4360

      The Art of Electronics: The X Chapters by Horowitz & Hill PRODUCT ID: 4360 Description Wow did you hear about that new sequel coming out? No, no, not The Matrix 4 – it's The Art of Electronics - X Chapters ! More delicious, practical electronic advice from the masters, Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill. The Art of Electronics: The X Chapters expands on topics introduced in the bestselling third edition of The Art of Electronics, completing the broad discussions begun in the latter. In addition to covering more advanced materials relevant to its companion, The X Chapters also includes extensive treatment of many topics in electronics that are particularly novel, important, or just exotic and intriguing. This enticing spread of electronics wisdom and expertise will be an invaluable addition to the library of any maker, student, researcher, or practitioner with even a passing interest in the design and analysis of electronic circuits and instruments. You'll find techniques and circuits that are available nowhere else! Clocks in at a whopping 500+ pages with 45 tables - so prepare yourself for a very long and informative book club! Contents o List of Tables o Preface o ONE: Real-World Passive Components  1x.1 Wire and Connectors  1x.1.1 Wire gauge: resistance, heating, and currentcarrying capacity  1x.1.2 Stranding, insulation, and tinning  1x.1.3 Printed circuit wiring  1x.1.4 PCB traces   Resistance and current-carrying capacity; Capacitance and inductance; Transmission-line impedance and attenuation Transmission-line impedance and attenuation  1x.1.5 Cable configurations  1x.1.6 Inductance and skin effect  1x.1.7 Capacitive and magnetic coupling  1x.1.8 Mitigation of coupled signals  1x.1.9 Shielded enclosures  1x.1.10 Connectors  1x.1.11 Connectors for RF and high-speed signals  1x.1.12 High-density connectors  1x.1.13 Connector miscellany  1x.2 Resistors  1x.2.1 Temperature coefficient  1x.2.2 Self-capacitance and self-inductance  1x.2.3 Nonlinearity (voltage coefficient)  1x.2.4 Excess noise  1x.2.5 Current-sense resistors and Kelvin connection  1x.2.6 Power-handling capability and transient power   1x.2.7 Resistor dividers  1x.2.8 “Digital” Resistors   The digipot zoo; Digipot cautions; Wrapup 1x.3 Capacitors  1x.3.1 Temperature coefficient  1x.3.2 ESR  1x.3.3 ESL  1x.3.4 Dissipation factor  1x.3.5 Voltage coefficient of capacitance  1x.3.6 AC voltage coefficient  1x.3.7 Aging  1x.3.8 Frequency dependence of capacitance  1x.3.9 Electromechanical self-resonance and microphonics  1x.3.10 Dielectric absorption  1x.3.11 Capacitor choices for typical applications    Do-it-yourself testing; Overload to failure Bypass and decoupling; Oscillators, filters, and timing; High frequency; Energy storage; AC line filtering; High voltage 1x.3.12 Capacitor miscellany 1x.4 Inductors  1x.4.1 The basics  1x.4.2 Air-core inductors   1x.4.3 Magnetic-core inductors     Solenoid – approximate; Solenoid – exact; Toroid; Loop Ferromagnetic materials; Ferrite-core solenoid; Ferrite-core toroid; Gapped core; Noise and spike suppression 1x.4.4 Inductors and transformers for power converters 1x.4.5 Why build it, when you can buy it? 1x.4.6 Inductor examples  Radiofrequency “chokes” and bias-T’s   1x.5 Poles and Zeros, and the “s-Plane” 1x.6 Mechanical Switches and Relays  1x.6.1 Why use mechanical switches or relays?  1x.6.2 So what’s the problem?   1x.6.3 Other switch and relay parameters   1x.7 Diodes  o Reverse recovery test circuit; Dependence on reverse and forward currents; Dependence on diode size; Schottky and fast-recovery diodes; Soft-recovery diodes; Step-recovery diodes; A farout step-recovery application: Larkin’s 40-amp kilovolt pulser; What about forward recovery? 1x.7.3 The tunnel diode   The family tree; Reverse (leakage) current; Forward voltage drop; Dynamic impedance; Peak current; Reverse capacitance; Zener capacitance 1x.7.2 Stored charge and reverse recovery   Switches: Function, actuator, bushing, terminals; Relays: Moving-armature, reed, and solid-state 1x.7.1 Diode characteristics   Relay and switch contact life; Contact protection; Relay coil suppression; Improving relay switching speed Current versus voltage: Region of negative resistance; Measuring the tunnel diode characteristic curve; Tunnel diode trigger circuit 1x.8 Miscellaneous Circuits with Capacitors and Inductors  1x.8.1 Improved leading-edge detector  1x.8.2 Capacitance multipliers TWO: Advanced BJT Topics   2x.1 What’s the Actual Leakage Current of BJTs and JFETs? 2x.2 Current-Source Problems and Fixes  2x.2.1 Improving current-source performance  2x.2.2 Current mirrors: multiple outputs and current ratios  2x.2.3 Widlar logarithmic current mirror  2x.2.4 Current source from Widlar mirror  2x.3 The Cascode Configuration  2x.4 BJT Amplifier Distortion: a SPICE Exploration  2x.4.1 Grounded-emitter amplifier  2x.4.2 Getting the model right  2x.4.3 Exploring the linearity  Input–output transfer function; Gain versus input  2x.4.4 Degenerated common-emitter amplifier  2x.4.5 Differential amplifier  Estimating the distortion  2x.46 Differential amplifier with emitter degeneration  2x.4.7 Sziklai-connected differential amplifier  2x.4.8 Sziklai-connected differential amplifier with current source   2x.4.9 Sziklai-connected differential amplifier with cascode  2x.4.10 Caprio’s quad differential amplifier, with cascode  2x.4.11 Caprio’s quad with folded cascode – I  2x.4.12 Caprio’s quad with folded cascode – II  2x.4.13 Measured distortion  2x.4.14 Wrapup: amplifier modeling with SPICE 2x.5 Early Effect and Early Voltage  2x.5.1 Measuring Early effect  2x.5.2 Some Early effect formulas  2x.5.3 Consequences of Early effect: Output resistance    Maximum single-stage voltage gain; Current-source output impedance 2x.6 The Sziklai Configuration  2x.6.1 Two-transistor “standard” Sziklai  2x.6.2 Three-transistor “enhanced” Sziklai  2x.6.3 Push–pull output stage: a Sziklai application 2x.7 Bipolarity Current Mirrors  2x.7.1 A simple high-speed bipolarity current source   Reducing input current; Operating at higher voltages 2x.7.2 Precision bipolarity current source with folded cascode  2x.8 The Emitter-Input Differential Amplifier  2x.8.1 An application: High-current, high-ratio current mirror  2x.8.2 Improving the emitter-input differential amplifier  2x.9 Transistor Beta versus Collector Current  2x.10 Parasitic Oscillations in the Emitter Follower  2x.11 BJT Bandwidth and fT  2x.11.1 Transistor amplifiers at high frequencies: first look   Reducing the effect of load capacitance 2x.11.2 High-frequency amplifiers: the ac model      ac model; Effects of collector voltage and current on transistor capacitances; Low- and highcurrent regions; SPICE parameters; Comparing SPICE models with measured fT; Wideband micropower BJTs; Collector–base time constant and maximum oscillation frequency 2x.11.3 A high-frequency calculation example 2x.12 Two-terminal Negative Resistance Circuit 2x.13 If It Quacks Like an In duc ktor . . . 2x.14 ‘‘Designs by the Masters”: ±20 V, 5 ns, 50 Ω Amplifier  2x.14.1 Output stage block diagram  2x.14.2 Output stage: the full enchilada  2x.14.3 Output stage: some fine points  2x.14.4 Epilogue: 120 V, 5 A, dc-10 MHz Laboratory Amplifier  o Circuit details; Output protection; Transistor choices THREE: Advanced FET Topics  3x.1 A Guided Tour of JFETs   3x.1.1 Gate current, IGSS and IG 3x.2 A Closer Look at JFET Transconductance  3x.2.1 Dependence of gm on ID  3x.2.2 Dependence of gm on VDS  3x.2.3 Performance of the transconductance enhancer  3x.2.4 Transconductance in the JFET source follower  3x.3 Measuring JFET Transconductance  3x.4 A Closer Look at JFET Output Impedance   3x.4.1 A JFET’s gos-limited gain, Gmax 3x.4.2 Source degeneration: another way to mitigate the gos effect  3x.4.3 Dependence of gos on drain current density  3x.4.4 Dependence of gos and Gmax on VDS  3x.4.5 A parting shot: gos – sometimes it matters, sometimes it doesn’t  3x.4.6 Example: A low-noise open-loop differential amplifier  3x.5 MOSFETs as Linear Transistors  3x.5.1 Output characteristics and transfer function  Datasheet curves; Measured data  3x.5.2 Linear operation: hotspot SOA limitation  3x.5.3 Exploring the subthreshold region   3x.5.4 Exploring a high-voltage      3x.6 Floating High-Voltage Current Sources  3x.6.1 Raising output impedance with a cascode  3x.6.2 Reducing power dissipation  3x.6.3 Small-signal output impedance  3x.6.4 Low-cost predictable current source  3x.6.5 Current sources for higher voltages  A simple scheme; Distributed series string; Some applications: HV amplifier; HV probe; Highvoltage current sources: 250 µA; High-voltage current sources: 2 mA; Current sources in highvoltage amplifiers; High-voltage current sources: 5 mA and more; Perfect high-voltage current source 3x.7 Bandwidth of the Cascode; BJT versus FET  3x.7.1 The common-gate/ common-base amplifier  3x.7.2 Cascode as common-gate/ common-base amplifier  3x.7.3 Estimating cascode bandwidth  3x.7.4 What about MOSFETs?   Equivalent circuit; Model capacitances; Other models 3x.5.7 An unusual low-voltage MOSFET   MOSFET IXTP1N120 transfer characteristics; IXTP1N120 transconductance 3x.5.5 SPICE models for power MOSFETs in the subthreshold region 3x.5.6 Typical SPICE model for a power MOSFET   MOSFETs at low drain voltage; MOSFETs at high drain voltage 3x.7.5 Bandwidth of the source follower 3x.8 Bandwidth of the Source Follower with a Capacitive Load  3x.8.1 Follower with resistive signal source  3x.8.2 Follower driven with a current signal 3x.9 High-Voltage Probe with High Input Impedance  3x.9.1 Compensated-offset MOSFET follower  3x.9.2 Bootstrapped op-amp follower  3x.10 CMOS Linear Amplifiers  3x.11 MOSFETs Through the Ages  3x.11.1 A MOSFET Saga: the First 30 Years  3x.11.2 The next 15 years  Logic-level gates; Packages; Pchannel MOSFETs; High-voltage parts; Capacitances  3x.11.3 Four kinds of power MOSFETs   Comparison of capacitances; Energy: what does all this capacitance stuff mean? Conclusion 3x.12 Measuring MOSFET Gate Charge  3x.12.1 The gate charge curve depends on load current  3x.12.2 Gate charge curves at constant load current  3x.12.3 The gate charge curve depends also on drain voltage   3x.12.4 Gate charge test circuit  3x.12.5 The Miller plateau 3x.13 Pulse Energy in Power MOSFETs  3x.13.1 Limited only by maximum junction temperature   Controlled Conduction; Avalanche Mode 3x.13.2 Alternative graphs  3x.14 MOSFET Gate Drivers  3x.15 High-Voltage Pulsers  3x.15.1 Two-switch +600 V pulser  3x.15.2 Two-switch +500 V 20 A fast pulser  3x.15.3 Two-switch reversible kilovolt pulser  3x.15.4 Output monitor  3x.15.5 Three-switch bipolarity kilovolt pulser  3x.16 MOSFET ON-Resistance versus Temperature  3x.17 Thyristors, IGBTs, and Wide-bandgap MOSFETs    3x.17.1 Insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)  3x.17.2 Thyristors  3x.17.3 Silicon carbide and gallium nitride MOSFETs 3x.18 Power Transistors for Linear Amplifiers 3x.19 Generating Fast High-Current LED Pulses  3x.19.1 10 ns pulser  3x.19.2 High-power pulser   Wiring; Gate voltage; Power dissipation 3x.19.3 Integrated LED Drivers  3x.20 Precision 1.5 kV 1 µs Ramp  3x.21 Fast Shutoff of High-Energy Magnetic Field   3x.21.1 Helmholtz coils, rapid field shutoff  3x.21.2 High voltage, high current switches 3x.22 Precision Charge-dispensing Piezo Positioner  3x.22.1 Fast MOSFET pulsed charge dispenser  3x.22.2 Analog charge dispenser  3x.22.3 Small-step pulsed charge dispenser o FOUR: Advanced Topics in Operational Amplifiers  4x.1 From Philbrick to SMT  4x.2 Feedback Stability and Phase Margins  4x.2.1 Sliding f 2: phase margin and circuit performance  4x.2.2 What about amplifiers with GCL>1?  4x.2.3 Applying Bode plots to amplifier design  4x.2.4 Afterword: High-speed op-amps   SPICEing the 3-pole op-amp 4x.3 Transresistance Amplifiers  4x.3.1 Stability problem  4x.3.2 Stability solution  4x.3.3 An example: PIN diode amplifier  Gaining speed; “Pedal to the metal”; Sub-picofarad capacitors  4x.3.4 A complete photodiode amplifier design  4x.3.5 Gain-switching  4x.3.6 Some loose ends  4x.3.7 Designs by the masters: A wide-range linear transimpedance amplifier    4x.3.8 A “starlight-to-sunlight” linear photometer  4x.3.9 Autoranging wideband transimpedance amplifier  4x.3.10 Multiple-range cascode-bootstrap wideband TIA 4x.4 Unity-Gain Buffers  4x.4.1 Stability of the composite amplifier  4x.4.2 Some more applications  4x.4.3 Some cautions 4x.5 High-Speed Op-amps I: Voltage Feedback  4x.5.1 Voltage feedback and current feedback   Some confusing terms  4x.5.2 Overview of the table  4x.5.3 Scatterplots: Seeking trends 4x.6 High-speed Op-amps II: Current Feedback  4x.6.1 Properties of CFBs  Closed-loop bandwidth; Slew rate and output current; The feedback network and stability; Input current and precision  4x.6.2 Care and feeding of CFBs  4x.6.3 “Hybrid” VFB+CFB op-amps  4x.6.4 When to use CFBs  4x.6.5 Mathematical postscript: bandwidth and gain in CFBs  4x.6.6 Remarks on the table  4x.7 Power Supply Rejection Ratio  4x.8 Capacitive-Feedback Transimpedance Amplifiers    4x.8.1 Capacitive-feedback TIA for gigabit optical receivers 4x.9 Slew Rate: A Detailed Look  4x.9.1 Increasing slew rate  4x.9.2 Case study: high-voltage pulse generator 4x.10 Bias-Current Cancellation  4x.10.1 The best of both worlds?  4x.10.2 Bias cancellation: the circuits    4x.10.3 Bias cancellation: how well does it work? 4x.11 Rail-to-Rail Op-amps     Simplest: Mirroring the base current of a cascode twin; Better: Bootstrapping the cascode bias; Another way: replicating the emitter current 4x.11.1 Rail-to-rail inputs 4x.11.2 Rail-to-rail outputs 4x.11.3 Output near ground: when “RRO” isn’t  4x.11.4 Offsetting the negative supply terminal 338  4x.11.5 Designs by the masters: the Monticelli output stage 4x.12 Slewing and Settling  4x.12.1 Dependence on fT   Slew-rate enhanced op-amps 4x.12.2 A caution: ’scope overdrive artifacts  4x.13 Resistorless Op-amp Gain Stage  4x.14 Silicon Photomultipliers  4x.14.1 SiPM characteristics  4x.14.2 SiPM construction  4x.14.3 SiPM characteristics, electronics, and waveforms  4x.15 External Current Limiting  4x.16 Designs by the Masters: Bulletproof Input Protection  4x.17 Canceling Base-Current Error in the Current Source  4x.18 Analog “Function” Circuits  4x.18.1 The Lorenz attractor  4x.18.2 Summing amplifiers  Non-inverting Adder; Adder– subtractor  4x.19 Normalizing Transimpedance Amplifier  4x.20 Logarithmic Amplifier   4x.20.1 Temperature compensation of gain 4x.21 A Circuit Cure for Diode Leakage   4x.22 Capacitive Loads: Another View  4x.22.1 Frequency of oscillation  4x.22.2 So, how about a few equations? 4x.23 Precision High-Voltage Amplifier  4x.23.1 Overview  4x.23.2 High-voltage output stage  4x.23.3 Front-end amplifier stage  4x.23.4 Feedback stability  4x.23.5 Circuit capacitances and capacitive loads  No load, no feedback capacitance; Add feedback capacitance; Add load capacitance; Output series resistor; SPICE analysis  4x.23.6 Output slew rate  4x.23.7 Measured performance  4x.23.8 Variations: unipolarity, higher voltages, greater speed   4x.23.9 Faster HV amplifier: 1MHz and 1200V   MOSFET transistor choices Transistor choices; Circuit changes 4x.24 High-Voltage Bipolarity Current Source  4x.24.1 Performance issues  4x.25 Ripple Reduction in PWM  4x.26 Nodal Loop Analysis: MOSFET Current Source  4x.26.1 Example: MOSFET current source   o Nodal model; KCL equations; Node equations; Results 4x.26.2 Example: fast 2.5 A pulsed current NINE: Advanced Topics in Power Control  9x.1 Reverse Polarity Protection  9x.2 Lithium-Ion Single-Cell Power Subsystem  9x.2.1 Charger features  9x.2.2 Monitor and Protect  9x.2.3 Output voltage regulator  9x.2.4 Multiple cells: a “battery”  9x.3 Low-Voltage Boost Converters  9x.4 Foldback Current Limiting  9x.5 PWM for DC Motors  9x.5.1 The myth: PWM as secret sauce  An experiment; Toy trains and sewing machines; Another experiment  9x.5.2 Wrapup: PWM versus dc for motor drive  9x.5.3 Afterword: DC motor model   9x.6 Transformer + Rectifier + Capacitor = Giant Spikes!    Series resistance: Op-amp analogy 9x.6.1 The effect 9x.6.2 Calculations and cures 9x.7 Low-Voltage Clamp/Crowbar  9x.7.1 New clamp/crowbar  Circuit operation; Additional details; Performance  9x.8 High-Efficiency (“Green”) Switching Power Supplies  9x.9 Power Factor Correction (PFC)  9x.10 High-Side High-Voltage Switching  9x.11 High-Side Current Sensing  9x.11.1 Pulse generator overcurrent limit  9x.11.2 Current monitor for high-voltage amplifier    Current monitor for HV bipolarity amplifier 9x.12 High-Voltage Discharge Circuit 9x.13 Beware Counterfeits (or, Don’t Bite into That Apple)  9x.14 Low-Noise Isolated Power  9x.15 Low-Current Non-isolated DC Supplies   9x.15.1 Simplest circuit: reactance-limited zener bias  9x.15.2 Improved circuit: full-wave rectifier  9x.15.3 Why hasn’t Silicon Valley responded?  9x.15.4 Case study: ceiling fan  9x.15.5 Inverse Marx generator 9x.16 Bus Converter: the “DC Transformer”   9x.16.1 Differences from classic switch-mode converter  9x.16.2 Bus converter applications  9x.16.3 Bus converter example  9x.16.4 A few comments 9x.17 Negative-Input Switching Converters  9x.17.1 Negative buck from positive boost  9x.17.2 Negative boost from positive buck  9x.18 Precision Negative Bias Supply for Silicon Photomultipliers  9x.19 High-Voltage Negative Regulator  9x.20 The Capacitance Multiplier, Revisited  9x.21 Precision Low-Noise Laboratory Power Supply  9x.21.1 Overview  9x.21.2 Circuit details  9x.21.3 Performance  9x.22 Lumens to Watts (Optical)  9x.23 Sending Power on a Beam of Light  9x.24 ‘‘It’s Too Hot” Redux   9x.24.1 The finger test  9x.24.2 Better thermometry 9x.25 Transient Voltage Protection and Transient Thermal Response  9x.25.1 The problem  9x.25.2 The solution  9x.25.3 TVS devices  Gas surge arrestors; Metal oxide varistors; Zener TVSs  9x.25.4 MOV versus zener TVS  9x.25.5 “Series-mode” transient protection  9x.25.6 TVS circuit example   9x.25.7 Transient test circuit   o Parts Index o Subject Fast-switching magnet Standard test pulses 9x.25.8 Transient thermal response Technical Details o FORMAT: Hardback o DIMENSIONS: 8.2 x 0.9 x 10.3 inches o CONTAINS:  500+ large-format pages  50 high-resolution photographs  45 tables, including MOSFETs, op-amps, drivers, and more  more than 300 circuits, 300 graphs, 100 ‘scope screenshots, and dozens of drawings     https://ww w.adafruit.com/product/4360/2‐28‐20