, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of such information and shall have no liability for the consequences of use of such information. Nexperia takes no responsibility for the content in this document if provided by an information source outside of Nexperia. In no event shall Nexperia be liable for any indirect, incidental, punitive, special or consequential damages (including - without limitation - lost profits, lost savings, business interruption, costs related to the removal or replacement of any products or rework charges) whether or not such damages are based on tort (including negligence), warranty, breach of contract or any other legal theory. Notwithstanding any damages that customer might incur for any reason whatsoever, Nexperia’s aggregate and cumulative liability towards customer for the products described herein shall be limited in accordance with the Terms and conditions of commercial sale of Nexperia. Right to make changes — Nexperia reserves the right to make changes to information published in this document, including without limitation specifications and product descriptions, at any time and without notice. This document supersedes and replaces all information supplied prior to the publication hereof. HEF4066B_Q100 Product data sheet Suitability for use in automotive applications — This Nexperia product has been qualified for use in automotive applications. Unless otherwise agreed in writing, the product is not designed, authorized or warranted to be suitable for use in life support, life-critical or safety-critical systems or equipment, nor in applications where failure or malfunction of a Nexperia product can reasonably be expected to result in personal injury, death or severe property or environmental damage. Nexperia and its suppliers accept no liability for inclusion and/or use of Nexperia products in such equipment or applications and therefore such inclusion and/or use is at the customer's own risk. Applications — Applications that are described herein for any of these products are for illustrative purposes only. Nexperia makes no representation or warranty that such applications will be suitable for the specified use without further testing or modification. Customers are responsible for the design and operation of their applications and products using Nexperia products, and Nexperia accepts no liability for any assistance with applications or customer product design. It is customer’s sole responsibility to determine whether the Nexperia product is suitable and fit for the customer’s applications and products planned, as well as for the planned application and use of customer’s third party customer(s). Customers should provide appropriate design and operating safeguards to minimize the risks associated with their applications and products. Nexperia does not accept any liability related to any default, damage, costs or problem which is based on any weakness or default in the customer’s applications or products, or the application or use by customer’s third party customer(s). Customer is responsible for doing all necessary testing for the customer’s applications and products using Nexperia products in order to avoid a default of the applications and the products or of the application or use by customer’s third party customer(s). Nexperia does not accept any liability in this respect. Limiting values — Stress above one or more limiting values (as defined in the Absolute Maximum Ratings System of IEC 60134) will cause permanent damage to the device. Limiting values are stress ratings only and (proper) operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those given in the Recommended operating conditions section (if present) or the Characteristics sections of this document is not warranted. Constant or repeated exposure to limiting values will permanently and irreversibly affect the quality and reliability of the device. Terms and conditions of commercial sale — Nexperia products are sold subject to the general terms and conditions of commercial sale, as published at http://www.nexperia.com/profile/terms, unless otherwise agreed in a valid written individual agreement. In case an individual agreement is concluded only the terms and conditions of the respective agreement shall apply. Nexperia hereby expressly objects to applying the customer’s general terms and conditions with regard to the purchase of Nexperia products by customer. All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 19 April 2016 © Nexperia B.V. 2017. All rights reserved 13 of 15 HEF4066B-Q100 Nexperia Quad single-pole single-throw analog switch No offer to sell or license — Nothing in this document may be interpreted or construed as an offer to sell products that is open for acceptance or the grant, conveyance or implication of any license under any copyrights, patents or other industrial or intellectual property rights. Translations — A non-English (translated) version of a document is for reference only. The English version shall prevail in case of any discrepancy between the translated and English versions. Export control — This document as well as the item(s) described herein may be subject to export control regulations. Export might require a prior authorization from competent authorities. 15.4 Trademarks Notice: All referenced brands, product names, service names and trademarks are the property of their respective owners. 16. Contact information For more information, please visit: http://www.nexperia.com For sales office addresses, please send an email to: salesaddresses@nexperia.com HEF4066B_Q100 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 19 April 2016 © Nexperia B.V. 2017. All rights reserved 14 of 15 Nexperia HEF4066B-Q100 Quad single-pole single-throw analog switch 17. Contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.1 6.2 7 8 9 10 10.1 10.2 10.2.1 11 11.1 11.2 11.2.1 12 13 14 15 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 16 17 © General description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Features and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Ordering information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Functional diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Pinning information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Pinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Pin description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Functional description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Limiting values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Recommended operating conditions. . . . . . . . 3 Static characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Test circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ON resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ON resistance waveform and test circuit . . . . . 5 Dynamic characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Waveforms and test circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Additional dynamic parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Test circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Package outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Legal information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Data sheet status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Disclaimers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Trademarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Contact information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Nexperia B.V. 2017. All rights reserved For more information, please visit: http://www.nexperia.com For sales office addresses, please send an email to: salesaddresses@nexperia.com Date of release: 19 April 2016