NJW4184
High Voltage Very low current consumption Io=300mA Low Dropout Regulator
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The NJW4184 is a high voltage and low current consumption low
dropout regulator.
It has two lineups as A version (built-in ON/OFF function type) and
B version (3-terminal / compatible with 78L/M series)
PACKAGE OUTLINE
NJW4184U2
NJW4184 is mounted to SOT-89-3/-5, TO-252-3/-5 packages and
corresponded to Low ESR capacitor (MLCC).
The wide input range makes NJW4184 suitable for a Car accessory,
industrial supplies, battery equipment and various applications.
FEATURES
Wide Operating Voltage Range
Low Current Consumption
NJW4184DL3
NJW4184DL1
NJW4184U3
4.0 to 35V (max.)
12μA (A version)
9μA (B version)
Correspond to Low ESR capacitor (MLCC)
Output Current
Output Voltage Range
High Precision Output
ON/OFF function (apply only A ver.)
Internal Thermal Overload Protection
Internal Over Current Protection
Package Outline
IO (min.) =300mA
VO: 2.5V to 15.0V
VO 1.0%
A ver.: SOT-89-5 TO-252-5
B ver.: SOT-89-3 TO-252-3
PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION
Device Name
Version
NJW4184U2-xxA
A
NJW4184DL3-xxA
A
NJW4184U3-xxB
B
NJW4184DL1-xxB
B
xx=Output Voltage ex) 33=3.3V 05=5.0V
ON/OFF
Function
Yes
Yes
-
Package
SOT-89-5
TO-252-5
SOT-89-3
TO-252-3
PIN COFIGURATION
5
1
2
2
4
3
Pin Function
2
Pin Function
Pin Function
1.CONTROL
1.VIN
1.VOUT
1.VIN
2.GND
2.CONTROL
2.GND
2.GND
3.N.C.
3.GND
3.VIN
3.VOUT
4.VOUT
5. VIN
NJW4184U2-A
Ver.2015-05-20
3
4.N.C.
12 3 4 5
5. VOUT
NJW4184DL3-A
1
2
Pin Function
3
1
NJW4184U3-B
3
NJW4184DL1-B
-1-
NJW4184
BLOCK DIAGRAM
・A version
VIN
VOUT
Current
Limit
CONTROL
Bandgap
Reference
Thermal
Protection
GND
・B version
V IN
V OUT
Current
Limit
Bandgap
Reference
Thermal
Protection
GND
OUTPUT VOLTAGE RANK LIST
・A version
SOT-89-5
TO-252-5
Device Name
VOUT
Device Name
NJW4184U2-25A
2.5V
NJW4184DL3-25A
NJW4184U2-33A
3.3V
NJW4184DL3-33A
NJW4184U2-05A
5.0V
NJW4184DL3-05A
NJW4184U2-08A
8.0V
NJW4184DL3-08A
NJW4184U2-09A
9.0V
NJW4184DL3-12A
NJW4184U2-12A
12.0V
NJW4184DL3-15A
NJW4184U2-15A
15.0V
・B version
SOT-89-3
Device Name
NJW4184U3-25B
NJW4184U3-33B
NJW4184U3-05B
NJW4184U3-15B
-2-
VOUT
2.5V
3.3V
5.0V
15.0V
TO-252-3
Device Name
NJW4184DL1-25B
NJW4184DL1-33B
NJW4184DL1-34B
NJW4184DL1-05B
NJW4184DL1-15B
VOUT
2.5V
3.3V
5.0V
8.0V
12.0V
15.0V
VOUT
2.5V
3.3V
3.4V
5.0V
15.0V
Ver.2015-05-20
NJW4184
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
Input Voltage
VIN
Peak Input Voltage(*1)
VINPEAK
Control Voltage(*2)
VCONT
Output Voltage
VO
(Ta=25 C)
RATINGS
UNIT
-0.3 to +40
V
45
V
-0.3 to +40
V
V
-0.3 to VIN +17
625(*3)
SOT89-3/-5
2400(*4)
Power Dissipation
PD
mW
1190(*3)
TO252-3/-5
3125(*4)
-40 to +150
Junction Temperature
Tj
C
-40 to +85
Operating Temperature
Topr
C
-40 to +150
Storage Temperature
Tstg
C
(*1): Duration time: t 200ms, Output Current: Io 300mA
(*2): Apply only the A version. Peak Control Voltage is same as “VINPEAK”
(*3): Mounted on glass epoxy board. (76.2 114.3 1.6mm:based on EIA/JDEC standard size, 2Layers, Cu area 100mm2)
(*4): Mounted on glass epoxy board. (76.2 114.3 1.6mm:based on EIA/JDEC standard, 4Layers)
(For 4Layers: Applying 74.2 74.2mm inner Cu area and a thermal via hole to a board based on JEDEC standard JESD51-5)
INPUT VOLTAGE RANGE : VIN=4.0 to 35V
Ver.2015-05-20
-3-
NJW4184
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Unless otherwise noted, VO 3.0V: VIN = VO + 1V, CIN = 1.0µF, CO = 4.7µF, Ta = 25°C
VO 3.0V: VIN = 4.0V, CIN = 1.0µF, CO = 10µF, Ta = 25°C
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
MIN.
TYP.
MAX.
UNIT
-1.0%
-
12
9
+1.0%
22
19
V
-
-
1
μA
300
-
-
mA
-
-
0.05
%/V
-
-
0.01
%/mA
-
42
-
-
40
40
36
-
-
33
-
-
32
-
-
30
29
0.1
0.5
0.2
3
V
μA
VCONT(ON)
1.6
-
-
V
VCONT(OFF)
-
-
0.6
V
-
50
-
ppm/ C
4.0
-
35
V
Output Voltage
VO
Quiescent Current
IQ
Quiescent Current
at Control OFF(*5)
Output Current
IQ(OFF)
IO
Line Regulation
VO/ VIN
Load Regulation
VO/ IO
Ripple Rejection
RR
TEST CONDITION
IO =30mA
A version
B version
IO =0mA, except ICONT
IO =0mA
VCONT=0V
VO 0.9
VIN = VO+1V to 35V, IO=30mA (VO 3V)
VIN = 4V to 35V, IO=30mA (VO 3V)
IO=0mA to 300mA
VIN= 5V, ein=50mVrms,
VO=2.5V
f=1kHz, IO =10mA
VO=3.3V
VO=3.4V
VO=5.0V
VIN= VO +2V, ein=50mVrms,
VO=8.0V
f=1kHz, IO =10mA
VO=9.0V
VO=12.0V
VO=15.0V
Dropout Voltage (*6)
Control Current (*5)
Control Voltage
for ON-state(*5)
Control Voltage
for OFF-state(*5)
Average Temperature
Coefficient of Output
Voltage
Input Voltage
VIO
ICONT
VO/ Ta
IO=100mA
VCONT=1.6V
Ta=0 to 85 C, IO =30mA
VIN
-
μA
dB
(*5): Apply only the A version.
(*6): The output voltage excludes under 3.8V.
The above specification is a common specification for all output voltages.
Therefore, it may be different from the individual specification for a specific output voltage.
-4-
Ver.2015-05-20
NJW4184
POWER DISSIPATION vs. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
NJW4184DL1/DL3 PowerDissipation
NJW4184DL1/DL3 PowerDissipation
(Topr=-40~+85°C,Tj=150°C)
(Topr=-40~+85°C,Tj=150°C)
Power
D(mW)
PowerDissipation
DissipationPP
D(mW)
3500
3500
3000
3000
on 4 layers board
on 4 layers board
2500
2500
2000
2000
1500
1500
on22layers
layersboard
board
on
1000
1000
500
500
0
0
-50
-50
-25
-25
0
0
25
25
50
50
75
75
Temperature : Ta(°C)
Temperature : Ta(°C)
100
100
125
125
150
150
100
125
150
NJW4184U2/U3 PowerDissipation
(Topr=-40~+85°C,Tj=150°C)
Power Dissipation PD(mW)
3000
on 4 layers board
2500
2000
1500
1000
on 2 layers board
500
0
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
Temperature : Ta(°C)
Ver.2015-05-20
-5-
NJW4184
TEST CIRCUIT
・A version
A
IIN
VIN
VOUT
*7
VIN
NJW4184-A
1.0μF
A
ICONT
4.7μF
IOUT V VOUT
(Ceramic)
CONTROL
GND
V VCONT
*7 : Vo < 3.0V version : Co=10 F
・B version
A
VIN
IIN
VIN
VOUT
*8
1.0 F
NJW4184-B
4.7 F
IOUT V VOUT
(ceramic)
GND
*8 : Vo < 3.0V version : Co=10 F
-6-
Ver.2015-05-20
NJW4184
TYPICAL APPLICATION
・A version
In the case where ON/OFF Control is not required
VIN
VIN
VOUT
VOUT
*9
1.0μF
NJW4184-A
4.7μF
R
CONTROL
GND
*9 : Vo < 3.0V version : Co=10 F
Connect control pin to VIN pin
In use of ON/OFF CONTROL
VIN
VIN
VOUT
VOUT
*10
NJW4184-A
1.0μF
4.7μF
R
CONTROL
GND
*10 : Vo < 3.0V version : Co=10 F
State of control pin:
“H” output is enabled.
“L” or “open” output is disabled.
・B version
VIN
VIN
VOUT
VOUT
*11
1.0 F
4.7 F
NJW4184-B
GND
*11 : Vo < 3.0V version : Co=10 F
Ver.2015-05-20
-7-
NJW4184
*In the case of using a resistance "R" between VIN and control.
If this resistor is inserted, it can reduce the control current when the control voltage is high.
The applied voltage to control pin should set to consider voltage drop through the resistor “R” and the minimum
control voltage for ON-state.
The VCONT (ON) and ICONT have temperature dependence as shown in the "Control Current vs. Temperature" and "
Control Voltage vs. Temperature" characteristics. Therefore, the resistance "R" should be selected to consider the
temperature characteristics.
*Input Capacitor CIN
Input Capacitor CIN is required to prevent oscillation and reduce power supply ripple for applications when high
power supply impedance or a long power supply line.
Therefore, use the recommended CIN value (refer to conditions of ELECTRIC CHARACTERISTIC) or larger and
should connect between GND and the VIN pin as shortest path as possible to avoid the problem.
*Output Capacitor CO
Output capacitor (CO) will be required for a phase compensation of the internal error amplifier.
The capacitance and the equivalent series resistance (ESR) influence to stable operation of the regulator.
Use of a smaller CO may cause excess output noise or oscillation of the regulator due to lack of the phase
compensation.
On the other hand, Use of a larger CO reduces output noise and ripple output, and also improves output transient
response when rapid load change.
Therefore, use the recommended CO value (refer to conditions of ELECTRIC CHARACTERISTIC) or larger and
should connect between GND and the VOUT pin as shortest path as possible for stable operation
The recommended capacitance depends on the output voltage rank. Especially, low voltage regulator requires larger
CO value.
In addition, you should consider varied characteristics of capacitor (a frequency characteristic, a temperature
characteristic, a DC bias characteristic and so on) and unevenness peculiar to a capacitor supplier enough.
When selecting CO, recommend that have withstand voltage margin against output voltage and superior
temperature characteristic.
-8-
Ver.2015-05-20
NJW4184
*The notes of the evaluation when the VO pin is shorted to GND
When evaluated short circuit test, the IC may break down because of regenerated energy by the parasitic inductance
included in wiring pattern.
It phenomenon appears conspicuously when output voltage is high(Vo=8.0V or more)or connected to inductive load.
In case of short circuit in actual application, not likely to destruction of IC because of some of Resistance exist
between load.
If happened above phenomenon by the short circuit test with the actual application, recommend connecting schottky
barrier diode(SBD) between the VO pin and GND or using output capacitors that have ESR more than 2Ω like a
tantalum or aluminum electrolytic capacitor.(see below figure)
(a)In case of insert Schottky barrier diode between the VO pin to GND
V IN
V IN
V OUT
NJW 4184
V OUT
SBD
GND
(b) In case of using the electrolysis condenser or insert series resistance
VIN
VIN
VOUT
VOUT
NJW4184
GND
Ver.2015-05-20
Connecting resistance(2Ω or more)in series.
(in case of ESR of COUT is low)
-9-
NJW4184
*Overshoot of Output Voltage
Transient fluctuation of output voltage tends to be large compared to other typical regulators because NJW4184 is
designed with the concept of low current consumption characteristics.
In general, overshoot or undershoot of output voltage is more likely to occur when the following cases.
When input voltage or output current fluctuate sharply
When output capacitors is small
When output load is small
When start up from the narrow state between Input and output.
NJW4184 has built in overshoot protection (OSP) circuit and the aim of reducing the overshoot compared to the low
current consumption typical products.
However, there are cases that very large value of overshoot may occur because of delay of the OSP circuit when the
input voltage rises from 2.0V to 2.5V.
Overshoot value since the amount will vary with compound conditions, please check it with the actual environment
reference to the above.
In addition, the following measures will be mentioned as a method to reduce the overshoot value.
a. By increasing the input and output capacitors to absorb overshoot value.
b. Adjust the timing of the CONTROL pin voltage and rising speed of input voltage, to avoid the rise form 2.0V to 2.5V.
VIN
VIN
R1
VOUT
NJW4184-A
CONTROL
VOUT
When using other power supply to CONTROL pin it is effective
to making the CONTROL pin to Low level at the range of VIN
voltage from 2.0V to 2.5V.
However when it is difficult to control of CONTROL pin by another
power supply, it is possible to same control by dividing the input
R2
voltage with resistance as shown in the left figure.
GND
(Application example)
In the case of R1=100kΩ/R2=30kΩ, since the CONTROL pin
voltage is below 0.6V when VIN = 2.5V, the VOUT is the OFF state.
Examples of application circuits, using a control pin.
Resistor divider ratio should be set consider to “Control Voltage
for ON-State” and ambient temperature.
- 10 -
Ver.2015-05-20
NJW4184
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS
NJW4184_5.0V
NJW4184_5.0V
Output Voltage vs Input Voltage
5.2
Ta=25ºC
Ta=-50ºC
5
Output Voltage : VO (V)
Output Voltage : VO (V)
@Ta=25 C
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
5.1
Output Voltage vs Output Current
6
Io=0mA
Io=30mA
5
Io=300mA
4.9
Ta=150ºC
4
3
2
@VIN=6.0V
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
1
4.8
0
4.5
4.9
5.1
5.3
Input Voltage : VIN (V)
5.5
0.16
NJW4184_5.0V
NJW4184(A ver.)_5.0V
Quiescent Current vs Input Voltage
160
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
1000
@Ta=25 C
Output is OPEN
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0.02
0
0
0
160
200
400
Output Current : Io (mA)
600
NJW4184_5.0V
Control Current vs Control Voltage
100
90
100
80
60
40
70
60
50
40
20
0
0
Ver.2015-05-20
40
Rc=0Ω
30
10
10
20
30
Input Voltage:VIN (V)
40
@Ta=25 C
VIN=6.0V
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
80
20
0
10
20
30
Input Voltage:VIN (V)
NJW4184(B ver.)_5.0V
Control Current : ICONT (μA)
120
0
Quiescent Current vs Input Voltage
@Ta=25 C
Output is OPEN
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
140
Quiescent Current:IQ (μA)
200
400
600
800
Output Current : Io (mA)
Ground Pin Current vs Output Current
@Ta=25 C
VIN=6.0V
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
0.18
0
5.7
Quiescent Current:IQ (μA)
Ground Pin Current : IGND (mA)
0.2
4.7
Rc=100kΩ
0
10
20
30
Control Voltage :VCONT (V)
40
- 11 -
NJW4184
6
5.5
NJW4184_5.0V
Load Regulation vs Output Current
0
-10
4.5
4
3.5
Load Regulation : VO/ IO (V)
@Ta=25 C
VIN=6.0V
Io=30mA
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
5
Output Voltage:VO (V)
NJW4184_5.0V
Output Voltage vs Control Voltage
Rc=100kΩ
3
2.5
2
1.5
Rc=0Ω
1
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
0.5
-90
0
-100
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Control Voltage:VCONT (V)
@Ta=25 C
VIN=6.0V
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
-80
3
0
200
400
Output Current : Io (mA)
NJW4184_5.0V
NJW4184_5.0V
Peak Output Current vs Input Voltage
Dropout Voltage VS Output Current
1.20
700
Dropout Voltage : VIO (V)
Peak Output Current : IOPEAK (mA)
800
600
500
400
300
200
@Ta=25 C
VO=4.5V
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
100
@Ta=25 C
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0
0.00
6
10
14 18 22 26 30
Input Voltage : VIN (V)
34
38
0
100
200
300
400
Output Current : Io (mA)
NJW4184_5.0V
NJW4184_5.0V
Ripple Rejection vs Frequency
(dB)
80
Ripple Rejection :RR
90
70
90
60
Io=100mA
50
Io=10mA
40
30
20
10
0
0.01
- 12 -
@Ta=25 C
VIN=7.0V
ein=50mVrms
Cin=1.0μF(Cermic)
Co=4.7μF(Cermic)
0.1
Ripple Rejection vs Output Current
100
Io=0A
Ripple Rejection :RR (dB)
100
500
70
60
50
100
f=1kHz
40
30
20
10
Io=300mA
1
10
Frequency :f (kHz)
80
@Ta=25 C
VIN=7.0V
ein=50mVrms
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
0
0.001
0.1
10
Output Current :Io (mA)
f=10kHz
1000
Ver.2015-05-20
NJW4184
NJW4184_5.0V
100
10
STABLE REGION
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.1
10
Output Current : Io (mA)
Output Noise Voltage vs Output Current
600
@CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
Output Noise Voltage :VNO (μVrms)
Equivalent Serise Resistance : ESR ( Ω)
NJW4184_5.0V
Equivalent Serise Resistance vs Output Current
@Ta=25 C
VIN=6.0V
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
500
400
FLAT
300
LPF:80Hz
200
100
0
0.001
1000
0.1
10
Output Current :Io (mA)
NJW4184_5.0V
NJW4184_5.0V
Output Voltage vs Temperature
5.20
@VIN=6.0V
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
Control Voltage :VCONT (V)
Output Voltage : Vo (V)
Control Voltage vs Temperature
1.6
5.15
5.10
5.05
5.00
4.95
4.90
4.85
Io=0mA
Io=10mA
Io=100mA
Io=300mA
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
@VIN=6.0V
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
0.2
Io=30mA
4.80
0
-50
0
50
Temperature:Ta
100
150
-50
0
(ºC)
50
Temperature:Ta
NJW4184_5.0V
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
@VCONT=1.6V
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
0
700
600
500
400
300
@Vo=4.5V
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
200
100
Vin=Vo+1V
Vin=40V
0
-50
Ver.2015-05-20
0
50
Temperature:Ta
100
(ºC)
150
Output Peak Current vs Temperature
800
Output Peak Current : IOPEAK (mA)
0.8
0.1
100
(ºC)
NJW4184_5.0V
Control current vs. Temperature
Control current : ICONT (μA)
1000
150
-50
0
50
Temperature:Ta
100
150
(ºC)
- 13 -
NJW4184
NJW4184_5.0V
Line Regulation vs Temperature
0.10
450
Line Regulation : VO/ VIN (mV)
Short Circuit Current : Isc (mA)
500
NJW4184_5.0V
Short Circuit Current vs Temperature
400
350
300
250
200
@Vo=GND
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
150
100
Vin=Vo+1V
50
Vin=40V
0
-50
0
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
@VIN=6.0-35V
Io=30mA
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
-0.08
-0.10
50
Temperature:Ta
100
150
-50
0
(ºC)
NJW4184_5.0V
5.0
Output Voltage : VO (V)
Load Regulation : VO/ IO (%/mA)
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
Io=0-30mA
0.04
0.03
Io=0-300mA
0.02
4.0
3.0
2.0
@VIN=6.0V
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
1.0
0.01
0.00
0.0
-50
0
50
Temperature:Ta
100
150
-50
200
Quiescent Current vs Temperature
25
Quiescent Current : IQ (μA)
@Io=100mA
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
0.35
50
100
150
Temperature:Ta (ºC)
NJW4184(A ver.)_5.0V
Dropout Voltage vs Temperature
0.40
0
(ºC)
NJW4184_5.0V
Dropout Voltage : VIO (V)
150
Output Voltage vs Temperature
6.0
@VIN=6.0V
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
0.09
100
(ºC)
NJW4184_5.0V
Load Regulation vs Temperature
0.10
50
Temperature:Ta
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
@VIN=6.0V
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
20
15
10
5
0.05
0
0.00
-50
- 14 -
0
50
Temperature:Ta
100
(ºC)
150
-50
0
50
Temperature:Ta
100
150
(ºC)
Ver.2015-05-20
NJW4184
NJW4184_5.0V
Input Transient Response
20
15
10
5
0
100
4.8
7
Input Voltage
150
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
Time:t (s)
(ºC)
NJW4184_5.0V
NJW4184_5.0V
ON/OFF Transient Response
Load Transient Response
6
5.3
5.2
3
Output Voltage
2
1
10
0
0
4
8
5.1
Output Voltage
5
@Ta=25℃
VIN=6.0V
Io=10-50mA
CIN=1.0uF
Co=4.7uF
Output current
4.9
4.8
50
4.7
0
Control Voltage
0
Output current:Io (mA)
4
Output Voltage:Vo (V)
Control Voltage:VCONT (V)
5
@Ta=25℃
VIN=6.0V
Io=30mA
C IN=1.0uF
Co=4.7uF
Output Voltage:Vo (V)
50
Temperature:Ta
5.2
Output Voltage
5
0
5.4
5
6
-50
5.6
@Ta=25℃
CIN=1.0uF
Co=4.7uF
Io=0mA
Output Voltage:Vo (V)
@VIN=6.0V
CIN=1.0μF(Ceramic)
Co=4.7μF(Ceramic)
Input Voltage:VIN (V)
Quiescent Current : IQ (μA)
25
NJW4184(B ver.)_5.0V
Quiescent Current vs Temperature
12
Time:t (ms)
16
20
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time:t(ms)
[CAUTION]
The specifications on this databook are only
given for information , without any guarantee
as regards either mistakes or omissions. The
application circuits in this databook are
described only to show representative usages
of the product and not intended for the
guarantee or permission of any right including the
industrial rights.
Ver.2015-05-20
- 15 -