MAX25612AUP/V+T

Click here for production status of specific part numbers. MAX25612/MAX25612B General Description The MAX25612/MAX25612B are single-channel highbrightness LED (HB LED) drivers for automotive frontlight applications such as high beam, low beam, daytime running light (DRL), turn indicator, fog light and other LED lights. They can take an input voltage from 5V to 48V and can drive a string of LEDs with a maximum output voltage of 60V. The MAX25612/MAX25612B are fully synchronous and are suitable for boost, buck-boost, SEPIC, and highside buck applications that need synchronous rectification providing efficiencies greater than 90%.  The MAX25612/MAX25612B sense output current at the high side of the LED string. High-side current sensing is required to protect against shorts from the output to the ground or battery input. It is also the most flexible scheme for driving LEDs, allowing boost, highside buck, or buck-boost mode configurations. The PWM input provides LED dimming ratios of up to 5000:1, and the ICTRL input provides additional analog dimming capability in the MAX25612/MAX25612B. The MAX25612/MAX25612B also include a FLT flag that indicates open string, shorted string, and thermal shutdown. The MAX25612/MAX25612B have built-in spread-spectrum modulation for improved electromagnetic compatibility performance. The MAX25612/ MAX25612B are available in a space-saving (4mm x 4mm), 20-pin side-wettable TQFN  or a 20-pin TSSOP package and are specified to operate over the -40°C to +125°C automotive temperature range. Applications ●● Automotive Exterior Lighting: • High-Beam/Low-Beam/Signal/Position Lights • Daytime Running Lights (DRLs) • Fog Light and Adaptive Front-Light Assemblies Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller ●● Simple to Optimize for Efficiency, Board Space, and Input Operating Range ​ • Synchronous MOSFET Driver Improves Efficiency by up to 5% for High-Current Boost, Buck-Boost, SEPIC, and High-Side Buck Applications • Programmable Switching Frequency (200kHz to 2.2MHz) • 20-Pin TSSOP Package with Exposed Pad and Thermally Enhanced 4mm x 4mm, 20-Pin Side-Wettable TQFN Packages ●● Protection Features Increase System Reliability​ • Short Circuit, Overvoltage and Thermal Protection • Fault Diagnosis through Fault Flag ●● ​Automotive Ready • -40ºC to +125ºC Operating Temperature Range • ​AEC-Q100 Qualified Simplified Typical Operating Circuit L1 VIN ROVP1 CBST IN UVEN VCC BST DH LX MAX25612/ MAX25612B P1 COUT N1 DL CSP RCS_LED N2 RSC ROVP2 RCS_FET CSN PGND OVP ISENSE+ FLT ISENSEPWMDIM DIMOUT ICTRL COMP RT SGND EP RCOMP CCOMP_HF CCOMP ●● Commercial, Industrial, and Architectural Lighting Benefits and Features ●● Integration Minimizes BOM and Cost​ • +5.0V to +48V Wide Input Voltage Range with a Maximum +65V Boost Output​ • Integrated pMOS Dimming FET Driver • ICTRL Input for Analog Dimming • Integrated High-Side Current-Sense Amplifier • 200Hz Ramp Generator Simplifies PWM Dimming 19-100543; Rev 4; 1/20 Ordering Information appears at end of data sheet. MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller Absolute Maximum Ratings IN, UVEN to PGND................................................-0.3V to +52V ISENSE+, ISENSE-, DIMOUT to PGND................-0.3V to +65V ISENSE- to ISENSE+............................................-0.6V to +0.3V BST, DH to PGND..................................................-0.3V to +70V LX to PGND...........................................................-0.3V to +65V BST to LX.................................................................-0.3V to +6V DH to LX........................................................ -0.3V to VCC+0.3V DL to PGND.................................................. -0.3V to VCC+0.3V CSP, CSN to SGND...................................... -0.3V to VCC+0.3V CSP-CSN..............................................................-0.3V to +0.3V COMP, RT to SGND........................................-0.3V to Vcc+0.3V VCC to SGND...........................................................-0.3V to +6V SGND to PGND.....................................................-0.3V to +0.3V OVP, FLT, ICTRL, PWMDIM to SGND.....................-0.3V to +6V Continuous Current on IN.................................................100mA Continuous Current on DL.................................................+50mA Short Circuit Duration on VCC....................................Continuous Continuous Power Dissipation (20-Pin TSSOP) (TA = +70°C, derate 26mW/°C above +70°C.)....................2122mW Continuous Power Dissipation (20-Pin TQFN SW) (TA = +70°C, derate 25.6mW/°C above +70°C.).................2050mW Operating Temperature Range.......................... -40°C to +125°C Junction Temperature.......................................................+150°C Storage Temperature Range............................. -65°C to +150°C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10s).................................. +300ºC Soldering Temperature (Reflow).......................................+260°C Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. Package Information 20-TSSOP PACKAGE CODE U20E+3C Outline Number 21-100132 Land Pattern Number 90-100049 Thermal Resistance, Single-Layer Board: Junction to Ambient (θJA) 46ºC/W Junction to Case (θJC) 2ºC/W Thermal Resistance, Four-Layer Board: Junction to Ambient (θJA) 37ºC/W Junction to Case (θJC) 2ºC/W 20-TQFN SW PACKAGE CODE T2044Y+3C Outline Number 21-100068 Land Pattern Number 90-0037 Thermal Resistance, Single-Layer Board: Junction to Ambient (θJA) 59ºC/W Junction to Case (θJC) 6ºC/W Thermal Resistance, Four-Layer Board: Junction to Ambient (θJA) 39ºC/W Junction to Case (θJC) 6ºC/W For the latest package outline information and land patterns (footprints), go to www.maximintegrated.com/packages. Note that a “+”, “#”, or “-” in the package code indicates RoHS status only. Package drawings may show a different suffix character, but the drawing pertains to the package regardless of RoHS status. Package thermal resistances were obtained using the method described in JEDEC specification JESD51-7, using a four-layer board. For detailed information on package thermal considerations, refer to www.maximintegrated.com/thermal-tutorial. www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  2 MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller Electrical Characteristics (VIN = 12V, CIN = CVCC  = 1μF, DL = COMP = DIMOUT = PWMDIM = FLT = unconnected, VOVP = VCS = VPGND = VSGND = 0V, VISENSE+ = VISENSE-  = 45V, VICTRL = 1.40V, TA = TJ = -40ºC to +125ºC, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25ºC (Note 2)) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS Supply Voltage Operational Supply Voltage VIN Supply Current IINQ 5  VOVP = 1.5V, no switching 48 V 1.8 5 mA 1.24 1.37 V Undervoltage Lockout Undervoltage Lockout Rising VUVEN_THUP Undervoltage Lockout Hysteresis Hys VUVEN rising 1.12 106 mV VCC Regulator Regulator Output Voltage Undervoltage Lockout VCC VCC_UVLOR IVCC = 0.1mA to 50mA, 6V < VIN < 16V 4.875 rising Undervoltage Lockout Hysteresis 5.0 5.125 V 4.0 V 0.4 V Oscillator (RT) Switching Frequency Range fSW Bias Voltage at RT VRT Minimum OFF time VCOMP = HIGH, VCS = 0V Oscillator Frequency Accuracy Frequency Dither 200 (dither disabled) fDITH Dither enabled, fsw = 200kHz to 2.2MHz ISLOPE Peak current ramp added to CS input per switching cycle 2200 kHz 1.25 V 85 ns -10 +10 ±6 % % Slope Compensation Slope-Compensation Current Ramp Height 42.5 50 57.5 μA 1.2 V V Analog Dimming ICTRL Input Control Voltage Range ICTRL Zero Current Threshold ICTRL Clamp Voltage ICTRL Input Bias Current ICTRLRNG ICTRLZC_VTH 0.2 (VISENSE+ - VISENSE-) < 5mV 0.16 0.18 0.2 ICTRLCLMP ICTRL sink = 1μA 1.25 1.30 1.35 V ICTRLIIN VICTRL < = 5.5V -500 20 500 nA -0.2 +60 V 0 225 mV LED Current-Sense Amp Common-Mode Input Range Differential Signal Range ISENSE+ Input Bias Current IBISENSE+ (VISENSE+ - VISENSE-) = 200mV, VISENSE+ = 60V ISENSE- Input Bias Current IBISENSE- (VISENSE+ - VISENSE-) = 200mV, VIBSENSE- = 60V Voltage Gain www.maximintegrated.com (VISENSE+ - VISENSE-) = 200mV, 3V < [VISENSE+, VISENSE-] < 60V 4.9 350 550 μA 22 60 μA 5.0 5.1 V/V Maxim Integrated │  3 MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller Electrical Characteristics (continued) (VIN = 12V, CIN = CVCC  = 1μF, DL = COMP = DIMOUT = PWMDIM = FLT = unconnected, VOVP = VCS = VPGND = VSGND = 0V, VISENSE+ = VISENSE-  = 45V, VICTRL = 1.40V, TA = TJ = -40ºC to +125ºC, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25ºC (Note 2)) PARAMETER LED Current-Sense Regulation Voltage SYMBOL VSENSE LED Current-Sense Regulation Voltage (Low Range) VSENSE Common-Mode Input Range Selector RNGSEL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX VICTRL = 1.3V, 3V < [VISENSE+, VISENSE-] < 60V 213.8 220 226.2 VICTRL = 1.2V, 3V < [VISENSE+, VISENSE-] < 60V 194 200 206 VICTRL = 0.4V, 3V < [VISENSE+, VISENSE-] < 60V 36 40 44 VICTRL = 1.2V, 0V < [VISENSE+, VISENSE-] < 3V 192 200 208 VICTRL = 0.4V, 0V < [VISENSE+, VISENSE-] < 3V 35 40 45 VISENSE+ rising 2.72 2.85 2.98 VISENSE+ falling 2.48 2.6 2.72 (VISENSE+ - VISENSE-) = 200mV 1170 1800 2430 UNITS mV mV V ERROR AMP Transconductance gM μS COMP Sink Current COMPISINK VCOMP = 5V 300 μA COMP Source Current COMPISRC VCOMP = 0V 300 μA 1 V PWM Comparator Input Offset Voltage CS Limit Comparator Current-Limit Threshold VCS_LIMIT 190 210 230 mV Gate Drivers (DH and DL) RDS(ON) Pullup pMOS 1.3 Ω RDS(ON) Pulldown nMOS 0.9 Ω PWM Dimming Internal Ramp Frequency fRAMP 160 External Sync Frequency Range fDIM 60 External Sync Low-Level Voltage VLTH External Sync High-Level Voltage VHTH 2.0 DIM Comparator Offset Voltage VDIMOFS 170 DIM Voltage for 100% Duty Cycle www.maximintegrated.com 3.3 200 240 Hz 2000 Hz 0.4 V V 200 230 mV V Maxim Integrated │  4 MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller Electrical Characteristics (continued) (VIN = 12V, CIN = CVCC  = 1μF, DL = COMP = DIMOUT = PWMDIM = FLT = unconnected, VOVP = VCS = VPGND = VSGND = 0V, VISENSE+ = VISENSE-  = 45V, VICTRL = 1.40V, TA = TJ = -40ºC to +125ºC, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25ºC (Note 2)) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS pMOS Gate Driver (DIMOUT) Peak Pullup Current IDIMOUTPU VPWMDIM = 0V, (VISENSE+ - VDIMOUT) = 7V 40 73 120 mA Peak Pulldown Current IDIMOUTPD (VISENSE+ - VDIMOUT) = 0V 15 35 65 mA -8.4 -7.4 -6.1 V 1.23 1.29 V DIMOUT Low Voltage with Respect to ISENSE+ Overvoltage Protection (OVP) OVP Threshold Rising VOVP Output rising 1.17 IBOVP VOVP = 1.235V -500 (VISENSE+ - VISENSE-) 369 Hysteresis Input Bias Current 70 mV +500 nA 427 mV Short-Circuit Hiccup Mode Short-Circuit Threshold Hiccup Time VSHORT-HIC THICCUP 398 Clock Cycles 8192 Buck-Boost Short Detect Buck-Boost Short Detect Threshold (MAX25612 only) VSHORT-VOUT (VISENSE+ - VIN) falling, VIN = 12V 1.15 1.55 1.95 V VIN = 4.75V, VOVP = 2V, ISINK = 5mA 68.6 200 mV Temperature rising 165 ºC 10 ºC Open-Drain Fault (FLT) Output Voltage Low VOL-FLT Thermal Shutdown Thermal Shutdown Temperature TSHDN Thermal Shutdown Hystersis Note 1: All devices are 100% tested at TA = +25ºC. Limits over temperature are guaranteed by design www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  5 MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller Typical Operating Characteristics (VIN = 13.5V, TA = 25ºC unless otherwise noted.) www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  6 MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (VIN = 13.5V, TA = 25ºC unless otherwise noted.) www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  7 MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller ISENSE+ IN BST DH LX VCC DL PGND CSP CSN Pin Configurations 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 TOP VIEW MAX25612/ MAX25612B EP www.maximintegrated.com 9 SGND 10 COMP 8 ICTRL OVP 7 TSSOP PGND PWMDIM RT UVEN 6 DL DIMOUT TOP VIEW 5 VCC 4 FLT 3 LX 2 DH 1 ISENSE- + 15 14 13 12 11 BST 16 10 CSP IN 17 9 CSN ISENSE+ 18 8 COMP ISENSE- 19 7 SGND DIMOUT 20 6 ICTRL MAX25612/ MAX25612B 1 2 3 4 5 UVEN PWMDIM FLT RT OVP + TQFN 4mm × 4mm Maxim Integrated │  8 MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller Pin Description PIN NAME FUNCTION 19 ISENSE- Negative LED Current-Sense Input. A 100Ω resistor is recommended to be placed in series with ISENSE- input and the negative terminal of the LED current-sense resistor.  20 DIMOUT External Dimming pMOS Gate Driver TSSOP TQFN 1 2 3 1 UVEN Undervoltage-Lockout (UVLO) Threshold/Enable Input. UVEN is a dual-function adjustable UVLO threshold input with an enable feature. Connect UVEN to VIN through a resistive voltage-divider to program the UVLO threshold. Observe the absolute maximum value for this pin. Dimming Control Input. Connect PWMDIM to an external PWM signal for PWM dimming. For analog-voltage-controlled PWM dimming, connect PWMDIM to VCC through a resistive voltage-divider. The dimming frequency is 200Hz under these conditions. Connect PWMDIM to SGND to turn off the LEDs. 4 2 PWMDIM 5 3 FLT Active-Low, Open-Drain Fault Indicator Output. See the Fault Indicator (FLT) section.  6 4 RT PWM Switching Frequency Programming. Connect a resistor (RRT) from RT to SGND to set the internal clock frequency. 7 5 OVP Overvoltage Protection Input. Connect a resistive divider between the converter output, OVP, and ground. When the voltage on OVP exceeds 1.23V, a fast-acting comparator immediately stops PWM switching. This comparator has hysteresis of 70mV. 8 6 ICTRL Analog Dimming Control Input. The voltage at ICTRL sets the LED current level when VICTRL < 1.25V. This voltage reference can be set using a resistor-divider from VCC to SGND. For VICTRL > 1.25V, the internal reference sets the LED current. 9 7 SGND Signal Ground 10 8 COMP Compensation Network Connection. For proper compensation connect a suitable RC network  from COMP to SGND. 11 9 CSN Current-Sense Amplifier Negative Input for the Switching Regulator 12 10 CSP Current-Sense Amplifier Positive Input for the Switching Regulator. Add a series resistor from CSP to the switching MOSFET current-sense resistor terminal for programming the slope compensation. 13 11 PGND 14 12 DL 15 13 VCC 16 14 LX Switch Node of the Converter 17 15 DH High-Side nMOS Gate Driver Output 18 16 BST Bootstrap Supply Input for the High-Side Driver 19 17 IN 20 18 ISENSE+ Positive LED Current-Sense Input. The voltage between ISENSE+ and ISENSE- is proportionally regulated to the lesser of (VICTRL, 1.23V).  - - EP Exposed Pad. Connect EP to the ground plane for heatsinking. Do not use EP as the only electrical connection to ground www.maximintegrated.com Power Ground Low-Side nMOS Gate Driver Output 5V Low-Dropout Voltage Regulator Output. VCC supplies the bias current for the gate drive and internal control logic. Bypass VCC to GND with a 4.7µF and a 0.1µF ceramic capacitor. Positive Power-Supply Input. Bypass with a 1µF ceramic capacitor to PGND. Maxim Integrated │  9 MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller Functional Diagrams UVEN MAX25612/ MAX25612B 1.24V EN 5V REG IN THERMAL TSHDN SHUTDOWN VCC VCC UVLO BG VCC S 0.21V CSN ICTRL ISENSE+ ISENSE- LX BST DH LX LX Q BLANKING x2 PWM COMP VCC VCC R ISLOPE CSP BST R-DOM RT OSCILLATOR RT BST MAX DUTY CYCLE DL VCC PGND 1.0V VICTRLCLMP MIN OUT LPF gM COMP x5 0.2V PWMDIM VISENSE+ BUCK-BOOST SHORT DETECTION (MAX25612 ONLY) DIMOUT 200Hz VISENSE+ - 7V 0.32V 2.2V S 8192 x TOSC HICCUP TIMER Q R FLT OVP TSHDN SGND 1.23V www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  10 MAX25612/MAX25612B Detailed Description The MAX25612/MAX25612B are single-channel HBLED drivers for automotive front-light applications such as high beam, low beam, daytime running light (DRL), turn indicator, fog light, and other LED lights. They can take an input voltage from 5V to 48V and can drive a string of LEDs with a maximum output voltage of 60V. The MAX25612/MAX25612B feature both low- and high-side nMOS drivers for synchronous rectification. Synchronous rectification greatly improves efficiency compared to asynchronous switching converters, especially in highcurrent applications. Reverse recovery losses of the synchronous MOSFET will increase at higher output voltages; therefore, the efficiency benefit may be reduced when driving large numbers of LEDs. Refer to the Typical Operating Characteristics section for comparisons of synchronous and asynchronous switching efficiency with different currents and voltages.  The MAX25612/MAX25612B sense output current at the high side of the LED string. High-side current sensing is required to protect against shorts from the output to the ground or battery input. It is also the most flexible scheme for driving LEDs, allowing boost, high-side buck, SEPIC, or buck-boost mode configurations. The PWMDIM input provides LED dimming ratios of up to 5000:1, and the ICTRL input provides additional analog dimming capability in the MAX25612/MAX25612B. The MAX25612/MAX25612B also include a FLT flag that indicates open string, shorted string and thermal shutdown. The MAX25612/MAX25612B have built-in spread-spectrum modulation for improved electromagnetic compatibility performance. Functional Operation The operation of the MAX25612/MAX25612B is best understood by referring to the block diagram of the device. The devices are enabled when the UVEN pin goes above 1.24V. In addition to the UVEN input, the 5V regulator input also needs to be above its respective UVLO limit before switching on DL and DH can start. The MAX25612/MAX25612B are constant-frequency, current-mode controllers with low-side and high-side NMOS gate drivers for synchronous switching. Switching is initiated when PWM goes high. The RT oscillator can be programmed from 200kHz to 2.2MHz by the resistor between RT and SGND. Spread-spectrum dithering is added to the oscillator to alleviate EMI problems in the www.maximintegrated.com Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller LED driver. The RT oscillator is synchronized to the positive edge of the PWM pulse. This means that the DL pulse goes high at the same instant as the positive pulse on PWMDIM. Synchronizing the RT oscillator to the PWMDIM pulse also guarantees that the switching frequency variation over a period of a PWMDIM pulse is the same from one PWMDIM pulse to the next. This prevents flicker during PWM dimming when spread spectrum is added to the RT oscillator. Once PWMDIM transitions high, the external low-side switching MOSFET is turned on. A current flows through the low-side MOSFET, and this current is sensed by the voltage across the current-sense resistor from the source of the external low-side MOSFET to PGND. The MOSFET source is connected to the CSP input of the MAX25612/MAX25612B through a slopecompensation resistor (RSC). See the Typical Application Circuits section. The ground side of the current-sense resistor is connected to the CSN input. The slopecompensation current flows out of CSP and through the RSC  resistor. The differential voltage across CSP and CSN is the voltage across the current-sense resistor (RCS_FET) + (slope-compensation current x RSC). Slope compensation prevents sub-harmonic oscillation when the duty cycle exceeds 50%. Current in the external inductor increases steadily when the external low-side MOSFET is on. The differential voltage across CSP and CSN is fed to the input of the current-limit comparator. This currentlimit comparator is used to protect the external low-side switch from overcurrent and will cause switching to stop for that particular cycle if (VCSP - VCSN) exceeds 0.21V. The differential current-sense voltage signal is amplified by a gain factor of two. The output of the amplifier has a 1.0V offset added before being applied to the positive input of a PWM comparator. The negative input of this comparator is a control voltage from the error amplifier that regulates the LED current. When the positive input of the PWM comparator exceeds the control voltage from the error amplifier, the switching is stopped for that particular cycle and the external low-side nMOS stays off until the next switching cycle. The inductor current decays when the low-side nMOS is turned off. The inductor current starts ramping back up when the next switching cycle starts and the external low-side MOSFET  turns back on. Through this repetitive action, the PWM control Maxim Integrated │  11 MAX25612/MAX25612B algorithm establishes a switch duty cycle to regulate the current in the LED load. When PWMDIM transitions high, the external dimming MOSFET  that is driven by DIMOUT is also turned on. This external dimming MOSFET is a p-channel MOSFET and is connected on the high side of the LED load. The source of this pMOS is connected to ISENSEand the gate is connected to DIMOUT. The drain of this MOSFET  is connected to the anode of the external LED string. In certain applications it is not necessary to use this dimming MOSFET, and in these cases the DIMOUT output is left open. The external pMOS is turned on when PWMDIM is high and is turned off when PWMDIM is low. During normal operation when PWMDIM is high, the voltage across the resistor from ISENSE+ to ISENSE- is regulated to a programmed voltage. This programmed voltage is 0.2 x (VICTRL - 0.2). The external pMOS switch is also used for fault protection. Once a fault condition is detected,  DIMOUT is pulled high to turn off the pMOS switch. This isolates the LED string from the fault condition and prevents excessive voltage or current from damaging the LEDs. Input Voltage (IN) The input supply (IN) must be locally bypassed with a minimum of 1μF capacitance close to the pin. All the input current that is drawn by the MAX25612/MAX25612B goes through this input. UVLO The MAX25612/MAX25612B feature an adjustable UVLO using the undervoltage enable input (UVEN). Connect UVEN to IN through a resistive divider to set the UVLO threshold. The MAX25612/MAX25612B are enabled when VUVEN exceeds the 1.24V (typ) threshold. UVEN also functions as an enable/disable input to the device. Drive UVEN low to disable the device. Drive UVEN high to enable the device. VCC Regulator The VCC supply is the low-voltage analog supply for the chip and derives power from the input voltage from IN to PGND. An internal power-on reset  (POR) monitors the VCC voltage and the IN voltage. The input voltage to the VCC regulator is disconnected when the voltage at IN goes below the UVLO threshold. A POR is generated when VCC goes below its UVLO threshold, causing the www.maximintegrated.com Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller IC to reset. The chip will come out of reset state once the input voltage goes back up and the VCC regulator output is back in regulation. Dimming MOSFET Driver (DIMOUT) The IC requires an external p-channel MOSFET for PWM dimming. For normal operation, connect the gate of the MOSFET to the output of the dimming driver (DIMOUT). The dimming driver can sink up to 35mA or source up to 73mA of peak current for fast charging and discharging of the p-MOSFET gate. When the PWMDIM signal is high, this driver pulls the p-MOSFET gate to 7V below VISENSE+ to completely turn on the p-channel dimming MOSFET. The DIMOUT output inverts and level-shifts the signal on PWMDIM to drive the gate of the external PMOS. In some applications, the dimming FET is not used. In this case, the DIMOUT output can be left open. LED Current-Sense Inputs (ISENSE+/ISENSE-) The differential voltage from ISENSE+ to ISENSE- is fed to an internal current-sense amplifier. This amplified signal is then connected to the negative input of the transconductance error amplifier. The voltage-gain factor of this amplifier is 5. The offset voltage for this amplifier is +1mV. A resistor is connected between ISENSE+ and ISENSE- to program the maximum LED current. The full-scale signal is 200mV. The ISENSE+ input should be connected to the positive terminal of the current-sense resistor and the ISENSE- input should be connected to the negative terminal of the current-sense resistor (LED string anode side). Internal Oscillator (RT) The internal oscillator of the MAX25612/MAX25612B are programmable from 200kHz to 2.2MHz using a single resistor at RT. Use the following formula to calculate the switching frequency: fOSC(kHz) = 34200/RRT(kΩ) where RRT is the resistor from RT to SGND. This equation is a linear approximation of the relationship between fOSC and RRT. See Table 1 and the Typical Operating Maxim Integrated │  12 MAX25612/MAX25612B Characteristics section for more data points showing the relationship between RRT and fOSC. The MAX25612/ MAX25612B have built-in frequency dithering of ±6% of the programmed frequency to alleviate EMI problems. Spread Spectrum The devices have an internal spread-spectrum option to optimize EMI performance. The switching frequency is varied ±6%, centered on the oscillator frequency (fOSC). The modulation signal is a triangular wave with a period of 418 clocks. Therefore, fOSC ramps down 6% and back to the set frequency in 418 clocks, and also ramps up 6% and back to the set frequency in another 418 clocks. Synchronous MOSFET Switch Driver (DH and DL) The IC drives an external high-side and low-side n-channel switching MOSFET. DH and DL can sink/source 2A of peak current, allowing the ICs to switch MOSFETs in high-power applications. The average current demanded from the supply to drive the external MOSFETs depends on the total gate charge (QG) and the operating frequency of the converter, fSW. Use the following equation to calculate the driver supply current IDRIVER required for the switching MOSFET: IDRIVER = QG x fSW The low-side gate driver (DL) drives an external nMOS (N1) with either VCC or VPGND to turn the MOSFET on or off, respectively. The high-side gate driver (DH) drives an external nMOS (N2) with either VBST or VLX to turn the MOSFET on or off, respectively. During normal operation, DH will be driven high while the DL is driven low. Likewise, DH will be driven low while DL is driven high, thereby achieving synchronous switching. There is a small break-before-make delay between the transitions to prevent any shoot-through current that would occur as a result of both low- and highside MOSFETs being turned on at the same time. Boost Capacitor Node (BST) The BST input is used to provide a drive voltage to the high-side switching MOSFET that is higher than LX. Connect a 0.1μF ceramic capacitor from BST to the LX switch node. Connect a diode from VCC to BST. Place the capacitor as close as possible to BST. Switching MOSFET Current-Sense Input (CSP and CSN) CSP and CSN are part of the current-mode control loop. The switching control uses the voltage across CSP and CSN, set by RCS and RSC, to terminate the ON pulse width of the switching cycle, thus achieving peak currentmode control. Internal leading-edge blanking of 50ns is provided to prevent premature turn-off of the switching MOSFET in each switching cycle. Resistor RCS is conwww.maximintegrated.com Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller nected between the source of the n-channel switching MOSFET and PGND. During switching, a current ramp with a slope of 50μAxfSW is sourced from the CSP input. This current ramp, along with resistor RSC, programs the amount of slope compensation.  Overvoltage Protection Input (OVP) OVP sets the overvoltage threshold limit across the LEDs. Use a resistive divider from ISENSE+ to OVP to SGND to set the overvoltage threshold limit. An internal overvoltage protection comparator senses the differential voltage across OVP and SGND. If the differential voltage is greater than 1.23V, DL goes low, DH and DIMOUT go high, and  FLT asserts. When the differential voltage drops by 70mV, DL is enabled,  DIMOUT goes low, and FLT deasserts. Output Short-Circuit Protection The MAX25612/MAX25612B feature output short-circuit protection. This feature is most useful where the LEDs are connected over long cables and there exists the possibility of shorts occurring when connectors are exposed. For the MAX25612, short circuit is detected when the following two conditions are met: ●● VISENSE+ is lower than VIN by the VSHORT_ VOUT threshold, 1.55V (typ) ●● The current-sense voltage across VISENSE+ - VISENSE- exceeds the VSHORT_HIC threshold, 398mV (typ) The MAX25612B has disabled the VSHORT_VOUT threshold flag for applications where (VISENSE+ - VIN) is expected to be less than 1.55V (typ) during normal operation. In this case, the VSHORT_HIC threshold is the only criteria for detecting a short circuit. The MAX25612/MAX25612B respond by stopping DL and DH switching and pulling DIMOUT high to VISENSE+ to turn off the dimming FET, which disconnects the output capacitors from the shorted output. The device waits 8192 clock cycles before attempting to drive the LEDs again. The 8192-clock-cycle counter is only active while PWMDIM is HIGH. Internal Transconductance Error Amplifier The IC has a built-in transconductance amplifier that is used to amplify the error signal inside the feedback loop. When the dimming signal is low, COMP is disconnected from the output of the error amplifier and DIMOUT goes high. When the dimming signal is high, the output of the error amplifier is connected to COMP and  DIMOUT goes low. This enables the compensation capacitor to hold the charge when the dimming signal has turned off the internal switching MOSFET gate drive. To maintain the charge on the compensation capacitor Maxim Integrated │  13 MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller CCOMP, the capacitor should be a low-leakage ceramic type. When the internal dimming signal is enabled, the voltage on the compensation capacitor forces the converter into steady state almost instantaneously. The transconductance of the amplifier is 1800μS. Signal Ground (SGND) Analog Dimming Thermal Shutdown The devices offer an analog dimming control input (ICTRL). The voltage at ICTRL sets the LED current level when VICTRL < 1.3V (typ). The LED current can be linearly adjusted from zero with the voltage on ICTRL. For VICTRL > 1.3V (typ), an internal reference sets the LED current. The LED current is guaranteed to be at zero when the ICTRL voltage is at or below ICTRLZC_VTH(MIN). The LED current can be linearly adjusted from zero to full scale for the ICTRL voltage in the range of 0.2V to 1.2V. Pulse-Dimming Input The PWMDIM input of the MAX25612/MAX25612B functions with either analog or PWM control signals. Once the internal pulse detector detects three successive edges of a PWM signal with a frequency between 60Hz and 2kHz, the MAX25612/MAX25612B synchronize to the external signal and pulse-width modulates the LED current at the external DIM input frequency with the same duty cycle as the DIM input. PWM dimming outside this frequency range is also possible, with the caveat that the switching clock may not be synchronized to the PWM rising edge. If an analog control signal is applied to DIM, the MAX25612/MAX25612B compare the DC input to an internally generated 200Hz ramp to pulse-width-modulate the LED current (fDIM = 200Hz). The output-current duty cycle is linearly adjustable from 0% to 100% (0.2V < VDIM < 3.0V). Use the following formula to calculate the voltage, VDIM, necessary for a given output-current duty cycle D VDIM = (D x 2.8) + 0.2V  where VDIM is the voltage applied to DIM in volts. Power Ground (PGND) This is the analog ground pin for all of the control circuitry of the LED driver. Connect the PGND (power ground) and the SGND together at the negative terminal of the input bypass capacitor. The devices feature thermal protection. When the junction temperature exceeds +165°C, the external switching MOSFET starts operating at the minimum pulse width to reduce the power dissipation in the internal power MOSFETs. The part returns to regulation mode once the junction temperature goes below +155°C. This results in a cycled output during continuous thermal-overload conditions. Fault Indicator (FLT) The MAX25612/MAX25612B feature an active-low, opendrain fault indicator (FLT).  FLT asserts when one of the following conditions occur: 1) Overvoltage across the LED string 2) Short-circuit condition across the LED string 3) Overtemperature condition When the output voltage drops below the overvoltage set point minus the hysteresis, FLT deasserts. Similarly, during overtemperature fault, the FLT signal remains asserted until the junction temperature falls 10ºC below the thermal-shutdown threshold.  Exposed Paddle The MAX25612/MAX25612B package features an exposed thermal pad on its underside that should be used as a heat sink. This pad lowers the package’s thermal resistance by providing a direct heat-conduction path from the die to the PCB. Connect the exposed pad and GND to the system ground using a large pad or ground plane, or multiple vias to the ground plane layer. The power ground (PGND) connection acts as the ground reference for the switching power components. Connect PGND as close as possible to the negative plate of the VCC decoupling capacitor. www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  14 MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller Applications Information VCC Regulator The internal 5V regulator is used to power the internal control circuitry inside the MAX25612/MAX25612B, as well as the low-side FET gate driver. This regulator can provide a load of 10mA to external circuitry. The 5V regulator requires an external ceramic capacitor for stable operation. A 4.7µF ceramic capacitor is adequate for most applications. Place the ceramic capacitor close to the IC to minimize trace length to the internal VCC pin and also to the IC ground. Choose a 10V rated low-ESR, X7R ceramic capacitor for optimal performance. Programming the UVLO Enable Threshold The UVLO threshold is set by resistors RUVEN1 and RUVEN2 (see the Typical Application Circuits section). The MAX25612/MAX25612B turn on when the voltage across RUVEN2 exceeds 1.24V, the UVLO threshold. Use the following equation to set the desired UVLO enable threshold: VUVEN = 1.24 × (RUVEN1 + RUVEN2 RUVEN2 ) where VUVEN is the rising undervoltage threshold in volts. The UVEN input can also be used as a digital enable by applying an external logic signal that can turn the MAX25612/MAX25612B on and off. Programming LED Current Normal sensing of the LED current should be done on the high side where the LED current-sense resistor is connected to the anode of the LED string. The LED current is programmed using the resistor RCS_LED (see the Typical Application Circuits section). When ICTRL is connected to a voltage greater than 1.3V, the internal reference regulates the voltage across RCS_LED to 220mV. The current is given by: ILED www.maximintegrated.com = 0.22 RCS_LED The LED current can also be programmed by adjusting the voltage on ICTRL when VICTRL ≤ 1.2V (analog dimming). The current is given by: ILED = (VICTRL − 0.2) (5 × RCS_LED) Programming the Switching Frequency The internal oscillator of the MAX25612/MAX25612B is programmable from 200kHz to 2.2MHz using a single resistor at RT. Use the following formula to calculate the value of the resistor RRT: R RT (kΩ) = 34200 f OSC where fOSC is the desired switching frequency in kHz. This equation is a linear approximation of the relationship between RRT and fOSC. See Table 1 and the Typical Operating Characteristics section for more data points showing the relationship between RRT and fOSC. Additional ±6% spread spectrum is added internally to the oscillator to improve EMI performance. Setting the Overvoltage Threshold The overvoltage threshold is set by resistors ROVP1 and ROVP2 (see the Typical Application Circuits section). The overvoltage circuit in the MAX25612/MAX25612B  is activated when the voltage on OVP with respect to GND exceeds 1.23V. Use the following equation to set the desired overvoltage threshold: VOVP = 1.23 x (ROVP1 + ROVP2)/ROVP2 Table 1. Typical RRT Programming Values R RT (kΩ) fOSC (kHz) 188 200 34.2 1000 14.7 2200 Maxim Integrated │  15 MAX25612/MAX25612B Inductor Selection Boost Configuration In the boost converter, the average inductor current varies with the line voltage. The maximum average current occurs at the lowest line voltage. For the boost converter, the average inductor current is equal to the input current. Calculate maximum duty cycle using the equation below: DMAX = (VLED - VFET2 - VINMIN)/ (VLED + VFET2 - VFET1) where VLED is the forward voltage of the LED string in volts, VINMIN is the minimum input supply voltage in volts, and VFET1 and VFET2 are the average drain-to source voltages of the MOSFETs N1 and N2 in volts when they are on. Use an approximate value of 0.2V initially to calculate DMAX. A more accurate value of the maximum duty cycle can be calculated once the power MOSFET is selected based on the maximum inductor current. Use the following equations to calculate the maximum average inductor current ILAVG, peak-to-peak inductor current ripple ∆IL, and the peak inductor current ILP in amperes: ILAVG = ILED/(1 - DMAX) Allowing the peak-to-peak inductor ripple to be ∆IL, the peak inductor current is given by: ILP =  ILAVG + 0.5 x ∆IL The inductance value (L) of inductor L1 in Henries (H) is calculated as: L = (VINMIN - VFET1) x DMAX/(fSW x ∆IL) where fSW is the switching frequency in Hertz, VINMIN and VFET1 are in volts, and ∆IL  is in amperes.  Choose an inductor that has a minimum inductance greater than the calculated value. The current rating of the inductor should be higher than ILP at the operating temperature. Buck-Boost Configuration In the buck-boost LED driver, the average inductor current is equal to the input current plus the LED current. Calculate the maximum duty cycle using the following equation: DMAX = (VLED + VFET2)/ (VLED + VFET2 + VINMIN - VFET1) where VLED is the forward voltage of the LED string in volts, VINMIN is the minimum input supply voltage in volts, and VFET1 and VFET2 are the average drain-to-source www.maximintegrated.com Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller voltages of the MOSFETs N1 and N2 in volts when they are on. Use an approximate value of 0.2V initially to calculate DMAX. A more accurate value of maximum duty cycle can be calculated once the power MOSFET is selected based on the maximum inductor current. Use the equations below to calculate the maximum average inductor current ILAVG, peak-to-peak inductor current ripple ∆IL, and the peak inductor current ILP in amperes: ILAVG = ILED/(1 - DMAX) Allowing the peak-to-peak inductor ripple to be ∆IL ILP =  ILAVG + 0.5 x ∆IL where ILP is the peak inductor current. The inductance value (L) of inductor L1 in Henries is calculated as: L = (VINMIN - VFET1) x DMAX/(fSW x ∆IL) where fSW is the switching frequency in Hertz, VINMIN and VFET1 are in volts, and ∆IL  is in amperes. Choose  an inductor that has a minimum inductance greater than the calculated value. High-Side Buck Configuration In the high-side buck LED driver, the average inductor current is the same as the LED current. The peak inductor current occurs at the maximum input line voltage where the duty cycle is at the minimum. DMIN = (VLED + VFET2)/(VINMAX - VFET1) where VLED is the forward voltage of the LED string in volts, VINMAX is the maximum input supply voltage in volts, and VFET1 and VFET2 are the average drain-tosource voltages of the MOSFETs N1 and N2 in volts when they are on. Use an approximate value of 0.2V initially to calculate DMIN. The maximum peak-to-peak inductor ripple  ∆IL occurs at the maximum input line. The peak inductor current is given by ILP = ILED + 0.5 x ∆IL The inductance value (L) of inductor L1 in Henries is calculated as: L = (VINMAX - VFET1 - VLED) x DMIN/(fSW x ∆IL) where fSW is the switching frequency in Hertz, VINMAX and VFET1 are in volts, and ∆IL  is in amperes. Choose  an inductor that has a minimum inductance greater than the calculated value. Maxim Integrated │  16 MAX25612/MAX25612B SEPIC Configuration The SEPIC converter provides the option to use either a coupled inductor or two separate inductors (see Typical Application Circuits). The average L1 inductor current is equal to the input current. The average L2 inductor current is equal to the LED current. Neglecting voltage drops across the FETs, the maximum duty cycle can be calculated as follows: D MAX = VLED (VINMIN + VLED ) Where VLED is the LED string voltage and VINMIN is the minimum input voltage. The inductor value of L1 is given by: L1 = VINMIN × D MAX f SW + ∆IL IN Where ΔILIN is the desired maximum input current ripple. The L1 peak inductor current, ILINPK, is given by: = IL INPK ILED ∆IL IN D MAX + 1 − D MAX 2 The average current in inductor L2 is the same as the LED current. The desired maximum peak-to-peak output current ripple is ΔILOUT. The value of the inductor L2 is given by: L2 = VINMIN × D MAX f SW × ∆IL OUT The L2 peak inductor current, ILOUTPK, is given by: ∆IL OUT IL OUTPK = ILED + 2 To simplify further SEPIC calculations, use the following values of L and ILAVG: L= L1× L2 L1 + L2 ILAVG = IL1AVG + IL2AVG choose the value of CSEPIC such that the peak to peak ripple on it is less than 2% of the minimum input supply voltage. This ensures that the second‐order effects created by the series resonant circuit comprising L1, CSEPIC, and L2 does not affect the normal operation of the converter. Use the following equation: C SEPIC ≥ www.maximintegrated.com ILED × D MAX VINMIN × 0.02 × f SW Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller Switching MOSFET (N1) Selection The switching MOSFET (N1) should have a voltage rating sufficient to withstand the maximum output voltage together with the voltage drop of synchronous high-side nMOS (N2), and any possible overshoot due to ringing caused by parasitic inductances and capacitances. Use a MOSFET with a drain-to-source voltage rating higher than that calculated by the following equations: Boost configuration: VDS_MAX = (VLED + VFET2 + VRCS_LED + VPFET) x 1.2 Buck-boost configuration: VDS_MAX = (VLED +VINMAX+ VFET2 + VRCS_LED + VPFET) x 1.2 The factor 1.2 provides 20% safety margin. A resistor is also typically added in series with the gate of the switching MOSFET (N1) to adjust the slew rate, minimize ringing on the switch node, and improve EMI performance. Synchronous MOSFET (N2) Selection The synchronous MOSFET (N2) should have a similar voltage rating as N1, such that it can withstand the output voltage while N1 is on and the LX node is pulled to ground, including any possible undershoot due to ringing. Dimming MOSFET Selection Select a dimming MOSFET (P1) with continuous current rating at the operating temperature higher than the LED current by 30%. The drain-to-source voltage rating of the dimming MOSFET must be higher than VLED by 20%. A resistor may also be added in series with the gate of the dimming MOSFET to control the slew rate and help reduce current spikes that can occur when the dimming FET turns on and connects the switching converter output capacitor to any capacitors at the LED load. A capacitor may be added across the gate and drain of the dimming FET to get better control of the RC time constant that controls the slew rate. Otherwise, the RC time constant is controlled by the parasitic capacitance of the chosen pMOS. Slope Compensation Slope compensation should be added to converters with peak current-mode-control operating in continuousconduction mode with more than 50% duty cycle to avoid current-loop instability and subharmonic oscillations. The minimum amount of slope compensation required for stability is given by the following equation: VSLOPE(MIN) = 0.5 x (inductor current downslope inductor current upslope) x RCS_FET Maxim Integrated │  17 MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller In the MAX25612/MAX25612B, the slope-compensating ramp is added to the current-sense signal before it is fed to the PWM comparator. Connect a resistor (RSC) from CSP to the switch current-sense resistor terminal for programming the amount of slope compensation. The devices generate a current ramp with a slope of 50μA/ tOSC for slope compensation. The current-ramp signal is forced into an external resistor (RSC) connected between CSP and the source of the external MOSFET, thereby adding a programmable slope-compensating voltage (VSLOPE) at the current-sense input CSP. Therefore: dVSLOPE/dt = (RSLOPE x 50μA)/tOSC The slope-compensation voltage that needs to be added to the current signal at minimum line voltage, with margin of 1.2x, is given by the following equation: RCS_FET = Buck-boost and SEPIC configuration: VSLOPE = DMAX (VLED − VINMIN) × RCS_FET × 1.2 (2 × L × fSW) High-side buck configuration: VSLOPE = DMAX (2 × VLED − VINMIN) × RCS_FET × 1.2 (2 × L × fSW) MOSFET Current-Sense Resistor The minimum value of the peak current-limit comparator is 0.19V. The current-sense resistor value is given by: RCS_FET = (0.19 - DMAX x VSLOPE)/ILPK where ILPK is the peak inductor current that occurs at low line in the boost and buck-boost configurations. For boost configuration: www.maximintegrated.com [ ILPK + 0.75DMAX (VLED − 2VINMIN) L × fSW ] For buck-boost configuration: RCS_FET = [ 0.19 ILPK + 0.75DMAX (VLED − VINMIN) L × fSW ] For SEPIC configuration: R CS FET Boost configuration: (VLED − 2 × VINMIN) × RCS_FET × 1.2 VSLOPE = DMAX (2 × L × fSW) 0.19 = 0.19  (VLED − VINMIN)  IL1PK + IL2 PK + 0.75D MAX  L × f SW   For high-side buck configuration: R CS FET = 0.19  (2VLED − VINMIN)  IL1PK + 0.75D MAX  L × f SW   Input Capacitor Selection The input-filter capacitor bypasses the ripple current drawn by the converter and reduces the amplitude of high-frequency current conducted to the input supply. The ESR, ESL, and bulk capacitance of the input capacitor contribute to the input ripple. Use a low-ESR input capacitor that can handle the maximum input RMS ripple current from the converter. For the boost configuration, the input current is the same as the inductor current. For buck-boost configuration, the input current is the inductor current minus the LED current. However, for both configurations, the ripple current that the input filter capacitor has to supply is the same as the inductor ripple current with the condition that the output filter capacitor should be connected to ground for buck-boost configuration. This reduces the size of the input capacitor, as the inductor current is continuous with maximum  ∆IL/2. Neglecting the effect of LED current ripple, the calculation of the input capacitor for boost, as well as buck-boost configurations is the same. Maxim Integrated │  18 MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller Neglecting the effect of the ESL, the ESR, and the bulk capacitance at the input contributes to the inputvoltage ripple. For simplicity, assume that the contribution from the ESR and the bulk capacitance is equal. This allows 50% of the ripple for the bulk capacitance. The capacitance is given by: CIN ≥ (4 ∆ IL × ∆ VIN × fSW ) where ∆IL is in amperes, CIN is in Farads, fSW is in Hertz, and ∆VIN is in volts. The remaining 50% of allowable ripple is for the ESR of the output capacitor. Use X7R ceramic capacitors for optimal performance. The selected capacitor should have the minimum required capacitance at the operating voltage. In buck mode, the input capacitor has large pulsed currents due to the current flowing in the synchronous MOSFET N2 when the switching MOSFET N1 is off. It is very important to consider the ripple-current rating of the input capacitor in this application.  Output Capacitor Selection The function of the output capacitor is to reduce the output ripple to acceptable levels. The ESR, ESL, and bulk capacitance of the output capacitor contribute to the output ripple. In most applications, the output ESR and ESL effects can be dramatically reduced by using low-ESR ceramic capacitors. To reduce the ESL and ESR effects, connect multiple ceramic capacitors in parallel to achieve the required bulk capacitance. To minimize audible noise generated by the ceramic capacitors during PWM dimming, it may be necessary to minimize the number of ceramic capacitors on the output. In these cases, an additional electrolytic or tantalum capacitor provides most of the bulk capacitance. Boost and Buck-Boost Configurations The calculation of the output capacitance is the same for both boost and buck-boost configurations. The output ripple is caused by the ESR and bulk capacitance of the output capacitor if the ESL effect is considered negligible. For simplicity, assume that the contributions from ESR and bulk capacitance are equal, allowing 50% of the ripple for the bulk capacitance. The capacitance is given by: ILED × 2 × DMAX COUT = VOUT www.maximintegrated.com RIPPLE × fSW The remaining 50% of allowable ripple is for the ESR of the output capacitor. Based on this, the ESR of the output capacitor is given by: ESRCOUT = VOUTRIPPLE ILPK × 2 Feedback Compensation The LED current-control loop comprising the switching converter, LED current amplifier, and error amplifier should be compensated for stable control of the LED current. The switching converter small-signal transfer function has a right half-plane (RHP) zero for boost, SEPIC, and buck-boost configurations, as the inductor current is in continuous-conduction mode. The RHP zero adds a 20dB/ decade gain together with a 90° phase lag, which is difficult to compensate. The easiest way to avoid this zero is to roll off the loop gain to 0dB at a frequency less than 1/5 of the RHP zero frequency with a -20dB/decade slope. The worst-case RHP zero frequency (fZRHP) is calculated as follows: Boost configuration: fZRHP = ( VLED × 1 − DMAX 2π × L × ILED )2 Buck-boost configuration: fZRHP = (VLED + VINMIN) × (1 − DMAX)2 2π × L × ILED SEPIC configuration: f ZRHP = VLED (1 − D MAX ) 2 2π × L × ILED × D MAX The switching converter small-signal transfer function also has an output pole for both boost and buck-boost configurations. The effective output impedance that determines the output pole frequency together with the output filter capacitance is calculated as: Boost configuration: ROUT = (RLED + RCS_LED) × VLED (RLED + RCS_LED) × ILED + VLED Maxim Integrated │  19 MAX25612/MAX25612B Buck-boost configuration: ROUT = (RLED + RCS_LED) × VLED (RLED + RCS_LED) × ILED × DMAX + VLED where RLED is the dynamic impedance of the LED string at the operating current. The output pole frequency for both boost and buck-boost configurations is calculated as follows: 1 fP = 2πR OUTCOUT The feedback-loop compensation is done by connecting a resistor (RCOMP) and capacitor (CCOMP) in series from COMP to SGND. RCOMP is chosen to set the high-frequency integrator gain for fast transient response, while CCOMP is chosen to set the integrator zero to maintain loop stability. For optimum performance, choose the components using the following equations: fC = 0.2× fZRHP The value of RCOMP and CCOMP can be calculated as:   RCOMP = 2 x fZRHP x RCS_FET fC x (1 − DMAX) x RCS_LED x 5 x GM CCOMP = 25 π x fZRHP x RCOMP the CCOMP_HF capacitor will add a higher frequency pole, which helps to ensure good gain margin and stability. It is typically chosen to cancel the zero from the output capaci- Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller tor ESR, or such that the pole is at one half the switching frequency, whichever is lower. 1 fP2 = 2πR COMPCCOMP_HF A large resistor, such as 499kΩ or 1MΩ, should be added from COMP to SGND in applications where the ICTRL input is supplied by a programmed voltage source, which may be less than 0.2V. For applications in which the ICTRL is connected to a fixed voltage from a resistordivider, the COMP pulldown resistor is not needed. High-Side Buck Compensation The high-side buck configuration does not have a right halfplane zero to avoid, so in most cases a single capacitor from COMP to GND will suffice to compensate the loop. Calculate CCOMP according to the following equation: G M × A V × R CS C COMP = 2π × f C × R CS FET Where CCOMP is the compensation capacitor value in nF, GM is the GM amplifier transconductance in μA/V, AV is the LED current-sense voltage gain, and fC is the desired crossover frequency in kHz. Choose a crossover frequency that is lower than fSW/15. The output pole is set by the dynamic resistance of the LED string and the COUT capacitor f POUT = 1 2π × R DYN × C OUT If the output pole is within a decade of the crossover frequency, then it can be compensated by adding a resistor, RCOMP, in series with CCOMP. R= COMP www.maximintegrated.com LED C OUT × R DYN C COMP Maxim Integrated │  20 MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller Typical Application Circuits Boost LED Driver Using MAX25612 L1 VIN N2 CBST VCC BST IN LX CIN COUT DL RUVEN1 CSP UVEN PWMDIM C1 ISENSE+ FLT ISENSE- RCOMP CCOMP_HF ICTRL www.maximintegrated.com 100Ω COMP R1 RRT RCS_LED DIMOUT VCC R2 ROVP2 P1 DH OVP MAX25612 VCC RSC CSN PGND VCC RUVEN2 N1 RCS_FET PWMDIM ROVP1 RT SGND EP CCOMP Maxim Integrated │  21 MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller Typical Application Circuits (continued) Buck-Boost LED Driver Using MAX25612 L1 VIN N2 CBST VCC BST IN RUVEN1 LX CIN COUT DL CSP UVEN PWMDIM C1 ISENSE+ FLT ISENSE- 100Ω COMP R1 RCOMP CCOMP_HF ICTRL RRT P1 DIMOUT VCC R2 RCS_LED ROVP2 DH OVP MAX25612 VCC RSC CSN PGND VCC RUVEN2 N1 RCS_FET PWMDIM ROVP1 RT SGND EP CCOMP VIN www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  22 MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller Typical Application Circuits (continued) High-Side Buck LED Driver Using MAX25612B COUT L1 CBST VCC VIN BST IN LX CIN DL R3 CSP UVEN PWMDIM R4 ISENSE+ FLT ISENSE- P1 100Ω DIMOUT VCC COMP R1 ROVP1 RCOMP CCOMP_HF ICTRL RRT RCS_LED DH OVP MAX25612B R2 RSC CSN PGND VCC C1 N1 RCS_FET PWMDIM VCC RT VIN N2 LED- SGND EP CCOMP ROVP2 P2 LED- www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  23 MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller Typical Application Circuits (continued) SEPIC01 LED Driver Using MAX25612B L1 N2 VIN CBST BST IN RGN2 LX CIN DL R3 CSP UVEN PWMDIM R4 CSEPIC RSC RCS_FET PWMDIM CDH ROVP2 RCS_LED ISENSE+ FLT ISENSE- C1 P1 DH OVP MAX25612B 100Ω DIMOUT VCC COMP R1 RCOMP CCOMP_HF ICTRL RRT ROVP1 CSN PGND VCC R2 N1 COUT RT www.maximintegrated.com SGND EP CCOMP Maxim Integrated │  24 MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller Typical Application Circuits (continued) SEPIC02 LED Driver Using MAX25612B L2 L1 VIN N2 CBST VCC BST IN CSEPIC RGN2 LX CIN DL R3 CSP UVEN PWMDIM ISENSE+ FLT ISENSE- RCS_LED 100Ω COMP R1 RCOMP CCOMP_HF ICTRL RRT ROVP2 DIMOUT VCC R2 CDH P1 DH OVP MAX25612B C1 ROVP1 CSN PGND VCC VCC RSC RCS_FET PWMDIM R4 N1 COUT SGND RT CCOMP EP Ordering Information TEMPERATURE RANGE PIN-PACKAGE MAX25612AUP/V+ -40°C to +125°C 20-TSSOP-EP* MAX25612ATP/VY+ -40°C to +125°C 20-TQFN-EP* MAX25612BAUP/V+ -40°C to +125°C 20-TSSOP-EP* MAX25612BATP/VY+ -40°C to +125°C 20-TQFN-EP* PART +Denotes a lead (Pb)-free/RoHS-compliant package. /V denotes an automotive qualified part. Y = Side-wettable package. *EP = Exposed pad. www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  25 MAX25612/MAX25612B Automotive Synchronous High Voltage LED Controller Revision History REVISION NUMBER REVISION DATE PAGES CHANGED DESCRIPTION 0 6/19 Initial release — 1 6/19 Added future-product notation to MAX25612ATP/VY+** in Ordering Information 21 2 12/19 Updated title to add MAX25612B; updated General Description, Benefits and Features, Electrical Characteristics, Functional Diagrams, Detailed Description, Applications Information, Typical Application Circuits, and Ordering Information 1–21 3 12/19 Updated Absolute Maximum Ratings, Pin Configurations, and Applications Information; removed future-product notation from MAX25612ATP/VY+ in Ordering Information 4 1/20 Removed all remaining future-product notation in Ordering Information 2, 8, 15, 25 25 For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please visit Maxim Integrated’s online storefront at https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/storefront/storefront.html. Maxim Integrated cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim Integrated product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim Integrated reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. The parametric values (min and max limits) shown in the Electrical Characteristics table are guaranteed. Other parametric values quoted in this data sheet are provided for guidance. Maxim Integrated and the Maxim Integrated logo are trademarks of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. © 2019 Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. │  26