Features
• Incorporates the ARM7TDMI® ARM® Thumb® Processor
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– 72 MIPS at 80MHz
– EmbeddedICE™ In-circuit Emulation, Debug Communication Channel Support
Additional Embedded Memories
– One 256 Kbyte Internal ROM, Single-cycle Access at Maximum Matrix Speed
– 160 Kbytes of Internal SRAM, Single-cycle Access at Maximum Processor or
Matrix Speed (Configured in blocks of 96 KB and 64 KB with separate AHB slaves)
External Bus Interface (EBI)
– Supports SDRAM, Static Memory, NAND Flash/SmartMedia® and CompactFlash®
USB 2.0 Full Speed (12 Mbits per second) Device Port
– On-chip Transceiver, 2,432-byte Configurable Integrated DPRAM
FPGA Interface
– High Connectivity for up to 2 AHB Masters and 4 dedicated/16 muxed Slaves
10-bit Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
– Up to 8 multiplexed channels
– 440 kSample / s
Bus Matrix
– Four-layer, 32-bit Matrix
Fully-featured System Controller, including
– Reset Controller, Shut Down Controller
– Twenty 32-bit Battery Backup Registers for a Total of 80 Bytes
– Clock Generator
– Advanced Power Management Controller (APMC)
– Advanced Interrupt Controller and Debug Unit
– Periodic Interval Timer, Watchdog Timer and Real-Time Timer
Boot Mode Select Option and Remap Command
Reset Controller
– Based on Two Power-on Reset Cells, Reset Source Identification and Reset Output
Control
Shut Down Controller
– Programmable Shutdown Pin Control and Wake-up Circuitry
Clock Generator (CKGR)
– 32768Hz Low-power Oscillator on Battery Backup Power Supply, Providing a
Permanent Slow Clock
– Internal 32kHz RC oscillator for fast start-up
– 8 to 16 MHz On-chip Oscillator, 50 to 100 MHz PLL, and 80 to 240 MHz PLL
Advanced Power Management Controller (APMC)
– Very Slow Clock Operating Mode, Software Programmable Power Optimization
Capabilities
– Four Programmable External Clock Output Signals
Advanced Interrupt Controller (AIC)
– Individually Maskable, Eight-level Priority, Vectored Interrupt Sources
– Two External Interrupt Sources and one Fast Interrupt Source, Spurious interrupt
protected
Debug Unit (DBGU)
– 2-wire UART and Support for Debug Communication Channel, Programmable ICE
Access Prevention
Customizable
Microcontroller
AT91CAP7E
Preliminary
8549A–CAP–10/08
• Periodic Interval Timer (PIT)
– 20-bit interval Timer plus 12-bit interval Counter
• Watchdog Timer (WDT)
– Key-protected, Programmable Only Once, Windowed 16-bit Counter Running at Slow Clock
• Real-Time Timer (RTT)
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– 32-bit Free-running Backup Counter Running at Slow Clock with 16-bit Prescaler
Two 32-bit Parallel Input/Output Controllers (PIOA and PIOB)
– 32 Programmable I/O Lines Multiplexed with up to Two Peripheral I/Os each
– Input Change Interrupt Capability on Each I/O Line
– Individually Programmable Open-drain, Pull-up Resistor, Bus Holder and Synchronous Output
22 Peripheral DMA Controller Channels (PDC)
Two Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver Transmitters (USART)
– Individual Baud Rate Generator, IrDA® Infrared Modulation/Demodulation, Manchester Encoding/Decoding
Master/Slave Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
– 8- to 16-bit Programmable Data Length, External Peripheral Chip Select
– Synchronous Communications at up to 80Mbits/sec
One Three-channel 16-bit Timer/Counters (TC)
– Three External Clock Inputs, Two multi-purpose I/O Pins per Channel
– Double PWM Generation, Capture/Waveform Mode, Up/Down Capability
IEEE 1149.1 JTAG Boundary Scan on All Digital Pins
Required Power Supplies:
1.08V to 1.32V for VDDCORE and VDDBU
1.08V to 1.32V for VDDOSC, VDDOSC32, and VDDPLLB
3.0V to 3.6V for VDDPLLA and VDDIO
3.0V to 3.6V for AVDD (ADC)
Package Options: 144 LQFP, 176 LQFP, 208 PQFP, 144 LFBGA, 176TFBGA, 208 TFBGA, 225 LFBGA
1. Description
The AT91CAP7E semi-custom System on a Chip (SoC) is a microcontroller with a special
interface that allows logic in an external FPGA to be mapped directly onto its internal Amba
High-speed Bus (AHB). This FPGA interface includes multiple master and slave channels
providing much greater bus bandwidth for data passing between the microcontroller and an
FPGA than traditional interface methods using general purpose I/O or external memory
interfaces. The AT91CAP7E includes an ARM7TDMI core with the AHB, on-chip ROM, SRAM, a
full-featured system controller, and various general-purpose peripherals accessible via the
Amba Peripheral Bus (APB). It is implemented in a 130 nm CMOS 1.2V process and supports
3.3V I/O.
The AT91CAP7E is built upon Atmel’s AT91CAP7S customizablemicrocontroller with up to 450
Kgates of metal programmable (MP) logic. The FPGA Interface is implemented inthe MP block
and makes use of MP I/O’s available on the AT91CAP7S giving customers not only an efficient,
powerful FPGA interface on a standard microcontroller, but also an excellent platform for
emulating their own AT91CAP7S-based designs.
2
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
2. Block Diagram
JTAGSEL
TDI
TDO
TMS
TCK
NTRST
AT91CAP7E Block Diagram
ARM7TDMI
Processor
ICE
JTAG
Boundary Scan
AHB Wrapper
System Controller
PLLRCA
AIC
PIO
TST
FIQ
IRQ0-IRQ1
DRXD
DTXD
PCK0-PCK3
PDC
PLLA
PLLB
XIN
XOUT
OSC
RC OSC
OSC
Fast ROM
256K bytes
POR
VDDCORE
POR
Static
Memory
Controller
Peripheral
Bridge
GPBREG
Peripheral
DMA
Controller
SHDWC
VDDBU
GNDBU
SDRAM
Controller
6-layer AHB
Matrix
PIT
RTT
SHDN
WKUP
EBI
CompactFlash
NAND Flash
Fast SRAM
64K bytes
PMC
WDT
XIN32
XOUT32
Fast SRAM
96K bytes
DBGU
PIO
Figure 2-1.
BMS
D0-D15
A0/NBS0
A1/NBS2/NWR2
A2-A15/A18-A22
A16/BA0
A17/BA1
NCS0
NCS1/SDCS
NCS2
NCS3/NANDCS
NRD/CFOE
NWR0/NWE/CFWE
NWR1/NBS1/CFIOR
NWR3/NBS3/CFIOW
SDCK
SDCKE
RAS-CAS
SDWE
SDA10
NWAIT
A23-A24
A25/CFRNW
NCS4/CFCS0
NCS5/CFCS1
CFCE1
CFCE2
NANDOE
NANDWE
NCS6
NCS7
D16-D31
4
RSTC
4
NRST
PIOA
Slaves
Masters
APB
RXD0
TXD0
SCK0
RTS0
CTS0
USART0
RXD1
TXD1
SCK1
RTS1
CTS1
USART1
FPGA Interface
in
Metal Programmable
Block
SPI
TCLK0
TCLK1
TCLK2
TIOA0
TIOB0
TIOA1
TIOB1
TIOA2
TIOB2
PDC
Timer Counter
PIOB
PDC
TC0
TC1
TC2
ADTRG
10-Bit ADC
Transceiver
DDM
DDP
MPIO81-MPIO00
PDC
PIOPIO
NPCS00
NPCS01
NPCS02
NPCS03
MISO0
MOSI0
SPCK0
PDC
FIFO
USB Device
PDC
AD0 / MPIO82
AD1 / MPIO83
AD2 / MPIO84
AD3 / MPIO85
AD4 / MPIO86
AD5 / MPIO87
AD6 / MPIO88
AD7 / MPIO89
ADVREF
3
8549A–CAP–10/08
3. Signal Description
Table 3-1.
Signal Name
Signal Description by Peripheral
Function
Type
Active
Level
Comments
Power Supplies
VDDCORE
Core Chip Power Supply
Power
1.08V to 1.32V
VDDBU
Backup I/O Lines Power Supply
Power
1.08V to 1.32V
VDDIO
I/O Lines Power Supply
Power
3.0V to 3.6V
VDDPLLA
PLL A Power Supply
Power
3.0V to 3.6V
VDDPLLB
PLL B Power Supply
Power
1.08V to 1.32V
VDDOSC
Oscillator Power Supply
Power
1.08V to 1.32V
VDDOSC32
Oscillator Power Supply
Power
1.08V to 1.32V
AVDD
ADC Analog Power Supply
Power
3.0V to 3.6V
GND
Ground
Ground
GNDPLLA
PLL Ground A
Ground
GNDPLLB
PLL Ground B
Ground
GNDOSC
Main Oscillator Ground
Ground
GNDOSC32
32 kHz Oscillator Ground
Ground
GNDBU
Backup Ground
Ground
AGND
ADC Analog Ground
Ground
Clocks, Oscillators and PLLs
XIN
Main Oscillator Input
XOUT
Main Oscillator Output
XIN32
Slow Clock Oscillator Input
XOUT32
Slow Clock Oscillator Output
PLLRCA
PLL A Filter
PCK0 - PCK3
Programmable Clock Output
Input
Analog
Connect to an external crystal
or drive with a 1.2V nominal
square wave clock input
Output
Analog
Connect to external crystal or
leave unconnected
Input
Analog
Must connect to a 32768Hz
crystal or drive with a 1.2V,
32kHz nominal square wave
input
Output
Analog
Connect to a 32768Hz crystal
or leave unconnected
Input
Analog
Must connect to an
appropriate RC network for
proper PLL operation
Output
Clock
Analog to Digital Converter
AD0
ADC Input 0
An. Input
Analog
access via MPIO82 pin
AD1
ADC Input 1
An. Input
Analog
access via MPIO83 pin
AD2
ADC Input 2
An. Input
Analog
access via MPIO84 pin
AD3
ADC Input 3
An. Input
Analog
access via MPIO85 pin
4
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
Table 3-1.
Signal Description by Peripheral (Continued)
Type
Active
Level
Comments
ADC Input 4
An. Input
Analog
access via MPIO86 pin
AD5
ADC Input 5
An. Input
Analog
access via MPIO87 pin
AD6
ADC Input 6
An. Input
Analog
access via MPIO88 pin
AD7
ADC Input 7
An. Input
Analog
access via MPIO89 pin
Signal Name
Function
AD4
ADVREF
ADC Voltage Reference Input
An. Input
Analog
Do not leave floating - Connect
to AVDD externally or another
analog voltage reference up to
3.3V
ADTRG
ADC External Trigger
Dig. Input
High
Tie to AGND externally if
enabled and not used - access
via PIOA
High
Driven at 0V only. Do not tie
over VDDBU
Shutdown, Wake-up Logic
SHDN
Shut-Down Control
WKUP
Wake-Up Input
Output
Accept between 0V and
VDDBU.
Input
ICE and JTAG
TCK
Test Clock
Input
TDI
Test Data In
Input
TDO
Test Data Out
TMS
Test Mode Select
Input
NTRST
Test Reset Signal
Input
Low
Pull-up resistor
JTAGSEL
JTAG Selection
Input
High
Pull-down resistor
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor
Input
High
Pull-down resistor
Pull-up resistor
Output
Pull-up resistor
Reset/Test
NRST
Microcontroller Reset
TST
Chip Test Enable
BMS
Boot Mode Select
Input
Pull-up resistor
1=embedded ROM
0=EBI CS0
Debug Unit - DBGU
DRXD
Debug Receive Data
Input
access via PIOA
DTXD
Debug Transmit Data
Output
access via PIOA
Advanced Interrupt Controller - AIC
IRQ0 - IRQ1
External Interrupt Requests
Input
High
access via PIOA
FIQ
Fast Interrupt Request
Input
High
access via PIOA
PIO Controller - PIOA and PIOB
Pulled-up input at reset
PA0 - PA31
Parallel IO Controller A
I/O
5
8549A–CAP–10/08
Table 3-1.
Signal Description by Peripheral (Continued)
Signal Name
Function
Type
PB0 - PB31
Parallel IO Controller B
Active
Level
I/O
Comments
access via MPIO0 - MPIO31
External Bus Interface - EBI
D0 - D31
Data Bus
A0 - A25
Address Bus
NWAIT
External Wait Signal
Pulled-up input at reset;
access D16 - D31 via PIOA
I/O
0 at reset; access A23-A25 via
PIOA
Output
Input
Low
access via PIOA
access NCS4 - NCS7 via
PIOA
Static Memory Controller - SMC
NCS0 - NCS7
Chip Select Lines
Output
Low
NWR0 -NWR3
Write Signal
Output
Low
NRD
Read Signal
Output
Low
NWE
Write Enable
Output
Low
NBS0 - NBS3
Byte Mask Signal
Output
Low
CompactFlash Support
CFCE1 - CFCE2
CompactFlash Chip Enable
Output
Low
CFOE
CompactFlash Output Enable
Output
Low
CFWE
CompactFlash Write Enable
Output
Low
CFIOR
CompactFlash IO Read
Output
Low
CFIOW
CompactFlash IO Write
Output
Low
CFRNW
CompactFlash Read Not Write
Output
CFCS0 - CFCS1
CompactFlash Chip Select Lines
Output
Low
access via PIOA
access via PIOA
access via PIOA
NAND Flash Support
NANDCS
NAND Flash Chip Select
Output
Low
NANDOE
NAND Flash Output Enable
Output
Low
access via PIOA
NANDWE
NAND Flash Write Enable
Output
Low
access via PIOA
SDRAM Controller
SDCK
SDRAM Clock
Output
SDCKE
SDRAM Clock Enable
Output
High
SDCS
SDRAM Controller Chip Select
Output
Low
BA0 - BA1
Bank Select
Output
SDWE
SDRAM Write Enable
Output
Low
RAS - CAS
Row and Column Signal
Output
Low
SDA10
SDRAM Address 10 Line
Output
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter USART
SCKx
6
USARTx Serial Clock
I/O
access via PIOA
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
Table 3-1.
Signal Description by Peripheral (Continued)
Type
Active
Level
Signal Name
Function
Comments
TXDx
USARTx Transmit Data
I/O
access via PIOA
RXDx
USARTx Receive Data
Input
access via PIOA
RTSx
USARTx Request To Send
Output
access via PIOA
CTSx
USARTx Clear To Send
Input
access via PIOA
Input
access via PIOA
Timer/Counter - TC
TCLKx
TC Channel x External Clock Input
TIOAx
TC Channel x I/O Line A
I/O
access via PIOA
TIOBx
TC Channel x I/O Line B
I/O
access via PIOA
Serial Peripheral Interface - SPI
SPIx_MISO
Master In Slave Out
I/O
access via PIOA
SPIx_MOSI
Master Out Slave In
I/O
access via PIOA
SPIx_SPCK
SPI Serial Clock
I/O
access via PIOA
SPIx_NPCS0
SPI Peripheral Chip Select 0
I/O
Low
access via PIOA
SPIx_NPCS1 - SPIx_NPCS3
SPI Peripheral Chip Select
Output
Low
access via PIOA
USB Device Port
DDM
USB Device Port Data -
Analog
DDP
USB Device Port Data +
Analog
FPGA Interface- FPIF
FPP_IRQ_ENC0 FPP_IRQ_ENC3
FPGA Peripheral encoded interrupt
requests for FPP0 thru FPP5 and FPP8
thru FPP13
I/O
High
access via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO00 thru MPIO03
FPP6_IRQ
FPP6 Interrupt Request
I/O
High
access via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO04
FPP7_IRQ
FPP7 Interrupt Request
I/O
High
access via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO05
FPP6_TX_BFFR_EMPTY
FPP6 Transmit Buffer Empty flag
I/O
High
access via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO06
FPP6_RX_BFFR_FULL
FPP6 Receive Buffer Full flag
I/O
High
access via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO07
FPP6_CHNL_TX_END
FPP6 Channel Transmit End
I/O
High
access via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO08
FPP6_CHNL_RX_END
FPP6 Channel Receive End
I/O
High
access via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO09
FPP6_TX_RDY
FPP6 Transmit Ready
I/O
High
access via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO10
FPP6_RX_RDY
FPP6 Receive Ready
I/O
High
access via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO11
FPP6_TX_SIZE0 FPP6_TX_SIZE1
FPP6 Transfer Size
I/O
access via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO12 thru MPIO13
7
8549A–CAP–10/08
Table 3-1.
Signal Description by Peripheral (Continued)
Function
FPP6_RX_SIZE0 FPP6_RX_SIZE1
FPP6 Receive Size
I/O
FPP7_TX_BFFR_EMPTY
FPP7 Transmit Buffer Empty flag
I/O
High
access via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO16
FPP7_RX_BFFR_FULL
FPP7 Receive Buffer Full flag
I/O
High
access via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO17
FPP7_CHNL_TX_END
FPP7 Channel Transmit End
I/O
High
access via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO18
FPP7_CHNL_RX_END
FPP7 Channel Receive End
I/O
High
access via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO19
FPP7_TX_RDY
FPP7 Transmit Ready
I/O
High
access 20via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO20
FPP7_RX_RDY
FPP7 Receive Ready
I/O
High
access via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO21
FPP7_TX_SIZE0 FPP7_TX_SIZE1
FPP7 Transfer Size
I/O
access via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO22 thru MPIO23
FPP7_RX_SIZE0 FPP7_RX_SIZE1
FPP7 Receive Size
I/O
access via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO24 thru MPIO25
APB_C
APB Bridge serial control
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; access via
PIOB/ mapped to MPIO26
APB_D0 - APB_D1
APB Bridge serial data lines
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; access via
PIOB/ mapped to MPIO27 thru
MPIO28
APB_A0 - APB_A1
APB Bridge serial address lines
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; access via
PIOB/ mapped to MPIO29 thru
MPIO30
APB_START
APB Bridge serial start
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; access via
PIOB/ mapped to MPIO29 thru
MPIO31
MA_C2 - MA_C1
Master A serial control
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
MA_D0 - MA_D3
Master A serial data lines
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
MA_A0 - MA_A3
Master A serial address lines
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
MA_START
Master A serial start
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
MB_C
Master B serial control
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
MB_D0 - MB_D1
Master B serial data lines
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
MB_A0 - MB_A1
Master B serial address lines
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
8
Type
Active
Level
Signal Name
Comments
access via PIOB/ mapped to
MPIO14 thru MPIO15
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
Table 3-1.
Signal Description by Peripheral (Continued)
Type
Active
Level
Master B serial start
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SA_C2 - SA_C1
Slave A serial control - single mode
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SA_D0 - SA_D3
Slave A serial data lines
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SA_A0 - SA_A3
Slave A serial address lines
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SA_START
Slave A serial start
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SB_C
Slave B serial control
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SB_D0 - SB_D1
Slave B serial data lines
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SB_A0 - SB_A1
Slave B serial address lines
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SB_START
Slave B serial start
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SC_C2 - SC_C1
Slave C serial control - single mode
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SC_D0 - SC_D3
Slave C serial data lines
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SC_A0 - SC_A3
Slave C serial address lines
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SC_START
Slave C serial start
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SD_C
Slave D serial control
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SD_D0 - SB_D1
Slave D serial data lines
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SD_A0 - SB_A1
Slave D serial address lines
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SD_START
Slave D serial start
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SZBT_C2 - SZBT_C1
Slave ZBT RAM serial control
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SZBT_D0 - SZBT_D3
Slave ZBT RAM serial data lines
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SZBT_A0 - SZBT_A3
Slave ZBT RAM serial address lines
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
SZBT_START
Slave ZBT RAM serial start
I/O
Low
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
Signal Name
Function
MB_START
Comments
9
8549A–CAP–10/08
Table 3-1.
Signal Description by Peripheral (Continued)
Active
Level
Signal Name
Function
Type
FPIF_SCLK
FPIF Serial Clock
Input
mapped to MPIO
FPIF_SCLK_FEEDBK
FPIF Serial Clock Feedback
Output
mapped to MPIO
FPIF_RESETN
FPIF Reset
10
Input
Low
Comments
Pull-up resistor; mapped to
MPIO
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
4. Package and Pinout
The AT91CAP7E is available in a RoHS-compliant 225-ball LFBGA 13x13x1.4mm, 0.8 mm ball
pitch.
4.1
Mechanical Overview of the 225-ball LFBGA Package
Figure 4-1 shows the orientation of the 225-ball LFBGA Package. A detailed mechanical
description is given in the Mechanical Characteristics section of the product datasheet.
Figure 4-1.
225-ball LFBGA Pinout (Bottom View)
15 14 13 12 11 10 9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
M
N
P
R
4.2
225-ball LFBGA Package Pinout
Warning: This package pinout is preliminary and is subject to change.
Table 4-1.
AT91CAP7E Pinout for 225-ball LFBGA Package
Pin
Signal Name
Pin
Signal Name
Pin
Signal Name
Pin
Signal Name
A1
MPIO81
D13
MPIO01
H10
VDDC
M7
PA22
A2
PA9
D14
MPIO75
H11
D5
M8
MPIO89/AD7
A3
PA8
D15
MPIO34
H12
PA3
M9
PA14
A4
MPIO45
E1
A3
H13
PA2
M10
MPIO70
A5
MPIO25
E2
A4
H14
A9
M11
GNDPLLA
A6
PA4
E3
MPIO80
H15
A10
M12
TDO
A7
MPIO13
E4
MPIO56
J1
D7
M13
TDI
A8
MPIO23
E5
BMS
J2
D6
M14
PA28
A9
MPIO20
E6
PA10
J3
MPIO31
M15
NWR0
A10
MPIO43
E7
NCS2
J4
D8
N1
MPIO61
A11
MPIO41
E8
MPIO09
J5
DDP
N2
MPIO64
A12
MPIO40
E9
MPIO08
J6
D2
N3
VDDBU
A13
MPIO03
E10
MPIO05
J7
GND
N4
XOUT32
A14
MPIO76
E11
MPIO39
J8
GND
N5
MPIO85/AD3
A15
A18
E12
MPIO00
J9
GND
N6
AVDD
B1
A6
E13
MPIO35
J10
A12
N7
PA20
B2
MPIO49
E14
MPIO32
J11
MPIO17
N8
PA13
B3
MPIO48
E15
SDA10
J12
PA0
N9
MPIO67
11
8549A–CAP–10/08
Table 4-1.
AT91CAP7E Pinout for 225-ball LFBGA Package (Continued)
Pin
Signal Name
Pin
Signal Name
Pin
Signal Name
Pin
Signal Name
B4
MPIO46
F1
SDWE
J13
PA1
N10
NRD
B5
PA5
F2
A2
J14
MPIO19
N11
PLLRCA
B6
MPIO24
F3
MPIO55
J15
A8
N12
XIN
B7
MPIO15
F4
SDRAMCKE
K1
MPIO29
N13
VDDPLLA
B8
MPIO11
F5
MPIO53
K2
MPIO30
N14
PA29
B9
MPIO22
F6
A0
K3
MPIO60
N15
NRST
B10
MPIO44
F7
VDDIO
K4
MPIO59
P1
D4
B11
MPIO06
F8
MPIO26
K5
MPIO62
P2
D3
B12
MPIO04
F9
VDDIO
K6
WKUP
P3
SHDN
B13
MPIO37
F10
A19
K7
VDDIO
P4
TST
B14
MPIO74
F11
MPIO36
K8
VDDC
P5
MPIO82/AD0
B15
A20
F12
MPIO33
K9
VDDIO
P6
MPIO87/AD5
C1
MPIO52
F13
A14
K10
XOUT
P7
PA21
C2
NCS3
F14
A16
K11
PA25
P8
PA16
C3
MPIO50
F15
A15
K12
TMS
P9
PA11
C4
MPIO79
G1
MPIO28
K13
PA24
P10
MPIO68
C5
PA7
G2
SDRAMCLK
K14
MPIO16
P11
GNDOSC
C6
MPIO27
G3
A1
K15
MPIO18
P12
NWR1
C7
PA6
G4
D14
L1
MPIO57
P13
VDDOSC
C8
MPIO12
G5
D15
L2
MPIO58
P14
TCK
C9
MPIO21
G6
VDDC
L3
D1
P15
PA27
C10
MPIO07
G7
GND
L4
MPIO65
R1
JTAGSEL
C11
MPIO38
G8
GND
L5
VDDOSC32
R2
ADVREF
C12
MPIO78
G9
GND
L6
GNDBU
R3
MPIO84/AD2
C13
A22
G10
VDDIO
L7
MPIO86/AD4
R4
MPIO88/AD6
C14
A21
G11
RAS
L8
NCS1
R5
AGND
C15
A17
G12
N/C
L9
PA17
R6
PA23
D1
MPIO54
G13
A11
L10
GNDPLLB
R7
PA19
D2
A5
G14
CAS
L11
PA31
R8
PA15
D3
A7
G15
A13
L12
NTRST
R9
PA12
D4
NCS0
H1
D10
L13
MPIO73
R10
MPIO66
D5
MPIO51
H2
D9
L14
PA30
R11
MPIO69
D6
MPIO47
H3
D13
L15
PA18
R12
MPIO71
D7
NWR3
H4
D11
M1
DDM
R13
MPIO72
D8
MPIO14
H5
D12
M2
MPIO63
R14
VDDPLLB
D9
MPIO10
H6
VDDIO
M3
D0
R15
PA26
12
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
Table 4-1.
AT91CAP7E Pinout for 225-ball LFBGA Package (Continued)
Pin
Signal Name
Pin
Signal Name
Pin
Signal Name
D10
MPIO42
H7
GND
M4
XIN32
D11
MPIO77
H8
GND
M5
GNDOSC32
D12
MPIO02
H9
GND
M6
MPIO83/AD1
Pin
Signal Name
13
8549A–CAP–10/08
5. Power Considerations
5.1
Power Supplies
The AT91CAP7E has several types of power supply pins:
• VDDCORE pins: Power the core, including the processor, the embedded memories and the
peripherals; voltage ranges from 1.08V and 1.32V (1.2V nominal). The associated ground
pins for this supply and the VDDIO supply are the GND pins.
• VDDIO pins: Power the I/O lines; voltage ranges between 3.0V and 3.6V (3.3V nominal). The
associated ground pins for this supply and the VDDCORE supply are the GND pins.
• VDDBU pin: Powers the Slow Clock oscillator and a part of the System Controller; voltage
ranges from 1.08V and 1.32V, 1.2V nominal. The associated ground pin for this supply is the
GNDBU pin.
• VDDPLLA pin: Powers the PLLA cell; voltage ranges from 3.0V and 3.6V (3.3V nominal). The
associated ground pin for this supply is the GNDPLLA pin.
• VDDPLLB pin: Powers the PLLB cell and related internal loop filter cell; voltage ranges from
1.08V and 1.32V (1.2V nominal). The associated ground pin for this supply is the GNDPLLB
pin.
• VDDOSC pins: Powers the Main Oscillator cell; voltage ranges from 1.08V and 1.32V (1.2V
nominal). The associated ground pin for this supply is the GNDOSC pin.
• VDDOSC32 pins: Powers the 32 kHz cell; voltage ranges from 1.08V and 1.32V (1.2V
nominal). The associated ground pin for this supply is the GNDOSC32 pin.
• AVDD pin: Powers the 10-bit Analog to Digital Converter and associated cells; voltage ranges
from 3.0V and 3.6V (3.3V nominal). The associated ground pin for this supply is the AGND
pin.
5.2
Power Consumption
Note:
The following figures are preliminary figures based on prototype silicon. They are subject to
change for the production silicon.
The AT91CAP7E consumes about 600 μA of static current on VDDCORE at typical conditions
(1.2V, 25°C).
On VDDBU, the current does not exceed 30 μA at typical conditions.
For dynamic power consumption, the AT91CAP7E consumes about 0.33 mW/MHz of power or
275 μA/MHz of current on VDDCORE at typical conditions (1.2V, 25°C) and with the ARM subsystem running full-performance algorithm with on-chip memories, and no peripherals active.
14
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
6. I/O Line Considerations
6.1
JTAG Port Pins
TMS, TDI and TCK are Schmitt trigger inputs and have no pull-up resistors.
TDO and RTCK are outputs, driven at up to VDDIO, and have no pull-up resistor.
The JTAGSEL pin is used to select the JTAG boundary scan when asserted at a high level. It
integrates a permanent pull-down resistor of about 15 kΩ to GNDBU, so that it can be left unconnected for normal operations.
The NTRST signal is described in the Reset Pins paragraph. All the JTAG signals are supplied
with VDDIO.
6.2
Test Pin
The TST pin is used for manufacturing test purposes when asserted high. It integrates a permanent pull-down resistor of about 15 kΩ to GNDBU, so that it can be left unconnected for normal
operations. Driving this line at a high level leads to unpredictable results.
This pin is supplied with VDDBU.
6.3
Reset Pins
NRST is an open-drain output integrating a non-programmable pull-up resistor. It can be driven
with voltage at up to VDDIO.
NTRST is an input which allows reset of the JTAG Test Access port. It has no action on the
processor.
As the product integrates power-on reset cells, which manages the processor and the JTAG
reset, the NRST and NTRST pins can be left unconnected.
The NRST and NTRST pins both integrate a permanent pull-up resistor of 100 kΩ minimum to
VDDIO.
The NRST signal is inserted in the Boundary Scan.
6.4
PIO Controllers
All the I/O lines which are managed by a PIO Controller integrate a programmable pull-up resistor of 100 kΩ minimum. Programming of this pull-up resistor is performed independently for each
I/O line through the PIO Controllers.
After reset, all the I/O lines default as inputs with pull-up resistors enabled, except those which
are multiplexed with the External Bus Interface signals that must be enabled as Peripheral at
reset. This is explicitly indicated in the column “Reset State” of the PIO Controller multiplexing
tables.
6.5
Shut Down Logic pins
The SHDN pin is an output only, which is driven by the Shut Down Controller only at low level. It
can be tied high with an external pull-up resistor at VDDBU only.
15
8549A–CAP–10/08
7. Processor and Architecture
7.1
ARM7TDMI Processor
• RISC Processor Based on ARMv4T Von Neumann Architecture
– Runs at up to 80 MHz, providing up to 72 MIPS
• Two instruction sets
– ARM high-performance 32-bit Instruction Set
– Thumb high code density 16-bit Instruction Set
• Three-stage pipeline architecture
– Instruction Fetch (F)
– Instruction Decode (D)
– Execute (E)
7.2
Debug and Test Features
• Integrated embedded in-circuit emulator
– Two watchpoint units
– Test access port accessible through a JTAG protocol
– Debug communication channel
• Debug Unit
– Two-pin UART
– Debug communication channel interrupt handling
– Chip ID Register
• IEEE1149.1 JTAG Boundary-scan on all digital pins
7.3
Bus Matrix
• 6 Layers Matrix, handling requests from 6 masters
• Programmable Arbitration strategy
– Fixed-priority Arbitration
– Round-Robin Arbitration, either with no default master, last accessed default master
or fixed default master
• Burst Management
– Breaking with Slot Cycle Limit Support
– Undefined Burst Length Support
• One Address Decoder provided per Master
– Three different slaves may be assigned to each decoded memory area: one for
internal boot, one for external boot, one after remap
• Boot Mode Select
– Non-volatile Boot Memory can be internal or external
– Selection is made by BMS pin sampled at reset
• Remap Command
– Allows Remapping of an Internal SRAM in Place of the Boot Non-Volatile Memory
– Allows Handling of Dynamic Exception Vectors
16
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
7.3.1
Matrix Masters
The Bus Matrix of the AT91CAP7E manages four Masters, which means that each master can
perform an access concurrently with others, as long as the slave it accesses is available.
Each Master has its own decoder, which is defined specifically for each master. In order to simplify the addressing, all the masters have the same decoding. There are two independent
masters available for an external FPGA.
Table 7-1.
7.3.2
List of Bus Matrix Masters
Master 0
ARM7TDMI
Master 1
Peripheral DMA Controller
Master 2
FPGA Master A
Master 3
FPGA Master B
Matrix Slaves
The Bus Matrix of the AT91CAP7E manages nine Slaves. Each Slave has its own arbiter, thus
allowing to program a different arbitration per Slave.
There are four independent slaves available for the FPGA Interface.
Table 7-2.
7.4
List of Bus Matrix Slaves
Slave 0
Internal SRAM 96 Kbytes
Slave 1
Internal SRAM 64 Kbytes
Slave 2
Internal ROM 256 Kbytes
Slave 3
FPGA Slave A
Slave 4
FPGA Slave B
Slave 5
FPGA Slave C
Slave 6
FPGA Slave D
Slave 7
Unavailable
Slave 8
External Bus Interface
Slave 9
Peripheral Bridge
Peripheral DMA Controller
• Acting as one Matrix Master
• Allows data transfers from/to peripheral to/from any memory space without any intervention
of the processor.
• Next Pointer Support, forbids strong real-time constraints on buffer management.
• 9 channels
– Two for each USART
– Two for the Debug Unit
– Two for each Serial Peripheral Interface
– One for the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
– Two for peripherals implemented through the FPGA Interface
17
8549A–CAP–10/08
8. Memories
8.1
Embedded Memories
• 256 Kbyte Fast ROM
– Single Cycle Access at full matrix speed
• 96 Kbyte Fast SRAM
– Single Cycle Access at full matrix speed
• 64 Kbyte Fast SRAM
– Single Cycle Access at full matrix speed
8.2
Memory Mapping
A first level of address decoding is performed by the Bus Matrix, i.e., the implementation of the
Advanced High performance Bus (AHB) for its Master and Slave interfaces with additional
features.
Decoding breaks up the 4G bytes of address space into 16 banks of 256M bytes. The banks 1 to
9 are directed to the EBI that associates these banks to the external chip selects NCS0 to
NCS7. The bank 0 is reserved for the addressing of the internal memories, and a second level of
decoding provides 1M byte of internal memory area. The bank 15 is reserved for the peripherals
and provides access to the Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB).
Other areas are unused and performing an access within them provides an abort to the master
requesting such an access.
Figure 8-1.
AT91CAP7E Product Memory Mapping
256M Bytes
0x0000 0000
Internal Memories
0x0FFF FFFF
8 x 256M Bytes
2,048M bytes
0x1000 0000
0x8FFF FFFF
External Bus Interface
Chip Select 0 to 7
0x9000 0000
Undefined
(Abort)
6 x 256M Bytes
1,536M Bytes
0xEFFF FFFF
256M Bytes
0xF000 0000
Internal Peripherals
0xFFFF FFFF
Each Master has its own bus and its own decoder, thus allowing a different memory mapping
per Master. However, in order to simplify the mappings, all the masters have a similar address
decoding.
Regarding Master 0 (ARM7TDMI), two different Slaves are assigned to the memory space
decoded at address 0x0: one for internal boot and one for external boot.
18
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
8.3
Internal Memory Mapping
8.3.1
Internal 160-kBytes Fast SRAM
The AT91CAP7E embeds 160-Kbytes of high-speed SRAM configured in blocks of 96 KB and
64KB. When accessed from the AHB, each SRAM block is independently single cycle accessible at full matrix speed (MCK).
8.3.2
Boot Memory
The AT91CAP7E Matrix manages a boot memory which depends on the level on the pin BMS at
reset. The internal memory area mapped between address 0x0 and 0x000F FFFF is reserved at
this effect.
If BMS is detected at logic 0, the boot memory is the memory connected on the Chip Select 0 of
the External Bus Interface. The default configuration for the Static Memory Controller, byte
select mode, 16-Bit data bus, Read/Write controlled by Chip Select, allows to boot on 16Bit nonvolatile memory.
If BMS is detected at logic 1, the boot memory is the embedded ROM.
8.4
Boot Program
The internal 256 KB ROM is metal-programmable and each AT91CAP7E customer may develop
their own boot program using their own code or a combination of their own code and routines
available from Atmel.
8.5
External Memories Mapping
The external memories are accessed through the External Bus Interface. Each Chip Select line
has a 256-MByte memory area assigned.
Figure 8-2.
AT91CAP7E External Memory Mapping
0x1000 0000
256M Bytes
Bank 0
EBI_NCS0
Bank 1
EBI_NCS1 or
EBI_SDCS
Bank 2
EBI_NCS2
Bank 3
EBI_NCS3
SmartMedia or
NAND Flash EBI
Bank 4
EBI_NCS4
CompactFlash EBI
Slot 0
Bank 5
EBI_NCS5
CompactFlash EBI
Slot 1
Bank 6
EBI_NCS6
Bank 7
EBI_NCS7
0x1FFF FFFF
0x2000 0000
256M Bytes
0x2FFF FFFF
0x3000 0000
256M Bytes
0x3FFF FFFF
0x4000 0000
256M Bytes
0x4FFF FFFF
0x5000 0000
256M Bytes
0x5FFF FFFF
0x6000 0000
256M Bytes
0x6FFF FFFF
0x7000 0000
256M Bytes
0x7FFF FFFF
0x8000 0000
256M Bytes
0x8FFF FFFF
8.6
External Bus Interface
• Optimized for Application Memory Space support
19
8549A–CAP–10/08
• Integrates two External Memory Controllers:
– Static Memory Controller
– SDRAM Controller
• Additional logic for NANDFlash and CompactFlashTM
• Optional Full 32-bit External Data Bus
• Up to 26-bit Address Bus (up to 64MBytes linear per chip select)
• Up to 6 chips selects, Configurable Assignment:
– Static Memory Controller on NCS0
– SDRAM Controller or Static Memory Controller on NCS1
– Static Memory Controller on NCS2
– Static Memory Controller on NCS3, Optional NAND Flash support
– Static Memory Controller on NCS4 - NCS5, Optional CompactFlashM support
8.6.1
Static Memory Controller
• 8-, 16- or 32-bit Data Bus
• Multiple Access Modes supported
– Byte Write or Byte Select Lines
– Asynchronous read in Page Mode supported (4- up to 32-byte page size)
• Multiple device adaptability
– Compliant with LCD Module
– Control signals programmable setup, pulse and hold time for each Memory Bank
• Multiple Wait State Management
– Programmable Wait State Generation
– External Wait Request
– Programmable Data Float Time
• Slow Clock mode supported
8.6.2
SDRAM Controller
• Supported devices:
– Standard and Low Power SDRAM (Mobile SDRAM)
• Numerous configurations supported
– 2K, 4K, 8K Row Address Memory Parts
– SDRAM with two or four Internal Banks
– SDRAM with 16- or 32-bit Data Path
• Programming facilities
– Word, half-word, byte access
– Automatic page break when Memory Boundary has been reached
– Multi-bank Ping-pong Access
– Timing parameters specified by software
– Automatic refresh operation, refresh rate is programmable
• Energy-saving capabilities
20
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
– Self-refresh, power down and deep power down modes supported
• Error detection
– Refresh Error Interrupt
• SDRAM Power-up Initialization by software
• CAS Latency of 1, 2 and 3 supported
• Auto Precharge Command not used
21
8549A–CAP–10/08
9. System Controller
The System Controller is a set of peripherals, which allow handling of key elements of the system, such as power, resets, clocks, time, interrupts, watchdog, etc.
The System Controller User Interface also includes control registers for configuring the AHB
Matrix and the chip configuration. The chip configuration registers allow setting the EBI chip
select assignment for external memories.
22
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
9.1
System Controller Block Diagram
Figure 9-1.
AT91CAP7E System Controller Block Diagram
System Controller
VDDCORE Powered
irq0-irq1
q
nirq
n q
Advanced
Interrupt
Controller
periph_irq[2..29]
pit_irq
rtt0_irq
rtt1_irq
wdt_irq
dbgu_irq
pmc_irq
rstc_irq
MCK
periph_nreset
int
ntrst
por_ntrst
PCK
dbgu_txd
dbgu_rxd
MCK
debug
periph_nreset
proc_nreset
dbgu_irq
Debug
Unit
debug
Periodic
Interval
Timer
pit_irq
Watchdog
Timer
wdt_irq
jtag_nreset
SLCK
debug
idle
proc_nreset
ARM7TDMI
Boundary Scan
TAP Controller
MCK
wdt_fault
WDRPROC
NRST
periph_nreset
Bus Matrix
rstc_irq
por_ntrst
jtag_nreset
VDDCORE
POR
VDDCORE
Reset
Controller
periph_nreset
proc_nreset
backup_nreset
UDPCK
battery_save
VDDBU
VDDBU
POR
VDDBU Powered
SLCK
periph_clk[24]
periph_nreset
SLCK
backup_nreset
Real-Time
Timer 0
SLCK
backup_nreset
Real-Time
Timer 1
rtt0_irq
USB
Device
Port
periph_irq[24]
rtt0_alarm
rtt1_irq
rtt1_alarm
SLCK
SHDN
Shut-Down
Controller
WKUP
Voltage
Controller
battery_save
backup_nreset
XIN32
XOUT32
SLOW
CLOCK
OSC
periph_clk[11..29]
periph_nreset
periph_irq[11..29]
rtt0_alarm
rtt1_alarm
20 General-Purpose
Backup Registers
MAINCK
FPGA Interface
SLCK
SLCK
periph_clk[2..29]
pck[0-3]
int
XIN
MAIN
OSC
MAINCK
XOUT
PLLRCA
PLLA
PLLACK
PLLB
PLLBCK
Power
Management
Controller
PCK
OTGCK
UDPCK
UHPCK
PLLACK
PLLBCK
MCK
PCK
UDPCK
UHPCK
MCK
pmc_irq
periph_nreset
periph_clk[4..10]
idle
periph_nreset
periph_nreset
periph_clk[2..3]
dbgu_rxd
PA0-PA31
PB0-PB31
PIO
Controllers
periph_irq[2..3]
irq0-irq1
q
dbgu_txd
periph_irq[4..10]
Embedded
Peripherals
in
out
enable
23
8549A–CAP–10/08
9.2
System Controller Mapping
The System Controller’s peripherals are all mapped within the highest 16K bytes of address
space, between addresses 0xFFFF C000 and 0xFFFF FFFF.
However, all the registers of System Controller are mapped on the top of the address space.
This allows addressing all the registers of the System Controller from a single pointer by using
the standard ARM instruction set since the Load/Store instructions have an indexing mode of +/4kbytes. Figure 9-2 shows where the User Interfaces for the System Controller peripherals fit
into the memory map (relative to bus matrix and EBI (SMC, SDRAMC).
Figure 9-2.
System Controller Mapping
Peripheral Name
Size
SDRAM Controller
512 bytes/128 words
Static Memory Controller
512 bytes/128 words
Matrix
512 bytes/128 words
Advanced Interrupt Controller
512 bytes/128 words
DBGU
Debug Unit
512 bytes/128 words
PIOA
Parallel I/O Controller A
512 bytes/128 words
Parallel I/O Controller B
512 bytes/128 words
0xFFFF C000
Reserved
0xFFFF E9FF
0xFFFF EA00
SDRAMC
0xFFFF EBFF
0xFFFF EC00
SMC
0xFFFF EDFF
0xFFFF EE00
MATRIX
0xFFFF EFFF
0xFFFF F000
AIC
0xFFFF F1FF
0xFFFF F200
0xFFFF F3FF
0xFFFF F400
0xFFFF F5FF
0xFFFF F600
PIOB
0xFFFF F7FF
0xFFFF F800
Reserved
Reserved
0xFFFF FBFF
0xFFFF FC00
PMC
Power Management Controller
512 bytes/128 words
0xFFFF FCFF
0xFFFF FD00
RSTC
Reset Controller
16 bytes/4 words
0xFFFF FD10
SHDC
Shut-Down Controller
16 bytes/4 words
0xFFFF FD20
RTT0
Real-Time Timer 0
16 bytes/4 words
0xFFFF FD30
PIT
Periodic Interval Timer
16 bytes/4 words
Watchdog Timer
16 bytes/4 words
Oscillator Mode Register
2 bytes/1 words
(3words reserved)
80 bytes/20 words
0xFFFF FD40
WDT
0xFFFF FD50
OSCMR
0xFFFF FD60
GPBR
General-Purpose Backup Registers
0xFFFF FDB0
Reserved
Reserved
0xFFFF FFFF
24
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
9.3
Reset Controller
• Based on two Power-on-Reset cells
– one on VDDBU and one on VDDCORE
• Status of the last reset
– Either general reset (VDDBU rising), wake-up reset (VDDCORE rising), software
reset, user reset or watchdog reset
• Controls the internal resets and the NRST pin output
– Allows shaping a reset signal for the external devices
9.4
Shut Down Controller
• Shut-Down and Wake-Up logic
– Software programmable assertion of the SHDN open-drain pin
– De-assertion Programmable on a WKUP pin level change or on alarm
9.5
Clock Generator
• Embeds the Low Power, fast start-up 32kHz RC Oscillator
– Provides the default Slow Clock SLCK to the system
– The SLCK is required for AT91CAP7E to start-up because it is the default clock for
the ARM7TDMI at power-up.
• Embeds the Low Power 32768Hz Slow Clock Oscillator
– Requires an external 32768Hz crystal
– Optional Slow Clock SLCK source when a real-time timebase is required
• Embeds the Main Oscillator
– Requires an external crystal. For systems using the USB features, 12MHz is
recommended.
– Oscillator bypass feature
– Supports 8 to 16MHz crystals. Recommend 12 MHz crystal if using the USB
features of AT91CAP7E.
– Generates input reference clock for the two PLLs.
• Embeds PLLA primarily for generating processor and master clocks. For full-speed operation
on the ARM7TDMI processor, this PLL should be programmed to generate a 160 MHz clock
that must then be divided in half to generate the 80 MHz PCK and related clocks.
– PLLA outputs an 80 to 240MHz clock
– Requires an external RC filter network
– PLLA has a 1MHz minimum input frequency
– Integrates an input divider to increase output accuracy
• Embeds PLLB primarily for generating a 96 MHz clock that is divided down to generate the
USB related clocks.
– PLLB uses an internal low-pass filter (LPF) and can output a 50 to 100 MHz clock
– PLLB and its internal low-pass filter (LPF) are tuned especially for generating a 96
MHz clock with a 12 MHz input frequency
– 12 MHz minimum input frequency
25
8549A–CAP–10/08
– Integrates an input divider to increase output accuracy
Figure 9-3.
Clock Generator Block Diagram
Clock Generator
XIN32
XOUT32
XIN
Slow Clock
Oscillators
Slow Clock
SLCK
RC & XTAL
Main
Oscillator
Main Clock
MAINCK
PLL and
Divider A
PLLA Clock
PLLACK
PLL and
Divider B
PLLB Clock
PLLBCK
XOUT
PLLRCA
LPF
Status
Control
Power
Management
Controller
9.6
Power Management Controller
• The Power Management Controller provides the following clocks as shown in Figure 7 below:
– the Processor Clock PCK
– the Master Clock MCK, in particular to the Matrix and the memory interfaces
– the USB Device Clock UDPCK
– independent peripheral clocks (periph_clk), typically at the frequency of MCK
– four programmable clock outputs: PCK0 to PCK3
• Five flexible operating modes:
– Normal Mode, processor and peripherals running at a programmable frequency
– Idle Mode, processor stopped waiting for an interrupt
– Slow Clock Mode, processor and peripherals running at low frequency
– Standby Mode, mix of Idle and Backup Mode, peripheral running at low frequency,
processor stopped waiting for an interrupt
– Backup Mode, Main Power Supplies off, VDDBU powered by a battery
26
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
Figure 9-4.
AT91CAP7E Power Management Controller Block Diagram
Processor
Clock
Controller
int
Master Clock Controller
SLCK
MAINCK
PLLACK
PLLBCK
PCK
Idle Mode
Prescaler
/1,/2,/4,...,/64
MCK
Peripherals
Clock Controller
periph_clk[..]
ON/OFF
Programmable Clock Controller
SLCK
MAINCK
PLLACK
PLLBCK
ON/OFF
Prescaler
/1,/2,/4,...,/64
pck[..]
USB Clock Controller
ON/OFF
PLLBCK
Divider
/1,/2,/4
ON/OFF
UDPCK
UHPCK
9.7
Periodic Interval Timer
• Includes a 20-bit Periodic Counter, with less than 1μs accuracy
• Includes a 12-bit Interval Overlay Counter
• Real Time OS or Linux/WinCE compliant tick generator
9.8
Watchdog Timer
• 16-bit key-protected only-once-Programmable Counter
• Windowed, prevents the processor to be in a dead-lock on the watchdog access
9.9
Real-Time Timer
• One Real-Time Timer, allowing backup of time
– 32-bit Free-running, back-up Counter
– Integrates a 16-bit programmable prescaler running on the embedded 32.768Hz
oscillator
– Alarm Register capable to generate a wake-up of the system through the Shut Down
Controller
27
8549A–CAP–10/08
9.10
General-Purpose Backed-up Registers
• Twenty 32-bit backup general-purpose registers
9.11
Backup Power Switch
• Automatic switch of VDDBU to VDDCORE guaranteeing very low power consumption on
VDDBU while VDDCORE is present
9.12
Advanced Interrupt Controller
• Controls the interrupt lines (nIRQ and nFIQ) of the ARM Processor
• Thirty-two individually maskable and vectored interrupt sources
– Source 0 is reserved for the Fast Interrupt Input (FIQ)
– Source 1 is reserved for system peripherals (PIT, RTT, PMC, DBGU, etc.)
– Programmable Edge-triggered or Level-sensitive Internal Sources
– Programmable Positive/Negative Edge-triggered or High/Low Level-sensitive
• Two External Sources plus the Fast Interrupt signal
• 8-level Priority Controller
– Drives the Normal Interrupt of the processor
– Handles priority of the interrupt sources 1 to 31
– Higher priority interrupts can be served during service of lower priority interrupt
• Vectoring
– Optimizes Interrupt Service Routine Branch and Execution
– One 32-bit Vector Register per interrupt source
– Interrupt Vector Register reads the corresponding current Interrupt Vector
• Protect Mode
– Easy debugging by preventing automatic operations when protect models are
enabled
• Fast Forcing
– Permits redirecting any normal interrupt source on the Fast Interrupt of the
processor
9.13
Debug Unit
• Composed of two functions
– Two-pin UART
– Debug Communication Channel (DCC) support
• Two-pin UART
– Implemented features are 100% compatible with the standard Atmel USART
– Independent receiver and transmitter with a common programmable Baud Rate
Generator
– Even, Odd, Mark or Space Parity Generation
– Parity, Framing and Overrun Error Detection
– Automatic Echo, Local Loopback and Remote Loopback Channel Modes
– Support for two PDC channels with connection to receiver and transmitter
28
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
• Debug Communication Channel Support
– Offers visibility of and interrupt trigger from COMMRX and COMMTX signals from
the ARM Processor’s ICE Interface
9.14
Chip Identification
• Chip ID: 83770904 (0x1000 0011 0111 0111 0000 1001 0000 0100). This value is stored in
the Chip ID Register (DBGU_CIDR) in the Debug Unit. The last 5 bits of the register are
reserved for a chip version number.
• JTAG ID: unique for each CAP7 personalization.
9.15
PIO Controllers
• Two PIO Controllers (PIOA and PIOB) included.
• Each PIO Controller controls up to 32 programmable I/O Lines
– PIOA controls 32 I/O Lines (PA0 - PA31)
– PIOB can control up to 32 of the MPIO Lines
• Fully programmable through Set/Clear Registers
• For each I/O Line (whether assigned to a peripheral or used as general purpose I/O)
– Input change interrupt
– Glitch filter
– Multi-drive option enables driving in open drain
– Programmable pull up on each I/O line
– Pin data status register, supplies visibility of the level on the pin at any time
• Synchronous output, provides Set and Clear of several I/O lines in a single write
• PIOA has multiplexing of two peripheral functions per I/O Line (see section 10.4.1 ”PIO
Controller A Multiplexing” on page 36)
• PIOB multiplexing is controlled by the FPGA Interface (see section 11.4.2 ”PIO Controller B
Multiplexing” on page 47)
29
8549A–CAP–10/08
9.16
User Interface
9.16.1
Special System Controller Register Mapping
Table 9-1.
Offset
Special System Controller Registers
Register
Name
Access
Reset Value
0x50
Oscillator Mode Register
SYSC_OSCMR
Read/Write
0x1
0x60
General Purpose Backup Register 1
SYSC_GPBR1
Read/Write
0x0
---
---
---
SYSC_GPBR20
Read/Write
0x0
---
---
0xAC
General Purpose Backup Register 20
9.16.2
Oscillator Mode Register
Register Name:
SYSC_OSCMR
Access Type:
Read/Write
Reset Value:
0x00000001
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
–
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
–
10
–
9
–
8
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
–
–
–
–
OSC32K_SEL
–
1
OSC32K_XT
_ EN
0
OSC32K_RC
_ EN
• OSC32K_RC_EN: Enable internal RC oscillator
0: No effect.
1: Enables the internal RC oscillator [enabled out of reset indicating system starts off of RC]
• OSC32K_XT_EN: Enable external crystal oscillator
0: No effect.
1: Enables the external crystal oscillator
• OSC32K_SEL: Slow clock source select
0: Selects internal RC as source of slow clock
1: Selects external crystal and source of slow
NOTE: After setting OSC32K_XT_EN bit, wait till 1.2s of on chip slow clock timing before setting OSC32K_SEL bit.
30
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
9.16.3
General Purpose Backup Register
Register Name:
SYSC_GPBRx
Access Type:
Reset Value:
31
Read/Write
0x0
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
19
18
17
16
11
10
9
8
3
2
1
0
GPBRx
23
22
21
20
GPBRx
15
14
13
12
GPBRx
7
6
5
4
GPBRx
• GPBRx: General Purpose Backup Register
These are user programmable registers that are powered by the backup power supply (VDDBU).
31
8549A–CAP–10/08
10. Peripherals
10.1
Peripheral Mapping
Both the standard peripherals and any APB peripherals implemented in the MPBlock are
mapped in the upper 256M bytes of the address space between the addresses 0xFFFA 0000
and 0xFFFE FFFF. Each User Peripheral is allocated 16K bytes of address space as shown
below in Figure 10-1.
32
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
Figure 10-1. AT91CAP7E Peripheral Mapping
Peripheral Name
0xFFFA 0000
TC0, TC1, TC2
Size
Timer/Counter 0, 1 and 2
16K Bytes
UDP
USB Device Port
16K Bytes
ADC
Analog to Digital Converter
16K Bytes
SPI0
Serial Peripheral Interface 0
16K Bytes
USART0
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous
Receiver Transmitter 0
16K Bytes
USART1
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous
Receiver Transmitter 1
16K Bytes
FPP0
FPGA Peripheral 0
16K Bytes
FPP1
FPGA Peripheral 1
16K Bytes
FPP2
FPGA Peripheral 2
16K Bytes
FPP3
FPGA Peripheral 3
16K Bytes
FPP4
FPGA Peripheral 4
16K Bytes
FPP5
FPGA Peripheral 5
16K Bytes
FPP6
FPGA Peripheral 6
16K Bytes
FPP7
FPGA Peripheral 7
16K Bytes
FPP8
FPGA Peripheral 8
16K Bytes
FPP9
FPGA Peripheral 9
16K Bytes
FPP10
FPGA Peripheral 10
16K Bytes
FPP11
FPGA Peripheral 11
16K Bytes
FPP12
FPGA Peripheral 12
16K Bytes
FPP13
FPGA Peripheral 13
16K Bytes
0xFFFA 3FFF
0xFFFA 4000
0xFFFA 7FFF
0xFFFA 8000
0xFFFA BFFF
0xFFFA C000
0xFFFA FFFF
0xFFFB 0000
0xFFFB 3FFF
0xFFFB 4000
0xFFFB 7FFF
0xFFFB 8000
0xFFFB BFFF
0xFFFB C000
0xFFFB FFFF
0xFFFC 0000
0xFFFC 3FFF
0xFFFC 4000
0xFFFC 7FFF
0xFFFC 8000
0xFFFC BFFF
0xFFFC C000
0xFFFC FFFF
0xFFFD 0000
0xFFFD 3FFF
0xFFFD 4000
0xFFFD 7FFF
0xFFFD 8000
0xFFFD BFFF
0xFFFD C000
0xFFFD FFFF
0xFFFE 0000
0xFFFE 3FFF
0xFFFE 4000
0xFFFE 7FFF
0xFFFE 8000
0xFFFE BFFF
0xFFFE C000
0xFFFE FFFF
33
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10.2
Peripheral Identifiers
The AT91CAP7E embeds some of the most common peripherals. Additional peripherals can be
readily implemented in the external FPGA by the customer, and mapped direcly on the APB.
The table below defines the Peripheral Identifiers of the AT91CAP7E. A peripheral identifier is
required for the control of the peripheral interrupt with the Advanced Interrupt Controller and for
the control of the peripheral clock with the Power Management Controller.
Table 10-1.
34
AT91CAP7E Peripheral Identifiers
Peripheral ID
Peripheral Mnemonic
Peripheral Name
0
AIC
1
SYSC
System Controller
2
PIOA
Parallel I/O Controller A
3
PIOB
Parallel I/O Controller B
4
US0
USART 0
5
US1
USART 1
6
SPI0
Serial Peripheral Interface 0
7
TC0
Timer/Counter 0
8
TC1
Timer/Counter 1
9
TC2
Timer/Counter 2
10
UDP
USB Device Port
11
ADC
Analog to Digital Converter
12
FPP0
FPGA Peripheral 0
13
FPP1
FPGA Peripheral 1
14
FPP2
FPGA Peripheral 2
15
FPP3
FPGA Peripheral 3
16
FPP4
FPGA Peripheral 4
17
FPP5
FPGA Peripheral 5
18
FPP6
FPGA Peripheral 6
19
FPP7
FPGA Peripheral 7
20
FPP8
FPGA Peripheral 8
21
FPP9
FPGA Peripheral 9
22
FPP10
FPGA Peripheral 10
23
FPP11
FPGA Peripheral 11
24
FPP12
FPGA Peripheral 12
25
FPP13
FPGA Peripheral 13
26
FPMA
FPGA Master A
27
FPMB
FPGA Master B
28
N/A
Advanced Interrupt Controller
External Interrupt
FIQ
Not Available
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
Table 10-1.
AT91CAP7E Peripheral Identifiers (Continued)
Peripheral ID
Peripheral Mnemonic
29
N/A
Not Available
30
AIC
Advanced Interrupt Controller
IRQ0
31
AIC
Advanced Interrupt Controller
IRQ1
10.3
10.3.1
Peripheral Name
External Interrupt
Peripheral Interrupts and Clock Control
System Interrupt
The System Interrupt in Source 1 is the wired-OR of the interrupt signals coming from:
• the SDRAM Controller
• the Debug Unit
• the Periodic Interval Timer
• the Real-Time Timer
• the Watchdog Timer
• the Reset Controller
• the Power Management Controller
The clock of these peripherals cannot be deactivated and Peripheral ID 1 can only be used
within the Advanced Interrupt Controller.
10.3.2
External Interrupts
All external interrupt signals, i.e., the Fast Interrupt signal FIQ or the Interrupt signals IRQ0 to
IRQ1, use a dedicated Peripheral ID. However, there is no clock control associated with these
peripheral IDs.
10.3.3
Timer Counter Interrupts
The three Timer Counter channels interrupt signals are OR-wired together to provide the interrupt source 7 of the Advanced Interrupt Controller. This forces the programmer to read all Timer
Counter status registers before branching the right Interrupt Service Routine.
The Timer Counter channels clocks cannot be deactivated independently. Switching off the
clock of the Peripheral 7 disables the clock of the 3 channels.
10.4
Peripherals Signals Multiplexing on I/O Lines
The AT91CAP7E features two PIO controllers, PIOA which multiplexes the I/O lines of the standard peripheral set and PIOB which multiplexes the FPGA Interface through MPIO.
Each PIO Controller controls up to 32 lines. On PIOA, each line can be assigned to one of two
peripheral functions, A or B. The multiplexing table in the following paragraph define how the I/O
lines of the peripherals A and B are multiplexed on PIOA.
The column “Reset State” indicates whether the PIO Line resets in I/O mode or in peripheral
mode. If I/O is listed, the PIO Line resets in input mode with the pull-up enabled, so that the
device is maintained in a static state as soon as the reset is released. As a result, the bit corresponding to the PIO Line in the register PIO_PSR (Peripheral Status Register) resets low.
35
8549A–CAP–10/08
If a signal name is listed in the “Reset State” column, the PIO Line is assigned to this function
and the corresponding bit in PIO_PSR resets high. This is the case of pins controlling memories,
in particular the address lines, which require the pin to be driven as soon as the reset is
released. Note that the pull-up resistor is also enabled in this case.
10.4.1
PIO Controller A Multiplexing
Table 10-2.
Multiplexing on PIO Controller A
PIO Controller A
36
I/O Line
Peripheral A
Peripheral B
PA0
FIQ
DBG_DRXD
PA1
NWAIT
DBG_DTXD
PA2
NCS4/CFCS0
USART0_SCK0
PA3
CFCE1
USART0_RTS0
PA4
A25/CFRNW
USART0_CTS0
PA5
NANDOE
USART0_TXD0
PA6
NANDWE
USART0_RXD0
PA7
NCS6
SPI_MISO
PA8
NCS7
SPI_MOSI
PA9
ADCTRIG
SPI_SPCK
PA10
IRQ0
SPI_NPCS0
PA11
IRQ1
SPI_NPCS1
PA12
NCS5/CFCS1
SPI_NPCS2
PA13
CFCE2
SPI_NPCS3
PA14
A23
APMC_PCK0
PA15
A24
APMC_PCK1
PA16
D16
APMC_PCK2
PA17
D17
APMC_PCK3
PA18
D18
USART1_SCK1
PA19
D19
USART1_RTS1
PA20
D20
USART1_CTS1
PA21
D21
USART1_TXD1
PA22
D22
USART1_RXD1
PA23
D23
TIMER0_TCLK0
PA24
D24
TIMER1_TCLK1
PA25
D25
TIMER2_TCLK2
PA26
D26
TIMER0_TIOA0
PA27
D27
TIMER0_TIOB0
PA28
D28
TIMER1_TIOA1
Reset State
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
Table 10-2.
Multiplexing on PIO Controller A
PIO Controller A
10.4.2
I/O Line
Peripheral A
Peripheral B
PA29
D29
TIMER1_TIOB1
PA30
D30
TIMER2_TIOA2
PA31
D31
TIMER2_TIOB2
Reset State
PIO Controller B Multiplexing
• The PIOB Port is part of the FPGA Interface, and its multiplexing is determined by that
interface (see section 11.4.2 ”PIO Controller B Multiplexing” on page 47).
10.4.3
10.4.3.1
Resource Multiplexing
EBI
If not required, the NWAIT function (external wait request) can be deactivated by soft-ware
allowing this pin to be used as a PIO. Use of the NWAIT function prevents use of the Debug
Unit.
10.4.3.2
32-bit Data Bus
Using a 32-bit Data Bus prevents:
• using the three Timer Counter channels’ outputs and trigger inputs
• using the USART1
• using two of the clock outputs (APMC_PCK2 and APMC_PCK3)
10.4.3.3
NAND Flash Interface
Using the NAND Flash interface prevents using the NCS3 and USART0.
10.4.3.4
Compact Flash Interface
Using the CompactFlash interface prevents using the USART0.
10.4.3.5
SPI
Using the SPI prevents use of NCS6, NCS7, and the ADC external trigger.
10.4.3.6
USARTs
Using the USART0 prevents use of CompactFlash or NAND Flash.
Using the USART1 prevents using a full 32-bit bus for the EBI.
10.4.3.7
Clock Outputs
Using the clock outputs prevents use of either higher EBI address bits or a full 32-bit data bus
(see table 10-2).
10.4.3.8
Interrupt Lines
Using FIQ prevents using the Debug Unit.
Using IRQ0 prevents the use of SPI_NPCS0.
Using IRQ1 prevents the use of SPI_NPCS1.
37
8549A–CAP–10/08
10.5
10.5.1
Embedded Peripherals Overview
Serial Peripheral Interface
• Supports communication with serial external devices
– Four chip selects with external decoder support allow communication with up to 15
peripherals
– Serial memories, such as DataFlash and 3-wire EEPROMs
– Serial peripherals, such as ADCs, DACs, LCD Controllers, CAN Controllers and
Sensors
– External co-processors
• Master or slave serial peripheral bus interface
– 8- to 16-bit programmable data length per chip select
– Programmable phase and polarity per chip select
– Programmable transfer delays between consecutive transfers and between clock
and data per chip select
– Programmable delay between consecutive transfers
– Selectable mode fault detection
• Very fast transfers supported
– Transfers with baud rates up to MCK
– The chip select line may be left active to speed up transfers on the same device
10.5.2
USART
• Programmable Baud Rate Generator
• 5- to 9-bit full-duplex synchronous or asynchronous serial communications
– 1, 1.5 or 2 stop bits in Asynchronous Mode or 1 or 2 stop bits in Synchronous Mode
– Parity generation and error detection
– Framing error detection, overrun error detection
– MSB-first or LSB-first
– Optional break generation and detection
– By 8 or by-16 over-sampling receiver frequency
– Hardware handshaking RTS-CTS
– Receiver time-out and transmitter time-guard
– Optional Multi-drop Mode with address generation and detection
– Optional Manchester Encoding
• RS485 with driver control signal
• ISO7816, T = 0 or T = 1 Protocols for interfacing with smart cards
– NACK handling, error counter with repetition and iteration limit
• IrDA modulation and demodulation
– Communication at up to 115.2 Kbps
• Test Modes
– Remote Loopback, Local Loopback, Automatic Echo
38
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
10.5.3
Timer Counter
• Three 16-bit Timer Counter Channels
• Wide range of functions including:
– Frequency Measurement
– Event Counting
– Interval Measurement
– Pulse Generation
– Delay Timing
– Pulse Width Modulation
– Up/down Capabilities
• Each channel is user-configurable and contains:
– Three external clock inputs
– Five internal clock inputs
– Two multi-purpose input/output signals
• Two global registers that act on all three TC Channels
10.5.4
USB Device Port
• USB V2.0 full-speed compliant, 12 MBits per second
• Embedded USB V2.0 full-speed transceiver
• Embedded 2,432-byte dual-port RAM for endpoints
• Suspend/Resume logic
• Ping-pong mode (two memory banks) for isochronous and bulk endpoints
• Six general-purpose endpoints
– Endpoint 0 and 3: 64 bytes, no ping-pong mode
– Endpoint 1 and 2: 64 bytes, ping-pong mode
– Endpoint 4 and 5: 512 bytes, ping-pong mode
10.5.5
Analog to Digital Converter
• 10-bit Successive Approximation Register (SAR) ADC based on thermometric-resistive
• Up to 440 kSamples/sec.
• Up to 8 independent analog input channels
• Low active power: < 2 mW
• Low power stand-by mode
• External voltage reference of 2.6V to analog supply for better accuracy
• + 2LSB Integral Non-Linearity (INL), + 0.9 LSB Differential Non-Linearity (DNL)
• Individual enable and disable of each channel
• Multiple trigger sources:
– Hardware or software trigger
– External trigger pin
• Sleep Mode and conversion sequencer
– Automatic wakeup on trigger and back to sleep mode after conversions of all
enabled channels
39
8549A–CAP–10/08
40
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
11. FPGA Interface (FPIF)
11.1
Description
The FPGA Interface (FPIF) module provides a means to connect an external FPGA directly to
the AT91CAP7E internal AHB Bus. This interface is implemented in the metal-programmable
logic block (MP Block) that is provided as part of the AT91CAP7S customizable microcontroller
platform. Therefore the interface is constrained to access the AHB Bus through the Masters and
Slaves already pre-defined for the MP block.
11.2
•
The FPGA interface uses 82 of the metal-programmable I/O pads (MPIO’s) provided on
the CAP7 platform, and it provides FPGA access to the following MP block features:
•
2 AHB Masters
•
4 AHB Slaves
•
1 AHB Slave to remap the ROM using an external ZBT RAM through the FPGA (For
CAP7 Emulation purposes). Programmable ROM remap feature at startup.
•
14 APB’s slaves
•
2 DMA full duplex channels
•
Up to 13 priority encoded IRQ’s
•
2 unencoded IRQ’s for DMA transfers
•
32 bits PIO (Shared I/O)
System Requirements and Integration
The FPGA interface is implemented using several serializers that encode/decode all the traffic
between the CAP7E and the FPGA. In order to have proper communication and synchronization
between both devices, the following requirements must be met:
1. The FPGA being connected to CAP7E must be capable of handling skew clock balancing
and latency cancellation. For example in a Xilinx FPGA, the use of DCM’s is mandatory.
2. The FPGA must provide the configuration modes and a reset to the CAP7E.
3. The FPGA must provide the serial communication clock to CAP7E.
4. The frequency for the serializer clock can be as fast as 100Mhz for the commercial temperature/voltage/process range.
5. The ratio between the internal CAP7E AHB Master Clock (MCK) and the FPGA Interface
Serial Clock (FPIF_SCLK) should be approximately 0.8 or lower (MCK / FPIF_SCLK).
6. All the logic added to the FPGA must utilize the Atmel-provided encoding/decoding logic
to ensure proper communication with CAP7E. Currently only Altera and Xilinx FPGA’s
are supported, but other FPGA’s may be supported in the future.
7. A template is provided to instantiate the AHB Masters and Slaves with the FPGA interface.
ATMEL provides some examples of how to integrate logic in the FPGA using the CAP7E FPGA
interface. Figure 11-1 shows a system diagram of the CAP7E and an FPGA.
41
8549A–CAP–10/08
Figure 11-1. .CAP7E and FPGA System Diagram
CAP7E
Main
OSC
PMC
AIC
PLL
PLL
WDT
PIT
POR
RTT
32K
POR
OSC
SHWDC GPBR
FPGA
Additional NON-AHB/APB Logic
APB
Custom MP
ARM7TDMI
JTAG
ICE
2 AHB Masters
4 AHB Slaves
96KB SRAM
FPGA
INTERFACE
EBI
AHB/APB Bridge
AHB’s
64KB SRAM
Peripheral DMA
Controller
ADC
6-layer AHB Matrix
USART
AHB/APB Bridge
USART
HZBT
CAP7E-Ctrol
PIO
TIMERS
ZBT
RAM
FPGA
INTERFACE
SPI
256K ROM
USB
14 APB’s Slaves
2 PDC Channels
PDC
IRQ
NVM / SDRAM / SRAM
Note:
The external ZBT-RAM and NVM/SDRAM/SRAM are optional, based on applications and system
requirements
The module called “Custom MP” shown inside the FPGA is logic from an RTL template provided
to simplify the integratration of AHB or APB peripherals. Using “Custom MP” will also make a
migration from a CAP7E to a fully customized CAP7 solution much easier since modules are
connected the same way in the wrapper for the CAP7 MP block.
All the RTL for the interface targeted for the FPGA and additional modules such as a HZBT,
AHB/APB bridge, etc. provided by ATMEL contain all the proper constraints for each supported
FPGA vendor. Additional customer-specific logic can also be added to the FPGA.
11.3
Functional Description
The FPGA Interface includes logic that encodes or decodes the internal AHB transactions.
The encoded/decoded data is transferred through MPIO’s using dedicated serializers for
each master and slave. Due to the large number of bits to be transferred, a single transfer
will take several AHB clock cycles. The specific number of clock cycles depends on the ratio
between the CAP7E MCK and FPIF_SCLK and the ratio between the FPGA AHB clock and
the FPIF_SCLK. The lower those two ratios are, the fewer AHB clocks it will take for a single
transfer.
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AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
NOTE
11.3.1
The AHB master clock on the CAP7E is independent from the AHB clock on the
FPGA. Therefore, the FPGA can run at a different frequency than the CAP7E.
Interface Modules
Each serializer block on CAP7E and FPGA includes a FSM (Finite State Machine) that can
communicate with the AHB bus. Thus, the interface can handle simultaneous transfers from
either side eliminating the common bottleneck found using other interface types such as EBI
or PIO.
By using the dedicated DMA channels (PDC), the overall system performance and bandwidth is greatly improved. The ARM7TDMI need not be burdened with transferring data to or
from the FPGA but can be reserved for more intense processing.
Figure 11-2 shows a top level description for both interfaces (CAP7E and FPGA).
Figure 11-2. FPGA Interface architecture
CAP7E
ZBT Interface
FPGA
S0
S0
S0
S0
Masters A-B
CAP7E
Internal
AHB
ZBT Interface
Masters A-B
S1
S1
S0
S0
S1
S1
S0
S0
S1
S1
Slaves A-B
FPGA
Internal
AHB
Slaves A-B
Slaves C-D
Slaves C-D
APB’s
APB’s
FPIF Serial Clock
I
R
Q
‘s
S0
FPIF Reset
CAP7E Ctrl
S0
AHB/APB Bridge
PIO B
P
D
C
PDC
IRQ
modes
PDC Channels
11.3.2
Serializer Modules
The Serializer Module handles all the AHB and serial communications. It contains 2 main
sub-modules, a finite state machine (FSM) and a shifter.
•
FSM: This block communicates with the AHB bus. When a master initiates a transfer
(read/write operation), the FSM inserts any necessary wait states using HREADY to
comply with the AHB protocol. The number of wait cycles inserted by the FSM depends
upon the two ratios between the CAP7E and FPGA AHB clocks and the FPGA Interface
Serial Clock (FPIF_SCLK). Therefore, the smaller those ratios, the less number of wait
states are inserted.
43
8549A–CAP–10/08
•
11.3.3
Shifter: This block is controlled by the FSM, and it handles all the data shifting
(serializing) between the CAP7E-FPGA and transfers 2 bits per cycle. If the FPIF_SCLK
rate is set @100mhz, then the shifters transfer 200Mbps.
Serializer Programmability
In order to maximize the number of I/O supported, modules that handle the Masters-A/B,
Slaves-A/B and Slaves C/D, are programmable at reset time through the CAP7E Control
module in the FPGA. This programmability allows the user to choose whether or not to use
“all” 10 I/O lines for a single serial configuration. In Figure 11-3, the serial module is shown
configured to handle only 1 AHB interface. For example, if the user wants to use only AHB
master A, then the appropriate serial module will need to be configured by setting the Master
mode configuration in the CAP7E Control module to Single Master Mode, which will improve
the number of bits transferred between shifters and speed-up the transfers between the
CAP7E and FPGA.
Figure 11-3. Single Master Mode
CAP7E
CAP7E AHB CLK
AHB
FPGA AHB CLK
S0
S0
Control
CAP7E FSM
FPGA
AHB
FPGA FSM
S1
S1
FPIF Serial Clock
Shifter
All I/O lines for S0
Shifter
Another option is to configure the serial module to handle 2 AHB interfaces in Dual Master
Mode. Here the 10 I/O lines are shared between the 2 AHB (Masters/Slaves).
In this case, the data transfer rate between the CAP7E and the FPGA is reduced, but the
data bandwidth increases because now 2 AHB interfaces are enabled.
Figure 11-4 shows how the Dual Master Mode uses half of the dedicated I/O for another AHB
interface.
44
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
Figure 11-4. Dual Master Mode
CAP7E
AHB
CAP7E AHB CLK
FPGA AHB CLK
S0
S0
Control
CAP7E FSM
FPGA
AHB
FPGA FSM
S1
S1
FPIF Serial Clock
S0
Shifter
11.3.4
Shifter
S1
Transfer Timing
As mentioned previously, the number of clocks per transfer and therefore the effective transfer speed depends upon the two ratios between the CAP7E and FPGA AHB clock frequencies and the FPIF_SCLK. In addition, the Master Mode selection affects the effective transfer
speed as follows:
•
Single Master Mode: Takes 4 FPIF_SCLK cycles to transfer data for 1 AHB interface.
See t2 and t3 on Figure 11-5 below.
•
Dual Master Mode: Takes 8 FPIF_SCLK cycles to transfer all AHB data of 2 AHB
interfaces.
Figure 11-5. Read/Write timing for Single Master Mode
t1
t3
t2
t4
t5
FPIF_SCLK
HADDR
A
Ctrl
C
Serial Data to FPGA
Response
Serial Data to CAP7E
HWDATA
D
HRDATA
D
HREADY
t6
Figure 11-5 shows all the timing for a transfer between the CAP7E and the FPGA.
•
t1: Time for a standard 2 cycles AHB
•
t2: Time to transfer the request to FPGA (4 cycles single AHB interface, 8 cycles dual
AHB interface).
45
8549A–CAP–10/08
•
t3: Time for FPGA-Peripheral response
•
t4: Time to transfer response back to CAP7E (4 cycles single AHB interface, 8 cycles
dual AHB interface)
•
t5: Time to read back the response/data from FPGA to the internal CAP7E AHB bus
•
t6: Time for introduced wait cycles
An approximation formula for the access time, from the ARM inside the CAP7E to the peripherals in the FPGA is shown below:
Taccess = t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 + t5
11.4
Programmability Options
Inside the FPGA, the module called “CAP7E Control”, produces a reset and provides the different modes under reset conditions for the CAP7E. The RTL provided by ATMEL lets the
user configure their FPGA interface. By default, all mode bits are zeroes.
11.4.1
Mode-Bits
The following table shows the description and value for the emulation/modes bits supported
by CAP7E.
Mode-Bit
Description
0
1
0
Internal ROM select
Use internal ROM
Use external ZBT
1
Master mode select
Single Master Mode
- use only Master A
Dual Master Mode use Masters A and B
2
Slave mode select 1
SlaveA Mode - use
only Slave A
SlaveA-B Mode - use
Slaves A and B
3
Slave mode select 2
SlaveC Mode - use
only Slave C
SlaveC-D Mode - use
Slaves C and D
4
PIOB mode select
Use PIOB
Use FPIF IRQ’s,
PDC, and APB bridge
5
CAP7 in ARM MODE
used for emulation of
CAP7 only
CAP7E mode
CAP7-ARM emulation mode
6
Disable Pullups
Use Pull-Ups
Disable-Pullups
7
ADC / LVDS Select
used for emulation of
CAP7 only
Use ADC
Use LVDS
Table 11-1.
46
Mode-bits description
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
11.4.2
PIO Controller B Multiplexing
Table 11-2.
Multiplexing on PIO Controller B
PIO Controller B
I/O Line
PIO Mode
APB Mode
MPIO00
PB0
FPP_IRQ_ENC0
MPIO01
PB1
FPP_IRQ_ENC1
MPIO02
PB2
FPP_IRQ_ENC2
MPIO03
PB3
FPP_IRQ_ENC3
MPIO04
PB4
FPP6_IRQ
MPIO05
PB5
FPP7_IRQ
MPIO06
PB6
FPP6_TX_BFFR_
EMPTY
MPIO07
PB7
FPP6_RX_BFFR_
FULL
MPIO08
PB8
FPP6_CHNL_TX_
END
MPIO09
PB9
FPP6_CHNL_RX
_END
MPIO10
PB10
FPP6_TX_RDY
MPIO11
PB11
FPP6_RX_RDY
MPIO12
PB12
FPP6_TX_SIZE0
MPIO13
PB13
FPP6_TX_SIZE1
MPIO14
PB14
FPP6_RX_SIZE0
MPIO15
PB15
FPP6_RX_SIZE1
MPIO16
PB16
FPP7_TX_BFFR_
EMPTY
MPIO17
PB17
FPP7_RX_BFFR_
FULL
MPIO18
PB18
FPP7_CHNL_TX_
END
MPIO19
PB19
FPP7_CHNL_RX
_END
MPIO20
PB20
FPP7_TX_RDY
MPIO21
PB21
FPP7_RX_RDY
MPIO22
PB22
FPP7_TX_SIZE0
MPIO23
PB23
FPP7_TX_SIZE1
MPIO24
PB24
FPP7_RX_SIZE0
MPIO25
PB25
FPP7_RX_SIZE1
MPIO26
PB26
APB_C
MPIO27
PB27
APB_D0
Reset State
47
8549A–CAP–10/08
Table 11-2.
Multiplexing on PIO Controller B
PIO Controller B
11.4.3
I/O Line
PIO Mode
APB Mode
MPIO28
PB28
APB_D1
MPIO29
PB29
APB_A0
MPIO30
PB30
APB_A1
MPIO31
PB31
APB_START
Other MPIO Signal Assignments/Multiplexing
Table 11-3.
48
Reset State
MPIO Signal Assignments/Multiplexing
I/O Line
Single Mode
Dual Mode
MPIO32
MA_C2
MB_C
MPIO33
MA_C1
MB_D0
MPIO34
MA_D0
MB_D1
MPIO35
MA_D1
MB_A0
MPIO36
MA_D2
MB_A1
MPIO37
MA_D3
MA_C
MPIO38
MA_A0
MA_D
MPIO39
MA_A1
MA_D1
MPIO40
MA_A2
MA_A0
MPIO41
MA_A3
MA_A1
MPIO42
MA_START
MA_START
MPIO43
MB_START
MB_START
MPIO44
SA_C2
SB_C
MPIO45
SA_C1
SB_D0
MPIO46
SA_D0
SB_D1
MPIO47
SA_D1
SB_A0
MPIO48
SA_D2
SB_A1
MPIO49
SA_D3
SA_C
MPIO50
SA_A0
SA_D0
MPIO51
SA_A1
SA_D1
MPIO52
SA_A2
SA_A0
MPIO53
SA_A3
SA_A1
MPIO54
SA_START
SA_START
MPIO55
SB_START
SB_START
MPIO56
SC_C2
SD_C
MPIO57
SC_C1
SD_D0
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
Table 11-3.
11.5
MPIO Signal Assignments/Multiplexing
I/O Line
Single Mode
Dual Mode
MPIO58
SC_D0
SD_D1
MPIO59
SC_D1
SD_A0
MPIO60
SC_D2
SD_A1
MPIO61
SC_D3
SC_C
MPIO62
SC_A0
SC_D0
MPIO63
SC_A1
SC_D1
MPIO64
SC_A2
SC_A0
MPIO65
SC_A3
SC_A1
MPIO66
SC_START
SC_START
MPIO67
SD_START
SD_START
MPIO68
SZBT_C2
MPIO69
SZBT_C1
MPIO70
SZBT_D0
MPIO71
SZBT_D1
MPIO72
SZBT_D2
MPIO73
SZBT_D3
MPIO74
SZBT_A0
MPIO75
SZBT_A1
MPIO76
SZBT_A2
MPIO77
SZBT_A3
MPIO78
SZBT_START
MPIO79
FPIF_SCLK
MPIO80
FPIF_SCLK_FEEDB
K
MPIO81
FPIF_RESETN
Interfacing using PIO
An FPGA interace can also be created using PIO’s (Programmable Input/Outputs). This approach is relatively simple, and most of the hard work is done by software. However, the
ARM processor must move the data to/from the PIO and generate all the necessary signaling on PIO for the FPGA to properly handle the transfers being made.
This kind of interface is easy to implement, however in the FPGA special logic has to be implemented to decode all the traffic generated by the PIO. The traffic from the standard microcontroller to the FPGA is very likely to be completely asynchronous, so the FPGA must
be able to oversample the control signals from the micro, otherwise the FPGA will miss the
time window and the data will not arrive at its final destination inside the FPGA.
49
8549A–CAP–10/08
Since the processor must manage the flow of data to keep the PIO busy, there is a significant
overhead in processing time. Note that DMA is not possible using this architecture, therefore
the bandwidth is limited by the number of cycles the software programmer allocates for the
processor to communicate with the PIO. For example, if there is a routine running that demands 100% of the processor cycles and concurrently there is serial data (e.g. SPI, USART,
USB, or TWI) to be transferred to/from the FPGA, one of these processes must wait. If the
data from the FPGA is not buffered on time, it will probably be overrun by the next byte/word.
11.5.1
PIO-FPGA Connections
To accomplish a proper data transfer to/from the FPGA, we need to transfer 32 bits of address (or possibly less), 32 bits of data, and some control signals. For this approach, one will
need to use more that a 32 bit PIO port. At least 2 more PIO bits are necessary for control
signals.
The Figure 11-6 shows the 32+2 PIO interface to a FPGA.
Figure 11-6. PIO interface to FPGA
ARM Microcontroller
FPGA
Ctrl
PIO 2
bits
Start
WR / RD _
FPGA
Logic
ARM
System
Data
PIO 32
bits
11.5.2
Address / Data
PIO-FPGA Access Routines
Based on the resources shown above, we can define a software algorithm to transfer data
from/to FPGA.
Þ write_to_fpga: Algorithm to write 32 bits of data to FPGA, this assumes that, the
direction of the bidirectional buffers in the PIO’s has been previously set.
PIO_DATA = ADDRESS; // Pass the address to write
PIO_CTRL = START | WR; // Send start of address cycle
PIO_CTRL = CLEAR; // Clear PIO ctrl, this ends the address cycle
PIO_DATA = DATA; // Set data to transfer
PIO_CTRL = START; // Data is ready in PIO
PIO_CTRL = CLEAR; // This end the data cycle
Þ read_from_fpga: Algorithm to read data from the FPGA, this assumes that, the direction
of the bidirectional buffers in the PIO’s has been previously set.
PIO_DATA = ADDRESS; // Set the address to read
PIO_CTRL = START | RD; // Send start of address cycle
PIO_CTRL = CLEAR; // Clear PIO ctrl, this ends the address cycle
50
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
PIO_DATA_DIR = INPUT; // Set PIO-Data direction as input to receive the
data
DELAY(WAIT_FOR_FPGA); // wait for the FPGA to send the data
DATA_FROM_FPGA = *PIO_DATA; // this is the end of read cycle
NOTE
11.5.3
These algorithms are for a basic transfer, a more sophisticated algorithm is
necessary to establish a proper communication between the ARM microcontroller
and the FPGA.
PIO-FPGA Waveforms
Figure 11-7shows the PIO timing when writing to FPGA.
Figure 11-7. Write to FPGA
AHB CLK
START
WR / RD_
DATA
Address
t1
Data
Address Phase
t2
Data Phase
The access time is calculated as the sum of:
Taccess-Pio = t1 + address phase + t2 + data phase
Using the GCC compiler with maximum optimizations, the system takes approximately 55
AHB cycles to perform the write operation to the FPGA.
Figure 11-8 shows the PIO timing when reading from the FPGA.
Figure 11-8. Read from FPGA
AHB CLK
START
WR / RD_
DATA
Address
t1
Address Phase
Data from FPGA
t2
Data Phase
51
8549A–CAP–10/08
Using the GCC compiler with maximum optimization and assuming t2 (wait for FPGA response ready) is also around 25 AHB cycles, and the system takes approximately 85 AHB
cycles for a read operation from the FPGA.
11.6
Interfacing using EBI
The External Bus Interface (EBI) module, is designed to transfer data between external devices and the Memory Controllers of an ARM based device. These external Memory Controllers are capable of handling several types of external memory and peripheral devices,
such as SDRAM, SRAM, NOR Flash, NAND Flash, and various PROM devices.
However, the EBI can also provide an interface to an FPGA as long as the FPGA can work
with one of the predefined memory interfaces. Due to its simplicity and familiarity, the Static
Memory Controller (SMC) which supports an SRAM-type interface is preferred for this purpose. Usually the FPGA will have to include a module that understands the SMC timing and
is able to respond to the SMC as expected.
The EBI interface already provides all the necessary parallel, high-drive I/O to allow a user
to communicate with an FPGA with reasonable performance. However if the external device
is slow or introduces wait cycles, the throughput of the interface could be compromised. Also
since the EBI must be driven by the processor or another AHB master, the bandwidth that
the EBI can achieve is partly determined by the software that sets the bus and interrupt priorities, etc.
11.6.1
EBI-FPGA Connections
Figure 11-9 shows the ARM Microcontroller driving the FPGA through the EBI. The selected
interface is the SMC. A special module need to be designed in the FPGA to interface the
EBI-SMC to the CAP7E microcontroller.
Figure 11-9. EBI driving the FPGA
ARM Microcontroller
FPGA
Address
Data
ARM
System
EBI SRAM
Controller
NBS
NCS
FPGA
Logic
NRD
NWE
11.6.2
EBI TIming
Figure 11-10 shows the standard read timing for the EBI using the SMC memory interface
and Figure 11-11 shows the standard write cycle.
NOTE
52
These timing diagrams are also shown in section TBD. All parameters shown are
programmable based on the speed of the external FPGA.
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
Figure 11-10. Read Cycle
WCK
A [25:2]
NBS0, NBS1,
NBS2, NBS3,
A0, A1
NRD
NCS
D [S1:D]
NRD_SETUP
NCS_RD_SETUP
NRD_PULSE
NCS_RD_PULSE
NRD_HOLD
NCS_RD_HOLD
NRD_CYCLE
Figure 11-11. Write Cycle
MCK
A [25:2]
NBS0, NBS1,
NBS2, NBS3,
A0, A1
NWE
NCS
NWE_SETUP
NCS_WR_SETUP
NWE_PULSE
NCS_WR_PULSE
NWE_HOLD
NCS_WR_HOLD
NWE_CYCLE
53
8549A–CAP–10/08
54
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
12. ARM7TDMI Processor Overview
12.1
Overview
The ARM7TDMI core executes both the 32-bit ARM® and 16-bit Thumb® instruction sets, allowing the user to trade off between high performance and high code density.The ARM7TDMI
processor implements Von Neuman architecture, using a three-stage pipeline consisting of
Fetch, Decode, and Execute stages.
The main features of the ARM7tDMI processor are:
• ARM7TDMI Based on ARMv4T Architecture
• Two Instruction Sets
– ARM® High-performance 32-bit Instruction Set
– Thumb® High Code Density 16-bit Instruction Set
• Three-Stage Pipeline Architecture
– Instruction Fetch (F)
– Instruction Decode (D)
– Execute (E)
12.2
ARM7TDMI Processor
For further details on ARM7TDMI, refer to the following ARM documents:
ARM Architecture Reference Manual (DDI 0100E)
ARM7TDMI Technical Reference Manual (DDI 0210B)
12.2.1
Instruction Type
Instructions are either 32 bits long (in ARM state) or 16 bits long (in THUMB state).
12.2.2
Data Type
ARM7TDMI supports byte (8-bit), half-word (16-bit) and word (32-bit) data types. Words must be
aligned to four-byte boundaries and half words to two-byte boundaries.
Unaligned data access behavior depends on which instruction is used where.
12.2.3
ARM7TDMI Operating Mode
The ARM7TDMI, based on ARM architecture v4T, supports seven processor modes:
User: The normal ARM program execution state
FIQ: Designed to support high-speed data transfer or channel process
IRQ: Used for general-purpose interrupt handling
Supervisor: Protected mode for the operating system
Abort mode: Implements virtual memory and/or memory protection
System: A privileged user mode for the operating system
Undefined: Supports software emulation of hardware coprocessors
Mode changes may be made under software control, or may be brought about by external interrupts or exception processing. Most application programs execute in User mode. The non-user
55
8549A–CAP–10/08
modes, or privileged modes, are entered in order to service interrupts or exceptions, or to
access protected resources.
12.2.4
ARM7TDMI Registers
The ARM7TDMI processor has a total of 37registers:
• 31 general-purpose 32-bit registers
• 6 status registers
These registers are not accessible at the same time. The processor state and operating mode
determine which registers are available to the programmer.
At any one time 16 registers are visible to the user. The remainder are synonyms used to speed
up exception processing.
Register 15 is the Program Counter (PC) and can be used in all instructions to reference data
relative to the current instruction.
R14 holds the return address after a subroutine call.
R13 is used (by software convention) as a stack pointer.
Table 12-1.
ARM7TDMI ARM Modes and Registers Layout
User and
System Mode
Supervisor
Mode
Abort Mode
Undefined
Mode
Interrupt
Mode
Fast Interrupt
Mode
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R2
R2
R2
R2
R2
R2
R3
R3
R3
R3
R3
R3
R4
R4
R4
R4
R4
R4
R5
R5
R5
R5
R5
R5
R6
R6
R6
R6
R6
R6
R7
R7
R7
R7
R7
R7
R8
R8
R8
R8
R8
R8_FIQ
R9
R9
R9
R9
R9
R9_FIQ
R10
R10
R10
R10
R10
R10_FIQ
R11
R11
R11
R11
R11
R11_FIQ
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12_FIQ
R13
R13_SVC
R13_ABORT
R13_UNDEF
R13_IRQ
R13_FIQ
R14
R14_SVC
R14_ABORT
R14_UNDEF
R14_IRQ
R14_FIQ
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
CPSR
CPSR
CPSR
CPSR
CPSR
CPSR
SPSR_SVC
SPSR_ABORT
SPSR_UNDEF
SPSR_IRQ
SPSR_FIQ
Mode-specific banked registers
56
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
Registers R0 to R7 are unbanked registers. This means that each of them refers to the same 32bit physical register in all processor modes. They are general-purpose registers, with no special
uses managed by the architecture, and can be used wherever an instruction allows a generalpurpose register to be specified.
Registers R8 to R14 are banked registers. This means that each of them depends on the current
mode of the processor.
12.2.4.1
Modes and Exception Handling
All exceptions have banked registers for R14 and R13.
After an exception, R14 holds the return address for exception processing. This address is used
to return after the exception is processed, as well as to address the instruction that caused the
exception.
R13 is banked across exception modes to provide each exception handler with a private stack
pointer.
The fast interrupt mode also banks registers 8 to 12 so that interrupt processing can begin without having to save these registers.
A seventh processing mode, System Mode, does not have any banked registers. It uses the
User Mode registers. System Mode runs tasks that require a privileged processor mode and
allows them to invoke all classes of exceptions.
Exception vectors are located starting at address 0x0000 0000.
12.2.4.2
Status Registers
All other processor states are held in status registers. The current operating processor status is
in the Current Program Status Register (CPSR). The CPSR holds:
• four ALU flags (Negative, Zero, Carry, and Overflow)
• two interrupt disable bits (one for each type of interrupt)
• one bit to indicate ARM or Thumb execution
• five bits to encode the current processor mode
All five exception modes also have a Saved Program Status Register (SPSR) that holds the
CPSR of the task immediately preceding the exception.
12.2.4.3
Exception Types
The ARM7TDMI supports five types of exception and a privileged processing mode for each type.
The types of exceptions are:
• fast interrupt (FIQ)
• normal interrupt (IRQ)
• memory aborts (used to implement memory protection or virtual memory)
• attempted execution of an undefined instruction
• software interrupts (SWIs)
Exceptions are generated by internal and external sources.
More than one exception can occur in the same time.
When an exception occurs, the banked version of R14 and the SPSR for the exception mode
are used to save state.
57
8549A–CAP–10/08
To return after handling the exception, the SPSR is moved to the CPSR, and R14 is moved to
the PC. This can be done in two ways:
• by using a data-processing instruction with the S-bit set, and the PC as the destination
• by using the Load Multiple with Restore CPSR instruction (LDM)
12.2.5
ARM Instruction Set Overview
The ARM instruction set is divided into:
• Branch instructions
• Data processing instructions
• Status register transfer instructions
• Load and Store instructions
• Coprocessor instructions
• Exception-generating instructions
ARM instructions can be executed conditionally. Every instruction contains a 4-bit condition
code field (bit[31:28]).
Table 12-2 gives the ARM instruction mnemonic list.
Table 12-2.
58
ARM Instruction Mnemonic List
Mnemonic
Operation
Mnemonic
Operation
MOV
Move
CDP
Coprocessor Data Processing
ADD
Add
MVN
Move Not
SUB
Subtract
ADC
Add with Carry
RSB
Reverse Subtract
SBC
Subtract with Carry
CMP
Compare
RSC
Reverse Subtract with Carry
TST
Test
CMN
Compare Negated
AND
Logical AND
TEQ
Test Equivalence
EOR
Logical Exclusive OR
BIC
Bit Clear
MUL
Multiply
ORR
Logical (inclusive) OR
SMULL
Sign Long Multiply
MLA
Multiply Accumulate
SMLAL
Signed Long Multiply Accumulate
UMULL
Unsigned Long Multiply
MSR
Move to Status Register
UMLAL
Unsigned Long Multiply Accumulate
B
Branch
MRS
Move From Status Register
BX
Branch and Exchange
BL
Branch and Link
LDR
Load Word
SWI
Software Interrupt
LDRSH
Load Signed Halfword
STR
Store Word
LDRSB
Load Signed Byte
STRH
Store Half Word
LDRH
Load Half Word
STRB
Store Byte
LDRB
Load Byte
STRBT
Store Register Byte with Translation
LDRBT
Load Register Byte with Translation
STRT
Store Register with Translation
LDRT
Load Register with Translation
STM
Store Multiple
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
Table 12-2.
12.2.6
ARM Instruction Mnemonic List
Mnemonic
Operation
Mnemonic
Operation
LDM
Load Multiple
SWPB
Swap Byte
SWP
Swap Word
MRC
Move From Coprocessor
MCR
Move To Coprocessor
STC
Store From Coprocessor
LDC
Load To Coprocessor
Thumb Instruction Set Overview
The Thumb instruction set is a re-encoded subset of the ARM instruction set.
The Thumb instruction set is divided into:
• Branch instructions
• Data processing instructions
• Load and Store instructions
• Load and Store Multiple instructions
• Exception-generating instruction
In Thumb mode, eight general-purpose registers, R0 to R7, are available that are the same
physical registers as R0 to R7 when executing ARM instructions. Some Thumb instructions also
access to the Program Counter (ARM Register 15), the Link Register (ARM Register 14) and the
Stack Pointer (ARM Register 13). Further instructions allow limited access to the ARM registers
8 to 15.
Table 12-3 gives the Thumb instruction mnemonic list.
Table 12-3.
Thumb Instruction Mnemonic List
Mnemonic
Operation
Mnemonic
Operation
MOV
Move
MVN
Move Not
ADD
Add
ADC
Add with Carry
SUB
Subtract
SBC
Subtract with Carry
CMP
Compare
CMN
Compare Negated
TST
Test
NEG
Negate
AND
Logical AND
BIC
Bit Clear
EOR
Logical Exclusive OR
ORR
Logical (inclusive) OR
LSL
Logical Shift Left
LSR
Logical Shift Right
ASR
Arithmetic Shift Right
ROR
Rotate Right
MUL
Multiply
B
Branch
BL
Branch and Link
BX
Branch and Exchange
SWI
Software Interrupt
LDR
Load Word
STR
Store Word
LDRH
Load Half Word
STRH
Store Half Word
LDRB
Load Byte
STRB
Store Byte
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Table 12-3.
60
Thumb Instruction Mnemonic List
Mnemonic
Operation
Mnemonic
Operation
LDRSH
Load Signed Halfword
LDRSB
Load Signed Byte
LDMIA
Load Multiple
STMIA
Store Multiple
PUSH
Push Register to stack
POP
Pop Register from stack
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13. CAP7E Debug and Test
13.1
Overview
The AT91CAP7E features a number of complementary debug and test capabilities. A common
JTAG/ICE (In-Circuit Emulator) port is used for standard debugging functions, such as downloading code and single-stepping through programs. The Debug Unit provides a two-pin UART
that can be used to upload an application into internal SRAM. It manages the interrupt handling
of the internal COMMTX and COMMRX signals that trace the activity of the Debug Communication Channel.
A set of dedicated debug and test input/output pins gives direct access to these capabilities from
a PC-based test environment.
13.2
Block Diagram
Figure 13-1. Debug and Test Block Diagram
TMS
TCK
TDI
NTRST
ICE/JTAG
TAP
Boundary
Port
JTAGSEL
TDO
RTCK
ARM7TDMI
ICE
POR
Reset
and
Test
TST
PIO
DTXD
DBGU
DRXD
TAP: Test Access Port
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13.3
13.3.1
Application Examples
Debug Environment
Figure 13-2 on page 62 shows a complete debug environment example. The ICE/JTAG interface is used for standard debugging functions, such as downloading code and single-stepping
through the program. A software debugger running on a personal computer provides the user
interface for ICE/JTAG interface.
Figure 13-2. Application Debug and Trace Environment Example
Host Debugger
ICE/JTAG
Interface
ICE/JTAG
Connector
CAP7
RS232
Connector
Terminal
CAP7-based Application Board
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13.3.2
Test Environment
Figure 13-3 on page 63 shows a test environment example. Test vectors are sent and interpreted by the tester. In this example, the “board in test” is designed using a number of JTAGcompliant devices. These devices can be connected to form a single scan chain.
Figure 13-3. Application Test Environment Example
Test Adaptor
Tester
JTAG
Interface
ICE/JTAG
Connector
CAP7
Chip n
Chip 2
Chip 1
CAP7-based Application Board In Test
13.4
Debug and Test Pin Description
Table 13-1.
Pin Name
Debug and Test Pin List
Function
Type
Active Level
Input/Output
Low
Input
High
Reset/Test
NRST
Microcontroller Reset
TST
Test Mode Select
ICE and JTAG
TCK
Test Clock
Input
TDI
Test Data In
Input
TDO
Test Data Out
TMS
Test Mode Select
Input
NTRST
Test Reset Signal
Input
JTAGSEL
JTAG Selection
Input
Output
Low
Debug Unit
DRXD
Debug Receive Data
Input
DTXD
Debug Transmit Data
Output
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13.5
13.5.1
Functional Description
Test Pin
One dedicated pin, TST, is used to define the device operating mode. The user must make sure
that this pin is tied at low level to ensure normal operating conditions. Other values associated
with this pin are reserved for manufacturing test.
13.5.2
Embedded In-circuit Emulator
The ARM7TDMI Embedded ICE is supported via the ICE/JTAG port. The internal state of the
ARM7TDMI is examined through an ICE/JTAG port.
The ARM7TDMI processor contains hardware extensions for advanced debugging features: • In
halt mode, a store-multiple (STM) can be inserted into the instruction pipeline. This exports the
contents of the ARM7TDMI registers. This data can be serially shifted out without affecting the
rest of the system. • In monitor mode, the JTAG interface is used to transfer data between the
debugger and a simple monitor program running on the ARM7TDMI processor.
There are three scan chains inside the ARM7TDMI processor which support testing, debugging,
and programming of the Embedded ICE. The scan chains are controlled by the ICE/JTAG port.
Embedded ICE mode is selected when JTAGSEL is low. It is not possible to switch directly
between ICE and JTAG operations. A chip reset must be performed after JTAGSEL is changed.
For further details on the Embedded In-Circuit-Emulator, see the ARM document: ARM7TDMI
(Rev 4) Technical Reference Manual (DDI0210B).
13.5.3
Debug Unit
The Debug Unit provides a two-pin (DXRD and TXRD) USART that can be used for several
debug and trace purposes and offers an ideal means for in-situ programming solutions and
debug monitor communication. Moreover, the association with two Peripheral DMA Controller
channels permits packet handling of these tasks with processor time reduced to a minimum.
The Debug Unit also manages the interrupt handling of the COMMTX and COMMRX signals
that come from the ICE and that trace the activity of the Debug Communication Channel.The
Debug Unit allows blockage of access to the system through the ICE interface.
A specific register, the Debug Unit Chip ID Register (DBGU_CIDR), gives information about the
product’s internal configuration and its version.
The AT91CAP7E Debug Unit Chip ID value is 0x8377 09xx on 32-bit width (1000 0011 0111
0111 0000 1001 010x xxxx). The last five bits of the register are reserved for a version number.
For further details on the Debug Unit, see the Debug Unit section.
13.5.4
IEEE 1149.1 JTAG Boundary Scan
IEEE 1149.1 JTAG Boundary Scan allows pin-level access independent of the device packaging
technology.
IEEE 1149.1 JTAG Boundary Scan is enabled when JTAGSEL is high. The SAMPLE, EXTEST
and BYPASS functions are implemented. In ICE debug mode, the ARM processor responds
with a non-JTAG chip ID that identifies the processor to the ICE system. This is not IEEE 1149.1
JTAG-compliant.
It is not possible to switch directly between JTAG and ICE operations. A chip reset must be performed after JTAGSEL is changed.
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A Boundary-scan Descriptor Language (BSDL) file is provided to set up test.
13.5.4.1
JTAG Boundary-scan Register
The Boundary-scan Register (BSR) contains bits that correspond to active pins and associated
control signals.
Each AT91CAP7E input/output pin corresponds to a 3-bit register in the BSR. The OUTPUT bit
contains data that can be forced on the pad. The INPUT bit facilitates the observability of data
applied to the pad. The CONTROL bit selects the direction of the pad. Each customer’s
AT91CAP7E product may have its own unique BSR. For a full description of this BSR, see the
appropriate product-specifc BSDL file.
13.5.5
ID Code Register
Access: Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
VERSION
23
22
26
25
24
PART NUMBER
21
20
19
18
17
16
10
9
8
PART NUMBER
15
14
13
12
11
PART NUMBER
7
6
MANUFACTURER IDENTITY
5
4
MANUFACTURER IDENTITY
3
2
1
0
1
• VERSION [31:28]: Product Version Number
Set to 0x0.
• PART NUMBER [27:12]: Product Part Number
Personalization dependent
• MANUFACTURER IDENTITY [11:1]
Set to 0x01F.
• Bit[0] Required by IEEE Std. 1149.1.
Set to 0x1.
JTAG ID Code value is unique for each CAP7 personalization.
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14. Reset Controller (RSTC)
14.1
Description
The Reset Controller (RSTC), based on power-on reset cells, handles all the resets of the system without any external components. It reports which reset occurred last.
The Reset Controller also drives independently or simultaneously the external reset and the
peripheral and processor resets.
14.2
Block Diagram
Figure 14-1. Reset Controller Block Diagram
Reset Controller
Main Supply
POR
Backup Supply
POR
rstc_irq
Startup
Counter
Reset
State
Manager
proc_nreset
user_reset
NRST
nrst_out
NRST
Manager
periph_nreset
exter_nreset
backup_neset
WDRPROC
wd_fault
SLCK
14.3
14.3.1
Functional Description
Reset Controller Overview
The Reset Controller is made up of an NRST Manager, a Startup Counter and a Reset State
Manager. It runs at Slow Clock and generates the following reset signals:
• proc_nreset: Processor reset line. It also resets the Watchdog Timer.
• backup_nreset: Affects all the peripherals powered by VDDBU.
• periph_nreset: Affects the whole set of embedded peripherals.
• nrst_out: Drives the NRST pin.
These reset signals are asserted by the Reset Controller, either on external events or on software action. The Reset State Manager controls the generation of reset signals and provides a
signal to the NRST Manager when an assertion of the NRST pin is required.
The NRST Manager shapes the NRST assertion during a programmable time, thus controlling
external device resets.
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The startup counter waits for the complete crystal oscillator startup. The wait delay is given by
the crystal oscillator startup time maximum value that can be found in the section Crystal Oscillator Characteristics in the Electrical Characteristics section of the product documentation.
The Reset Controller Mode Register (RSTC_MR), allowing the configuration of the Reset Controller, is powered with VDDBU, so that its configuration is saved as long as VDDBU is on.
14.3.2
NRST Manager
The NRST Manager samples the NRST input pin and drives this pin low when required by the
Reset State Manager. Figure 14-2 shows the block diagram of the NRST Manager.
Figure 14-2. NRST Manager
RSTC_MR
URSTIEN
RSTC_SR
URSTS
NRSTL
rstc_irq
RSTC_MR
URSTEN
Other
interrupt
sources
user_reset
NRST
RSTC_MR
ERSTL
nrst_out
14.3.2.1
External Reset Timer
exter_nreset
NRST Signal or Interrupt
The NRST Manager samples the NRST pin at Slow Clock speed. When the line is detected low,
a User Reset is reported to the Reset State Manager.
However, the NRST Manager can be programmed to not trigger a reset when an assertion of
NRST occurs. Writing the bit URSTEN at 0 in RSTC_MR disables the User Reset trigger.
The level of the pin NRST can be read at any time in the bit NRSTL (NRST level) in RSTC_SR.
As soon as the pin NRST is asserted, the bit URSTS in RSTC_SR is set. This bit clears only
when RSTC_SR is read.
The Reset Controller can also be programmed to generate an interrupt instead of generating a
reset. To do so, the bit URSTIEN in RSTC_MR must be written at 1.
14.3.2.2
NRST External Reset Control
The Reset State Manager asserts the signal ext_nreset to assert the NRST pin. When this
occurs, the “nrst_out” signal is driven low by the NRST Manager for a time programmed by the
field ERSTL in RSTC_MR. This assertion duration, named EXTERNAL_RESET_LENGTH, lasts
2(ERSTL+1) Slow Clock cycles. This gives the approximate duration of an assertion between 60 μs
and 2 seconds. Note that ERSTL at 0 defines a two-cycle duration for the NRST pulse.
This feature allows the Reset Controller to shape the NRST pin level, and thus to guarantee that
the NRST line is driven low for a time compliant with potential external devices connected on the
system reset.
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As the field is within RSTC_MR, which is backed-up, this field can be used to shape the system
power-up reset for devices requiring a longer startup time than the Slow Clock Oscillator.
14.3.3
Reset States
The Reset State Manager handles the different reset sources and generates the internal reset
signals. It reports the reset status in the field RSTTYP of the Status Register (RSTC_SR). The
update of the field RSTTYP is performed when the processor reset is released.
14.3.3.1
General Reset
A general reset occurs when VDDBU is powered on. The backup supply POR cell output rises
and is filtered with a Startup Counter, which operates at Slow Clock. The purpose of this counter
is to make sure the Slow Clock oscillator is stable before starting up the device. The length of
startup time is hardcoded to comply with the RC Oscillator startup time of 8 slow clock cycles.
After this time, the processor clock is released at Slow Clock and all the other signals remains
valid for 2 cycles for proper processor and logic reset. Then, all the reset signals are released
and the field RSTTYP in RSTC_SR reports a General Reset. As the RSTC_MR is reset, the
NRST line rises 2 cycles after the backup_nreset, as ERSTL defaults at value 0x0.
When VDDBU is detected low by the Backup Supply POR Cell, all resets signals are immediately asserted, even if the Main Supply POR Cell does not report a Main Supply shut down.
Figure 14-3 shows how the General Reset affects the reset signals.
Figure 14-3. General Reset State
SLCK
Any
Freq.
MCK
Backup Supply
POR output
Startup Time
backup_nreset
Processor Startup
= 3 cycles
proc_nreset
RSTTYP
XXX
0x0 = General Reset
XXX
periph_nreset
NRST
(nrst_out)
EXTERNAL RESET LENGTH
= 2 cycles
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14.3.3.2
Wake-up Reset
The Wake-up Reset occurs when the Main Supply is down. When the Main Supply POR output
is active, all the reset signals are asserted except backup_nreset. When the Main Supply powers up, the POR output is resynchronized on Slow Clock. The processor clock is then re-enabled
during 2 Slow Clock cycles, depending on the requirements of the ARM processor.
At the end of this delay, the processor and other reset signals rise. The field RSTTYP in
RSTC_SR is updated to report a Wake-up Reset.
The “nrst_out” remains asserted for EXTERNAL_RESET_LENGTH cycles. As RSTC_MR is
backed-up, the programmed number of cycles is applicable.
When the Main Supply is detected falling, the reset signals are immediately asserted. This transition is synchronous with the output of the Main Supply POR.
Figure 14-4. Wake-up State
SLCK
Any
Freq.
MCK
Main Supply
POR output
backup_nreset
Resynch.
2 cycles
proc_nreset
RSTTYP
Processor Startup
= 3 cycles
XXX
0x1 = WakeUp Reset
XXX
periph_nreset
NRST
(nrst_out)
EXTERNAL RESET LENGTH
= 4 cycles (ERSTL = 1)
14.3.3.3
User Reset
The User Reset is entered when a low level is detected on the NRST pin and the bit URSTEN in
RSTC_MR is at 1. The NRST input signal is resynchronized with SLCK to insure proper behavior of the system.
The User Reset is entered as soon as a low level is detected on NRST. The Processor Reset
and the Peripheral Reset are asserted.
The User Reset is left when NRST rises, after a two-cycle resynchronization time and a threecycle processor startup. The processor clock is re-enabled as soon as NRST is confirmed high.
When the processor reset signal is released, the RSTTYP field of the Status Register
(RSTC_SR) is loaded with the value 0x4, indicating a User Reset.
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The NRST Manager guarantees that the NRST line is asserted for
EXTERNAL_RESET_LENGTH Slow Clock cycles, as programmed in the field ERSTL. However, if NRST does not rise after EXTERNAL_RESET_LENGTH because it is driven low
externally, the internal reset lines remain asserted until NRST actually rises.
Figure 14-5. User Reset State
SLCK
MCK
Any
Freq.
NRST
Resynch.
2 cycles
Resynch.
2 cycles
Processor Startup
= 3 cycles
proc_nreset
RSTTYP
Any
XXX
0x4 = User Reset
periph_nreset
NRST
(nrst_out)
>= EXTERNAL RESET LENGTH
14.3.3.4
Software Reset
The Reset Controller offers several commands used to assert the different reset signals. These
commands are performed by writing the Control Register (RSTC_CR) with the following bits at
1:
• PROCRST: Writing PROCRST at 1 resets the processor and the watchdog timer.
• PERRST: Writing PERRST at 1 resets all the embedded peripherals, including the memory
system, and, in particular, the Remap Command. The Peripheral Reset is generally used for
debug purposes.
• EXTRST: Writing EXTRST at 1 asserts low the NRST pin during a time defined by the field
ERSTL in the Mode Register (RSTC_MR).
The software reset is entered if at least one of these bits is set by the software. All these commands can be performed independently or simultaneously. The software reset lasts 2 Slow
Clock cycles.
The internal reset signals are asserted as soon as the register write is performed. This is
detected on the Master Clock (MCK). They are released when the software reset is left, i.e.; synchronously to SLCK.
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If EXTRST is set, the nrst_out signal is asserted depending on the programming of the field
ERSTL. However, the resulting falling edge on NRST does not lead to a User Reset.
If and only if the PROCRST bit is set, the Reset Controller reports the software status in the field
RSTTYP of the Status Register (RSTC_SR). Other Software Resets are not reported in
RSTTYP.
As soon as a software operation is detected, the bit SRCMP (Software Reset Command in Progress) is set in the Status Register (RSTC_SR). It is cleared as soon as the software reset is left.
No other software reset can be performed while the SRCMP bit is set, and writing any value in
RSTC_CR has no effect.
Figure 14-6. Software Reset
SLCK
MCK
Any
Freq.
Write RSTC_CR
Resynch.
1 cycle
Processor Startup
= 3 cycles
proc_nreset
if PROCRST=1
RSTTYP
Any
XXX
0x3 = Software Reset
periph_nreset
if PERRST=1
NRST
(nrst_out)
if EXTRST=1
EXTERNAL RESET LENGTH
8 cycles (ERSTL=2)
SRCMP in RSTC_SR
14.3.3.5
Watchdog Reset
The Watchdog Reset is entered when a watchdog fault occurs. This state lasts 2 Slow Clock
cycles.
When in Watchdog Reset, assertion of the reset signals depends on the WDRPROC bit in
WDT_MR:
• If WDRPROC is 0, the Processor Reset and the Peripheral Reset are asserted. The NRST
line is also asserted, depending on the programming of the field ERSTL. However, the
resulting low level on NRST does not result in a User Reset state.
• If WDRPROC = 1, only the processor reset is asserted.
The Watchdog Timer is reset by the proc_nreset signal. As the watchdog fault always causes a
processor reset if WDRSTEN is set, the Watchdog Timer is always reset after a Watchdog
Reset, and the Watchdog is enabled by default and with a period set to a maximum.
When the WDRSTEN in WDT_MR bit is reset, the watchdog fault has no impact on the reset
controller.
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Figure 14-7. Watchdog Reset
SLCK
MCK
Any
Freq.
wd_fault
Processor Startup
= 3 cycles
proc_nreset
RSTTYP
Any
XXX
0x2 = Watchdog Reset
periph_nreset
Only if
WDRPROC = 0
NRST
(nrst_out)
EXTERNAL RESET LENGTH
8 cycles (ERSTL=2)
14.3.4
Reset State Priorities
The Reset State Manager manages the following priorities between the different reset sources,
given in descending order:
• Backup Reset
• Wake-up Reset
• Watchdog Reset
• Software Reset
• User Reset
Particular cases are listed below:
• When in User Reset:
– A watchdog event is impossible because the Watchdog Timer is being reset by the
proc_nreset signal.
– A software reset is impossible, since the processor reset is being activated.
• When in Software Reset:
– A watchdog event has priority over the current state.
– The NRST has no effect.
• When in Watchdog Reset:
– The processor reset is active and so a Software Reset cannot be programmed.
– A User Reset cannot be entered.
14.3.5
Reset Controller Status Register
The Reset Controller status register (RSTC_SR) provides several status fields:
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• RSTTYP field: This field gives the type of the last reset, as explained in previous sections.
• SRCMP bit: This field indicates that a Software Reset Command is in progress and that no
further software reset should be performed until the end of the current one. This bit is
automatically cleared at the end of the current software reset.
• NRSTL bit: The NRSTL bit of the Status Register gives the level of the NRST pin sampled on
each MCK rising edge.
• URSTS bit: A high-to-low transition of the NRST pin sets the URSTS bit of the RSTC_SR
register. This transition is also detected on the Master Clock (MCK) rising edge (see Figure
14-8). If the User Reset is disabled (URSTEN = 0) and if the interruption is enabled by the
URSTIEN bit in the RSTC_MR register, the URSTS bit triggers an interrupt. Reading the
RSTC_SR status register resets the URSTS bit and clears the interrupt.
Figure 14-8.
Reset Controller Status and Interrupt
MCK
read
RSTC_SR
Peripheral Access
2 cycle
resynchronization
2 cycle
resynchronization
NRST
NRSTL
URSTS
rstc_irq
if (URSTEN = 0) and
(URSTIEN = 1)
14.4
Reset Controller (RSTC) User Interface
Table 14-1.
Reset Controller (RSTC) Register Mapping
Offset
Register
Name
0x00
Control Register
0x04
0x08
Note:
74
Back-up Reset
Value
Access
Reset Value
RSTC_CR
Write-only
-
Status Register
RSTC_SR
Read-only
0x0000_0001
0x0000_0000
Mode Register
RSTC_MR
Read/Write
-
0x0000_0000
1. The reset value of RSTC_SR either reports a General Reset or a Wake-up Reset depending on last rising power supply.
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14.4.1
Reset Controller Control Register
Register Name:
RSTC_CR
Access Type:
31
Write-only
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
KEY
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
–
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
–
10
–
9
8
–
7
–
6
–
5
–
4
–
3
EXTRST
2
PERRST
1
–
0
PROCRST
• PROCRST: Processor Reset
0 = No effect.
1 = If KEY is correct, resets the processor.
• PERRST: Peripheral Reset
0 = No effect.
1 = If KEY is correct, resets the peripherals.
• EXTRST: External Reset
0 = No effect.
1 = If KEY is correct, asserts the NRST pin.
• KEY: Password
Should be written at value 0xA5. Writing any other value in this field aborts the write operation.
14.4.2
Reset Controller Status Register
Register Name:
RSTC_SR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
SRCMP
16
NRSTL
15
–
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
–
10
9
RSTTYP
8
7
–
6
–
5
–
4
–
3
–
2
–
1
0
URSTS
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• URSTS: User Reset Status
0 = No high-to-low edge on NRST happened since the last read of RSTC_SR.
1 = At least one high-to-low transition of NRST has been detected since the last read of RSTC_SR.
• RSTTYP: Reset Type
Reports the cause of the last processor reset. Reading this RSTC_SR does not reset this field.
RSTTYP
Reset Type
Comments
0
0
0
General Reset
Both VDDCORE and VDDBU rising
0
0
1
Wake Up Reset
VDDCORE rising
0
1
0
Watchdog Reset
Watchdog fault occurred
0
1
1
Software Reset
Processor reset required by the software
1
0
0
User Reset
NRST pin detected low
• NRSTL: NRST Pin Level
Registers the NRST Pin Level at Master Clock (MCK).
• SRCMP: Software Reset Command in Progress
0 = No software command is being performed by the reset controller. The reset controller is ready for a software command.
1 = A software reset command is being performed by the reset controller. The reset controller is busy.
14.4.3
Reset Controller Mode Register
Register Name:
RSTC_MR
Access Type:
31
Read/Write
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
17
–
16
9
8
1
–
0
URSTEN
KEY
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
15
–
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
10
7
–
6
–
5
4
URSTIEN
3
–
ERSTL
2
–
• URSTEN: User Reset Enable
0 = The detection of a low level on the pin NRST does not generate a User Reset.
1 = The detection of a low level on the pin NRST triggers a User Reset.
• URSTIEN: User Reset Interrupt Enable
0 = USRTS bit in RSTC_SR at 1 has no effect on rstc_irq.
1 = USRTS bit in RSTC_SR at 1 asserts rstc_irq if URSTEN = 0.
• ERSTL: External Reset Length
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This field defines the external reset length. The external reset is asserted during a time of 2(ERSTL+1) Slow Clock cycles. This
allows assertion duration to be programmed between 60 μs and 2 seconds.
• KEY: Password
Should be written at value 0xA5. Writing any other value in this field aborts the write operation.
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15. Real-time Timer (RTT)
15.1
Description
The Real-time Timer is built around a 32-bit counter and used to count elapsed seconds. It generates a periodic interrupt and/or triggers an alarm on a programmed value.
15.2
Block Diagram
Figure 15-1. Real-time Timer
RTT_MR
RTTRST
RTT_MR
RTPRES
RTT_MR
SLCK
RTTINCIEN
reload
16-bit
Divider
set
0
RTT_MR
RTTRST
RTTINC
RTT_SR
1
reset
0
rtt_int
32-bit
Counter
read
RTT_SR
RTT_MR
ALMIEN
RTT_VR
reset
CRTV
RTT_SR
ALMS
set
rtt_alarm
=
RTT_AR
15.3
ALMV
Functional Description
The Real-time Timer is used to count elapsed seconds. It is built around a 32-bit counter fed by
Slow Clock divided by a programmable 16-bit value. The value can be programmed in the field
RTPRES of the Real-time Mode Register (RTT_MR).
Programming RTPRES at 0x00008000 corresponds to feeding the real-time counter with a 1 Hz
signal (if the Slow Clock is 32.768 Hz). The 32-bit counter can count up to 232 seconds, corresponding to more than 136 years, then roll over to 0.
The Real-time Timer can also be used as a free-running timer with a lower time-base. The best
accuracy is achieved by writing RTPRES to 3. Programming RTPRES to 1 or 2 is possible, but
may result in losing status events because the status register is cleared two Slow Clock cycles
after read. Thus if the RTT is configured to trigger an interrupt, the interrupt occurs during 2 Slow
Clock cycles after reading RTT_SR. To prevent several executions of the interrupt handler, the
interrupt must be disabled in the interrupt handler and re-enabled when the status register is
clear.
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The Real-time Timer value (CRTV) can be read at any time in the register RTT_VR (Real-time
Value Register). As this value can be updated asynchronously from the Master Clock, it is advisable to read this register twice at the same value to improve accuracy of the returned value.
The current value of the counter is compared with the value written in the alarm register
RTT_AR (Real-time Alarm Register). If the counter value matches the alarm, the bit ALMS in
RTT_SR is set. The alarm register is set to its maximum value, corresponding to 0xFFFF_FFFF,
after a reset.
The bit RTTINC in RTT_SR is set each time the Real-time Timer counter is incremented. This bit
can be used to start a periodic interrupt, the period being one second when the RTPRES is programmed with 0x8000 and Slow Clock equal to 32.768 Hz.
Reading the RTT_SR status register resets the RTTINC and ALMS fields.
Writing the bit RTTRST in RTT_MR immediately reloads and restarts the clock divider with the
new programmed value. This also resets the 32-bit counter.
Note:
Because of the asynchronism between the Slow Clock (SCLK) and the System Clock (MCK):
1) The restart of the counter and the reset of the RTT_VR current value register is effective only 2
slow clock cycles after the write of the RTTRST bit in the RTT_MR register.
2) The status register flags reset is taken into account only 2 slow clock cycles after the read of the
RTT_SR (Status Register).
Figure 15-2. RTT Counting
APB cycle
APB cycle
MCK
RTPRES - 1
Prescaler
0
RTT
0
...
ALMV-1
ALMV
ALMV+1
ALMV+2
ALMV+3
RTTINC (RTT_SR)
ALMS (RTT_SR)
APB Interface
read RTT_SR
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15.4
15.4.1
Real-time Timer User Interface
Register Mapping
Table 15-1.
Real-time Timer Register Mapping
Offset
Register
Name
Access
Reset Value
0x00
Mode Register
RTT_MR
Read/Write
0x0000_8000
0x04
Alarm Register
RTT_AR
Read/Write
0xFFFF_FFFF
0x08
Value Register
RTT_VR
Read-only
0x0000_0000
0x0C
Status Register
RTT_SR
Read-only
0x0000_0000
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15.4.2
Real-time Timer Mode Register
Register Name:
RTT_MR
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
RTTRST
17
RTTINCIEN
16
ALMIEN
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
3
2
1
0
RTPRES
7
6
5
4
RTPRES
• RTPRES: Real-time Timer Prescaler Value
Defines the number of SLCK periods required to increment the Real-time timer. RTPRES is defined as follows:
RTPRES = 0: The prescaler period is equal to 216
RTPRES …0: The prescaler period is equal to RTPRES.
• ALMIEN: Alarm Interrupt Enable
0 = The bit ALMS in RTT_SR has no effect on interrupt.
1 = The bit ALMS in RTT_SR asserts interrupt.
• RTTINCIEN: Real-time Timer Increment Interrupt Enable
0 = The bit RTTINC in RTT_SR has no effect on interrupt.
1 = The bit RTTINC in RTT_SR asserts interrupt.
• RTTRST: Real-time Timer Restart
1 = Reloads and restarts the clock divider with the new programmed value. This also resets the 32-bit counter.
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15.4.3
Real-time Timer Alarm Register
Register Name:
RTT_AR
Access Type:
31
Read/Write
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
19
18
17
16
11
10
9
8
3
2
1
0
27
26
25
24
19
18
17
16
11
10
9
8
3
2
1
0
ALMV
23
22
21
20
ALMV
15
14
13
12
ALMV
7
6
5
4
ALMV
• ALMV: Alarm Value
Defines the alarm value (ALMV+1) compared with the Real-time Timer.
15.4.4
Real-time Timer Value Register
Register Name:
RTT_VR
Access Type:
31
Read-only
30
29
28
CRTV
23
22
21
20
CRTV
15
14
13
12
CRTV
7
6
5
4
CRTV
• CRTV: Current Real-time Value
Returns the current value of the Real-time Timer.
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15.4.5
Real-time Timer Status Register
Register Name:
RTT_SR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
–
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
–
10
–
9
–
8
–
7
–
6
–
5
–
4
–
3
–
2
–
1
RTTINC
0
ALMS
• ALMS: Real-time Alarm Status
0 = The Real-time Alarm has not occured since the last read of RTT_SR.
1 = The Real-time Alarm occured since the last read of RTT_SR.
• RTTINC: Real-time Timer Increment
0 = The Real-time Timer has not been incremented since the last read of the RTT_SR.
1 = The Real-time Timer has been incremented since the last read of the RTT_SR.
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16. Periodic Interval Timer (PIT)
16.1
Description
The Periodic Interval Timer (PIT) provides the operating system’s scheduler interrupt. It is
designed to offer maximum accuracy and efficient management, even for systems with long
response time.
16.2
Block Diagram
Figure 16-1. Periodic Interval Timer
PIT_MR
PIV
=?
PIT_MR
PITIEN
set
0
PIT_SR
PITS
pit_irq
reset
0
MCK
Prescaler
16.3
0
0
1
12-bit
Adder
1
read PIT_PIVR
20-bit
Counter
MCK/16
CPIV
PIT_PIVR
CPIV
PIT_PIIR
PICNT
PICNT
Functional Description
The Periodic Interval Timer aims at providing periodic interrupts for use by operating systems.
The PIT provides a programmable overflow counter and a reset-on-read feature. It is built
around two counters: a 20-bit CPIV counter and a 12-bit PICNT counter. Both counters work at
Master Clock /16.
The first 20-bit CPIV counter increments from 0 up to a programmable overflow value set in the
field PIV of the Mode Register (PIT_MR). When the counter CPIV reaches this value, it resets to
0 and increments the Periodic Interval Counter, PICNT. The status bit PITS in the Status Register (PIT_SR) rises and triggers an interrupt, provided the interrupt is enabled (PITIEN in
PIT_MR).
Writing a new PIV value in PIT_MR does not reset/restart the counters.
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When CPIV and PICNT values are obtained by reading the Periodic Interval Value Register
(PIT_PIVR), the overflow counter (PICNT) is reset and the PITS is cleared, thus acknowledging
the interrupt. The value of PICNT gives the number of periodic intervals elapsed since the last
read of PIT_PIVR.
When CPIV and PICNT values are obtained by reading the Periodic Interval Image Register
(PIT_PIIR), there is no effect on the counters CPIV and PICNT, nor on the bit PITS. For example, a profiler can read PIT_PIIR without clearing any pending interrupt, whereas a timer
interrupt clears the interrupt by reading PIT_PIVR.
The PIT may be enabled/disabled using the PITEN bit in the PIT_MR register (disabled on
reset). The PITEN bit only becomes effective when the CPIV value is 0. Figure 16-2 illustrates
the PIT counting. After the PIT Enable bit is reset (PITEN= 0), the CPIV goes on counting until
the PIV value is reached, and is then reset. PIT restarts counting, only if the PITEN is set again.
The PIT is stopped when the core enters debug state.
Figure 16-2. Enabling/Disabling PIT with PITEN
APB cycle
APB cycle
MCK
15
restarts MCK Prescaler
MCK Prescaler 0
PITEN
CPIV
0
PICNT
1
PIV - 1
0
PIV
1
0
1
0
PITS (PIT_SR)
APB Interface
read PIT_PIVR
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16.4
Periodic Interval Timer (PIT) User Interface
Table 16-1.
Periodic Interval Timer (PIT) Register Mapping
Offset
Register
Name
Access
Reset Value
0x00
Mode Register
PIT_MR
Read/Write
0x000F_FFFF
0x04
Status Register
PIT_SR
Read-only
0x0000_0000
0x08
Periodic Interval Value Register
PIT_PIVR
Read-only
0x0000_0000
0x0C
Periodic Interval Image Register
PIT_PIIR
Read-only
0x0000_0000
16.4.1
Periodic Interval Timer Mode Register
Register Name:
PIT_MR
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
18
15
14
13
12
25
PITIEN
24
PITEN
17
16
PIV
11
10
9
8
3
2
1
0
PIV
7
6
5
4
PIV
• PIV: Periodic Interval Value
Defines the value compared with the primary 20-bit counter of the Periodic Interval Timer (CPIV). The period is equal to
(PIV + 1).
• PITEN: Period Interval Timer Enabled
0 = The Periodic Interval Timer is disabled when the PIV value is reached.
1 = The Periodic Interval Timer is enabled.
• PITIEN: Periodic Interval Timer Interrupt Enable
0 = The bit PITS in PIT_SR has no effect on interrupt.
1 = The bit PITS in PIT_SR asserts interrupt.
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16.4.2
Periodic Interval Timer Status Register
Register Name:
PIT_SR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
–
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
–
10
–
9
–
8
–
7
–
6
–
5
–
4
–
3
–
2
–
1
–
0
PITS
25
24
17
16
• PITS: Periodic Interval Timer Status
0 = The Periodic Interval timer has not reached PIV since the last read of PIT_PIVR.
1 = The Periodic Interval timer has reached PIV since the last read of PIT_PIVR.
16.4.3
Periodic Interval Timer Value Register
Register Name:
PIT_PIVR
Access Type:
31
Read-only
30
29
28
27
26
19
18
PICNT
23
22
21
20
PICNT
15
14
CPIV
13
12
11
10
9
8
3
2
1
0
CPIV
7
6
5
4
CPIV
Reading this register clears PITS in PIT_SR.
• CPIV: Current Periodic Interval Value
Returns the current value of the periodic interval timer.
• PICNT: Periodic Interval Counter
Returns the number of occurrences of periodic intervals since the last read of PIT_PIVR.
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16.4.4
Periodic Interval Timer Image Register
Register Name:
PIT_PIIR
Access Type:
31
Read-only
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
19
18
17
16
PICNT
23
22
21
20
PICNT
15
14
CPIV
13
12
11
10
9
8
3
2
1
0
CPIV
7
6
5
4
CPIV
• CPIV: Current Periodic Interval Value
Returns the current value of the periodic interval timer.
• PICNT: Periodic Interval Counter
Returns the number of occurrences of periodic intervals since the last read of PIT_PIVR.
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17. Watchdog Timer (WDT)
17.1
Description
The Watchdog Timer can be used to prevent system lock-up if the software becomes trapped in
a deadlock. It features a 12-bit down counter that allows a watchdog period of up to 16 seconds
(slow clock at 32.768 kHz). It can generate a general reset or a processor reset only. In addition,
it can be stopped while the processor is in debug mode or idle mode.
17.2
Block Diagram
Figure 17-1. Watchdog Timer Block Diagram
write WDT_MR
WDT_MR
WDV
WDT_CR
WDRSTT
reload
1
0
12-bit Down
Counter
WDT_MR
WDD
reload
Current
Value
1/128
SLCK
1
1
0
Divide
by 16
Baud Rate
Clock
0
Receiver
Sampling Clock
26.4.2
26.4.2.1
Receiver
Receiver Reset, Enable and Disable
After device reset, the Debug Unit receiver is disabled and must be enabled before being used.
The receiver can be enabled by writing the control register DBGU_CR with the bit RXEN at 1. At
this command, the receiver starts looking for a start bit.
The programmer can disable the receiver by writing DBGU_CR with the bit RXDIS at 1. If the
receiver is waiting for a start bit, it is immediately stopped. However, if the receiver has already
detected a start bit and is receiving the data, it waits for the stop bit before actually stopping its
operation.
The programmer can also put the receiver in its reset state by writing DBGU_CR with the bit
RSTRX at 1. In doing so, the receiver immediately stops its current operations and is disabled,
whatever its current state. If RSTRX is applied when data is being processed, this data is lost.
26.4.3
Start Detection and Data Sampling
The Debug Unit only supports asynchronous operations, and this affects only its receiver. The
Debug Unit receiver detects the start of a received character by sampling the DRXD signal until
it detects a valid start bit. A low level (space) on DRXD is interpreted as a valid start bit if it is
detected for more than 7 cycles of the sampling clock, which is 16 times the baud rate. Hence, a
space that is longer than 7/16 of the bit period is detected as a valid start bit. A space which is
7/16 of a bit period or shorter is ignored and the receiver continues to wait for a valid start bit.
When a valid start bit has been detected, the receiver samples the DRXD at the theoretical midpoint of each bit. It is assumed that each bit lasts 16 cycles of the sampling clock (1-bit period)
so the bit sampling point is eight cycles (0.5-bit period) after the start of the bit. The first sampling
point is therefore 24 cycles (1.5-bit periods) after the falling edge of the start bit was detected.
Each subsequent bit is sampled 16 cycles (1-bit period) after the previous one.
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Figure 26-4. Start Bit Detection
Sampling Clock
DRXD
True Start
Detection
D0
Baud Rate
Clock
Figure 26-5. Character Reception
Example: 8-bit, parity enabled 1 stop
0.5 bit
period?
1 bit
period
DRXD
D0
D1
True Start Detection
Sampling
26.4.3.1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Stop Bit
Parity Bit
Receiver Ready
When a complete character is received, it is transferred to the DBGU_RHR and the RXRDY status bit in DBGU_SR (Status Register) is set. The bit RXRDY is automatically cleared when the
receive holding register DBGU_RHR is read.
Figure 26-6. Receiver Ready
DRXD
S
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
S
P
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
P
RXRDY
Read DBGU_RHR
26.4.3.2
Receiver Overrun
If DBGU_RHR has not been read by the software (or the Peripheral Data Controller) since the
last transfer, the RXRDY bit is still set and a new character is received, the OVRE status bit in
DBGU_SR is set. OVRE is cleared when the software writes the control register DBGU_CR with
the bit RSTSTA (Reset Status) at 1.
Figure 26-7. Receiver Overrun
DRXD
S
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
P
stop
S
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
P
stop
RXRDY
OVRE
RSTSTA
26.4.3.3
Parity Error
Each time a character is received, the receiver calculates the parity of the received data bits, in
accordance with the field PAR in DBGU_MR. It then compares the result with the received parity
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bit. If different, the parity error bit PARE in DBGU_SR is set at the same time the RXRDY is set.
The parity bit is cleared when the control register DBGU_CR is written with the bit RSTSTA
(Reset Status) at 1. If a new character is received before the reset status command is written,
the PARE bit remains at 1.
Figure 26-8. Parity Error
DRXD
S
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
P
stop
RXRDY
PARE
Wrong Parity Bit
26.4.3.4
RSTSTA
Receiver Framing Error
When a start bit is detected, it generates a character reception when all the data bits have been
sampled. The stop bit is also sampled and when it is detected at 0, the FRAME (Framing Error)
bit in DBGU_SR is set at the same time the RXRDY bit is set. The bit FRAME remains high until
the control register DBGU_CR is written with the bit RSTSTA at 1.
Figure 26-9. Receiver Framing Error
DRXD
S
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
P
stop
RXRDY
FRAME
Stop Bit
Detected at 0
26.4.4
26.4.4.1
RSTSTA
Transmitter
Transmitter Reset, Enable and Disable
After device reset, the Debug Unit transmitter is disabled and it must be enabled before being
used. The transmitter is enabled by writing the control register DBGU_CR with the bit TXEN at 1.
From this command, the transmitter waits for a character to be written in the Transmit Holding
Register DBGU_THR before actually starting the transmission.
The programmer can disable the transmitter by writing DBGU_CR with the bit TXDIS at 1. If the
transmitter is not operating, it is immediately stopped. However, if a character is being processed into the Shift Register and/or a character has been written in the Transmit Holding
Register, the characters are completed before the transmitter is actually stopped.
The programmer can also put the transmitter in its reset state by writing the DBGU_CR with the
bit RSTTX at 1. This immediately stops the transmitter, whether or not it is processing
characters.
26.4.4.2
270
Transmit Format
The Debug Unit transmitter drives the pin DTXD at the baud rate clock speed. The line is driven
depending on the format defined in the Mode Register and the data stored in the Shift Register.
One start bit at level 0, then the 8 data bits, from the lowest to the highest bit, one optional parity
bit and one stop bit at 1 are consecutively shifted out as shown on the following figure. The field
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PARE in the mode register DBGU_MR defines whether or not a parity bit is shifted out. When a
parity bit is enabled, it can be selected between an odd parity, an even parity, or a fixed space or
mark bit.
Figure 26-10. Character Transmission
Example: Parity enabled
Baud Rate
Clock
DTXD
Start
Bit
26.4.4.3
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parity
Bit
Stop
Bit
Transmitter Control
When the transmitter is enabled, the bit TXRDY (Transmitter Ready) is set in the status register
DBGU_SR. The transmission starts when the programmer writes in the Transmit Holding Register DBGU_THR, and after the written character is transferred from DBGU_THR to the Shift
Register. The bit TXRDY remains high until a second character is written in DBGU_THR. As
soon as the first character is completed, the last character written in DBGU_THR is transferred
into the shift register and TXRDY rises again, showing that the holding register is empty.
When both the Shift Register and the DBGU_THR are empty, i.e., all the characters written in
DBGU_THR have been processed, the bit TXEMPTY rises after the last stop bit has been
completed.
Figure 26-11. Transmitter Control
DBGU_THR
Data 0
Data 1
Shift Register
DTXD
Data 0
S
Data 0
Data 1
P
stop
S
Data 1
P
stop
TXRDY
TXEMPTY
Write Data 0
in DBGU_THR
26.4.5
Write Data 1
in DBGU_THR
Peripheral Data Controller
Both the receiver and the transmitter of the Debug Unit's UART are generally connected to a
Peripheral Data Controller (PDC) channel.
The peripheral data controller channels are programmed via registers that are mapped within
the Debug Unit user interface from the offset 0x100. The status bits are reported in the Debug
Unit status register DBGU_SR and can generate an interrupt.
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The RXRDY bit triggers the PDC channel data transfer of the receiver. This results in a read of
the data in DBGU_RHR. The TXRDY bit triggers the PDC channel data transfer of the transmitter. This results in a write of a data in DBGU_THR.
26.4.6
Test Modes
The Debug Unit supports three tests modes. These modes of operation are programmed by
using the field CHMODE (Channel Mode) in the mode register DBGU_MR.
The Automatic Echo mode allows bit-by-bit retransmission. When a bit is received on the DRXD
line, it is sent to the DTXD line. The transmitter operates normally, but has no effect on the
DTXD line.
The Local Loopback mode allows the transmitted characters to be received. DTXD and DRXD
pins are not used and the output of the transmitter is internally connected to the input of the
receiver. The DRXD pin level has no effect and the DTXD line is held high, as in idle state.
The Remote Loopback mode directly connects the DRXD pin to the DTXD line. The transmitter
and the receiver are disabled and have no effect. This mode allows a bit-by-bit retransmission.
Figure 26-12. Test Modes
Automatic Echo
RXD
Receiver
Transmitter
Disabled
TXD
Local Loopback
Disabled
Receiver
RXD
VDD
Disabled
Transmitter
Remote Loopback
Receiver
Transmitter
26.4.7
272
TXD
VDD
Disabled
Disabled
RXD
TXD
Debug Communication Channel Support
The Debug Unit handles the signals COMMRX and COMMTX that come from the Debug Communication Channel of the ARM Processor and are driven by the In-circuit Emulator.
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The Debug Communication Channel contains two registers that are accessible through the ICE
Breaker on the JTAG side and through the coprocessor 0 on the ARM Processor side.
As a reminder, the following instructions are used to read and write the Debug Communication
Channel:
MRC
p14, 0, Rd, c1, c0, 0
Returns the debug communication data read register into Rd
MCR
p14, 0, Rd, c1, c0, 0
Writes the value in Rd to the debug communication data write register.
The bits COMMRX and COMMTX, which indicate, respectively, that the read register has been
written by the debugger but not yet read by the processor, and that the write register has been
written by the processor and not yet read by the debugger, are wired on the two highest bits of
the status register DBGU_SR. These bits can generate an interrupt. This feature permits handling under interrupt a debug link between a debug monitor running on the target system and a
debugger.
26.4.8
Chip Identifier
The Debug Unit features two chip identifier registers, DBGU_CIDR (Chip ID Register) and
DBGU_EXID (Extension ID). Both registers contain a hard-wired value that is read-only. The first
register contains the following fields:
• EXT - shows the use of the extension identifier register
• NVPTYP and NVPSIZ - identifies the type of embedded non-volatile memory and its size
• ARCH - identifies the set of embedded peripherals
• SRAMSIZ - indicates the size of the embedded SRAM
• EPROC - indicates the embedded ARM processor
• VERSION - gives the revision of the silicon
The second register is device-dependent and reads 0 if the bit EXT is 0.
26.5
ICE Access Prevention
The Debug Unit allows blockage of access to the system through the ARM processor's ICE
interface. This feature is implemented via the register Force NTRST (DBGU_FNR), that allows
assertion of the NTRST signal of the ICE Interface. Writing the bit FNTRST (Force NTRST) to 1
in this register prevents any activity on the TAP controller.
On standard devices, the bit FNTRST resets to 0 and thus does not prevent ICE access.
This feature is especially useful on custom ROM devices for customers who do not want their
on-chip code to be visible.
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26.6
Debug Unit User Interface
Table 26-2.
Debug Unit Memory Map
Offset
Register
Name
Access
Reset Value
0x0000
Control Register
DBGU_CR
Write-only
–
0x0004
Mode Register
DBGU_MR
Read/Write
0x0
0x0008
Interrupt Enable Register
DBGU_IER
Write-only
–
0x000C
Interrupt Disable Register
DBGU_IDR
Write-only
–
0x0010
Interrupt Mask Register
DBGU_IMR
Read-only
0x0
0x0014
Status Register
DBGU_SR
Read-only
–
0x0018
Receive Holding Register
DBGU_RHR
Read-only
0x0
0x001C
Transmit Holding Register
DBGU_THR
Write-only
–
0x0020
Baud Rate Generator Register
DBGU_BRGR
Read/Write
0x0
–
–
–
0x0024 - 0x003C
Reserved
0x0040
Chip ID Register
DBGU_CIDR
Read-only
–
0x0044
Chip ID Extension Register
DBGU_EXID
Read-only
–
0x0048
Force NTRST Register
DBGU_FNR
Read/Write
0x0
0x004C - 0x00FC
Reserved
−
−
−
0x0100 - 0x0124
PDC Area
–
–
–
274
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AT91CAP7E
26.6.1
Name:
Debug Unit Control Register
DBGU_CR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
RSTSTA
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TXDIS
TXEN
RXDIS
RXEN
RSTTX
RSTRX
–
–
• RSTRX: Reset Receiver
0 = No effect.
1 = The receiver logic is reset and disabled. If a character is being received, the reception is aborted.
• RSTTX: Reset Transmitter
0 = No effect.
1 = The transmitter logic is reset and disabled. If a character is being transmitted, the transmission is aborted.
• RXEN: Receiver Enable
0 = No effect.
1 = The receiver is enabled if RXDIS is 0.
• RXDIS: Receiver Disable
0 = No effect.
1 = The receiver is disabled. If a character is being processed and RSTRX is not set, the character is completed before the
receiver is stopped.
• TXEN: Transmitter Enable
0 = No effect.
1 = The transmitter is enabled if TXDIS is 0.
• TXDIS: Transmitter Disable
0 = No effect.
1 = The transmitter is disabled. If a character is being processed and a character has been written the DBGU_THR and
RSTTX is not set, both characters are completed before the transmitter is stopped.
• RSTSTA: Reset Status Bits
0 = No effect.
1 = Resets the status bits PARE, FRAME and OVRE in the DBGU_SR.
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26.6.2
Name:
Debug Unit Mode Register
DBGU_MR
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
14
13
12
11
10
9
–
–
15
CHMODE
8
–
PAR
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
• PAR: Parity Type
PAR
Parity Type
0
0
0
Even parity
0
0
1
Odd parity
0
1
0
Space: parity forced to 0
0
1
1
Mark: parity forced to 1
1
x
x
No parity
• CHMODE: Channel Mode
CHMODE
276
Mode Description
0
0
Normal Mode
0
1
Automatic Echo
1
0
Local Loopback
1
1
Remote Loopback
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
26.6.3
Name:
Debug Unit Interrupt Enable Register
DBGU_IER
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
COMMRX
COMMTX
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
RXBUFF
TXBUFE
–
TXEMPTY
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PARE
FRAME
OVRE
ENDTX
ENDRX
–
TXRDY
RXRDY
• RXRDY: Enable RXRDY Interrupt
• TXRDY: Enable TXRDY Interrupt
• ENDRX: Enable End of Receive Transfer Interrupt
• ENDTX: Enable End of Transmit Interrupt
• OVRE: Enable Overrun Error Interrupt
• FRAME: Enable Framing Error Interrupt
• PARE: Enable Parity Error Interrupt
• TXEMPTY: Enable TXEMPTY Interrupt
• TXBUFE: Enable Buffer Empty Interrupt
• RXBUFF: Enable Buffer Full Interrupt
• COMMTX: Enable COMMTX (from ARM) Interrupt
• COMMRX: Enable COMMRX (from ARM) Interrupt
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the corresponding interrupt.
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26.6.4
Name:
Debug Unit Interrupt Disable Register
DBGU_IDR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
COMMRX
COMMTX
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
RXBUFF
TXBUFE
–
TXEMPTY
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PARE
FRAME
OVRE
ENDTX
ENDRX
–
TXRDY
RXRDY
• RXRDY: Disable RXRDY Interrupt
• TXRDY: Disable TXRDY Interrupt
• ENDRX: Disable End of Receive Transfer Interrupt
• ENDTX: Disable End of Transmit Interrupt
• OVRE: Disable Overrun Error Interrupt
• FRAME: Disable Framing Error Interrupt
• PARE: Disable Parity Error Interrupt
• TXEMPTY: Disable TXEMPTY Interrupt
• TXBUFE: Disable Buffer Empty Interrupt
• RXBUFF: Disable Buffer Full Interrupt
• COMMTX: Disable COMMTX (from ARM) Interrupt
• COMMRX: Disable COMMRX (from ARM) Interrupt
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the corresponding interrupt.
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26.6.5
Name:
Debug Unit Interrupt Mask Register
DBGU_IMR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
COMMRX
COMMTX
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
RXBUFF
TXBUFE
–
TXEMPTY
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PARE
FRAME
OVRE
ENDTX
ENDRX
–
TXRDY
RXRDY
• RXRDY: Mask RXRDY Interrupt
• TXRDY: Disable TXRDY Interrupt
• ENDRX: Mask End of Receive Transfer Interrupt
• ENDTX: Mask End of Transmit Interrupt
• OVRE: Mask Overrun Error Interrupt
• FRAME: Mask Framing Error Interrupt
• PARE: Mask Parity Error Interrupt
• TXEMPTY: Mask TXEMPTY Interrupt
• TXBUFE: Mask TXBUFE Interrupt
• RXBUFF: Mask RXBUFF Interrupt
• COMMTX: Mask COMMTX Interrupt
• COMMRX: Mask COMMRX Interrupt
0 = The corresponding interrupt is disabled.
1 = The corresponding interrupt is enabled.
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26.6.6
Name:
Debug Unit Status Register
DBGU_SR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
COMMRX
COMMTX
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
RXBUFF
TXBUFE
–
TXEMPTY
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
PARE
FRAME
OVRE
ENDTX
ENDRX
–
TXRDY
RXRDY
• RXRDY: Receiver Ready
0 = No character has been received since the last read of the DBGU_RHR or the receiver is disabled.
1 = At least one complete character has been received, transferred to DBGU_RHR and not yet read.
• TXRDY: Transmitter Ready
0 = A character has been written to DBGU_THR and not yet transferred to the Shift Register, or the transmitter is disabled.
1 = There is no character written to DBGU_THR not yet transferred to the Shift Register.
• ENDRX: End of Receiver Transfer
0 = The End of Transfer signal from the receiver Peripheral Data Controller channel is inactive.
1 = The End of Transfer signal from the receiver Peripheral Data Controller channel is active.
• ENDTX: End of Transmitter Transfer
0 = The End of Transfer signal from the transmitter Peripheral Data Controller channel is inactive.
1 = The End of Transfer signal from the transmitter Peripheral Data Controller channel is active.
• OVRE: Overrun Error
0 = No overrun error has occurred since the last RSTSTA.
1 = At least one overrun error has occurred since the last RSTSTA.
• FRAME: Framing Error
0 = No framing error has occurred since the last RSTSTA.
1 = At least one framing error has occurred since the last RSTSTA.
• PARE: Parity Error
0 = No parity error has occurred since the last RSTSTA.
1 = At least one parity error has occurred since the last RSTSTA.
• TXEMPTY: Transmitter Empty
0 = There are characters in DBGU_THR, or characters being processed by the transmitter, or the transmitter is disabled.
1 = There are no characters in DBGU_THR and there are no characters being processed by the transmitter.
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AT91CAP7E
• TXBUFE: Transmission Buffer Empty
0 = The buffer empty signal from the transmitter PDC channel is inactive.
1 = The buffer empty signal from the transmitter PDC channel is active.
• RXBUFF: Receive Buffer Full
0 = The buffer full signal from the receiver PDC channel is inactive.
1 = The buffer full signal from the receiver PDC channel is active.
• COMMTX: Debug Communication Channel Write Status
0 = COMMTX from the ARM processor is inactive.
1 = COMMTX from the ARM processor is active.
• COMMRX: Debug Communication Channel Read Status
0 = COMMRX from the ARM processor is inactive.
1 = COMMRX from the ARM processor is active.
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26.6.7
Name:
Debug Unit Receiver Holding Register
DBGU_RHR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
RXCHR
• RXCHR: Received Character
Last received character if RXRDY is set.
26.6.8
Name:
Debug Unit Transmit Holding Register
DBGU_THR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TXCHR
• TXCHR: Character to be Transmitted
Next character to be transmitted after the current character if TXRDY is not set.
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AT91CAP7E
26.6.9
Name:
Debug Unit Baud Rate Generator Register
DBGU_BRGR
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
3
2
1
0
CD
7
6
5
4
CD
• CD: Clock Divisor
CD
Baud Rate Clock
0
Disabled
1
MCK
2 to 65535
MCK / (CD x 16)
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26.6.10
Name:
Debug Unit Chip ID Register
DBGU_CIDR
Access Type:
31
Read-only
30
29
EXT
23
28
27
26
NVPTYP
22
21
20
19
18
ARCH
15
14
13
6
24
17
16
9
8
1
0
SRAMSIZ
12
11
10
NVPSIZ2
7
25
ARCH
NVPSIZ
5
4
3
EPROC
2
VERSION
• VERSION: Version of the Device
• EPROC: Embedded Processor
EPROC
Processor
0
0
1
ARM946ES
0
1
0
ARM7TDMI
1
0
0
ARM920T
1
0
1
ARM926EJS
• NVPSIZ: Nonvolatile Program Memory Size
NVPSIZ
284
Size
0
0
0
0
None
0
0
0
1
8K bytes
0
0
1
0
16K bytes
0
0
1
1
32K bytes
0
1
0
0
Reserved
0
1
0
1
64K bytes
0
1
1
0
Reserved
0
1
1
1
128K bytes
1
0
0
0
Reserved
1
0
0
1
256K bytes
1
0
1
0
512K bytes
1
0
1
1
Reserved
1
1
0
0
1024K bytes
1
1
0
1
Reserved
1
1
1
0
2048K bytes
1
1
1
1
Reserved
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
• NVPSIZ2 Second Nonvolatile Program Memory Size
NVPSIZ2
Size
0
0
0
0
None
0
0
0
1
8K bytes
0
0
1
0
16K bytes
0
0
1
1
32K bytes
0
1
0
0
Reserved
0
1
0
1
64K bytes
0
1
1
0
Reserved
0
1
1
1
128K bytes
1
0
0
0
Reserved
1
0
0
1
256K bytes
1
0
1
0
512K bytes
1
0
1
1
Reserved
1
1
0
0
1024K bytes
1
1
0
1
Reserved
1
1
1
0
2048K bytes
1
1
1
1
Reserved
• SRAMSIZ: Internal SRAM Size
SRAMSIZ
Size
0
0
0
0
Reserved
0
0
0
1
1K bytes
0
0
1
0
2K bytes
0
0
1
1
6K bytes
0
1
0
0
112K bytes
0
1
0
1
4K bytes
0
1
1
0
80K bytes
0
1
1
1
160K bytes
1
0
0
0
8K bytes
1
0
0
1
16K bytes
1
0
1
0
32K bytes
1
0
1
1
64K bytes
1
1
0
0
128K bytes
1
1
0
1
256K bytes
1
1
1
0
96K bytes
1
1
1
1
512K bytes
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• ARCH: Architecture Identifier
ARCH
Hex
Bin
Architecture
0x19
0001 1001
AT91SAM9xx Series
0x29
0010 1001
AT91SAM9XExx Series
0x34
0011 0100
AT91x34 Series
0x37
0011 0111
AT91CAP7 Series
0x39
0011 1001
AT91CAP9 Series
0x3B
0011 1011
AT91CAP11 Series
0x40
0100 0000
AT91x40 Series
0x42
0100 0010
AT91x42 Series
0x55
0101 0101
AT91x55 Series
0x60
0110 0000
AT91SAM7Axx Series
0x61
0110 0001
AT91SAM7AQxx Series
0x63
0110 0011
AT91x63 Series
0x70
0111 0000
AT91SAM7Sxx Series
0x71
0111 0001
AT91SAM7XCxx Series
0x72
0111 0010
AT91SAM7SExx Series
0x73
0111 0011
AT91SAM7Lxx Series
0x75
0111 0101
AT91SAM7Xxx Series
0x92
1001 0010
AT91x92 Series
0xF0
1111 0000
AT75Cxx Series
• NVPTYP: Nonvolatile Program Memory Type
NVPTYP
Memory
0
0
0
ROM
0
0
1
ROMless or on-chip Flash
1
0
0
SRAM emulating ROM
0
1
0
Embedded Flash Memory
0
1
1
ROM and Embedded Flash Memory
NVPSIZ is ROM size
NVPSIZ2 is Flash size
• EXT: Extension Flag
0 = Chip ID has a single register definition without extension
1 = An extended Chip ID exists.
286
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AT91CAP7E
26.6.11
Name:
Debug Unit Chip ID Extension Register
DBGU_EXID
Access Type:
31
Read-only
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
19
18
17
16
11
10
9
8
3
2
1
0
EXID
23
22
21
20
EXID
15
14
13
12
EXID
7
6
5
4
EXID
• EXID: Chip ID Extension
Reads 0 if the bit EXT in DBGU_CIDR is 0.
26.7
Debug Unit Force NTRST Register
Name:
DBGU_FNR
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
FN TRST
• FNTRST: Force NTRST
0 = NTRST of the ARM processor’s TAP controller is driven by the power_on_reset signal.
1 = NTRST of the ARM processor’s TAP controller is held low.
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AT91CAP7E
27. Parallel Input/Output Controller (PIO)
27.1
Description
The Parallel Input/Output Controller (PIO) manages up to 32 fully programmable input/output
lines. Each I/O line may be dedicated as a general-purpose I/O or be assigned to a function of
an embedded peripheral. This assures effective optimization of the pins of a product.
Each I/O line is associated with a bit number in all of the 32-bit registers of the 32-bit wide User
Interface.
Each I/O line of the PIO Controller features:
• An input change interrupt enabling level change detection on any I/O line.
• A glitch filter providing rejection of pulses lower than one-half of clock cycle.
• Multi-drive capability similar to an open drain I/O line.
• Control of the the pull-up of the I/O line.
• Input visibility and output control.
The PIO Controller also features a synchronous output providing up to 32 bits of data output in a
single write operation.
289
8549A–CAP–10/08
27.2
Block Diagram
Figure 27-1. Block Diagram
PIO Controller
AIC
PMC
PIO Interrupt
PIO Clock
Data, Enable
Up to 32
peripheral IOs
Embedded
Peripheral
PIN 0
Data, Enable
PIN 1
Up to 32 pins
Embedded
Peripheral
Up to 32
peripheral IOs
PIN 31
APB
Figure 27-2. Application Block Diagram
On-Chip Peripheral Drivers
Keyboard Driver
Control & Command
Driver
On-Chip Peripherals
PIO Controller
Keyboard Driver
290
General Purpose I/Os
External Devices
AT91CAP7E
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AT91CAP7E
27.3
Product Dependencies
27.3.1
Pin Multiplexing
Each pin is configurable, according to product definition as either a general-purpose I/O line
only, or as an I/O line multiplexed with one or two peripheral I/Os. As the multiplexing is hardware-defined and thus product-dependent, the hardware designer and programmer must
carefully determine the configuration of the PIO controllers required by their application. When
an I/O line is general-purpose only, i.e. not multiplexed with any peripheral I/O, programming of
the PIO Controller regarding the assignment to a peripheral has no effect and only the PIO Controller can control how the pin is driven by the product.
27.3.2
External Interrupt Lines
The interrupt signals FIQ and IRQ0 to IRQn are most generally multiplexed through the PIO
Controllers. However, it is not necessary to assign the I/O line to the interrupt function as the
PIO Controller has no effect on inputs and the interrupt lines (FIQ or IRQs) are used only as
inputs.
27.3.3
Power Management
The Power Management Controller controls the PIO Controller clock in order to save power.
Writing any of the registers of the user interface does not require the PIO Controller clock to be
enabled. This means that the configuration of the I/O lines does not require the PIO Controller
clock to be enabled.
However, when the clock is disabled, not all of the features of the PIO Controller are available.
Note that the Input Change Interrupt and the read of the pin level require the clock to be
validated.
After a hardware reset, the PIO clock is disabled by default.
The user must configure the Power Management Controller before any access to the input line
information.
27.3.4
Interrupt Generation
For interrupt handling, the PIO Controllers are considered as user peripherals. This means that
the PIO Controller interrupt lines are connected among the interrupt sources 2 to 31. Refer to the
PIO Controller peripheral identifier in the product description to identify the interrupt sources
dedicated to the PIO Controllers.
The PIO Controller interrupt can be generated only if the PIO Controller clock is enabled.
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27.4
Functional Description
The PIO Controller features up to 32 fully-programmable I/O lines. Most of the control logic associated to each I/O is represented in Figure 27-3. In this description each signal shown
represents but one of up to 32 possible indexes.
Figure 27-3. I/O Line Control Logic
PIO_OER[0]
PIO_OSR[0]
PIO_PUER[0]
PIO_ODR[0]
PIO_PUSR[0]
PIO_PUDR[0]
1
Peripheral A
Output Enable
0
0
Peripheral B
Output Enable
0
1
PIO_PER[0]
PIO_ASR[0]
1
PIO_PSR[0]
PIO_ABSR[0]
PIO_PDR[0]
PIO_BSR[0]
Peripheral A
Output
0
Peripheral B
Output
1
PIO_MDER[0]
PIO_MDSR[0]
PIO_MDDR[0]
0
0
PIO_SODR[0]
PIO_ODSR[0]
1
Pad
PIO_CODR[0]
1
Peripheral A
Input
PIO_PDSR[0]
PIO_ISR[0]
0
Edge
Detector
Glitch
Filter
Peripheral B
Input
(Up to 32 possible inputs)
PIO Interrupt
1
PIO_IFER[0]
PIO_IFSR[0]
PIO_IFDR[0]
PIO_IER[0]
PIO_IMR[0]
PIO_IDR[0]
PIO_ISR[31]
PIO_IER[31]
PIO_IMR[31]
PIO_IDR[31]
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27.4.1
Pull-up Resistor Control
Each I/O line is designed with an embedded pull-up resistor. The pull-up resistor can be enabled
or disabled by writing respectively PIO_PUER (Pull-up Enable Register) and PIO_PUDR (Pullup Disable Resistor). Writing in these registers results in setting or clearing the corresponding bit
in PIO_PUSR (Pull-up Status Register). Reading a 1 in PIO_PUSR means the pull-up is disabled and reading a 0 means the pull-up is enabled.
Control of the pull-up resistor is possible regardless of the configuration of the I/O line.
After reset, all of the pull-ups are enabled, i.e. PIO_PUSR resets at the value 0x0.
27.4.2
I/O Line or Peripheral Function Selection
When a pin is multiplexed with one or two peripheral functions, the selection is controlled with
the registers PIO_PER (PIO Enable Register) and PIO_PDR (PIO Disable Register). The register PIO_PSR (PIO Status Register) is the result of the set and clear registers and indicates
whether the pin is controlled by the corresponding peripheral or by the PIO Controller. A value of
0 indicates that the pin is controlled by the corresponding on-chip peripheral selected in the
PIO_ABSR (AB Select Status Register). A value of 1 indicates the pin is controlled by the PIO
controller.
If a pin is used as a general purpose I/O line (not multiplexed with an on-chip peripheral),
PIO_PER and PIO_PDR have no effect and PIO_PSR returns 1 for the corresponding bit.
After reset, most generally, the I/O lines are controlled by the PIO controller, i.e. PIO_PSR
resets at 1. However, in some events, it is important that PIO lines are controlled by the peripheral (as in the case of memory chip select lines that must be driven inactive after reset or for
address lines that must be driven low for booting out of an external memory). Thus, the reset
value of PIO_PSR is defined at the product level, depending on the multiplexing of the device.
27.4.3
Peripheral A or B Selection
The PIO Controller provides multiplexing of up to two peripheral functions on a single pin. The
selection is performed by writing PIO_ASR (A Select Register) and PIO_BSR (Select B Register). PIO_ABSR (AB Select Status Register) indicates which peripheral line is currently selected.
For each pin, the corresponding bit at level 0 means peripheral A is selected whereas the corresponding bit at level 1 indicates that peripheral B is selected.
Note that multiplexing of peripheral lines A and B only affects the output line. The peripheral
input lines are always connected to the pin input.
After reset, PIO_ABSR is 0, thus indicating that all the PIO lines are configured on peripheral A.
However, peripheral A generally does not drive the pin as the PIO Controller resets in I/O line
mode.
Writing in PIO_ASR and PIO_BSR manages PIO_ABSR regardless of the configuration of the
pin. However, assignment of a pin to a peripheral function requires a write in the corresponding
peripheral selection register (PIO_ASR or PIO_BSR) in addition to a write in PIO_PDR.
27.4.4
Output Control
When the I/0 line is assigned to a peripheral function, i.e. the corresponding bit in PIO_PSR is at
0, the drive of the I/O line is controlled by the peripheral. Peripheral A or B, depending on the
value in PIO_ABSR, determines whether the pin is driven or not.
When the I/O line is controlled by the PIO controller, the pin can be configured to be driven. This
is done by writing PIO_OER (Output Enable Register) and PIO_ODR (Output Disable Register).
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The results of these write operations are detected in PIO_OSR (Output Status Register). When
a bit in this register is at 0, the corresponding I/O line is used as an input only. When the bit is at
1, the corresponding I/O line is driven by the PIO controller.
The level driven on an I/O line can be determined by writing in PIO_SODR (Set Output Data
Register) and PIO_CODR (Clear Output Data Register). These write operations respectively set
and clear PIO_ODSR (Output Data Status Register), which represents the data driven on the I/O
lines. Writing in PIO_OER and PIO_ODR manages PIO_OSR whether the pin is configured to
be controlled by the PIO controller or assigned to a peripheral function. This enables configuration of the I/O line prior to setting it to be managed by the PIO Controller.
Similarly, writing in PIO_SODR and PIO_CODR effects PIO_ODSR. This is important as it
defines the first level driven on the I/O line.
27.4.5
Synchronous Data Output
Controlling all parallel busses using several PIOs requires two successive write operations in the
PIO_SODR and PIO_CODR registers. This may lead to unexpected transient values. The PIO
controller offers a direct control of PIO outputs by single write access to PIO_ODSR (Output
Data Status Register). Only bits unmasked by PIO_OWSR (Output Write Status Register) are
written. The mask bits in the PIO_OWSR are set by writing to PIO_OWER (Output Write Enable
Register) and cleared by writing to PIO_OWDR (Output Write Disable Register).
After reset, the synchronous data output is disabled on all the I/O lines as PIO_OWSR resets at
0x0.
27.4.6
Multi Drive Control (Open Drain)
Each I/O can be independently programmed in Open Drain by using the Multi Drive feature. This
feature permits several drivers to be connected on the I/O line which is driven low only by each
device. An external pull-up resistor (or enabling of the internal one) is generally required to guarantee a high level on the line.
The Multi Drive feature is controlled by PIO_MDER (Multi-driver Enable Register) and
PIO_MDDR (Multi-driver Disable Register). The Multi Drive can be selected whether the I/O line
is controlled by the PIO controller or assigned to a peripheral function. PIO_MDSR (Multi-driver
Status Register) indicates the pins that are configured to support external drivers.
After reset, the Multi Drive feature is disabled on all pins, i.e. PIO_MDSR resets at value 0x0.
27.4.7
294
Output Line Timings
Figure 27-4 shows how the outputs are driven either by writing PIO_SODR or PIO_CODR, or by
directly writing PIO_ODSR. This last case is valid only if the corresponding bit in PIO_OWSR is
set. Figure 27-4 also shows when the feedback in PIO_PDSR is available.
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Figure 27-4. Output Line Timings
MCK
Write PIO_SODR
Write PIO_ODSR at 1
APB Access
Write PIO_CODR
Write PIO_ODSR at 0
APB Access
PIO_ODSR
2 cycles
2 cycles
PIO_PDSR
27.4.8
Inputs
The level on each I/O line can be read through PIO_PDSR (Pin Data Status Register). This register indicates the level of the I/O lines regardless of their configuration, whether uniquely as an
input or driven by the PIO controller or driven by a peripheral.
Reading the I/O line levels requires the clock of the PIO controller to be enabled, otherwise
PIO_PDSR reads the levels present on the I/O line at the time the clock was disabled.
27.4.9
Input Glitch Filtering
Optional input glitch filters are independently programmable on each I/O line. When the glitch filter is enabled, a glitch with a duration of less than 1/2 Master Clock (MCK) cycle is automatically
rejected, while a pulse with a duration of 1 Master Clock cycle or more is accepted. For pulse
durations between 1/2 Master Clock cycle and 1 Master Clock cycle the pulse may or may not
be taken into account, depending on the precise timing of its occurrence. Thus for a pulse to be
visible it must exceed 1 Master Clock cycle, whereas for a glitch to be reliably filtered out, its
duration must not exceed 1/2 Master Clock cycle. The filter introduces one Master Clock cycle
latency if the pin level change occurs before a rising edge. However, this latency does not
appear if the pin level change occurs before a falling edge. This is illustrated in Figure 27-5.
The glitch filters are controlled by the register set; PIO_IFER (Input Filter Enable Register),
PIO_IFDR (Input Filter Disable Register) and PIO_IFSR (Input Filter Status Register). Writing
PIO_IFER and PIO_IFDR respectively sets and clears bits in PIO_IFSR. This last register
enables the glitch filter on the I/O lines.
When the glitch filter is enabled, it does not modify the behavior of the inputs on the peripherals.
It acts only on the value read in PIO_PDSR and on the input change interrupt detection. The
glitch filters require that the PIO Controller clock is enabled.
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Figure 27-5. Input Glitch Filter Timing
MCK
up to 1.5 cycles
Pin Level
1 cycle
1 cycle
1 cycle
1 cycle
PIO_PDSR
if PIO_IFSR = 0
2 cycles
PIO_PDSR
if PIO_IFSR = 1
27.4.10
up to 2.5 cycles
1 cycle
up to 2 cycles
Input Change Interrupt
The PIO Controller can be programmed to generate an interrupt when it detects an input change
on an I/O line. The Input Change Interrupt is controlled by writing PIO_IER (Interrupt Enable
Register) and PIO_IDR (Interrupt Disable Register), which respectively enable and disable the
input change interrupt by setting and clearing the corresponding bit in PIO_IMR (Interrupt Mask
Register). As Input change detection is possible only by comparing two successive samplings of
the input of the I/O line, the PIO Controller clock must be enabled. The Input Change Interrupt is
available, regardless of the configuration of the I/O line, i.e. configured as an input only, controlled by the PIO Controller or assigned to a peripheral function.
When an input change is detected on an I/O line, the corresponding bit in PIO_ISR (Interrupt
Status Register) is set. If the corresponding bit in PIO_IMR is set, the PIO Controller interrupt
line is asserted. The interrupt signals of the thirty-two channels are ORed-wired together to generate a single interrupt signal to the Advanced Interrupt Controller.
When the software reads PIO_ISR, all the interrupts are automatically cleared. This signifies that
all the interrupts that are pending when PIO_ISR is read must be handled.
Figure 27-6. Input Change Interrupt Timings
MCK
Pin Level
PIO_ISR
Read PIO_ISR
27.5
APB Access
APB Access
I/O Lines Programming Example
The programing example as shown in Table 27-1 below is used to define the following
configuration.
• 4-bit output port on I/O lines 0 to 3, (should be written in a single write operation), open-drain,
with pull-up resistor
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• Four output signals on I/O lines 4 to 7 (to drive LEDs for example), driven high and low, no
pull-up resistor
• Four input signals on I/O lines 8 to 11 (to read push-button states for example), with pull-up
resistors, glitch filters and input change interrupts
• Four input signals on I/O line 12 to 15 to read an external device status (polled, thus no input
change interrupt), no pull-up resistor, no glitch filter
• I/O lines 16 to 19 assigned to peripheral A functions with pull-up resistor
• I/O lines 20 to 23 assigned to peripheral B functions, no pull-up resistor
• I/O line 24 to 27 assigned to peripheral A with Input Change Interrupt and pull-up resistor
Table 27-1.
27.6
Programming Example
Register
Value to be Written
PIO_PER
0x0000 FFFF
PIO_PDR
0x0FFF 0000
PIO_OER
0x0000 00FF
PIO_ODR
0x0FFF FF00
PIO_IFER
0x0000 0F00
PIO_IFDR
0x0FFF F0FF
PIO_SODR
0x0000 0000
PIO_CODR
0x0FFF FFFF
PIO_IER
0x0F00 0F00
PIO_IDR
0x00FF F0FF
PIO_MDER
0x0000 000F
PIO_MDDR
0x0FFF FFF0
PIO_PUDR
0x00F0 00F0
PIO_PUER
0x0F0F FF0F
PIO_ASR
0x0F0F 0000
PIO_BSR
0x00F0 0000
PIO_OWER
0x0000 000F
PIO_OWDR
0x0FFF FFF0
User Interface
Each I/O line controlled by the PIO Controller is associated with a bit in each of the PIO Controller User Interface registers. Each register is 32 bits wide. If a parallel I/O line is not defined,
writing to the corresponding bits has no effect. Undefined bits read zero. If the I/O line is not mul-
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tiplexed with any peripheral, the I/O line is controlled by the PIO Controller and PIO_PSR returns
1 systematically.
Table 27-2.
Register Mapping
Offset
Register
Name
Access
Reset Value
0x0000
PIO Enable Register
PIO_PER
Write-only
–
0x0004
PIO Disable Register
PIO_PDR
Write-only
–
PIO_PSR
Read-only
(1)
0x0008
PIO Status Register
0x000C
Reserved
0x0010
Output Enable Register
PIO_OER
Write-only
–
0x0014
Output Disable Register
PIO_ODR
Write-only
–
0x0018
Output Status Register
PIO_OSR
Read-only
0x0000 0000
0x001C
Reserved
0x0020
Glitch Input Filter Enable Register
PIO_IFER
Write-only
–
0x0024
Glitch Input Filter Disable Register
PIO_IFDR
Write-only
–
0x0028
Glitch Input Filter Status Register
PIO_IFSR
Read-only
0x0000 0000
0x002C
Reserved
0x0030
Set Output Data Register
PIO_SODR
Write-only
–
0x0034
Clear Output Data Register
PIO_CODR
Write-only
0x0038
Output Data Status Register
PIO_ODSR
Read-only
or(2)
Read/Write
–
0x003C
Pin Data Status Register
PIO_PDSR
Read-only
(3)
0x0040
Interrupt Enable Register
PIO_IER
Write-only
–
0x0044
Interrupt Disable Register
PIO_IDR
Write-only
–
0x0048
Interrupt Mask Register
PIO_IMR
Read-only
0x00000000
0x004C
Interrupt Status Register(4)
PIO_ISR
Read-only
0x00000000
0x0050
Multi-driver Enable Register
PIO_MDER
Write-only
–
0x0054
Multi-driver Disable Register
PIO_MDDR
Write-only
–
0x0058
Multi-driver Status Register
PIO_MDSR
Read-only
0x00000000
0x005C
Reserved
0x0060
Pull-up Disable Register
PIO_PUDR
Write-only
–
0x0064
Pull-up Enable Register
PIO_PUER
Write-only
–
0x0068
Pad Pull-up Status Register
PIO_PUSR
Read-only
0x00000000
0x006C
Reserved
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Table 27-2.
Offset
Register Mapping (Continued)
Register
0x0070
0x0074
Name
Peripheral A Select Register
(5)
Peripheral B Select Register
(5)
(5)
Access
Reset Value
PIO_ASR
Write-only
–
PIO_BSR
Write-only
–
PIO_ABSR
Read-only
0x00000000
0x0078
AB Status Register
0x007C
to
0x009C
Reserved
0x00A0
Output Write Enable
PIO_OWER
Write-only
–
0x00A4
Output Write Disable
PIO_OWDR
Write-only
–
0x00A8
Output Write Status Register
PIO_OWSR
Read-only
0x00000000
0x00AC
Reserved
Notes:
1. Reset value of PIO_PSR depends on the product implementation.
2. PIO_ODSR is Read-only or Read/Write depending on PIO_OWSR I/O lines.
3. Reset value of PIO_PDSR depends on the level of the I/O lines. Reading the I/O line levels requires the clock of the PIO
Controller to be enabled, otherwise PIO_PDSR reads the levels present on the I/O line at the time the clock was disabled.
4. PIO_ISR is reset at 0x0. However, the first read of the register may read a different value as input changes may have
occurred.
5. Only this set of registers clears the status by writing 1 in the first register and sets the status by writing 1 in the second
register.
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27.6.1
Name:
PIO Controller PIO Enable Register
PIO_PER
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: PIO Enable
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the PIO to control the corresponding pin (disables peripheral control of the pin).
27.6.2
Name:
PIO Controller PIO Disable Register
PIO_PDR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: PIO Disable
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the PIO from controlling the corresponding pin (enables peripheral control of the pin).
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27.6.3
Name:
PIO Controller PIO Status Register
PIO_PSR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: PIO Status
0 = PIO is inactive on the corresponding I/O line (peripheral is active).
1 = PIO is active on the corresponding I/O line (peripheral is inactive).
27.6.4
Name:
PIO Controller Output Enable Register
PIO_OER
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Output Enable
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the output on the I/O line.
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27.6.5
Name:
PIO Controller Output Disable Register
PIO_ODR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Output Disable
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the output on the I/O line.
27.6.6
Name:
PIO Controller Output Status Register
PIO_OSR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Output Status
0 = The I/O line is a pure input.
1 = The I/O line is enabled in output.
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27.6.7
Name:
PIO Controller Input Filter Enable Register
PIO_IFER
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Input Filter Enable
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the input glitch filter on the I/O line.
27.6.8
Name:
PIO Controller Input Filter Disable Register
PIO_IFDR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Input Filter Disable
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the input glitch filter on the I/O line.
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27.6.9
Name:
PIO Controller Input Filter Status Register
PIO_IFSR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Input Filer Status
0 = The input glitch filter is disabled on the I/O line.
1 = The input glitch filter is enabled on the I/O line.
27.6.10
Name:
PIO Controller Set Output Data Register
PIO_SODR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Set Output Data
0 = No effect.
1 = Sets the data to be driven on the I/O line.
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27.6.11
Name:
PIO Controller Clear Output Data Register
PIO_CODR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Set Output Data
0 = No effect.
1 = Clears the data to be driven on the I/O line.
27.6.12
Name:
PIO Controller Output Data Status Register
PIO_ODSR
Access Type:
Read-only or Read/Write
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Output Data Status
0 = The data to be driven on the I/O line is 0.
1 = The data to be driven on the I/O line is 1.
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27.6.13
Name:
PIO Controller Pin Data Status Register
PIO_PDSR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Output Data Status
0 = The I/O line is at level 0.
1 = The I/O line is at level 1.
27.6.14
Name:
PIO Controller Interrupt Enable Register
PIO_IER
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Input Change Interrupt Enable
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the Input Change Interrupt on the I/O line.
306
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27.6.15
Name:
PIO Controller Interrupt Disable Register
PIO_IDR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Input Change Interrupt Disable
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the Input Change Interrupt on the I/O line.
27.6.16
Name:
PIO Controller Interrupt Mask Register
PIO_IMR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Input Change Interrupt Mask
0 = Input Change Interrupt is disabled on the I/O line.
1 = Input Change Interrupt is enabled on the I/O line.
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27.6.17
Name:
PIO Controller Interrupt Status Register
PIO_ISR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Input Change Interrupt Status
0 = No Input Change has been detected on the I/O line since PIO_ISR was last read or since reset.
1 = At least one Input Change has been detected on the I/O line since PIO_ISR was last read or since reset.
27.6.18
Name:
PIO Multi-driver Enable Register
PIO_MDER
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Multi Drive Enable.
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables Multi Drive on the I/O line.
308
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AT91CAP7E
27.6.19
Name:
PIO Multi-driver Disable Register
PIO_MDDR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Multi Drive Disable.
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables Multi Drive on the I/O line.
27.6.20
Name:
PIO Multi-driver Status Register
PIO_MDSR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Multi Drive Status.
0 = The Multi Drive is disabled on the I/O line. The pin is driven at high and low level.
1 = The Multi Drive is enabled on the I/O line. The pin is driven at low level only.
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27.6.21
Name:
PIO Pull Up Disable Register
PIO_PUDR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Pull Up Disable.
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the pull up resistor on the I/O line.
27.6.22
Name:
PIO Pull Up Enable Register
PIO_PUER
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Pull Up Enable.
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the pull up resistor on the I/O line.
310
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AT91CAP7E
27.6.23
Name:
PIO Pull Up Status Register
PIO_PUSR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Pull Up Status.
0 = Pull Up resistor is enabled on the I/O line.
1 = Pull Up resistor is disabled on the I/O line.
27.6.24
Name:
PIO Peripheral A Select Register
PIO_ASR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Peripheral A Select.
0 = No effect.
1 = Assigns the I/O line to the Peripheral A function.
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27.6.25
Name:
PIO Peripheral B Select Register
PIO_BSR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Peripheral B Select.
0 = No effect.
1 = Assigns the I/O line to the peripheral B function.
27.6.26
Name:
PIO Peripheral A B Status Register
PIO_ABSR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Peripheral A B Status.
0 = The I/O line is assigned to the Peripheral A.
1 = The I/O line is assigned to the Peripheral B.
312
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AT91CAP7E
27.6.27
Name:
PIO Output Write Enable Register
PIO_OWER
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Output Write Enable.
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables writing PIO_ODSR for the I/O line.
27.6.28
Name:
PIO Output Write Disable Register
PIO_OWDR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Output Write Disable.
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables writing PIO_ODSR for the I/O line.
313
8549A–CAP–10/08
27.6.29
Name:
PIO Output Write Status Register
PIO_OWSR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
P31
P30
P29
P28
P27
P26
P25
P24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
P23
P22
P21
P20
P19
P18
P17
P16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
P15
P14
P13
P12
P11
P10
P9
P8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
P0
• P0-P31: Output Write Status.
0 = Writing PIO_ODSR does not affect the I/O line.
1 = Writing PIO_ODSR affects the I/O line.
314
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28. Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
28.1
Description
The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) circuit is a synchronous serial data link that provides communication with external devices in Master or Slave Mode. It also enables communication
between processors if an external processor is connected to the system.
The Serial Peripheral Interface is essentially a shift register that serially transmits data bits to
other SPIs. During a data transfer, one SPI system acts as the “master”' which controls the data
flow, while the other devices act as “slaves'' which have data shifted into and out by the master.
Different CPUs can take turn being masters (Multiple Master Protocol opposite to Single Master
Protocol where one CPU is always the master while all of the others are always slaves) and one
master may simultaneously shift data into multiple slaves. However, only one slave may drive its
output to write data back to the master at any given time.
A slave device is selected when the master asserts its NSS signal. If multiple slave devices
exist, the master generates a separate slave select signal for each slave (NPCS).
The SPI system consists of two data lines and two control lines:
• Master Out Slave In (MOSI): This data line supplies the output data from the master shifted
into the input(s) of the slave(s).
• Master In Slave Out (MISO): This data line supplies the output data from a slave to the input
of the master. There may be no more than one slave transmitting data during any particular
transfer.
• Serial Clock (SPCK): This control line is driven by the master and regulates the flow of the
data bits. The master may transmit data at a variety of baud rates; the SPCK line cycles once
for each bit that is transmitted.
• Slave Select (NSS): This control line allows slaves to be turned on and off by hardware.
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8549A–CAP–10/08
28.2
Block Diagram
Figure 28-1. Block Diagram
PDC
APB
SPCK
MISO
MOSI
MCK
PMC
SPI Interface
PIO
NPCS0/NSS
NPCS1
DIV
NPCS2
MCK
32
Interrupt Control
NPCS3
SPI Interrupt
Figure 28-2. Block Diagram
PDC
APB
SPCK
MISO
PMC
MOSI
MCK
SPI Interface
PIO
NPCS0/NSS
NPCS1
NPCS2
Interrupt Control
NPCS3
SPI Interrupt
316
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AT91CAP7E
28.3
Application Block Diagram
Figure 28-3. Application Block Diagram: Single Master/Multiple Slave Implementation
SPI Master
SPCK
SPCK
MISO
MISO
MOSI
MOSI
NPCS0
NSS
Slave 0
SPCK
NPCS1
NPCS2
MISO
NC
Slave 1
MOSI
NPCS3
NSS
SPCK
MISO
Slave 2
MOSI
NSS
28.4
Signal Description
Table 28-1.
Signal Description
Type
Pin Name
Pin Description
Master
Slave
MISO
Master In Slave Out
Input
Output
MOSI
Master Out Slave In
Output
Input
SPCK
Serial Clock
Output
Input
NPCS1-NPCS3
Peripheral Chip Selects
Output
Unused
NPCS0/NSS
Peripheral Chip Select/Slave Select
Output
Input
28.5
28.5.1
Product Dependencies
I/O Lines
The pins used for interfacing the compliant external devices are multiplexed with PIO lines. The
programmer must first program the PIOA controller to select the SPI I/O alternate functions.
28.5.2
Power Management
The SPI may be clocked through the Power Management Controller (PMC), thus the programmer must first configure the PMC to enable the SPI clock.
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8549A–CAP–10/08
28.5.3
Interrupt
The SPI interface has an interrupt line connected to the Advanced Interrupt Controller (AIC).
Handling the SPI interrupt requires programming the AIC before configuring the SPI.
28.6
28.6.1
318
Functional Description
Modes of Operation
The SPI operates in Master Mode or in Slave Mode.
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AT91CAP7E
Operation in Master Mode is programmed by writing at 1 the MSTR bit in the Mode Register.
The pins NPCS0 to NPCS3 are all configured as outputs, the SPCK pin is driven, the MISO line
is wired on the receiver input and the MOSI line driven as an output by the transmitter.
If the MSTR bit is written at 0, the SPI operates in Slave Mode. The MISO line is driven by the
transmitter output, the MOSI line is wired on the receiver input, the SPCK pin is driven by the
transmitter to synchronize the receiver. The NPCS0 pin becomes an input, and is used as a
Slave Select signal (NSS). The pins NPCS1 to NPCS3 are not driven and can be used for other
purposes.
The data transfers are identically programmable for both modes of operations. The baud rate
generator is activated only in Master Mode.
28.6.2
Data Transfer
Four combinations of polarity and phase are available for data transfers. The clock polarity is
programmed with the CPOL bit in the Chip Select Register. The clock phase is programmed with
the NCPHA bit. These two parameters determine the edges of the clock signal on which data is
driven and sampled. Each of the two parameters has two possible states, resulting in four possible combinations that are incompatible with one another. Thus, a master/slave pair must use the
same parameter pair values to communicate. If multiple slaves are used and fixed in different
configurations, the master must reconfigure itself each time it needs to communicate with a different slave.
Table 28-2 shows the four modes and corresponding parameter settings.
Table 28-2.
SPI Bus Protocol Mode
SPI Mode
CPOL
NCPHA
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
1
1
3
1
0
Figure 28-4 and Figure 28-5 show examples of data transfers.
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8549A–CAP–10/08
Figure 28-4. SPI Transfer Format (NCPHA = 1, 8 bits per transfer)
1
SPCK cycle (for reference)
2
3
4
6
5
7
8
SPCK
(CPOL = 0)
SPCK
(CPOL = 1)
MOSI
(from master)
MSB
MISO
(from slave)
MSB
6
5
4
3
2
1
LSB
6
5
4
3
2
1
LSB
*
NSS
(to slave)
* Not defined, but normally MSB of previous character received.
Figure 28-5. SPI Transfer Format (NCPHA = 0, 8 bits per transfer)
1
SPCK cycle (for reference)
2
3
4
5
7
6
8
SPCK
(CPOL = 0)
SPCK
(CPOL = 1)
MOSI
(from master)
MISO
(from slave)
*
MSB
6
5
4
3
2
1
MSB
6
5
4
3
2
1
LSB
LSB
NSS
(to slave)
* Not defined but normally LSB of previous character transmitted.
28.6.3
320
Master Mode Operations
When configured in Master Mode, the SPI operates on the clock generated by the internal programmable baud rate generator. It fully controls the data transfers to and from the slave(s)
AT91CAP7E
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AT91CAP7E
connected to the SPI bus. The SPI drives the chip select line to the slave and the serial clock
signal (SPCK).
The SPI features two holding registers, the Transmit Data Register and the Receive Data Register, and a single Shift Register. The holding registers maintain the data flow at a constant rate.
After enabling the SPI, a data transfer begins when the processor writes to the SPI_TDR (Transmit Data Register). The written data is immediately transferred in the Shift Register and transfer
on the SPI bus starts. While the data in the Shift Register is shifted on the MOSI line, the MISO
line is sampled and shifted in the Shift Register. Transmission cannot occur without reception.
Before writting the TDR, the PCS field must be set in order to select a slave.
If new data is written in SPI_TDR during the transfer, it stays in it until the current transfer is
completed. Then, the received data is transferred from the Shift Register to SPI_RDR, the data
in SPI_TDR is loaded in the Shift Register and a new transfer starts.
The transfer of a data written in SPI_TDR in the Shift Register is indicated by the TDRE bit
(Transmit Data Register Empty) in the Status Register (SPI_SR). When new data is written in
SPI_TDR, this bit is cleared. The TDRE bit is used to trigger the Transmit PDC channel.
The end of transfer is indicated by the TXEMPTY flag in the SPI_SR register. If a transfer delay
(DLYBCT) is greater than 0 for the last transfer, TXEMPTY is set after the completion of said
delay. The master clock (MCK) can be switched off at this time.
The transfer of received data from the Shift Register in SPI_RDR is indicated by the RDRF bit
(Receive Data Register Full) in the Status Register (SPI_SR). When the received data is read,
the RDRF bit is cleared.
If the SPI_RDR (Receive Data Register) has not been read before new data is received, the
Overrun Error bit (OVRES) in SPI_SR is set. As long as this flag is set, data is loaded in
SPI_RDR. The user has to read the status register to clear the OVRES bit.
Figure 28-7 on page 323 shows a block diagram of the SPI when operating in Master Mode. Figure 28-8 on page 324 shows a flow chart describing how transfers are handled.
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28.6.3.1
Master Mode Block Diagram
Figure 28-6. Master Mode Block Diagram w/ FDIV
FDIV
SPI_CSR0..3
SCBR
MCK
0
Baud Rate Generator
MCK/N
SPCK
1
SPI
Clock
SPI_CSR0..3
BITS
NCPHA
CPOL
LSB
MISO
SPI_RDR
RDRF
OVRES
RD
MSB
Shift Register
MOSI
SPI_TDR
TD
SPI_CSR0..3
CSAAT
TDRE
SPI_RDR
PCS
PS
NPCS3
PCSDEC
SPI_MR
PCS
0
NPCS2
Current
Peripheral
NPCS1
SPI_TDR
NPCS0
PCS
1
MSTR
MODF
NPCS0
MODFDIS
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Figure 28-7. Master Mode Block Diagram w/o FDIV
SPI_CSR0..3
SCBR
Baud Rate Generator
MCK
SPCK
SPI
Clock
SPI_CSR0..3
BITS
NCPHA
CPOL
LSB
MISO
SPI_RDR
RDRF
OVRES
RD
MSB
Shift Register
MOSI
SPI_TDR
TD
SPI_CSR0..3
CSAAT
TDRE
SPI_RDR
PCS
PS
NPCS3
PCSDEC
SPI_MR
PCS
0
NPCS2
Current
Peripheral
NPCS1
SPI_TDR
NPCS0
PCS
1
MSTR
MODF
NPCS0
MODFDIS
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28.6.3.2
Master Mode Flow Diagram
Figure 28-8. Master Mode Flow Diagram
SPI Enable
- NPCS defines the current Chip Select
- CSAAT, DLYBS, DLYBCT refer to the fields of the
Chip Select Register corresponding to the Current Chip Select
- When NPCS is 0xF, CSAAT is 0.
1
TDRE ?
0
1
CSAAT ?
PS ?
0
1
0
Fixed
peripheral
PS ?
1
Fixed
peripheral
0
Variable
peripheral
Variable
peripheral
SPI_TDR(PCS)
= NPCS ?
no
NPCS = SPI_TDR(PCS)
NPCS = SPI_MR(PCS)
yes
SPI_MR(PCS)
= NPCS ?
no
NPCS = 0xF
NPCS = 0xF
Delay DLYBCS
Delay DLYBCS
NPCS = SPI_TDR(PCS)
NPCS = SPI_MR(PCS),
SPI_TDR(PCS)
Delay DLYBS
Serializer = SPI_TDR(TD)
TDRE = 1
Data Transfer
SPI_RDR(RD) = Serializer
RDRF = 1
Delay DLYBCT
0
TDRE ?
1
1
CSAAT ?
0
NPCS = 0xF
Delay DLYBCS
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28.6.3.3
Clock Generation
The SPI Baud rate clock is generated by dividing the Master Clock (MCK) or the Master Clock
divided by 32, by a value between 1 and 255. The selection between Master Clock or Master
Clock divided by 32 is done by the FDIV value set in the Mode Register
This allows a maximum operating baud rate at up to Master Clock and a minimum operating
baud rate of MCK divided by 255*32.
Programming the SCBR field at 0 is forbidden. Triggering a transfer while SCBR is at 0 can lead
to unpredictable results.
At reset, SCBR is 0 and the user has to program it at a valid value before performing the first
transfer.
The divisor can be defined independently for each chip select, as it has to be programmed in the
SCBR field of the Chip Select Registers. This allows the SPI to automatically adapt the baud
rate for each interfaced peripheral without reprogramming.
28.6.3.4
Transfer Delays
Figure 28-9 shows a chip select transfer change and consecutive transfers on the same chip
select. Three delays can be programmed to modify the transfer waveforms:
• The delay between chip selects, programmable only once for all the chip selects by writing
the DLYBCS field in the Mode Register. Allows insertion of a delay between release of one
chip select and before assertion of a new one.
• The delay before SPCK, independently programmable for each chip select by writing the field
DLYBS. Allows the start of SPCK to be delayed after the chip select has been asserted.
• The delay between consecutive transfers, independently programmable for each chip select
by writing the DLYBCT field. Allows insertion of a delay between two transfers occurring on
the same chip select
These delays allow the SPI to be adapted to the interfaced peripherals and their speed and bus
release time.
Figure 28-9. Programmable Delays
Chip Select 1
Chip Select 2
SPCK
DLYBCS
28.6.3.5
DLYBS
DLYBCT
DLYBCT
Peripheral Selection
The serial peripherals are selected through the assertion of the NPCS0 to NPCS3 signals. By
default, all the NPCS signals are high before and after each transfer.
The peripheral selection can be performed in two different ways:
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• Fixed Peripheral Select: SPI exchanges data with only one peripheral
• Variable Peripheral Select: Data can be exchanged with more than one peripheral
Fixed Peripheral Select is activated by writing the PS bit to zero in SPI_MR (Mode Register). In
this case, the current peripheral is defined by the PCS field in SPI_MR and the PCS field in the
SPI_TDR has no effect.
Variable Peripheral Select is activated by setting PS bit to one. The PCS field in SPI_TDR is
used to select the current peripheral. This means that the peripheral selection can be defined for
each new data.
The Fixed Peripheral Selection allows buffer transfers with a single peripheral. Using the PDC is
an optimal means, as the size of the data transfer between the memory and the SPI is either 8
bits or 16 bits. However, changing the peripheral selection requires the Mode Register to be
reprogrammed.
The Variable Peripheral Selection allows buffer transfers with multiple peripherals without reprogramming the Mode Register. Data written in SPI_TDR is 32 bits wide and defines the real data
to be transmitted and the peripheral it is destined to. Using the PDC in this mode requires 32-bit
wide buffers, with the data in the LSBs and the PCS and LASTXFER fields in the MSBs, however the SPI still controls the number of bits (8 to16) to be transferred through MISO and MOSI
lines with the chip select configuration registers. This is not the optimal means in term of memory size for the buffers, but it provides a very effective means to exchange data with several
peripherals without any intervention of the processor.
28.6.3.6
Peripheral Chip Select Decoding
The user can program the SPI to operate with up to 15 peripherals by decoding the four Chip
Select lines, NPCS0 to NPCS3 with an external logic. This can be enabled by writing the PCSDEC bit at 1 in the Mode Register (SPI_MR).
When operating without decoding, the SPI makes sure that in any case only one chip select line
is activated, i.e. driven low at a time. If two bits are defined low in a PCS field, only the lowest
numbered chip select is driven low.
When operating with decoding, the SPI directly outputs the value defined by the PCS field of
either the Mode Register or the Transmit Data Register (depending on PS).
As the SPI sets a default value of 0xF on the chip select lines (i.e. all chip select lines at 1) when
not processing any transfer, only 15 peripherals can be decoded.
The SPI has only four Chip Select Registers, not 15. As a result, when decoding is activated,
each chip select defines the characteristics of up to four peripherals. As an example, SPI_CRS0
defines the characteristics of the externally decoded peripherals 0 to 3, corresponding to the
PCS values 0x0 to 0x3. Thus, the user has to make sure to connect compatible peripherals on
the decoded chip select lines 0 to 3, 4 to 7, 8 to 11 and 12 to 14.
28.6.3.7
326
Peripheral Deselection
When operating normally, as soon as the transfer of the last data written in SPI_TDR is completed, the NPCS lines all rise. This might lead to runtime error if the processor is too long in
responding to an interrupt, and thus might lead to difficulties for interfacing with some serial
peripherals requiring the chip select line to remain active during a full set of transfers.
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AT91CAP7E
To facilitate interfacing with such devices, the Chip Select Register can be programmed with the
CSAAT bit (Chip Select Active After Transfer) at 1. This allows the chip select lines to remain in
their current state (low = active) until transfer to another peripheral is required.
Figure 28-10 shows different peripheral deselection cases and the effect of the CSAAT bit.
Figure 28-10. Peripheral Deselection
CSAAT = 0
TDRE
NPCS[0..3]
CSAAT = 1
DLYBCT
DLYBCT
A
A
A
A
DLYBCS
A
DLYBCS
PCS = A
PCS = A
Write SPI_TDR
TDRE
NPCS[0..3]
DLYBCT
DLYBCT
A
A
A
A
DLYBCS
A
DLYBCS
PCS=A
PCS = A
Write SPI_TDR
TDRE
NPCS[0..3]
DLYBCT
DLYBCT
A
B
A
B
DLYBCS
DLYBCS
PCS = B
PCS = B
Write SPI_TDR
28.6.3.8
Mode Fault Detection
A mode fault is detected when the SPI is programmed in Master Mode and a low level is driven
by an external master on the NPCS0/NSS signal. NPCS0, MOSI, MISO and SPCK must be configured in open drain through the PIO controller, so that external pull up resistors are needed to
guarantee high level.
When a mode fault is detected, the MODF bit in the SPI_SR is set until the SPI_SR is read and
the SPI is automatically disabled until re-enabled by writing the SPIEN bit in the SPI_CR (Control Register) at 1.
By default, the Mode Fault detection circuitry is enabled. The user can disable Mode Fault
detection by setting the MODFDIS bit in the SPI Mode Register (SPI_MR).
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28.6.4
SPI Slave Mode
When operating in Slave Mode, the SPI processes data bits on the clock provided on the SPI
clock pin (SPCK).
The SPI waits for NSS to go active before receiving the serial clock from an external master.
When NSS falls, the clock is validated on the serializer, which processes the number of bits
defined by the BITS field of the Chip Select Register 0 (SPI_CSR0). These bits are processed
following a phase and a polarity defined respectively by the NCPHA and CPOL bits of the
SPI_CSR0. Note that BITS, CPOL and NCPHA of the other Chip Select Registers have no
effect when the SPI is programmed in Slave Mode.
The bits are shifted out on the MISO line and sampled on the MOSI line.
When all the bits are processed, the received data is transferred in the Receive Data Register
and the RDRF bit rises. If the SPI_RDR (Receive Data Register) has not been read before new
data is received, the Overrun Error bit (OVRES) in SPI_SR is set. As long as this flag is set, data
is loaded in SPI_RDR. The user has to read the status register to clear the OVRES bit.
When a transfer starts, the data shifted out is the data present in the Shift Register. If no data
has been written in the Transmit Data Register (SPI_TDR), the last data received is transferred.
If no data has been received since the last reset, all bits are transmitted low, as the Shift Register resets at 0.
When a first data is written in SPI_TDR, it is transferred immediately in the Shift Register and the
TDRE bit rises. If new data is written, it remains in SPI_TDR until a transfer occurs, i.e. NSS falls
and there is a valid clock on the SPCK pin. When the transfer occurs, the last data written in
SPI_TDR is transferred in the Shift Register and the TDRE bit rises. This enables frequent
updates of critical variables with single transfers.
Then, a new data is loaded in the Shift Register from the Transmit Data Register. In case no
character is ready to be transmitted, i.e. no character has been written in SPI_TDR since the last
load from SPI_TDR to the Shift Register, the Shift Register is not modified and the last received
character is retransmitted.
Figure 28-11 shows a block diagram of the SPI when operating in Slave Mode.
Figure 28-11. Slave Mode Functional Block Diagram
SPCK
NSS
SPI
Clock
SPIEN
SPIENS
SPIDIS
SPI_CSR0
BITS
NCPHA
CPOL
MOSI
LSB
SPI_RDR
RDRF
OVRES
RD
MSB
Shift Register
MISO
SPI_TDR
TD
328
TDRE
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28.7
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) User Interface
Table 28-3.
SPI Register Mapping
Offset
Register
Register Name
Access
Reset
0x00
Control Register
SPI_CR
Write-only
---
0x04
Mode Register
SPI_MR
Read/Write
0x0
0x08
Receive Data Register
SPI_RDR
Read-only
0x0
0x0C
Transmit Data Register
SPI_TDR
Write-only
---
0x10
Status Register
SPI_SR
Read-only
0x00000000 (1)
0x14
Interrupt Enable Register
SPI_IER
Write-only
---
0x18
Interrupt Disable Register
SPI_IDR
Write-only
---
0x1C
Interrupt Mask Register
SPI_IMR
Read-only
0x0
0x20 - 0x2C
Reserved
0x30
Chip Select Register 0
SPI_CSR0
Read/Write
0x0
0x34
Chip Select Register 1
SPI_CSR1
Read/Write
0x0
0x38
Chip Select Register 2
SPI_CSR2
Read/Write
0x0
0x3C
Chip Select Register 3
SPI_CSR3
Read/Write
0x0
0x004C - 0x00F8
Reserved
–
–
–
0x004C - 0x00FC
Reserved
–
–
–
0x100 - 0x124
Reserved for the PDC
1.Technically, the SPI_SR register is reset to 0x00000000. However, if the SPI clock is enabled, the value may be read as
0x000000F0 right after reset due to the value of the corresponding PDC-related status inputs for register bits 7 down to 4.
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28.7.1
Name:
SPI Control Register
SPI_CR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
LASTXFER
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SWRST
–
–
–
–
–
SPIDIS
SPIEN
• SPIEN: SPI Enable
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the SPI to transfer and receive data.
• SPIDIS: SPI Disable
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the SPI.
As soon as SPIDIS is set, SPI finishes its tranfer.
All pins are set in input mode and no data is received or transmitted.
If a transfer is in progress, the transfer is finished before the SPI is disabled.
If both SPIEN and SPIDIS are equal to one when the control register is written, the SPI is disabled.
• SWRST: SPI Software Reset
0 = No effect.
1 = Reset the SPI. A software-triggered hardware reset of the SPI interface is performed.
The SPI is in slave mode after software reset.
PDC channels are not affected by software reset.
• LASTXFER: Last Transfer
0 = No effect.
1 = The current NPCS will be deasserted after the character written in TD has been transferred. When CSAAT is set, this
allows to close the communication with the current serial peripheral by raising the corresponding NPCS line as soon as TD
transfer has completed.
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28.7.2
Name:
SPI Mode Register
SPI_MR
Access Type:
31
Read/Write
30
29
28
27
26
19
18
25
24
17
16
DLYBCS
23
22
21
20
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
PCS
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
LLB
–
–
MODFDIS
FDIV
PCSDEC
PS
MSTR
• MSTR: Master/Slave Mode
0 = SPI is in Slave mode.
1 = SPI is in Master mode.
• PS: Peripheral Select
0 = Fixed Peripheral Select.
1 = Variable Peripheral Select.
• PCSDEC: Chip Select Decode
0 = The chip selects are directly connected to a peripheral device.
1 = The four chip select lines are connected to a 4- to 16-bit decoder.
When PCSDEC equals one, up to 15 Chip Select signals can be generated with the four lines using an external 4- to 16-bit
decoder. The Chip Select Registers define the characteristics of the 15 chip selects according to the following rules:
SPI_CSR0 defines peripheral chip select signals 0 to 3.
SPI_CSR1 defines peripheral chip select signals 4 to 7.
SPI_CSR2 defines peripheral chip select signals 8 to 11.
SPI_CSR3 defines peripheral chip select signals 12 to 14.
• FDIV: Clock Selection
0 = The SPI operates at MCK.
1 = The SPI operates at MCK/32.
• MODFDIS: Mode Fault Detection
0 = Mode fault detection is enabled.
1 = Mode fault detection is disabled.
• LLB: Local Loopback Enable
0 = Local loopback path disabled.
1 = Local loopback path enabled (
LLB controls the local loopback on the data serializer for testing in Master Mode only. (MISO is internally connected on
MOSI.)
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• PCS: Peripheral Chip Select
This field is only used if Fixed Peripheral Select is active (PS = 0).
If PCSDEC = 0:
PCS = xxx0
NPCS[3:0] = 1110
PCS = xx01
NPCS[3:0] = 1101
PCS = x011
NPCS[3:0] = 1011
PCS = 0111
NPCS[3:0] = 0111
PCS = 1111
forbidden (no peripheral is selected)
(x = don’t care)
If PCSDEC = 1:
NPCS[3:0] output signals = PCS.
• DLYBCS: Delay Between Chip Selects
This field defines the delay from NPCS inactive to the activation of another NPCS. The DLYBCS time guarantees non-overlapping chip selects and solves bus contentions in case of peripherals having long data float times.
If DLYBCS is less than or equal to six, six MCK periods (or 6*N MCK periods if FDIV is set) will be inserted by default.
Otherwise, the following equation determines the delay:
Delay Between Chip Selects = DLYBCS
----------------------MCK
If FDIV is 0:
Delay Between Chip Selects = DLYBCS
----------------------MCK
If FDIV is 1:
DLYBCS × N
Delay Between Chip Selects = ---------------------------------MCK
28.7.3
Name:
SPI Receive Data Register
SPI_RDR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
PCS
11
10
9
8
3
2
1
0
RD
7
6
5
4
RD
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• RD: Receive Data
Data received by the SPI Interface is stored in this register right-justified. Unused bits read zero.
• PCS: Peripheral Chip Select
In Master Mode only, these bits indicate the value on the NPCS pins at the end of a transfer. Otherwise, these bits read
zero.
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28.7.4
Name:
SPI Transmit Data Register
SPI_TDR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
LASTXFER
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
PCS
11
10
9
8
3
2
1
0
TD
7
6
5
4
TD
• TD: Transmit Data
Data to be transmitted by the SPI Interface is stored in this register. Information to be transmitted must be written to the
transmit data register in a right-justified format.
• PCS: Peripheral Chip Select
This field is only used if Variable Peripheral Select is active (PS = 1).
If PCSDEC = 0:
PCS = xxx0
NPCS[3:0] = 1110
PCS = xx01
NPCS[3:0] = 1101
PCS = x011
NPCS[3:0] = 1011
PCS = 0111
NPCS[3:0] = 0111
PCS = 1111
forbidden (no peripheral is selected)
(x = don’t care)
If PCSDEC = 1:
NPCS[3:0] output signals = PCS
• LASTXFER: Last Transfer
0 = No effect.
1 = The current NPCS will be deasserted after the character written in TD has been transferred. When CSAAT is set, this
allows to close the communication with the current serial peripheral by raising the corresponding NPCS line as soon as TD
transfer has completed.
This field is only used if Variable Peripheral Select is active (PS = 1).
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28.7.5
Name:
SPI Status Register
SPI_SR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
SPIENS
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
TXEMPTY
NSSR
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TXBUFE
RXBUFF
ENDTX
ENDRX
OVRES
MODF
TDRE
RDRF
• RDRF: Receive Data Register Full
0 = No data has been received since the last read of SPI_RDR
1 = Data has been received and the received data has been transferred from the serializer to SPI_RDR since the last read
of SPI_RDR.
• TDRE: Transmit Data Register Empty
0 = Data has been written to SPI_TDR and not yet transferred to the serializer.
1 = The last data written in the Transmit Data Register has been transferred to the serializer.
TDRE equals zero when the SPI is disabled or at reset. The SPI enable command sets this bit to one.
• MODF: Mode Fault Error
0 = No Mode Fault has been detected since the last read of SPI_SR.
1 = A Mode Fault occurred since the last read of the SPI_SR.
• OVRES: Overrun Error Status
0 = No overrun has been detected since the last read of SPI_SR.
1 = An overrun has occurred since the last read of SPI_SR.
An overrun occurs when SPI_RDR is loaded at least twice from the serializer since the last read of the SPI_RDR.
• ENDRX: End of RX buffer
0 = The Receive Counter Register has not reached 0 since the last write in SPI_RCR(1) or SPI_RNCR(1).
1 = The Receive Counter Register has reached 0 since the last write in SPI_RCR(1) or SPI_RNCR(1).
• ENDTX: End of TX buffer
0 = The Transmit Counter Register has not reached 0 since the last write in SPI_TCR(1) or SPI_TNCR(1).
1 = The Transmit Counter Register has reached 0 since the last write in SPI_TCR(1) or SPI_TNCR(1).
• RXBUFF: RX Buffer Full
0 = SPI_RCR(1) or SPI_RNCR(1) has a value other than 0.
1 = Both SPI_RCR(1) and SPI_RNCR(1) have a value of 0.
• TXBUFE: TX Buffer Empty
0 = SPI_TCR(1) or SPI_TNCR(1) has a value other than 0.
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1 = Both SPI_TCR(1) and SPI_TNCR(1) have a value of 0.
• NSSR: NSS Rising
0 = No rising edge detected on NSS pin since last read.
1 = A rising edge occurred on NSS pin since last read.
• TXEMPTY: Transmission Registers Empty
0 = As soon as data is written in SPI_TDR.
1 = SPI_TDR and internal shifter are empty. If a transfer delay has been defined, TXEMPTY is set after the completion of
such delay.
• SPIENS: SPI Enable Status
0 = SPI is disabled.
1 = SPI is enabled.
Note:
336
1. SPI_RCR, SPI_RNCR, SPI_TCR, SPI_TNCR are physically located in the PDC.
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AT91CAP7E
28.7.6
Name:
SPI Interrupt Enable Register
SPI_IER
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
TXEMPTY
NSSR
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TXBUFE
RXBUFF
ENDTX
ENDRX
OVRES
MODF
TDRE
RDRF
• RDRF: Receive Data Register Full Interrupt Enable
• TDRE: SPI Transmit Data Register Empty Interrupt Enable
• MODF: Mode Fault Error Interrupt Enable
• OVRES: Overrun Error Interrupt Enable
• ENDRX: End of Receive Buffer Interrupt Enable
• ENDTX: End of Transmit Buffer Interrupt Enable
• RXBUFF: Receive Buffer Full Interrupt Enable
• TXBUFE: Transmit Buffer Empty Interrupt Enable
• TXEMPTY: Transmission Registers Empty Enable
• NSSR: NSS Rising Interrupt Enable
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the corresponding interrupt.
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28.7.7
Name:
SPI Interrupt Disable Register
SPI_IDR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
TXEMPTY
NSSR
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TXBUFE
RXBUFF
ENDTX
ENDRX
OVRES
MODF
TDRE
RDRF
• RDRF: Receive Data Register Full Interrupt Disable
• TDRE: SPI Transmit Data Register Empty Interrupt Disable
• MODF: Mode Fault Error Interrupt Disable
• OVRES: Overrun Error Interrupt Disable
• ENDRX: End of Receive Buffer Interrupt Disable
• ENDTX: End of Transmit Buffer Interrupt Disable
• RXBUFF: Receive Buffer Full Interrupt Disable
• TXBUFE: Transmit Buffer Empty Interrupt Disable
• TXEMPTY: Transmission Registers Empty Disable
• NSSR: NSS Rising Interrupt Disable
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the corresponding interrupt.
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28.7.8
Name:
SPI Interrupt Mask Register
SPI_IMR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
TXEMPTY
NSSR
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TXBUFE
RXBUFF
ENDTX
ENDRX
OVRES
MODF
TDRE
RDRF
• RDRF: Receive Data Register Full Interrupt Mask
• TDRE: SPI Transmit Data Register Empty Interrupt Mask
• MODF: Mode Fault Error Interrupt Mask
• OVRES: Overrun Error Interrupt Mask
• ENDRX: End of Receive Buffer Interrupt Mask
• ENDTX: End of Transmit Buffer Interrupt Mask
• RXBUFF: Receive Buffer Full Interrupt Mask
• TXBUFE: Transmit Buffer Empty Interrupt Mask
• TXEMPTY: Transmission Registers Empty Mask
• NSSR: NSS Rising Interrupt Mask
0 = The corresponding interrupt is not enabled.
1 = The corresponding interrupt is enabled.
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28.7.9
Name:
SPI Chip Select Register
SPI_CSR0... SPI_CSR3
Access Type:
31
Read/Write
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
19
18
17
16
11
10
9
8
DLYBCT
23
22
21
20
DLYBS
15
14
13
12
SCBR
7
6
5
4
BITS
3
2
1
0
CSAAT
–
NCPHA
CPOL
• CPOL: Clock Polarity
0 = The inactive state value of SPCK is logic level zero.
1 = The inactive state value of SPCK is logic level one.
CPOL is used to determine the inactive state value of the serial clock (SPCK). It is used with NCPHA to produce the
required clock/data relationship between master and slave devices.
• NCPHA: Clock Phase
0 = Data is changed on the leading edge of SPCK and captured on the following edge of SPCK.
1 = Data is captured on the leading edge of SPCK and changed on the following edge of SPCK.
NCPHA determines which edge of SPCK causes data to change and which edge causes data to be captured. NCPHA is
used with CPOL to produce the required clock/data relationship between master and slave devices.
• CSAAT: Chip Select Active After Transfer
0 = The Peripheral Chip Select Line rises as soon as the last transfer is achieved.
1 = The Peripheral Chip Select does not rise after the last transfer is achieved. It remains active until a new transfer is
requested on a different chip select.
• BITS: Bits Per Transfer
The BITS field determines the number of data bits transferred. Reserved values should not be used.
340
BITS
Bits Per Transfer
0000
8
0001
9
0010
10
0011
11
0100
12
0101
13
0110
14
0111
15
1000
16
1001
Reserved
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
BITS
Bits Per Transfer
1010
Reserved
1011
Reserved
1100
Reserved
1101
Reserved
1110
Reserved
1111
Reserved
• SCBR: Serial Clock Baud Rate
In Master Mode, the SPI Interface uses a modulus counter to derive the SPCK baud rate from the Master Clock MCK. The
Baud rate is selected by writing a value from 1 to 255 in the SCBR field. The following equations determine the SPCK baud
rate:
MCKSPCK Baudrate = -------------SCBR
If FDIV is 0:
MCKSPCK Baudrate = -------------SCBR
If FDIV is 1:
MCK SPCK Baudrate = -----------------------------( N × SCBR )
Note:
N = 32
Programming the SCBR field at 0 is forbidden. Triggering a transfer while SCBR is at 0 can lead to unpredictable results.
At reset, SCBR is 0 and the user has to program it at a valid value before performing the first transfer.
• DLYBS: Delay Before SPCK
This field defines the delay from NPCS valid to the first valid SPCK transition.
When DLYBS equals zero, the NPCS valid to SPCK transition is 1/2 the SPCK clock period.
Otherwise, the following equations determine the delay:
Delay Before SPCK = DLYBS
------------------MCK
If FDIV is 0:
DLYBS
Delay Before SPCK = ------------------MCK
If FDIV is 1:
N × DLYBS
Delay Before SPCK = -----------------------------MCK
Note:
N = 32
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• DLYBCT: Delay Between Consecutive Transfers
This field defines the delay between two consecutive transfers with the same peripheral without removing the chip select.
The delay is always inserted after each transfer and before removing the chip select if needed.
When DLYBCT equals zero, no delay between consecutive transfers is inserted and the clock keeps its duty cycle over the
character transfers.
Otherwise, the following equation determines the delay:
32 × DLYBCT
Delay Between Consecutive Transfers = ------------------------------------MCK
If FDIV is 0:
32 × DLYBCT
Delay Between Consecutive Transfers = ------------------------------------MCK
If FDIV is 1:
32 × N × DLYBCT- + N
× SCBRDelay Between Consecutive Transfers = -----------------------------------------------------------------------MCK
2MCK
Note:
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N = 32
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AT91CAP7E
29. Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART)
29.1
Description
The Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transceiver (USART) provides one full
duplex universal synchronous asynchronous serial link. Data frame format is widely programmable (data length, parity, number of stop bits) to support a maximum of standards. The receiver
implements parity error, framing error and overrun error detection. The receiver time-out enables
handling variable-length frames and the transmitter timeguard facilitates communications with
slow remote devices. Multidrop communications are also supported through address bit handling in reception and transmission.
The USART features three test modes: remote loopback, local loopback and automatic echo.
The USART supports specific operating modes providing interfaces on RS485 buses, with
ISO7816 T = 0 or T = 1 smart card slots, infrared transceivers and connection to modem ports.
The hardware handshaking feature enables an out-of-band flow control by automatic management of the pins RTS and CTS.
The USART supports the connection to the Peripheral DMA Controller, which enables data
transfers to the transmitter and from the receiver. The PDC provides chained buffer management without any intervention of the processor.
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29.2
Block Diagram
Figure 29-1. USART Block Diagram
Peripheral DMA
Controller
Channel
Channel
PIO
Controller
USART
RXD
Receiver
RTS
AIC
TXD
USART
Interrupt
Transmitter
CTS
DTR
PMC
Modem
Signals
Control
MCK
DCD
MCK/DIV
DIV
DSR
RI
SLCK
Baud Rate
Generator
SCK
User Interface
APB
Note:
344
The following USART0 and USART1 pins are not available through PIO on AT91CAP7E: DTR,
DSR, DCD, and RI.
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
29.3
Application Block Diagram
Figure 29-2. Application Block Diagram
IrLAP
PPP
Modem
Driver
Serial
Driver
Field Bus
Driver
EMV
Driver
IrDA
Driver
USART
RS232
Drivers
RS232
Drivers
RS485
Drivers
Serial
Port
Differential
Bus
Smart
Card
Slot
IrDA
Transceivers
Modem
PSTN
29.4
I/O Lines Description
Table 29-1.
I/O Line Description
Name
Description
Type
Active Level
SCK
Serial Clock
I/O
TXD
Transmit Serial Data
I/O
RXD
Receive Serial Data
Input
RI
Ring Indicator
Input
Low
DSR
Data Set Ready
Input
Low
DCD
Data Carrier Detect
Input
Low
DTR
Data Terminal Ready
Output
Low
CTS
Clear to Send
Input
Low
RTS
Request to Send
Output
Low
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29.5
29.5.1
Product Dependencies
I/O Lines
The pins used for interfacing the USART are multiplexed with the PIO lines. The programmer
must first program the PIOA controller to select the USART I/O alternate functions. If I/O lines of
the USART are not used by the application, they can be used for other purposes by the PIO
Controller.
To prevent the TXD line from falling when the USART is disabled, the use of an internal pull up
is mandatory. If the hardware handshaking feature or Modem mode is used, the internal pull up
on TXD must also be enabled.
All the pins of the modems may or may not be implemented on the USART. On USARTs not
equipped with the corresponding pin, the associated control bits and statuses have no effect on
the behavior of the USART.
29.5.2
Power Management
The USART is not continuously clocked. The programmer must first enable the USART Clock in
the Power Management Controller (PMC) before using the USART. However, if the application
does not require USART operations, the USART clock can be stopped when not needed and be
restarted later. In this case, the USART will resume its operations where it left off.
Configuring the USART does not require the USART clock to be enabled.
29.5.3
Interrupt
The USART interrupt line is connected on one of the internal sources of the Advanced Interrupt
Controller. Using the USART interrupt requires the AIC to be programmed first. Note that it is not
recommended to use the USART interrupt line in edge sensitive mode.
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29.6
Functional Description
The USART is capable of managing several types of serial synchronous or asynchronous
communications.
It supports the following communication modes:
• 5- to 9-bit full-duplex asynchronous serial communication
– MSB- or LSB-first
– 1, 1.5 or 2 stop bits
– Parity even, odd, marked, space or none
– By 8 or by 16 over-sampling receiver frequency
– Optional hardware handshaking
– Optional modem signals management
– Optional break management
– Optional multidrop serial communication
• High-speed 5- to 9-bit full-duplex synchronous serial communication
– MSB- or LSB-first
– 1 or 2 stop bits
– Parity even, odd, marked, space or none
– By 8 or by 16 over-sampling frequency
– Optional hardware handshaking
– Optional modem signals management
– Optional break management
– Optional multidrop serial communication
• RS485 with driver control signal
• ISO7816, T0 or T1 protocols for interfacing with smart cards
– NACK handling, error counter with repetition and iteration limit
• InfraRed IrDA Modulation and Demodulation
• Test modes
– Remote loopback, local loopback, automatic echo
29.6.1
Baud Rate Generator
The Baud Rate Generator provides the bit period clock named the Baud Rate Clock to both the
receiver and the transmitter.
The Baud Rate Generator clock source can be selected by setting the USCLKS field in the Mode
Register (US_MR) between:
• the Master Clock MCK
• a division of the Master Clock, the divider being product dependent, but generally set to 8
• the external clock, available on the SCK pin
The Baud Rate Generator is based upon a 16-bit divider, which is programmed with the CD field
of the Baud Rate Generator Register (US_BRGR). If CD is programmed at 0, the Baud Rate
Generator does not generate any clock. If CD is programmed at 1, the divider is bypassed and
becomes inactive.
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If the external SCK clock is selected, the duration of the low and high levels of the signal provided on the SCK pin must be longer than a Master Clock (MCK) period. The frequency of the
signal provided on SCK must be at least 4.5 times lower than MCK.
Figure 29-3. Baud Rate Generator
USCLKS
MCK
MCK/DIV
SCK
Reserved
CD
CD
SCK
0
1
16-bit Counter
2
FIDI
>1
3
1
0
0
0
SYNC
OVER
Sampling
Divider
0
Baud Rate
Clock
1
1
SYNC
USCLKS = 3
29.6.1.1
Sampling
Clock
Baud Rate in Asynchronous Mode
If the USART is programmed to operate in asynchronous mode, the selected clock is first
divided by CD, which is field programmed in the Baud Rate Generator Register (US_BRGR).
The resulting clock is provided to the receiver as a sampling clock and then divided by 16 or 8,
depending on the programming of the OVER bit in US_MR.
If OVER is set to 1, the receiver sampling is 8 times higher than the baud rate clock. If OVER is
cleared, the sampling is performed at 16 times the baud rate clock.
The following formula performs the calculation of the Baud Rate.
SelectedClock
Baudrate = -------------------------------------------( 8 ( 2 – Over )CD )
This gives a maximum baud rate of MCK divided by 8, assuming that MCK is the highest possible clock and that OVER is programmed at 1.
Baud Rate Calculation Example
Table 29-2 shows calculations of CD to obtain a baud rate at 38400 bauds for different source
clock frequencies. This table also shows the actual resulting baud rate and the error.
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Table 29-2.
Baud Rate Example (OVER = 0)
Source Clock
Expected Baud
Rate
MHz
Bit/s
3 686 400
38 400
6.00
6
38 400.00
0.00%
4 915 200
38 400
8.00
8
38 400.00
0.00%
5 000 000
38 400
8.14
8
39 062.50
1.70%
7 372 800
38 400
12.00
12
38 400.00
0.00%
8 000 000
38 400
13.02
13
38 461.54
0.16%
12 000 000
38 400
19.53
20
37 500.00
2.40%
12 288 000
38 400
20.00
20
38 400.00
0.00%
14 318 180
38 400
23.30
23
38 908.10
1.31%
14 745 600
38 400
24.00
24
38 400.00
0.00%
18 432 000
38 400
30.00
30
38 400.00
0.00%
24 000 000
38 400
39.06
39
38 461.54
0.16%
24 576 000
38 400
40.00
40
38 400.00
0.00%
25 000 000
38 400
40.69
40
38 109.76
0.76%
32 000 000
38 400
52.08
52
38 461.54
0.16%
32 768 000
38 400
53.33
53
38 641.51
0.63%
33 000 000
38 400
53.71
54
38 194.44
0.54%
40 000 000
38 400
65.10
65
38 461.54
0.16%
50 000 000
38 400
81.38
81
38 580.25
0.47%
Calculation Result
CD
Actual Baud Rate
Error
Bit/s
The baud rate is calculated with the following formula:
BaudRate = MCK ⁄ CD × 16
The baud rate error is calculated with the following formula. It is not recommended to work with
an error higher than 5%.
ExpectedBaudRate
Error = 1 – ⎛⎝ ---------------------------------------------------⎞⎠
ActualBaudRate
29.6.1.2
Fractional Baud Rate in Asynchronous Mode
The Baud Rate generator previously defined is subject to the following limitation: the output frequency changes by only integer multiples of the reference frequency. An approach to this
problem is to integrate a fractional N clock generator that has a high resolution. The generator
architecture is modified to obtain Baud Rate changes by a fraction of the reference source clock.
This fractional part is programmed with the FP field in the Baud Rate Generator Register
(US_BRGR). If FP is not 0, the fractional part is activated. The resolution is one eighth of the
clock divider. This feature is only available when using USART normal mode. The fractional
Baud Rate is calculated using the following formula:
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SelectedClock
Baudrate = ---------------------------------------------------------------⎛ 8 ( 2 – Over ) ⎛ CD + FP
-------⎞ ⎞
⎝
⎝
8 ⎠⎠
The modified architecture is presented below:
Figure 29-4. Fractional Baud Rate Generator
FP
USCLKS
CD
Modulus
Control
FP
MCK
MCK/DIV
SCK
Reserved
CD
SCK
0
1
16-bit Counter
2
3
glitch-free
logic
1
0
FIDI
>1
0
0
SYNC
OVER
Sampling
Divider
0
Baud Rate
Clock
1
1
SYNC
USCLKS = 3
29.6.1.3
Sampling
Clock
Baud Rate in Synchronous Mode
If the USART is programmed to operate in synchronous mode, the selected clock is simply
divided by the field CD in US_BRGR.
BaudRate = SelectedClock
-------------------------------------CD
In synchronous mode, if the external clock is selected (USCLKS = 3), the clock is provided
directly by the signal on the USART SCK pin. No division is active. The value written in
US_BRGR has no effect. The external clock frequency must be at least 4.5 times lower than the
system clock.
When either the external clock SCK or the internal clock divided (MCK/DIV) is selected, the
value programmed in CD must be even if the user has to ensure a 50:50 mark/space ratio on the
SCK pin. If the internal clock MCK is selected, the Baud Rate Generator ensures a 50:50 duty
cycle on the SCK pin, even if the value programmed in CD is odd.
29.6.1.4
Baud Rate in ISO 7816 Mode
The ISO7816 specification defines the bit rate with the following formula:
Di
B = ------ × f
Fi
where:
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• B is the bit rate
• Di is the bit-rate adjustment factor
• Fi is the clock frequency division factor
• f is the ISO7816 clock frequency (Hz)
Di is a binary value encoded on a 4-bit field, named DI, as represented in Table 29-3.
Table 29-3.
Binary and Decimal Values for Di
DI field
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
1000
1001
1
2
4
8
16
32
12
20
Di (decimal)
Fi is a binary value encoded on a 4-bit field, named FI, as represented in Table 29-4.
Table 29-4.
Binary and Decimal Values for Fi
FI field
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
Fi (decimal
372
372
558
744
1116
1488
1860
512
768
1024
1536
2048
Table 29-5 shows the resulting Fi/Di Ratio, which is the ratio between the ISO7816 clock and the
baud rate clock.
Table 29-5.
Possible Values for the Fi/Di Ratio
Fi/Di
372
558
774
1116
1488
1806
512
768
1024
1536
2048
1
372
558
744
1116
1488
1860
512
768
1024
1536
2048
2
186
279
372
558
744
930
256
384
512
768
1024
4
93
139.5
186
279
372
465
128
192
256
384
512
8
46.5
69.75
93
139.5
186
232.5
64
96
128
192
256
16
23.25
34.87
46.5
69.75
93
116.2
32
48
64
96
128
32
11.62
17.43
23.25
34.87
46.5
58.13
16
24
32
48
64
12
31
46.5
62
93
124
155
42.66
64
85.33
128
170.6
20
18.6
27.9
37.2
55.8
74.4
93
25.6
38.4
51.2
76.8
102.4
If the USART is configured in ISO7816 Mode, the clock selected by the USCLKS field in the
Mode Register (US_MR) is first divided by the value programmed in the field CD in the Baud
Rate Generator Register (US_BRGR). The resulting clock can be provided to the SCK pin to
feed the smart card clock inputs. This means that the CLKO bit can be set in US_MR.
This clock is then divided by the value programmed in the FI_DI_RATIO field in the FI_DI_Ratio
register (US_FIDI). This is performed by the Sampling Divider, which performs a division by up
to 2047 in ISO7816 Mode. The non-integer values of the Fi/Di Ratio are not supported and the
user must program the FI_DI_RATIO field to a value as close as possible to the expected value.
The FI_DI_RATIO field resets to the value 0x174 (372 in decimal) and is the most common
divider between the ISO7816 clock and the bit rate (Fi = 372, Di = 1).
Figure 29-5 shows the relation between the Elementary Time Unit, corresponding to a bit time,
and the ISO 7816 clock.
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Figure 29-5. Elementary Time Unit (ETU)
FI_DI_RATIO
ISO7816 Clock Cycles
ISO7816 Clock
on SCK
ISO7816 I/O Line
on TXD
1 ETU
29.6.2
Receiver and Transmitter Control
After reset, the receiver is disabled. The user must enable the receiver by setting the RXEN bit
in the Control Register (US_CR). However, the receiver registers can be programmed before the
receiver clock is enabled.
After reset, the transmitter is disabled. The user must enable it by setting the TXEN bit in the
Control Register (US_CR). However, the transmitter registers can be programmed before being
enabled.
The Receiver and the Transmitter can be enabled together or independently.
At any time, the software can perform a reset on the receiver or the transmitter of the USART by
setting the corresponding bit, RSTRX and RSTTX respectively, in the Control Register
(US_CR). The software resets clear the status flag and reset internal state machines but the
user interface configuration registers hold the value configured prior to software reset. Regardless of what the receiver or the transmitter is performing, the communication is immediately
stopped.
The user can also independently disable the receiver or the transmitter by setting RXDIS and
TXDIS respectively in US_CR. If the receiver is disabled during a character reception, the
USART waits until the end of reception of the current character, then the reception is stopped. If
the transmitter is disabled while it is operating, the USART waits the end of transmission of both
the current character and character being stored in the Transmit Holding Register (US_THR). If
a timeguard is programmed, it is handled normally.
29.6.3
29.6.3.1
Synchronous and Asynchronous Modes
Transmitter Operations
The transmitter performs the same in both synchronous and asynchronous operating modes
(SYNC = 0 or SYNC = 1). One start bit, up to 9 data bits, one optional parity bit and up to two
stop bits are successively shifted out on the TXD pin at each falling edge of the programmed
serial clock.
The number of data bits is selected by the CHRL field and the MODE 9 bit in the Mode Register
(US_MR). Nine bits are selected by setting the MODE 9 bit regardless of the CHRL field. The
parity bit is set according to the PAR field in US_MR. The even, odd, space, marked or none
parity bit can be configured. The MSBF field in US_MR configures which data bit is sent first. If
written at 1, the most significant bit is sent first. At 0, the less significant bit is sent first. The number of stop bits is selected by the NBSTOP field in US_MR. The 1.5 stop bit is supported in
asynchronous mode only.
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Figure 29-6. Character Transmit
Example: 8-bit, Parity Enabled One Stop
Baud Rate
Clock
TXD
Start
Bit
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parity
Bit
Stop
Bit
The characters are sent by writing in the Transmit Holding Register (US_THR). The transmitter
reports two status bits in the Channel Status Register (US_CSR): TXRDY (Transmitter Ready),
which indicates that US_THR is empty and TXEMPTY, which indicates that all the characters
written in US_THR have been processed. When the current character processing is completed,
the last character written in US_THR is transferred into the Shift Register of the transmitter and
US_THR becomes empty, thus TXRDY raises.
Both TXRDY and TXEMPTY bits are low since the transmitter is disabled. Writing a character in
US_THR while TXRDY is active has no effect and the written character is lost.
Figure 29-7. Transmitter Status
Baud Rate
Clock
TXD
Start
D0
Bit
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parity Stop Start
D0
Bit Bit Bit
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parity Stop
Bit Bit
Write
US_THR
TXRDY
TXEMPTY
29.6.3.2
Manchester Encoder
When the Manchester encoder is in use, characters transmitted through the USART are
encoded based on biphase Manchester II format. To enable this mode, set the MAN field in the
US_MR register to 1. Depending on polarity configuration, a logic level (zero or one), is transmitted as a coded signal one-to-zero or zero-to-one. Thus, a transition always occurs at the
midpoint of each bit time. It consumes more bandwidth than the original NRZ signal (2x) but the
receiver has more error control since the expected input must show a change at the center of a
bit cell. An example of Manchester encoded sequence is: the byte 0xB1 or 10110001 encodes
to 10 01 10 10 01 01 01 10, assuming the default polarity of the encoder. Figure 29-8 illustrates
this coding scheme.
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Figure 29-8. NRZ to Manchester Encoding
NRZ
encoded
data
Manchester
encoded
data
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
Txd
The Manchester encoded character can also be encapsulated by adding both a configurable
preamble and a start frame delimiter pattern. Depending on the configuration, the preamble is a
training sequence, composed of a pre-defined pattern with a programmable length from 1 to 15
bit times. If the preamble length is set to 0, the preamble waveform is not generated prior to any
character. The preamble pattern is chosen among the following sequences: ALL_ONE,
ALL_ZERO, ONE_ZERO or ZERO_ONE, writing the field TX_PP in the US_MAN register, the
field TX_PL is used to configure the preamble length. Figure 29-9 illustrates and defines the
valid patterns. To improve flexibility, the encoding scheme can be configured using the
TX_MPOL field in the US_MAN register. If the TX_MPOL field is set to zero (default), a logic
zero is encoded with a zero-to-one transition and a logic one is encoded with a one-to-zero transition. If the TX_MPOL field is set to one, a logic one is encoded with a one-to-zero transition
and a logic zero is encoded with a zero-to-one transition.
Figure 29-9. Preamble Patterns, Default Polarity Assumed
Manchester
encoded
data
Txd
SFD
DATA
SFD
DATA
SFD
DATA
SFD
DATA
8 bit width "ALL_ONE" Preamble
Manchester
encoded
data
Txd
8 bit width "ALL_ZERO" Preamble
Manchester
encoded
data
Txd
8 bit width "ZERO_ONE" Preamble
Manchester
encoded
data
Txd
8 bit width "ONE_ZERO" Preamble
A start frame delimiter is to be configured using the ONEBIT field in the US_MR register. It consists of a user-defined pattern that indicates the beginning of a valid data. Figure 29-10
illustrates these patterns. If the start frame delimiter, also known as start bit, is one bit, (ONEBIT
at 1), a logic zero is Manchester encoded and indicates that a new character is being sent serially on the line. If the start frame delimiter is a synchronization pattern also referred to as sync
(ONEBIT at 0), a sequence of 3 bit times is sent serially on the line to indicate the start of a new
character. The sync waveform is in itself an invalid Manchester waveform as the transition
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occurs at the middle of the second bit time. Two distinct sync patterns are used: the command
sync and the data sync. The command sync has a logic one level for one and a half bit times,
then a transition to logic zero for the second one and a half bit times. If the MODSYNC field in
the US_MR register is set to 1, the next character is a command. If it is set to 0, the next character is a data. When direct memory access is used, the MODSYNC field can be immediately
updated with a modified character located in memory. To enable this mode, VAR_SYNC field in
US_MR register must be set to 1. In this case, the MODSYNC field in US_MR is bypassed and
the sync configuration is held in the TXSYNH in the US_THR register. The USART character format is modified and includes sync information.
Figure 29-10. Start Frame Delimiter
Preamble Length
is set to 0
SFD
Manchester
encoded
data
DATA
Txd
One bit start frame delimiter
SFD
Manchester
encoded
data
DATA
Txd
SFD
Manchester
encoded
data
Txd
Command Sync
start frame delimiter
DATA
Data Sync
start frame delimiter
Drift Compensation
Drift compensation is available only in 16X oversampling mode. An hardware recovery system
allows a larger clock drift. To enable the hardware system, the bit in the USART_MAN register
must be set. If the RXD edge is one 16X clock cycle from the expected edge, this is considered
as normal jitter and no corrective actions is taken. If the RXD event is between 4 and 2 clock
cycles before the expected edge, then the current period is shortened by one clock cycle. If the
RXD event is between 2 and 3 clock cycles after the expected edge, then the current period is
lengthened by one clock cycle. These intervals are considered to be drift and so corrective
actions are automatically taken.
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Figure 29-11. Bit Resynchronization
Oversampling
16x Clock
RXD
Sampling
point
Expected edge
Synchro.
Error
29.6.3.3
Synchro.
Jump
Tolerance
Sync
Jump
Synchro.
Error
Asynchronous Receiver
If the USART is programmed in asynchronous operating mode (SYNC = 0), the receiver oversamples the RXD input line. The oversampling is either 16 or 8 times the Baud Rate clock,
depending on the OVER bit in the Mode Register (US_MR).
The receiver samples the RXD line. If the line is sampled during one half of a bit time at 0, a start
bit is detected and data, parity and stop bits are successively sampled on the bit rate clock.
If the oversampling is 16, (OVER at 0), a start is detected at the eighth sample at 0. Then, data
bits, parity bit and stop bit are sampled on each 16 sampling clock cycle. If the oversampling is 8
(OVER at 1), a start bit is detected at the fourth sample at 0. Then, data bits, parity bit and stop
bit are sampled on each 8 sampling clock cycle.
The number of data bits, first bit sent and parity mode are selected by the same fields and bits
as the transmitter, i.e. respectively CHRL, MODE9, MSBF and PAR. For the synchronization
mechanism only, the number of stop bits has no effect on the receiver as it considers only one
stop bit, regardless of the field NBSTOP, so that resynchronization between the receiver and the
transmitter can occur. Moreover, as soon as the stop bit is sampled, the receiver starts looking
for a new start bit so that resynchronization can also be accomplished when the transmitter is
operating with one stop bit.
Figure 29-12 and Figure 29-13 illustrate start detection and character reception when USART
operates in asynchronous mode.
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Figure 29-12. Asynchronous Start Detection
Baud Rate
Clock
Sampling
Clock (x16)
RXD
Sampling
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
D0
Sampling
Start
Detection
RXD
Sampling
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1
Start
Rejection
Figure 29-13. Asynchronous Character Reception
Example: 8-bit, Parity Enabled
Baud Rate
Clock
RXD
Start
Detection
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
samples samples samples samples samples samples samples samples samples samples
D0
29.6.3.4
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parity
Bit
Stop
Bit
Manchester Decoder
When the MAN field in US_MR register is set to 1, the Manchester decoder is enabled. The
decoder performs both preamble and start frame delimiter detection. One input line is dedicated
to Manchester encoded input data.
An optional preamble sequence can be defined, its length is user-defined and totally independent of the emitter side. Use RX_PL in US_MAN register to configure the length of the preamble
sequence. If the length is set to 0, no preamble is detected and the function is disabled. In addition, the polarity of the input stream is programmable with RX_MPOL field in US_MAN register.
Depending on the desired application the preamble pattern matching is to be defined via the
RX_PP field in US_MAN. See Figure 29-9 for available preamble patterns.
Unlike preamble, the start frame delimiter is shared between Manchester Encoder and Decoder.
So, if ONEBIT field is set to 1, only a zero encoded Manchester can be detected as a valid start
frame delimiter. If ONEBIT is set to 0, only a sync pattern is detected as a valid start frame
delimiter. Decoder operates by detecting transition on incoming stream. If RXD is sampled during one quarter of a bit time at zero, a start bit is detected. See Figure 29-14.. The sample pulse
rejection mechanism applies.
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Figure 29-14. Asynchronous Start Bit Detection
Sampling
Clock
(16 x)
Manchester
encoded
data
Txd
Start
Detection
1
2
3
4
The receiver is activated and starts Preamble and Frame Delimiter detection, sampling the data
at one quarter and then three quarters. If a valid preamble pattern or start frame delimiter is
detected, the receiver continues decoding with the same synchronization. If the stream does not
match a valid pattern or a valid start frame delimiter, the receiver re-synchronizes on the next
valid edge.The minimum time threshold to estimate the bit value is three quarters of a bit time.
If a valid preamble (if used) followed with a valid start frame delimiter is detected, the incoming
stream is decoded into NRZ data and passed to USART for processing. Figure 29-15 illustrates
Manchester pattern mismatch. When incoming data stream is passed to the USART, the
receiver is also able to detect Manchester code violation. A code violation is a lack of transition
in the middle of a bit cell. In this case, MANE flag in US_CSR register is raised. It is cleared by
writing the Control Register (US_CR) with the RSTSTA bit at 1. See Figure 29-16 for an example of Manchester error detection during data phase.
Figure 29-15. Preamble Pattern Mismatch
Preamble Mismatch
Manchester coding error
Manchester
encoded
data
Preamble Mismatch
invalid pattern
SFD
Txd
DATA
Preamble Length is set to 8
Figure 29-16. Manchester Error Flag
Preamble Length
is set to 4
Elementary character bit time
SFD
Manchester
encoded
data
Txd
Entering USART character area
sampling points
Preamble subpacket
and Start Frame Delimiter
were successfully
decoded
Manchester
Coding Error
detected
When the start frame delimiter is a sync pattern (ONEBIT field at 0), both command and data
delimiter are supported. If a valid sync is detected, the received character is written as RXCHR
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field in the US_RHR register and the RXSYNH is updated. RXCHR is set to 1 when the received
character is a command, and it is set to 0 if the received character is a data. This mechanism
alleviates and simplifies the direct memory access as the character contains its own sync field in
the same register.
As the decoder is setup to be used in unipolar mode, the first bit of the frame has to be a zero-toone transition.
29.6.3.5
Radio Interface: Manchester Encoded USART Application
This section describes low data rate RF transmission systems and their integration with a Manchester encoded USART. These systems are based on transmitter and receiver ICs that support
ASK and FSK modulation schemes.
The goal is to perform full duplex radio transmission of characters using two different frequency
carriers. See the configuration in Figure 29-17.
Figure 29-17. Manchester Encoded Characters RF Transmission
Fup frequency Carrier
ASK/FSK
Upstream Receiver
Upstream
Emitter
LNA
VCO
RF filter
Demod
Serial
Configuration
Interface
control
Fdown frequency Carrier
bi-dir
line
Manchester
decoder
USART
Receiver
Manchester
encoder
USART
Emitter
ASK/FSK
downstream transmitter
Downstream
Receiver
PA
RF filter
Mod
VCO
control
The USART module is configured as a Manchester encoder/decoder. Looking at the downstream communication channel, Manchester encoded characters are serially sent to the RF
emitter. This may also include a user defined preamble and a start frame delimiter. Mostly, preamble is used in the RF receiver to distinguish between a valid data from a transmitter and
signals due to noise. The Manchester stream is then modulated. See Figure 29-18 for an example of ASK modulation scheme. When a logic one is sent to the ASK modulator, the power
amplifier, referred to as PA, is enabled and transmits an RF signal at downstream frequency.
When a logic zero is transmitted, the RF signal is turned off. If the FSK modulator is activated,
two different frequencies are used to transmit data. When a logic 1 is sent, the modulator outputs an RF signal at frequency F0 and switches to F1 if the data sent is a 0. See Figure 29-19.
From the receiver side, another carrier frequency is used. The RF receiver performs a bit check
operation examining demodulated data stream. If a valid pattern is detected, the receiver
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switches to receiving mode. The demodulated stream is sent to the Manchester decoder.
Because of bit checking inside RF IC, the data transferred to the microcontroller is reduced by a
user-defined number of bits. The Manchester preamble length is to be defined in accordance
with the RF IC configuration.
Figure 29-18. ASK Modulator Output
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
NRZ stream
Manchester
encoded
data
default polarity
unipolar output
Txd
ASK Modulator
Output
Uptstream Frequency F0
Figure 29-19. FSK Modulator Output
1
NRZ stream
Manchester
encoded
data
default polarity
unipolar output
Txd
FSK Modulator
Output
Uptstream Frequencies
[F0, F0+offset]
29.6.3.6
Synchronous Receiver
In synchronous mode (SYNC = 1), the receiver samples the RXD signal on each rising edge of
the Baud Rate Clock. If a low level is detected, it is considered as a start. All data bits, the parity
bit and the stop bits are sampled and the receiver waits for the next start bit. Synchronous mode
operations provide a high speed transfer capability.
Configuration fields and bits are the same as in asynchronous mode.
Figure 29-20 illustrates a character reception in synchronous mode.
Figure 29-20. Synchronous Mode Character Reception
Example: 8-bit, Parity Enabled 1 Stop
Baud Rate
Clock
RXD
Sampling
Start
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Stop Bit
Parity Bit
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29.6.3.7
Receiver Operations
When a character reception is completed, it is transferred to the Receive Holding Register
(US_RHR) and the RXRDY bit in the Status Register (US_CSR) rises. If a character is completed while the RXRDY is set, the OVRE (Overrun Error) bit is set. The last character is
transferred into US_RHR and overwrites the previous one. The OVRE bit is cleared by writing
the Control Register (US_CR) with the RSTSTA (Reset Status) bit at 1.
Figure 29-21. Receiver Status
Baud Rate
Clock
RXD
Start
D0
Bit
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parity Stop Start
D0
Bit Bit Bit
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parity Stop
Bit Bit
RSTSTA = 1
Write
US_CR
Read
US_RHR
RXRDY
OVRE
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29.6.3.8
Parity
The USART supports five parity modes selected by programming the PAR field in the Mode
Register (US_MR). The PAR field also enables the Multidrop mode, see “Multidrop Mode” on
page 363. Even and odd parity bit generation and error detection are supported.
If even parity is selected, the parity generator of the transmitter drives the parity bit at 0 if a number of 1s in the character data bit is even, and at 1 if the number of 1s is odd. Accordingly, the
receiver parity checker counts the number of received 1s and reports a parity error if the sampled parity bit does not correspond. If odd parity is selected, the parity generator of the
transmitter drives the parity bit at 1 if a number of 1s in the character data bit is even, and at 0 if
the number of 1s is odd. Accordingly, the receiver parity checker counts the number of received
1s and reports a parity error if the sampled parity bit does not correspond. If the mark parity is
used, the parity generator of the transmitter drives the parity bit at 1 for all characters. The
receiver parity checker reports an error if the parity bit is sampled at 0. If the space parity is
used, the parity generator of the transmitter drives the parity bit at 0 for all characters. The
receiver parity checker reports an error if the parity bit is sampled at 1. If parity is disabled, the
transmitter does not generate any parity bit and the receiver does not report any parity error.
Table 29-6 shows an example of the parity bit for the character 0x41 (character ASCII “A”)
depending on the configuration of the USART. Because there are two bits at 1, 1 bit is added
when a parity is odd, or 0 is added when a parity is even.
Table 29-6.
Parity Bit Examples
Character
Hexa
Binary
Parity Bit
Parity Mode
A
0x41
0100 0001
1
Odd
A
0x41
0100 0001
0
Even
A
0x41
0100 0001
1
Mark
A
0x41
0100 0001
0
Space
A
0x41
0100 0001
None
None
When the receiver detects a parity error, it sets the PARE (Parity Error) bit in the Channel Status
Register (US_CSR). The PARE bit can be cleared by writing the Control Register (US_CR) with
the RSTSTA bit at 1. Figure 29-22 illustrates the parity bit status setting and clearing.
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Figure 29-22. Parity Error
Baud Rate
Clock
RXD
Start
D0
Bit
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Bad Stop
Parity Bit
Bit
RSTSTA = 1
Write
US_CR
PARE
RXRDY
29.6.3.9
Multidrop Mode
If the PAR field in the Mode Register (US_MR) is programmed to the value 0x6 or 0x07, the
USART runs in Multidrop Mode. This mode differentiates the data characters and the address
characters. Data is transmitted with the parity bit at 0 and addresses are transmitted with the
parity bit at 1.
If the USART is configured in multidrop mode, the receiver sets the PARE parity error bit when
the parity bit is high and the transmitter is able to send a character with the parity bit high when
the Control Register is written with the SENDA bit at 1.
To handle parity error, the PARE bit is cleared when the Control Register is written with the bit
RSTSTA at 1.
The transmitter sends an address byte (parity bit set) when SENDA is written to US_CR. In this
case, the next byte written to US_THR is transmitted as an address. Any character written in
US_THR without having written the command SENDA is transmitted normally with the parity at
0.
29.6.3.10
Transmitter Timeguard
The timeguard feature enables the USART interface with slow remote devices.
The timeguard function enables the transmitter to insert an idle state on the TXD line between
two characters. This idle state actually acts as a long stop bit.
The duration of the idle state is programmed in the TG field of the Transmitter Timeguard Register (US_TTGR). When this field is programmed at zero no timeguard is generated. Otherwise,
the transmitter holds a high level on TXD after each transmitted byte during the number of bit
periods programmed in TG in addition to the number of stop bits.
As illustrated in Figure 29-23, the behavior of TXRDY and TXEMPTY status bits is modified by
the programming of a timeguard. TXRDY rises only when the start bit of the next character is
sent, and thus remains at 0 during the timeguard transmission if a character has been written in
US_THR. TXEMPTY remains low until the timeguard transmission is completed as the timeguard is part of the current character being transmitted.
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Figure 29-23. Timeguard Operations
TG = 4
TG = 4
Baud Rate
Clock
TXD
Start
D0
Bit
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parity Stop
Bit Bit
Start
D0
Bit
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parity Stop
Bit Bit
Write
US_THR
TXRDY
TXEMPTY
Table 29-7 indicates the maximum length of a timeguard period that the transmitter can handle
in relation to the function of the Baud Rate.
Table 29-7.
29.6.3.11
Maximum Timeguard Length Depending on Baud Rate
Baud Rate
Bit time
Timeguard
Bit/sec
μs
ms
1 200
833
212.50
9 600
104
26.56
14400
69.4
17.71
19200
52.1
13.28
28800
34.7
8.85
33400
29.9
7.63
56000
17.9
4.55
57600
17.4
4.43
115200
8.7
2.21
Receiver Time-out
The Receiver Time-out provides support in handling variable-length frames. This feature detects
an idle condition on the RXD line. When a time-out is detected, the bit TIMEOUT in the Channel
Status Register (US_CSR) rises and can generate an interrupt, thus indicating to the driver an
end of frame.
The time-out delay period (during which the receiver waits for a new character) is programmed
in the TO field of the Receiver Time-out Register (US_RTOR). If the TO field is programmed at
0, the Receiver Time-out is disabled and no time-out is detected. The TIMEOUT bit in US_CSR
remains at 0. Otherwise, the receiver loads a 16-bit counter with the value programmed in TO.
This counter is decremented at each bit period and reloaded each time a new character is
received. If the counter reaches 0, the TIMEOUT bit in the Status Register rises. Then, the user
can either:
• Stop the counter clock until a new character is received. This is performed by writing the
Control Register (US_CR) with the STTTO (Start Time-out) bit at 1. In this case, the idle state
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on RXD before a new character is received will not provide a time-out. This prevents having
to handle an interrupt before a character is received and allows waiting for the next idle state
on RXD after a frame is received.
• Obtain an interrupt while no character is received. This is performed by writing US_CR with
the RETTO (Reload and Start Time-out) bit at 1. If RETTO is performed, the counter starts
counting down immediately from the value TO. This enables generation of a periodic interrupt
so that a user time-out can be handled, for example when no key is pressed on a keyboard.
If STTTO is performed, the counter clock is stopped until a first character is received. The idle
state on RXD before the start of the frame does not provide a time-out. This prevents having to
obtain a periodic interrupt and enables a wait of the end of frame when the idle state on RXD is
detected.
If RETTO is performed, the counter starts counting down immediately from the value TO. This
enables generation of a periodic interrupt so that a user time-out can be handled, for example
when no key is pressed on a keyboard.
Figure 29-24 shows the block diagram of the Receiver Time-out feature.
Figure 29-24. Receiver Time-out Block Diagram
TO
Baud Rate
Clock
1
D
Q
Clock
16-bit Time-out
Counter
16-bit
Value
=
STTTO
Clear
Character
Received
RETTO
Load
TIMEOUT
0
Table 29-8 gives the maximum time-out period for some standard baud rates.
Table 29-8.
Maximum Time-out Period
Baud Rate
Bit Time
Time-out
bit/sec
μs
ms
600
1 667
109 225
1 200
833
54 613
2 400
417
27 306
4 800
208
13 653
9 600
104
6 827
14400
69
4 551
19200
52
3 413
28800
35
2 276
33400
30
1 962
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Table 29-8.
29.6.3.12
Maximum Time-out Period (Continued)
Baud Rate
Bit Time
Time-out
56000
18
1 170
57600
17
1 138
200000
5
328
Framing Error
The receiver is capable of detecting framing errors. A framing error happens when the stop bit of
a received character is detected at level 0. This can occur if the receiver and the transmitter are
fully desynchronized.
A framing error is reported on the FRAME bit of the Channel Status Register (US_CSR). The
FRAME bit is asserted in the middle of the stop bit as soon as the framing error is detected. It is
cleared by writing the Control Register (US_CR) with the RSTSTA bit at 1.
Figure 29-25. Framing Error Status
Baud Rate
Clock
RXD
Start
D0
Bit
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parity Stop
Bit Bit
RSTSTA = 1
Write
US_CR
FRAME
RXRDY
29.6.3.13
Transmit Break
The user can request the transmitter to generate a break condition on the TXD line. A break condition drives the TXD line low during at least one complete character. It appears the same as a
0x00 character sent with the parity and the stop bits at 0. However, the transmitter holds the
TXD line at least during one character until the user requests the break condition to be removed.
A break is transmitted by writing the Control Register (US_CR) with the STTBRK bit at 1. This
can be performed at any time, either while the transmitter is empty (no character in either the
Shift Register or in US_THR) or when a character is being transmitted. If a break is requested
while a character is being shifted out, the character is first completed before the TXD line is held
low.
Once STTBRK command is requested further STTBRK commands are ignored until the end of
the break is completed.
The break condition is removed by writing US_CR with the STPBRK bit at 1. If the STPBRK is
requested before the end of the minimum break duration (one character, including start, data,
parity and stop bits), the transmitter ensures that the break condition completes.
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The transmitter considers the break as though it is a character, i.e. the STTBRK and STPBRK
commands are taken into account only if the TXRDY bit in US_CSR is at 1 and the start of the
break condition clears the TXRDY and TXEMPTY bits as if a character is processed.
Writing US_CR with the both STTBRK and STPBRK bits at 1 can lead to an unpredictable
result. All STPBRK commands requested without a previous STTBRK command are ignored. A
byte written into the Transmit Holding Register while a break is pending, but not started, is
ignored.
After the break condition, the transmitter returns the TXD line to 1 for a minimum of 12 bit times.
Thus, the transmitter ensures that the remote receiver detects correctly the end of break and the
start of the next character. If the timeguard is programmed with a value higher than 12, the TXD
line is held high for the timeguard period.
After holding the TXD line for this period, the transmitter resumes normal operations.
Figure 29-26 illustrates the effect of both the Start Break (STTBRK) and Stop Break (STPBRK)
commands on the TXD line.
Figure 29-26. Break Transmission
Baud Rate
Clock
TXD
Start
D0
Bit
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
STTBRK = 1
D6
D7
Parity Stop
Bit Bit
Break Transmission
End of Break
STPBRK = 1
Write
US_CR
TXRDY
TXEMPTY
29.6.3.14
Receive Break
The receiver detects a break condition when all data, parity and stop bits are low. This corresponds to detecting a framing error with data at 0x00, but FRAME remains low.
When the low stop bit is detected, the receiver asserts the RXBRK bit in US_CSR. This bit may
be cleared by writing the Control Register (US_CR) with the bit RSTSTA at 1.
An end of receive break is detected by a high level for at least 2/16 of a bit period in asynchronous operating mode or one sample at high level in synchronous operating mode. The end of
break detection also asserts the RXBRK bit.
29.6.3.15
Hardware Handshaking
The USART features a hardware handshaking out-of-band flow control. The RTS and CTS pins
are used to connect with the remote device, as shown in Figure 29-27.
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Figure 29-27. Connection with a Remote Device for Hardware Handshaking
USART
Remote
Device
TXD
RXD
RXD
TXD
CTS
RTS
RTS
CTS
Setting the USART to operate with hardware handshaking is performed by writing the
USART_MODE field in the Mode Register (US_MR) to the value 0x2.
The USART behavior when hardware handshaking is enabled is the same as the behavior in
standard synchronous or asynchronous mode, except that the receiver drives the RTS pin as
described below and the level on the CTS pin modifies the behavior of the transmitter as
described below. Using this mode requires using the PDC channel for reception. The transmitter
can handle hardware handshaking in any case.
Figure 29-28 shows how the receiver operates if hardware handshaking is enabled. The RTS
pin is driven high if the receiver is disabled and if the status RXBUFF (Receive Buffer Full) coming from the PDC channel is high. Normally, the remote device does not start transmitting while
its CTS pin (driven by RTS) is high. As soon as the Receiver is enabled, the RTS falls, indicating
to the remote device that it can start transmitting. Defining a new buffer to the PDC clears the
status bit RXBUFF and, as a result, asserts the pin RTS low.
Figure 29-28. Receiver Behavior when Operating with Hardware Handshaking
RXD
RXEN = 1
RXDIS = 1
Write
US_CR
RTS
RXBUFF
Figure 29-29 shows how the transmitter operates if hardware handshaking is enabled. The CTS
pin disables the transmitter. If a character is being processing, the transmitter is disabled only
after the completion of the current character and transmission of the next character happens as
soon as the pin CTS falls.
Figure 29-29. Transmitter Behavior when Operating with Hardware Handshaking
CTS
TXD
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29.6.4
ISO7816 Mode
The USART features an ISO7816-compatible operating mode. This mode permits interfacing
with smart cards and Security Access Modules (SAM) communicating through an ISO7816 link.
Both T = 0 and T = 1 protocols defined by the ISO7816 specification are supported.
Setting the USART in ISO7816 mode is performed by writing the USART_MODE field in the
Mode Register (US_MR) to the value 0x4 for protocol T = 0 and to the value 0x5 for protocol T =
1.
29.6.4.1
ISO7816 Mode Overview
The ISO7816 is a half duplex communication on only one bidirectional line. The baud rate is
determined by a division of the clock provided to the remote device (see “Baud Rate Generator”
on page 347).
The USART connects to a smart card as shown in Figure 29-30. The TXD line becomes bidirectional and the Baud Rate Generator feeds the ISO7816 clock on the SCK pin. As the TXD pin
becomes bidirectional, its output remains driven by the output of the transmitter but only when
the transmitter is active while its input is directed to the input of the receiver. The USART is considered as the master of the communication as it generates the clock.
Figure 29-30. Connection of a Smart Card to the USART
USART
SCK
TXD
CLK
I/O
Smart
Card
When operating in ISO7816, either in T = 0 or T = 1 modes, the character format is fixed. The
configuration is 8 data bits, even parity and 1 or 2 stop bits, regardless of the values programmed in the CHRL, MODE9, PAR and CHMODE fields. MSBF can be used to transmit LSB
or MSB first. Parity Bit (PAR) can be used to transmit in normal or inverse mode. Refer to
“USART Mode Register” on page 381 and “PAR: Parity Type” on page 382.
The USART cannot operate concurrently in both receiver and transmitter modes as the communication is unidirectional at a time. It has to be configured according to the required mode by
enabling or disabling either the receiver or the transmitter as desired. Enabling both the receiver
and the transmitter at the same time in ISO7816 mode may lead to unpredictable results.
The ISO7816 specification defines an inverse transmission format. Data bits of the character
must be transmitted on the I/O line at their negative value. The USART does not support this format and the user has to perform an exclusive OR on the data before writing it in the Transmit
Holding Register (US_THR) or after reading it in the Receive Holding Register (US_RHR).
29.6.4.2
Protocol T = 0
In T = 0 protocol, a character is made up of one start bit, eight data bits, one parity bit and one
guard time, which lasts two bit times. The transmitter shifts out the bits and does not drive the
I/O line during the guard time.
If no parity error is detected, the I/O line remains at 1 during the guard time and the transmitter
can continue with the transmission of the next character, as shown in Figure 29-31.
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If a parity error is detected by the receiver, it drives the I/O line at 0 during the guard time, as
shown in Figure 29-32. This error bit is also named NACK, for Non Acknowledge. In this case,
the character lasts 1 bit time more, as the guard time length is the same and is added to the
error bit time which lasts 1 bit time.
When the USART is the receiver and it detects an error, it does not load the erroneous character
in the Receive Holding Register (US_RHR). It appropriately sets the PARE bit in the Status Register (US_SR) so that the software can handle the error.
Figure 29-31. T = 0 Protocol without Parity Error
Baud Rate
Clock
RXD
Start
Bit
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parity Guard Guard Next
Bit Time 1 Time 2 Start
Bit
Figure 29-32. T = 0 Protocol with Parity Error
Baud Rate
Clock
Error
I/O
Start
Bit
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parity Guard
Bit Time 1
Guard Start
Time 2 Bit
D0
D1
Repetition
Receive Error Counter
The USART receiver also records the total number of errors. This can be read in the Number of
Error (US_NER) register. The NB_ERRORS field can record up to 255 errors. Reading US_NER
automatically clears the NB_ERRORS field.
Receive NACK Inhibit
The USART can also be configured to inhibit an error. This can be achieved by setting the
INACK bit in the Mode Register (US_MR). If INACK is at 1, no error signal is driven on the I/O
line even if a parity bit is detected, but the INACK bit is set in the Status Register (US_SR). The
INACK bit can be cleared by writing the Control Register (US_CR) with the RSTNACK bit at 1.
Moreover, if INACK is set, the erroneous received character is stored in the Receive Holding
Register, as if no error occurred. However, the RXRDY bit does not raise.
Transmit Character Repetition
When the USART is transmitting a character and gets a NACK, it can automatically repeat the
character before moving on to the next one. Repetition is enabled by writing the
MAX_ITERATION field in the Mode Register (US_MR) at a value higher than 0. Each character
can be transmitted up to eight times; the first transmission plus seven repetitions.
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If MAX_ITERATION does not equal zero, the USART repeats the character as many times as
the value loaded in MAX_ITERATION.
When the USART repetition number reaches MAX_ITERATION, the ITERATION bit is set in the
Channel Status Register (US_CSR). If the repetition of the character is acknowledged by the
receiver, the repetitions are stopped and the iteration counter is cleared.
The ITERATION bit in US_CSR can be cleared by writing the Control Register with the RSIT bit
at 1.
Disable Successive Receive NACK
The receiver can limit the number of successive NACKs sent back to the remote transmitter.
This is programmed by setting the bit DSNACK in the Mode Register (US_MR). The maximum
number of NACK transmitted is programmed in the MAX_ITERATION field. As soon as
MAX_ITERATION is reached, the character is considered as correct, an acknowledge is sent on
the line and the ITERATION bit in the Channel Status Register is set.
29.6.4.3
29.6.5
Protocol T = 1
When operating in ISO7816 protocol T = 1, the transmission is similar to an asynchronous format with only one stop bit. The parity is generated when transmitting and checked when
receiving. Parity error detection sets the PARE bit in the Channel Status Register (US_CSR).
IrDA Mode
The USART features an IrDA mode supplying half-duplex point-to-point wireless communication. It embeds the modulator and demodulator which allows a glueless connection to the
infrared transceivers, as shown in Figure 29-33. The modulator and demodulator are compliant
with the IrDA specification version 1.1 and support data transfer speeds ranging from 2.4 Kb/s to
115.2 Kb/s.
The USART IrDA mode is enabled by setting the USART_MODE field in the Mode Register
(US_MR) to the value 0x8. The IrDA Filter Register (US_IF) allows configuring the demodulator
filter. The USART transmitter and receiver operate in a normal asynchronous mode and all
parameters are accessible. Note that the modulator and the demodulator are activated.
Figure 29-33. Connection to IrDA Transceivers
USART
IrDA
Transceivers
Receiver
Demodulator
Transmitter
Modulator
RXD
RX
TX
TXD
The receiver and the transmitter must be enabled or disabled according to the direction of the
transmission to be managed.
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29.6.5.1
IrDA Modulation
For baud rates up to and including 115.2 Kbits/sec, the RZI modulation scheme is used. “0” is
represented by a light pulse of 3/16th of a bit time. Some examples of signal pulse duration are
shown in Table 29-9.
Table 29-9.
IrDA Pulse Duration
Baud Rate
Pulse Duration (3/16)
2.4 Kb/s
78.13 μs
9.6 Kb/s
19.53 μs
19.2 Kb/s
9.77 μs
38.4 Kb/s
4.88 μs
57.6 Kb/s
3.26 μs
115.2 Kb/s
1.63 μs
Figure 29-34 shows an example of character transmission.
Figure 29-34. IrDA Modulation
Start
Bit
Transmitter
Output
0
Stop
Bit
Data Bits
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
TXD
3
16 Bit Period
Bit Period
29.6.5.2
IrDA Baud Rate
Table 29-10 gives some examples of CD values, baud rate error and pulse duration. Note that
the requirement on the maximum acceptable error of ±1.87% must be met.
Table 29-10. IrDA Baud Rate Error
Peripheral Clock
372
Baud Rate
CD
Baud Rate Error
Pulse Time
3 686 400
115 200
2
0.00%
1.63
20 000 000
115 200
11
1.38%
1.63
32 768 000
115 200
18
1.25%
1.63
40 000 000
115 200
22
1.38%
1.63
3 686 400
57 600
4
0.00%
3.26
20 000 000
57 600
22
1.38%
3.26
32 768 000
57 600
36
1.25%
3.26
40 000 000
57 600
43
0.93%
3.26
3 686 400
38 400
6
0.00%
4.88
20 000 000
38 400
33
1.38%
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AT91CAP7E
Table 29-10. IrDA Baud Rate Error (Continued)
Peripheral Clock
29.6.5.3
Baud Rate
CD
Baud Rate Error
Pulse Time
32 768 000
38 400
53
0.63%
4.88
40 000 000
38 400
65
0.16%
4.88
3 686 400
19 200
12
0.00%
9.77
20 000 000
19 200
65
0.16%
9.77
32 768 000
19 200
107
0.31%
9.77
40 000 000
19 200
130
0.16%
9.77
3 686 400
9 600
24
0.00%
19.53
20 000 000
9 600
130
0.16%
19.53
32 768 000
9 600
213
0.16%
19.53
40 000 000
9 600
260
0.16%
19.53
3 686 400
2 400
96
0.00%
78.13
20 000 000
2 400
521
0.03%
78.13
32 768 000
2 400
853
0.04%
78.13
IrDA Demodulator
The demodulator is based on the IrDA Receive filter comprised of an 8-bit down counter which is
loaded with the value programmed in US_IF. When a falling edge is detected on the RXD pin,
the Filter Counter starts counting down at the Master Clock (MCK) speed. If a rising edge is
detected on the RXD pin, the counter stops and is reloaded with US_IF. If no rising edge is
detected when the counter reaches 0, the input of the receiver is driven low during one bit time.
Figure 29-35 illustrates the operations of the IrDA demodulator.
Figure 29-35. IrDA Demodulator Operations
MCK
RXD
Counter
Value
Receiver
Input
6
5
4 3
Pulse
Rejected
2
6
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Pulse
Accepted
As the IrDA mode uses the same logic as the ISO7816, note that the FI_DI_RATIO field in
US_FIDI must be set to a value higher than 0 in order to assure IrDA communications operate
correctly.
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29.6.6
RS485 Mode
The USART features the RS485 mode to enable line driver control. While operating in RS485
mode, the USART behaves as though in asynchronous or synchronous mode and configuration
of all the parameters is possible. The difference is that the RTS pin is driven high when the
transmitter is operating. The behavior of the RTS pin is controlled by the TXEMPTY bit. A typical
connection of the USART to a RS485 bus is shown in Figure 29-36.
Figure 29-36. Typical Connection to a RS485 Bus
USART
RXD
Differential
Bus
TXD
RTS
The USART is set in RS485 mode by programming the USART_MODE field in the Mode Register (US_MR) to the value 0x1.
The RTS pin is at a level inverse to the TXEMPTY bit. Significantly, the RTS pin remains high
when a timeguard is programmed so that the line can remain driven after the last character completion. Figure 29-37 gives an example of the RTS waveform during a character transmission
when the timeguard is enabled.
Figure 29-37. Example of RTS Drive with Timeguard
TG = 4
Baud Rate
Clock
TXD
Start
D0
Bit
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parity Stop
Bit Bit
Write
US_THR
TXRDY
TXEMPTY
RTS
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29.6.7
Modem Mode
The USART features modem mode, which enables control of the signals: DTR (Data Terminal
Ready), DSR (Data Set Ready), RTS (Request to Send), CTS (Clear to Send), DCD (Data Carrier Detect) and RI (Ring Indicator). While operating in modem mode, the USART behaves as a
DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) as it drives DTR and RTS and can detect level change on DSR,
DCD, CTS and RI.
Setting the USART in modem mode is performed by writing the USART_MODE field in the Mode
Register (US_MR) to the value 0x3. While operating in modem mode the USART behaves as
though in asynchronous mode and all the parameter configurations are available.
Table 29-11 gives the correspondence of the USART signals with modem connection standards.
Table 29-11. Circuit References
USART Pin
V24
CCITT
Direction
TXD
2
103
From terminal to modem
RTS
4
105
From terminal to modem
DTR
20
108.2
From terminal to modem
RXD
3
104
From modem to terminal
CTS
5
106
From terminal to modem
DSR
6
107
From terminal to modem
DCD
8
109
From terminal to modem
RI
22
125
From terminal to modem
The control of the DTR output pin is performed by writing the Control Register (US_CR) with the
DTRDIS and DTREN bits respectively at 1. The disable command forces the corresponding pin
to its inactive level, i.e. high. The enable command forces the corresponding pin to its active
level, i.e. low. RTS output pin is automatically controlled in this mode
The level changes are detected on the RI, DSR, DCD and CTS pins. If an input change is
detected, the RIIC, DSRIC, DCDIC and CTSIC bits in the Channel Status Register (US_CSR)
are set respectively and can trigger an interrupt. The status is automatically cleared when
US_CSR is read. Furthermore, the CTS automatically disables the transmitter when it is
detected at its inactive state. If a character is being transmitted when the CTS rises, the character transmission is completed before the transmitter is actually disabled.
29.6.8
Test Modes
The USART can be programmed to operate in three different test modes. The internal loopback
capability allows on-board diagnostics. In the loopback mode the USART interface pins are disconnected or not and reconfigured for loopback internally or externally.
29.6.8.1
Normal Mode
Normal mode connects the RXD pin on the receiver input and the transmitter output on the TXD
pin.
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Figure 29-38. Normal Mode Configuration
RXD
Receiver
TXD
Transmitter
29.6.8.2
Automatic Echo Mode
Automatic echo mode allows bit-by-bit retransmission. When a bit is received on the RXD pin, it
is sent to the TXD pin, as shown in Figure 29-39. Programming the transmitter has no effect on
the TXD pin. The RXD pin is still connected to the receiver input, thus the receiver remains
active.
Figure 29-39. Automatic Echo Mode Configuration
RXD
Receiver
TXD
Transmitter
29.6.8.3
Local Loopback Mode
Local loopback mode connects the output of the transmitter directly to the input of the receiver,
as shown in Figure 29-40. The TXD and RXD pins are not used. The RXD pin has no effect on
the receiver and the TXD pin is continuously driven high, as in idle state.
Figure 29-40. Local Loopback Mode Configuration
RXD
Receiver
Transmitter
29.6.8.4
376
1
TXD
Remote Loopback Mode
Remote loopback mode directly connects the RXD pin to the TXD pin, as shown in Figure 29-41.
The transmitter and the receiver are disabled and have no effect. This mode allows bit-by-bit
retransmission.
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AT91CAP7E
Figure 29-41. Remote Loopback Mode Configuration
Receiver
1
RXD
TXD
Transmitter
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29.7
USART User Interface
Table 29-12.
USART Memory Map
Offset
Register
Name
Access
Reset State
0x0000
Control Register
US_CR
Write-only
–
0x0004
Mode Register
US_MR
Read/Write
–
0x0008
Interrupt Enable Register
US_IER
Write-only
–
0x000C
Interrupt Disable Register
US_IDR
Write-only
–
0x0010
Interrupt Mask Register
US_IMR
Read-only
0x0
0x0014
Channel Status Register
US_CSR
Read-only
–
0x0018
Receiver Holding Register
US_RHR
Read-only
0x0
0x001C
Transmitter Holding Register
US_THR
Write-only
–
0x0020
Baud Rate Generator Register
US_BRGR
Read/Write
0x0
0x0024
Receiver Time-out Register
US_RTOR
Read/Write
0x0
0x0028
Transmitter Timeguard Register
US_TTGR
Read/Write
0x0
–
–
–
0x2C - 0x3C
0x0040
FI DI Ratio Register
US_FIDI
Read/Write
0x174
0x0044
Number of Errors Register
US_NER
Read-only
–
0x0048
Reserved
–
–
–
0x004C
IrDA Filter Register
US_IF
Read/Write
0x0
0x0050
Manchester Encoder Decode Register
US_MAN
Read/Write
0x30011004
Reserved
–
–
–
Reserved for PDC Registers
–
–
–
0x5C - 0xFC
0x100 - 0x128
378
Reserved
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29.7.1
Name:
USART Control Register
US_CR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
RTSDIS
18
RTSEN
17
DTRDIS
16
DTREN
15
RETTO
14
RSTNACK
13
RSTIT
12
SENDA
11
STTTO
10
STPBRK
9
STTBRK
8
RSTSTA
7
TXDIS
6
TXEN
5
RXDIS
4
RXEN
3
RSTTX
2
RSTRX
1
–
0
–
• RSTRX: Reset Receiver
0: No effect.
1: Resets the receiver.
• RSTTX: Reset Transmitter
0: No effect.
1: Resets the transmitter.
• RXEN: Receiver Enable
0: No effect.
1: Enables the receiver, if RXDIS is 0.
• RXDIS: Receiver Disable
0: No effect.
1: Disables the receiver.
• TXEN: Transmitter Enable
0: No effect.
1: Enables the transmitter if TXDIS is 0.
• TXDIS: Transmitter Disable
0: No effect.
1: Disables the transmitter.
• RSTSTA: Reset Status Bits
0: No effect.
1: Resets the status bits PARE, FRAME, OVRE, MANERR and RXBRK in US_CSR.
• STTBRK: Start Break
0: No effect.
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1: Starts transmission of a break after the characters present in US_THR and the Transmit Shift Register have been transmitted. No effect if a break is already being transmitted.
• STPBRK: Stop Break
0: No effect.
1: Stops transmission of the break after a minimum of one character length and transmits a high level during 12-bit periods.
No effect if no break is being transmitted.
• STTTO: Start Time-out
0: No effect.
1: Starts waiting for a character before clocking the time-out counter. Resets the status bit TIMEOUT in US_CSR.
• SENDA: Send Address
0: No effect.
1: In Multidrop Mode only, the next character written to the US_THR is sent with the address bit set.
• RSTIT: Reset Iterations
0: No effect.
1: Resets ITERATION in US_CSR. No effect if the ISO7816 is not enabled.
• RSTNACK: Reset Non Acknowledge
0: No effect
1: Resets NACK in US_CSR.
• RETTO: Rearm Time-out
0: No effect
1: Restart Time-out
• DTREN: Data Terminal Ready Enable
0: No effect.
1: Drives the pin DTR at 0.
• DTRDIS: Data Terminal Ready Disable
0: No effect.
1: Drives the pin DTR to 1.
• RTSEN: Request to Send Enable
0: No effect.
1: Drives the pin RTS to 0.
• RTSDIS: Request to Send Disable
0: No effect.
1: Drives the pin RTS to 1.
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29.7.2
Name:
USART Mode Register
US_MR
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
ONEBIT
30
MODSYNC–
29
MAN
28
FILTER
27
–
26
25
MAX_ITERATION
24
23
–
22
VAR_SYNC
21
DSNACK
20
INACK
19
OVER
18
CLKO
17
MODE9
16
MSBF
15
14
13
12
11
10
PAR
9
8
SYNC
4
3
2
1
0
CHMODE
7
NBSTOP
6
5
CHRL
USCLKS
USART_MODE
• USART_MODE
Table 29-13.
USART_MODE
Mode of the USART
0
0
0
0
Normal
0
0
0
1
RS485
0
0
1
0
Hardware Handshaking
0
0
1
1
Modem
0
1
0
0
IS07816 Protocol: T = 0
0
1
0
1
Reserved
0
1
1
0
IS07816 Protocol: T = 1
0
1
1
1
Reserved
1
0
0
0
IrDA
1
1
x
x
Reserved
• USCLKS: Clock Selection
Table 29-14.
USCLKS
Selected Clock
0
0
MCK
0
1
MCK/DIV (DIV = 8)
1
0
Reserved
1
1
SCK
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• CHRL: Character Length.
Table 29-15.
CHRL
Character Length
0
0
5 bits
0
1
6 bits
1
0
7 bits
1
1
8 bits
• SYNC: Synchronous Mode Select
0: USART operates in Asynchronous Mode.
1: USART operates in Synchronous Mode.
• PAR: Parity Type
Table 29-16.
PAR
Parity Type
0
0
0
Even parity
0
0
1
Odd parity
0
1
0
Parity forced to 0 (Space)
0
1
1
Parity forced to 1 (Mark)
1
0
x
No parity
1
1
x
Multidrop mode
• NBSTOP: Number of Stop Bits
Table 29-17.
NBSTOP
Asynchronous (SYNC = 0)
Synchronous (SYNC = 1)
0
0
1 stop bit
1 stop bit
0
1
1.5 stop bits
Reserved
1
0
2 stop bits
2 stop bits
1
1
Reserved
Reserved
• CHMODE: Channel Mode
Table 29-18.
CHMODE
382
Mode Description
0
0
Normal Mode
0
1
Automatic Echo. Receiver input is connected to the TXD pin.
1
0
Local Loopback. Transmitter output is connected to the Receiver Input..
1
1
Remote Loopback. RXD pin is internally connected to the TXD pin.
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AT91CAP7E
• MSBF: Bit Order
0: Least Significant Bit is sent/received first.
1: Most Significant Bit is sent/received first.
• MODE9: 9-bit Character Length
0: CHRL defines character length.
1: 9-bit character length.
• CLKO: Clock Output Select
0: The USART does not drive the SCK pin.
1: The USART drives the SCK pin if USCLKS does not select the external clock SCK.
• OVER: Oversampling Mode
0: 16x Oversampling.
1: 8x Oversampling.
• INACK: Inhibit Non Acknowledge
0: The NACK is generated.
1: The NACK is not generated.
• DSNACK: Disable Successive NACK
0: NACK is sent on the ISO line as soon as a parity error occurs in the received character (unless INACK is set).
1: Successive parity errors are counted up to the value specified in the MAX_ITERATION field. These parity errors generate a NACK on the ISO line. As soon as this value is reached, no additional NACK is sent on the ISO line. The flag
ITERATION is asserted.
• VAR_SYNC: Variable Synchronization of Command/Data Sync Start Frame Delimiter
0: User defined configuration of command or data sync field depending on SYNC value.
1: The sync field is updated when a character is written into US_THR register.
• MAX_ITERATION
Defines the maximum number of iterations in mode ISO7816, protocol T= 0.
• FILTER: Infrared Receive Line Filter
0: The USART does not filter the receive line.
1: The USART filters the receive line using a three-sample filter (1/16-bit clock) (2 over 3 majority).
• MAN: Manchester Encoder/Decoder Enable
0: Manchester Encoder/Decoder are disabled.
1: Manchester Encoder/Decoder are enabled.
• MODSYNC: Manchester Synchronization Mode
0:The Manchester Start bit is a 0 to 1 transition
1: The Manchester Start bit is a 1 to 0 transition.
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• ONEBIT: Start Frame Delimiter Selector
0: Start Frame delimiter is COMMAND or DATA SYNC.
1: Start Frame delimiter is One Bit.
29.7.3
Name:
USART Interrupt Enable Register
US_IER
Access Type:
Write-only
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
MANE
19
CTSIC
18
DCDIC
17
DSRIC
16
RIIC
15
–
14
–
13
NACK
12
RXBUFF
11
TXBUFE
10
ITERATION
9
TXEMPTY
8
TIMEOUT
7
PARE
6
FRAME
5
OVRE
4
ENDTX
3
ENDRX
2
RXBRK
1
TXRDY
0
RXRDY
• RXRDY: RXRDY Interrupt Enable
• TXRDY: TXRDY Interrupt Enable
• RXBRK: Receiver Break Interrupt Enable
• ENDRX: End of Receive Transfer Interrupt Enable
• ENDTX: End of Transmit Interrupt Enable
• OVRE: Overrun Error Interrupt Enable
• FRAME: Framing Error Interrupt Enable
• PARE: Parity Error Interrupt Enable
• TIMEOUT: Time-out Interrupt Enable
• TXEMPTY: TXEMPTY Interrupt Enable
• ITERATION: Iteration Interrupt Enable
• TXBUFE: Buffer Empty Interrupt Enable
• RXBUFF: Buffer Full Interrupt Enable
• NACK: Non Acknowledge Interrupt Enable
• RIIC: Ring Indicator Input Change Enable
384
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
• DSRIC: Data Set Ready Input Change Enable
• DCDIC: Data Carrier Detect Input Change Interrupt Enable
• CTSIC: Clear to Send Input Change Interrupt Enable
• MANE: Manchester Error Interrupt Enable
0: No effect.
1: Enables the corresponding interrupt.
29.7.4
Name:
USART Interrupt Disable Register
US_IDR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
MANE
19
CTSIC
18
DCDIC
17
DSRIC
16
RIIC
15
–
14
–
13
NACK
12
RXBUFF
11
TXBUFE
10
ITERATION
9
TXEMPTY
8
TIMEOUT
7
PARE
6
FRAME
5
OVRE
4
ENDTX
3
ENDRX
2
RXBRK
1
TXRDY
0
RXRDY
• RXRDY: RXRDY Interrupt Disable
• TXRDY: TXRDY Interrupt Disable
• RXBRK: Receiver Break Interrupt Disable
• ENDRX: End of Receive Transfer Interrupt Disable
• ENDTX: End of Transmit Interrupt Disable
• OVRE: Overrun Error Interrupt Disable
• FRAME: Framing Error Interrupt Disable
• PARE: Parity Error Interrupt Disable
• TIMEOUT: Time-out Interrupt Disable
• TXEMPTY: TXEMPTY Interrupt Disable
• ITERATION: Iteration Interrupt Disable
• TXBUFE: Buffer Empty Interrupt Disable
385
8549A–CAP–10/08
• RXBUFF: Buffer Full Interrupt Disable
• NACK: Non Acknowledge Interrupt Disable
• RIIC: Ring Indicator Input Change Disable
• DSRIC: Data Set Ready Input Change Disable
• DCDIC: Data Carrier Detect Input Change Interrupt Disable
• CTSIC: Clear to Send Input Change Interrupt Disable
• MANE: Manchester Error Interrupt Disable
0: No effect.
1: Disables the corresponding interrupt.
29.7.5
Name:
USART Interrupt Mask Register
US_IMR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
MANE
19
CTSIC
18
DCDIC
17
DSRIC
16
RIIC
15
–
14
–
13
NACK
12
RXBUFF
11
TXBUFE
10
ITERATION
9
TXEMPTY
8
TIMEOUT
7
PARE
6
FRAME
5
OVRE
4
ENDTX
3
ENDRX
2
RXBRK
1
TXRDY
0
RXRDY
• RXRDY: RXRDY Interrupt Mask
• TXRDY: TXRDY Interrupt Mask
• RXBRK: Receiver Break Interrupt Mask
• ENDRX: End of Receive Transfer Interrupt Mask
• ENDTX: End of Transmit Interrupt Mask
• OVRE: Overrun Error Interrupt Mask
• FRAME: Framing Error Interrupt Mask
• PARE: Parity Error Interrupt Mask
• TIMEOUT: Time-out Interrupt Mask
386
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
• TXEMPTY: TXEMPTY Interrupt Mask
• ITERATION: Iteration Interrupt Mask
• TXBUFE: Buffer Empty Interrupt Mask
• RXBUFF: Buffer Full Interrupt Mask
• NACK: Non Acknowledge Interrupt Mask
• RIIC: Ring Indicator Input Change Mask
• DSRIC: Data Set Ready Input Change Mask
• DCDIC: Data Carrier Detect Input Change Interrupt Mask
• CTSIC: Clear to Send Input Change Interrupt Mask
• MANE: Manchester Error Interrupt Mask
0: The corresponding interrupt is disabled.
1: The corresponding interrupt is enabled.
29.7.6
Name:
USART Channel Status Register
US_CSR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
MANERR
23
CTS
22
DCD
21
DSR
20
RI
19
CTSIC
18
DCDIC
17
DSRIC
16
RIIC
15
–
14
–
13
NACK
12
RXBUFF
11
TXBUFE
10
ITERATION
9
TXEMPTY
8
TIMEOUT
7
PARE
6
FRAME
5
OVRE
4
ENDTX
3
ENDRX
2
RXBRK
1
TXRDY
0
RXRDY
• RXRDY: Receiver Ready
0: No complete character has been received since the last read of US_RHR or the receiver is disabled. If characters were
being received when the receiver was disabled, RXRDY changes to 1 when the receiver is enabled.
1: At least one complete character has been received and US_RHR has not yet been read.
• TXRDY: Transmitter Ready
0: A character is in the US_THR waiting to be transferred to the Transmit Shift Register, or an STTBRK command has been
requested, or the transmitter is disabled. As soon as the transmitter is enabled, TXRDY becomes 1.
1: There is no character in the US_THR.
387
8549A–CAP–10/08
• RXBRK: Break Received/End of Break
0: No Break received or End of Break detected since the last RSTSTA.
1: Break Received or End of Break detected since the last RSTSTA.
• ENDRX: End of Receiver Transfer
0: The End of Transfer signal from the Receive PDC channel is inactive.
1: The End of Transfer signal from the Receive PDC channel is active.
• ENDTX: End of Transmitter Transfer
0: The End of Transfer signal from the Transmit PDC channel is inactive.
1: The End of Transfer signal from the Transmit PDC channel is active.
• OVRE: Overrun Error
0: No overrun error has occurred since the last RSTSTA.
1: At least one overrun error has occurred since the last RSTSTA.
• FRAME: Framing Error
0: No stop bit has been detected low since the last RSTSTA.
1: At least one stop bit has been detected low since the last RSTSTA.
• PARE: Parity Error
0: No parity error has been detected since the last RSTSTA.
1: At least one parity error has been detected since the last RSTSTA.
• TIMEOUT: Receiver Time-out
0: There has not been a time-out since the last Start Time-out command (STTTO in US_CR) or the Time-out Register is 0.
1: There has been a time-out since the last Start Time-out command (STTTO in US_CR).
• TXEMPTY: Transmitter Empty
0: There are characters in either US_THR or the Transmit Shift Register, or the transmitter is disabled.
1: There are no characters in US_THR, nor in the Transmit Shift Register.
• ITERATION: Max number of Repetitions Reached
0: Maximum number of repetitions has not been reached since the last RSIT.
1: Maximum number of repetitions has been reached since the last RSIT.
• TXBUFE: Transmission Buffer Empty
0: The signal Buffer Empty from the Transmit PDC channel is inactive.
1: The signal Buffer Empty from the Transmit PDC channel is active.
• RXBUFF: Reception Buffer Full
0: The signal Buffer Full from the Receive PDC channel is inactive.
1: The signal Buffer Full from the Receive PDC channel is active.
388
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
• NACK: Non Acknowledge
0: No Non Acknowledge has not been detected since the last RSTNACK.
1: At least one Non Acknowledge has been detected since the last RSTNACK.
• RIIC: Ring Indicator Input Change Flag
0: No input change has been detected on the RI pin since the last read of US_CSR.
1: At least one input change has been detected on the RI pin since the last read of US_CSR.
• DSRIC: Data Set Ready Input Change Flag
0: No input change has been detected on the DSR pin since the last read of US_CSR.
1: At least one input change has been detected on the DSR pin since the last read of US_CSR.
• DCDIC: Data Carrier Detect Input Change Flag
0: No input change has been detected on the DCD pin since the last read of US_CSR.
1: At least one input change has been detected on the DCD pin since the last read of US_CSR.
• CTSIC: Clear to Send Input Change Flag
0: No input change has been detected on the CTS pin since the last read of US_CSR.
1: At least one input change has been detected on the CTS pin since the last read of US_CSR.
• RI: Image of RI Input
0: RI is at 0.
1: RI is at 1.
• DSR: Image of DSR Input
0: DSR is at 0
1: DSR is at 1.
• DCD: Image of DCD Input
0: DCD is at 0.
1: DCD is at 1.
• CTS: Image of CTS Input
0: CTS is at 0.
1: CTS is at 1.
• MANERR: Manchester Error
0: No Manchester error has been detected since the last RSTSTA.
1: At least one Manchester error has been detected since the last RSTSTA.
389
8549A–CAP–10/08
29.7.7
Name:
USART Receive Holding Register
US_RHR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
RXSYNH
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
–
10
–
9
–
8
RXCHR
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
RXCHR
• RXCHR: Received Character
Last character received if RXRDY is set.
• RXSYNH: Received Sync
0: Last Character received is a Data.
1: Last Character received is a Command.
29.7.8
Name:
USART Transmit Holding Register
US_THR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
TXSYNH
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
–
10
–
9
–
8
TXCHR
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TXCHR
• TXCHR: Character to be Transmitted
Next character to be transmitted after the current character if TXRDY is not set.
• TXSYNH: Sync Field to be transmitted
0: The next character sent is encoded as a data. Start Frame Delimiter is DATA SYNC.
1: The next character sent is encoded as a command. Start Frame Delimiter is COMMAND SYNC.
390
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
29.7.9
Name:
USART Baud Rate Generator Register
US_BRGR
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
17
FP
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
3
2
1
0
CD
7
6
5
4
CD
• CD: Clock Divider
Table 29-19.
USART_MODE ≠ ISO7816
CD
SYNC = 0
OVER = 0
USART_MODE =
ISO7816
OVER = 1
0
1 to 65535
SYNC = 1
Baud Rate Clock Disabled
Baud Rate =
Selected Clock/16/CD
Baud Rate =
Selected Clock/8/CD
Baud Rate =
Selected Clock /CD
Baud Rate = Selected
Clock/CD/FI_DI_RATIO
• FP: Fractional Part
0: Fractional divider is disabled.
1 - 7: Baudrate resolution, defined by FP x 1/8.
391
8549A–CAP–10/08
29.7.10
Name:
USART Receiver Time-out Register
US_RTOR
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
3
2
1
0
TO
7
6
5
4
TO
• TO: Time-out Value
0: The Receiver Time-out is disabled.
1 - 65535: The Receiver Time-out is enabled and the Time-out delay is TO x Bit Period.
29.7.11
Name:
USART Transmitter Timeguard Register
US_TTGR
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
–
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
–
10
–
9
–
8
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TG
• TG: Timeguard Value
0: The Transmitter Timeguard is disabled.
1 - 255: The Transmitter timeguard is enabled and the timeguard delay is TG x Bit Period.
392
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
29.7.12
Name:
USART FI DI RATIO Register
US_FIDI
Access Type:
Read/Write
Reset Value :
0x174
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
–
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
–
10
9
FI_DI_RATIO
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
FI_DI_RATIO
• FI_DI_RATIO: FI Over DI Ratio Value
0: If ISO7816 mode is selected, the Baud Rate Generator generates no signal.
1 - 2047: If ISO7816 mode is selected, the Baud Rate is the clock provided on SCK divided by FI_DI_RATIO.
29.7.13
Name:
USART Number of Errors Register
US_NER
Access Type:
Read-only
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
–
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
–
10
–
9
–
8
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
NB_ERRORS
• NB_ERRORS: Number of Errors
Total number of errors that occurred during an ISO7816 transfer. This register automatically clears when read.
393
8549A–CAP–10/08
29.7.14
Name:
USART Manchester Configuration Register
US_MAN
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
–
30
DRIFT
29
–
28
RX_MPOL
27
–
26
–
25
24
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
18
17
16
15
–
14
–
13
–
12
TX_MPOL
11
–
10
–
9
8
7
–
6
–
5
–
4
–
3
2
1
RX_PP
RX_PL
TX_PP
0
TX_PL
• TX_PL: Transmitter Preamble Length
0: The Transmitter Preamble pattern generation is disabled
1 - 15: The Preamble Length is TX_PL x Bit Period
• TX_PP: Transmitter Preamble Pattern
Table 29-20.
TX_PP
Preamble Pattern default polarity assumed (TX_MPOL field not set)
0
0
ALL_ONE
0
1
ALL_ZERO
1
0
ZERO_ONE
1
1
ONE_ZERO
• TX_MPOL: Transmitter Manchester Polarity
0: Logic Zero is coded as a zero-to-one transition, Logic One is coded as a one-to-zero transition.
1: Logic Zero is coded as a one-to-zero transition, Logic One is coded as a zero-to-one transition.
• RX_PL: Receiver Preamble Length
0: The receiver preamble pattern detection is disabled
1 - 15: The detected preamble length is RX_PL x Bit Period
• RX_PP: Receiver Preamble Pattern detected
Table 29-21.
RX_PP
394
Preamble Pattern default polarity assumed (RX_MPOL field not set)
0
0
ALL_ONE
0
1
ALL_ZERO
1
0
ZERO_ONE
1
1
ONE_ZERO
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
• RX_MPOL: Receiver Manchester Polarity
0: Logic Zero is coded as a zero-to-one transition, Logic One is coded as a one-to-zero transition.
1: Logic Zero is coded as a one-to-zero transition, Logic One is coded as a zero-to-one transition.
• DRIFT: Drift compensation
0: The USART can not recover from an important clock drift
1: The USART can recover from clock drift. The 16X clock mode must be enabled.
29.7.15
Name:
USART IrDA FILTER Register
US_IF
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
–
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
–
10
–
9
–
8
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
IRDA_FILTER
• IRDA_FILTER: IrDA Filter
Sets the filter of the IrDA demodulator.
395
8549A–CAP–10/08
396
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
30. Timer/Counter (TC)
30.1
Description
The Timer Counter (TC) includes three identical 16-bit Timer Counter channels.
Each channel can be independently programmed to perform a wide range of functions including
frequency measurement, event counting, interval measurement, pulse generation, delay timing
and pulse width modulation.
Each channel has three external clock inputs, five internal clock inputs and two multi-purpose
input/output signals which can be configured by the user. Each channel drives an internal interrupt signal which can be programmed to generate processor interrupts.
The Timer Counter block has two global registers which act upon all three TC channels.
The Block Control Register allows the three channels to be started simultaneously with the same
instruction.
The Block Mode Register defines the external clock inputs for each channel, allowing them to be
chained.
Table 30-1 gives the assignment of the device Timer Counter clock inputs common to Timer
Counter 0 to 2
Table 30-1.
Timer Counter Clock Assignment
Name
Definition
TIMER_CLOCK1
MCK/2
TIMER_CLOCK2
MCK/8
TIMER_CLOCK3
MCK/32
TIMER_CLOCK4
MCK/128
TIMER_CLOCK5
SCLK
397
8549A–CAP–10/08
30.2
Block Diagram
Figure 30-1. Timer Counter Block Diagram
Parallel I/O
Controller
TIMER_CLOCK1
TCLK0
TIMER_CLOCK2
TIOA1
XC0
TIOA2
TIMER_CLOCK3
XC1
TCLK1
TIMER_CLOCK4
Timer/Counter
Channel 0
TIOA
TIOA0
TIOB0
TIOA0
TIOB
XC2
TCLK2
TIMER_CLOCK5
TC0XC0S
TIOB0
SYNC
TCLK0
TCLK1
TCLK2
INT0
TCLK0
XC0
TCLK1
TIOA0
XC1
Timer/Counter
Channel 1
TIOA
TIOA1
TIOB1
TIOA1
TIOB
XC2
TIOA2
TCLK2
TC1XC1S
TCLK0
XC0
TCLK1
XC1
TCLK2
XC2
TIOB1
SYNC
Timer/Counter
Channel 2
INT1
TIOA
TIOA2
TIOB2
TIOA2
TIOB
TIOA0
TIOA1
TC2XC2S
TIOB2
SYNC
INT2
Timer Counter
Advanced
Interrupt
Controller
Table 30-2.
Signal Name Description
Block/Channel
Signal Name
XC0, XC1, XC2
Channel Signal
External Clock Inputs
TIOA
Capture Mode: Timer Counter Input
Waveform Mode: Timer Counter Output
TIOB
Capture Mode: Timer Counter Input
Waveform Mode: Timer Counter Input/Output
INT
SYNC
398
Description
Interrupt Signal Output
Synchronization Input Signal
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
30.3
Pin Name List
Table 30-3.
30.4
30.4.1
TC pin list
Pin Name
Description
Type
TCLK0-TCLK2
External Clock Input
Input
TIOA0-TIOA2
I/O Line A
I/O
TIOB0-TIOB2
I/O Line B
I/O
Product Dependencies
I/O Lines
The pins used for interfacing the compliant external devices are multiplexed with PIO lines. The
programmer must first program the PIOA controller to select the appropriate TC alternate
functions.
30.4.2
Power Management
The TC is clocked through the Power Management Controller (PMC), thus the programmer must
first configure the PMC to enable the Timer Counter clock.
30.4.3
Interrupt
The TC has an interrupt line connected to the Advanced Interrupt Controller (AIC). Handling the
TC interrupt requires programming the AIC before configuring the TC.
399
8549A–CAP–10/08
30.5
Functional Description
30.5.1
TC Description
The three channels of the Timer Counter are independent and identical in operation. The registers for channel programming are listed in Table 30-5 on page 413.
30.5.2
16-bit Counter
Each channel is organized around a 16-bit counter. The value of the counter is incremented at
each positive edge of the selected clock. When the counter has reached the value 0xFFFF and
passes to 0x0000, an overflow occurs and the COVFS bit in TC_SR (Status Register) is set.
The current value of the counter is accessible in real time by reading the Counter Value Register, TC_CV. The counter can be reset by a trigger. In this case, the counter value passes to
0x0000 on the next valid edge of the selected clock.
30.5.3
Clock Selection
At block level, input clock signals of each channel can either be connected to the external inputs
TCLK0, TCLK1 or TCLK2, or be connected to the internal I/O signals TIOA0, TIOA1 or TIOA2
for chaining by programming the TC_BMR (Block Mode). See Figure 30-2 on page 401.
Each channel can independently select an internal or external clock source for its counter:
• Internal clock signals: TIMER_CLOCK1, TIMER_CLOCK2, TIMER_CLOCK3,
TIMER_CLOCK4, TIMER_CLOCK5
• External clock signals: XC0, XC1 or XC2
This selection is made by the TCCLKS bits in the TC Channel Mode Register.
The selected clock can be inverted with the CLKI bit in TC_CMR. This allows counting on the
opposite edges of the clock.
The burst function allows the clock to be validated when an external signal is high. The BURST
parameter in the Mode Register defines this signal (none, XC0, XC1, XC2). See Figure 30-3 on
page 401
Note:
400
In all cases, if an external clock is used, the duration of each of its levels must be longer than the
master clock period. The external clock frequency must be at least 2.5 times lower than the master clock
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
Figure 30-2. Clock Chaining Selection
TC0XC0S
Timer/Counter
Channel 0
TCLK0
TIOA1
XC0
TIOA2
TIOA0
XC1 = TCLK1
XC2 = TCLK2
TIOB0
SYNC
TC1XC1S
Timer/Counter
Channel 1
TCLK1
XC0 = TCLK2
TIOA0
TIOA1
XC1
TIOA2
XC2 = TCLK2
TIOB1
SYNC
Timer/Counter
Channel 2
TC2XC2S
XC0 = TCLK0
TCLK2
TIOA2
XC1 = TCLK1
TIOA0
XC2
TIOB2
TIOA1
SYNC
Figure 30-3. Clock Selection
TCCLKS
TIMER_CLOCK1
TIMER_CLOCK2
CLKI
TIMER_CLOCK3
TIMER_CLOCK4
TIMER_CLOCK5
Selected
Clock
XC0
XC1
XC2
BURST
1
401
8549A–CAP–10/08
30.5.4
Clock Control
The clock of each counter can be controlled in two different ways: it can be enabled/disabled
and started/stopped. See Figure 30-4.
• The clock can be enabled or disabled by the user with the CLKEN and the CLKDIS
commands in the Control Register. In Capture Mode it can be disabled by an RB load event if
LDBDIS is set to 1 in TC_CMR. In Waveform Mode, it can be disabled by an RC Compare
event if CPCDIS is set to 1 in TC_CMR. When disabled, the start or the stop actions have no
effect: only a CLKEN command in the Control Register can re-enable the clock. When the
clock is enabled, the CLKSTA bit is set in the Status Register.
• The clock can also be started or stopped: a trigger (software, synchro, external or compare)
always starts the clock. The clock can be stopped by an RB load event in Capture Mode
(LDBSTOP = 1 in TC_CMR) or a RC compare event in Waveform Mode (CPCSTOP = 1 in
TC_CMR). The start and the stop commands have effect only if the clock is enabled.
Figure 30-4. Clock Control
Selected
Clock
Trigger
CLKSTA
Q
Q
S
CLKEN
CLKDIS
S
R
R
Counter
Clock
30.5.5
Stop
Event
Disable
Event
TC Operating Modes
Each channel can independently operate in two different modes:
• Capture Mode provides measurement on signals.
• Waveform Mode provides wave generation.
The TC Operating Mode is programmed with the WAVE bit in the TC Channel Mode Register.
In Capture Mode, TIOA and TIOB are configured as inputs.
In Waveform Mode, TIOA is always configured to be an output and TIOB is an output if it is not
selected to be the external trigger.
30.5.6
Trigger
A trigger resets the counter and starts the counter clock. Three types of triggers are common to
both modes, and a fourth external trigger is available to each mode.
The following triggers are common to both modes:
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• Software Trigger: Each channel has a software trigger, available by setting SWTRG in
TC_CCR.
• SYNC: Each channel has a synchronization signal SYNC. When asserted, this signal has the
same effect as a software trigger. The SYNC signals of all channels are asserted
simultaneously by writing TC_BCR (Block Control) with SYNC set.
• Compare RC Trigger: RC is implemented in each channel and can provide a trigger when the
counter value matches the RC value if CPCTRG is set in TC_CMR.
The channel can also be configured to have an external trigger. In Capture Mode, the external
trigger signal can be selected between TIOA and TIOB. In Waveform Mode, an external event
can be programmed on one of the following signals: TIOB, XC0, XC1 or XC2. This external
event can then be programmed to perform a trigger by setting ENETRG in TC_CMR.
If an external trigger is used, the duration of the pulses must be longer than the master clock
period in order to be detected.
Regardless of the trigger used, it will be taken into account at the following active edge of the
selected clock. This means that the counter value can be read differently from zero just after a
trigger, especially when a low frequency signal is selected as the clock.
30.5.7
Capture Operating Mode
This mode is entered by clearing the WAVE parameter in TC_CMR (Channel Mode Register).
Capture Mode allows the TC channel to perform measurements such as pulse timing, frequency, period, duty cycle and phase on TIOA and TIOB signals which are considered as
inputs.
Figure 30-5 shows the configuration of the TC channel when programmed in Capture Mode.
30.5.8
Capture Registers A and B
Registers A and B (RA and RB) are used as capture registers. This means that they can be
loaded with the counter value when a programmable event occurs on the signal TIOA.
The LDRA parameter in TC_CMR defines the TIOA edge for the loading of register A, and the
LDRB parameter defines the TIOA edge for the loading of Register B.
RA is loaded only if it has not been loaded since the last trigger or if RB has been loaded since
the last loading of RA.
RB is loaded only if RA has been loaded since the last trigger or the last loading of RB.
Loading RA or RB before the read of the last value loaded sets the Overrun Error Flag (LOVRS)
in TC_SR (Status Register). In this case, the old value is overwritten.
30.5.9
Trigger Conditions
In addition to the SYNC signal, the software trigger and the RC compare trigger, an external trigger can be defined.
The ABETRG bit in TC_CMR selects TIOA or TIOB input signal as an external trigger. The
ETRGEDG parameter defines the edge (rising, falling or both) detected to generate an external
trigger. If ETRGEDG = 0 (none), the external trigger is disabled.
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404
MTIOA
MTIOB
1
If RA is not loaded
or RB is Loaded
Edge
Detector
ETRGEDG
SWTRG
Timer/Counter Channel
ABETRG
BURST
CLKI
R
S
OVF
LDRB
Edge
Detector
Edge
Detector
Capture
Register A
LDBSTOP
R
S
CLKEN
LDRA
If RA is Loaded
CPCTRG
16-bit Counter
RESET
Trig
CLK
Q
Q
CLKSTA
LDBDIS
Capture
Register B
CLKDIS
TC1_SR
TIOA
TIOB
SYNC
XC2
XC1
XC0
TIMER_CLOCK5
TIMER_CLOCK4
TIMER_CLOCK3
TIMER_CLOCK2
TIMER_CLOCK1
TCCLKS
Compare RC =
Register C
COVFS
INT
Figure 30-5. Capture Mode
CPCS
LOVRS
LDRBS
ETRGS
LDRAS
TC1_IMR
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
30.5.10
Waveform Operating Mode
Waveform operating mode is entered by setting the WAVE parameter in TC_CMR (Channel
Mode Register).
In Waveform Operating Mode the TC channel generates 1 or 2 PWM signals with the same frequency and independently programmable duty cycles, or generates different types of one-shot
or repetitive pulses.
In this mode, TIOA is configured as an output and TIOB is defined as an output if it is not used
as an external event (EEVT parameter in TC_CMR).
Figure 30-6 shows the configuration of the TC channel when programmed in Waveform Operating Mode.
30.5.11
Waveform Selection
Depending on the WAVSEL parameter in TC_CMR (Channel Mode Register), the behavior of
TC_CV varies.
With any selection, RA, RB and RC can all be used as compare registers.
RA Compare is used to control the TIOA output, RB Compare is used to control the TIOB output
(if correctly configured) and RC Compare is used to control TIOA and/or TIOB outputs.
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TIOB
SYNC
XC2
XC1
XC0
TIMER_CLOCK5
TIMER_CLOCK4
TIMER_CLOCK3
TIMER_CLOCK2
TIMER_CLOCK1
1
EEVT
BURST
Timer/Counter Channel
Edge
Detector
EEVTEDG
SWTRG
ENETRG
CLKI
Trig
CLK
R
S
OVF
WAVSEL
RESET
16-bit Counter
WAVSEL
Q
Compare RA =
Register A
Q
CLKSTA
Compare RC =
Compare RB =
CPCSTOP
CPCDIS
Register C
CLKDIS
Register B
R
S
CLKEN
CPAS
INT
BSWTRG
BEEVT
BCPB
BCPC
ASWTRG
AEEVT
ACPA
ACPC
Output Controller
Output Controller
TCCLKS
TIOB
MTIOB
TIOA
MTIOA
Figure 30-6. Waveform Mode
CPCS
CPBS
COVFS
TC1_SR
ETRGS
TC1_IMR
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AT91CAP7E
30.5.11.1
WAVSEL = 00
When WAVSEL = 00, the value of TC_CV is incremented from 0 to 0xFFFF. Once 0xFFFF has
been reached, the value of TC_CV is reset. Incrementation of TC_CV starts again and the cycle
continues. See Figure 30-7.
An external event trigger or a software trigger can reset the value of TC_CV. It is important to
note that the trigger may occur at any time. See Figure 30-8.
RC Compare cannot be programmed to generate a trigger in this configuration. At the same
time, RC Compare can stop the counter clock (CPCSTOP = 1 in TC_CMR) and/or disable the
counter clock (CPCDIS = 1 in TC_CMR).
Figure 30-7. WAVSEL= 00 without trigger
Counter Value
Counter cleared by compare match with 0xFFFF
0xFFFF
RC
RB
RA
Waveform Examples
Time
TIOB
TIOA
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Figure 30-8. WAVSEL= 00 with trigger
Counter cleared by compare match with 0xFFFF
Counter Value
0xFFFF
Counter cleared by trigger
RC
RB
RA
Time
Waveform Examples
TIOB
TIOA
30.5.11.2
WAVSEL = 10
When WAVSEL = 10, the value of TC_CV is incremented from 0 to the value of RC, then automatically reset on a RC Compare. Once the value of TC_CV has been reset, it is then
incremented and so on. See Figure 30-9.
It is important to note that TC_CV can be reset at any time by an external event or a software
trigger if both are programmed correctly. See Figure 30-10.
In addition, RC Compare can stop the counter clock (CPCSTOP = 1 in TC_CMR) and/or disable
the counter clock (CPCDIS = 1 in TC_CMR).
Figure 30-9. WAVSEL = 10 Without Trigger
Counter Value
0xFFFF
Counter cleared by compare match with RC
RC
RB
RA
Waveform Examples
Time
TIOB
TIOA
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Figure 30-10. WAVSEL = 10 With Trigger
Counter Value
0xFFFF
Counter cleared by compare match with RC
Counter cleared by trigger
RC
RB
RA
Waveform Examples
Time
TIOB
TIOA
30.5.11.3
WAVSEL = 01
When WAVSEL = 01, the value of TC_CV is incremented from 0 to 0xFFFF. Once 0xFFFF is
reached, the value of TC_CV is decremented to 0, then re-incremented to 0xFFFF and so on.
See Figure 30-11.
A trigger such as an external event or a software trigger can modify TC_CV at any time. If a trigger occurs while TC_CV is incrementing, TC_CV then decrements. If a trigger is received while
TC_CV is decrementing, TC_CV then increments. See Figure 30-12.
RC Compare cannot be programmed to generate a trigger in this configuration.
At the same time, RC Compare can stop the counter clock (CPCSTOP = 1) and/or disable the
counter clock (CPCDIS = 1).
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Figure 30-11. WAVSEL = 01 Without Trigger
Counter decremented by compare match with 0xFFFF
Counter Value
0xFFFF
RC
RB
RA
Time
Waveform Examples
TIOB
TIOA
Figure 30-12. WAVSEL = 01 With Trigger
Counter decremented by compare match with 0xFFFF
Counter Value
0xFFFF
Counter decremented
by trigger
RC
RB
Counter incremented
by trigger
RA
Time
Waveform Examples
TIOB
TIOA
30.5.11.4
WAVSEL = 11
When WAVSEL = 11, the value of TC_CV is incremented from 0 to RC. Once RC is reached, the
value of TC_CV is decremented to 0, then re-incremented to RC and so on. See Figure 30-13.
A trigger such as an external event or a software trigger can modify TC_CV at any time. If a trigger occurs while TC_CV is incrementing, TC_CV then decrements. If a trigger is received while
TC_CV is decrementing, TC_CV then increments. See Figure 30-14.
RC Compare can stop the counter clock (CPCSTOP = 1) and/or disable the counter clock
(CPCDIS = 1).
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Figure 30-13. WAVSEL = 11 Without Trigger
Counter Value
0xFFFF
Counter decremented by compare match with RC
RC
RB
RA
Time
Waveform Examples
TIOB
TIOA
Figure 30-14. WAVSEL = 11 With Trigger
Counter Value
0xFFFF
Counter decremented by compare match with RC
RC
RB
Counter decremented
by trigger
Counter incremented
by trigger
RA
Waveform Examples
Time
TIOB
TIOA
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30.5.12
External Event/Trigger Conditions
An external event can be programmed to be detected on one of the clock sources (XC0, XC1,
XC2) or TIOB. The external event selected can then be used as a trigger.
The EEVT parameter in TC_CMR selects the external trigger. The EEVTEDG parameter defines
the trigger edge for each of the possible external triggers (rising, falling or both). If EEVTEDG is
cleared (none), no external event is defined.
If TIOB is defined as an external event signal (EEVT = 0), TIOB is no longer used as an output
and the compare register B is not used to generate waveforms and subsequently no IRQs. In
this case the TC channel can only generate a waveform on TIOA.
When an external event is defined, it can be used as a trigger by setting bit ENETRG in
TC_CMR.
As in Capture Mode, the SYNC signal and the software trigger are also available as triggers. RC
Compare can also be used as a trigger depending on the parameter WAVSEL.
30.5.13
Output Controller
The output controller defines the output level changes on TIOA and TIOB following an event.
TIOB control is used only if TIOB is defined as output (not as an external event).
The following events control TIOA and TIOB: software trigger, external event and RC compare.
RA compare controls TIOA and RB compare controls TIOB. Each of these events can be programmed to set, clear or toggle the output as defined in the corresponding parameter in
TC_CMR.
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30.6
Timer Counter (TC) User Interface
Table 30-4.
Offset
TC Global Memory Map
Channel/Register
Name
Access
Reset Value
0x00
TC Channel 0
See Table 30-5
0x40
TC Channel 1
See Table 30-5
0x80
TC Channel 2
See Table 30-5
0xC0
TC Block Control Register
TC_BCR
Write-only
–
0xC4
TC Block Mode Register
TC_BMR
Read/Write
0
TC_BCR (Block Control Register) and TC_BMR (Block Mode Register) control the whole TC
block. TC channels are controlled by the registers listed in Table 30-5. The offset of each of the
channel registers in Table 30-5 is in relation to the offset of the corresponding channel as mentioned in Table 30-5.
Table 30-5.
Offset
TC Channel Memory Map
Register
Name
Access
Reset Value
0x00
Channel Control Register
TC_CCR
Write-only
–
0x04
Channel Mode Register
TC_CMR
Read/Write
0
0x08
Reserved
–
0x0C
Reserved
–
0x10
Counter Value
TC_CV
Read-only
0
0x14
Register A
TC_RA
Read/Write(1)
0
(1)
0
0x18
Register B
TC_RB
0x1C
Register C
TC_RC
Read/Write
0
0x20
Status Register
TC_SR
Read-only
0
0x24
Interrupt Enable Register
TC_IER
Write-only
–
0x28
Interrupt Disable Register
TC_IDR
Write-only
–
0x2C
Interrupt Mask Register
TC_IMR
Read-only
0
0xFC
Reserved
–
–
–
Notes:
Read/Write
1. Read-only if WAVE = 0
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30.6.1
TC Block Control Register
Register Name:
TC_BCR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
SYNC
• SYNC: Synchro Command
0 = No effect.
1 = Asserts the SYNC signal which generates a software trigger simultaneously for each of the channels.
30.6.2
TC Block Mode Register
Register Name:
TC_BMR
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
–
–
TC2XC2S
TCXC1S
0
TC0XC0S
• TC0XC0S: External Clock Signal 0 Selection
TC0XC0S
414
Signal Connected to XC0
0
0
TCLK0
0
1
none
1
0
TIOA1
1
1
TIOA2
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
• TC1XC1S: External Clock Signal 1 Selection
TC1XC1S
Signal Connected to XC1
0
0
TCLK1
0
1
none
1
0
TIOA0
1
1
TIOA2
• TC2XC2S: External Clock Signal 2 Selection
TC2XC2S
Signal Connected to XC2
0
0
TCLK2
0
1
none
1
0
TIOA0
1
1
TIOA1
30.6.3
TC Channel Control Register
Register Name:
TC_CCR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
–
–
SWTRG
CLKDIS
CLKEN
• CLKEN: Counter Clock Enable Command
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the clock if CLKDIS is not 1.
• CLKDIS: Counter Clock Disable Command
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the clock.
• SWTRG: Software Trigger Command
0 = No effect.
1 = A software trigger is performed: the counter is reset and the clock is started.
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30.6.4
TC Channel Mode Register: Capture Mode
Register Name:
TC_CMR
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
WAVE = 0
CPCTRG
–
–
–
ABETRG
7
6
5
3
2
LDBDIS
LDBSTOP
16
LDRB
4
BURST
CLKI
LDRA
9
8
ETRGEDG
1
0
TCCLKS
• TCCLKS: Clock Selection
TCCLKS
Clock Selected
0
0
0
TIMER_CLOCK1
0
0
1
TIMER_CLOCK2
0
1
0
TIMER_CLOCK3
0
1
1
TIMER_CLOCK4
1
0
0
TIMER_CLOCK5
1
0
1
XC0
1
1
0
XC1
1
1
1
XC2
• CLKI: Clock Invert
0 = Counter is incremented on rising edge of the clock.
1 = Counter is incremented on falling edge of the clock.
• BURST: Burst Signal Selection
BURST
0
0
The clock is not gated by an external signal.
0
1
XC0 is ANDed with the selected clock.
1
0
XC1 is ANDed with the selected clock.
1
1
XC2 is ANDed with the selected clock.
• LDBSTOP: Counter Clock Stopped with RB Loading
0 = Counter clock is not stopped when RB loading occurs.
1 = Counter clock is stopped when RB loading occurs.
• LDBDIS: Counter Clock Disable with RB Loading
0 = Counter clock is not disabled when RB loading occurs.
1 = Counter clock is disabled when RB loading occurs.
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• ETRGEDG: External Trigger Edge Selection
ETRGEDG
Edge
0
0
none
0
1
rising edge
1
0
falling edge
1
1
each edge
• ABETRG: TIOA or TIOB External Trigger Selection
0 = TIOB is used as an external trigger.
1 = TIOA is used as an external trigger.
• CPCTRG: RC Compare Trigger Enable
0 = RC Compare has no effect on the counter and its clock.
1 = RC Compare resets the counter and starts the counter clock.
• WAVE
0 = Capture Mode is enabled.
1 = Capture Mode is disabled (Waveform Mode is enabled).
• LDRA: RA Loading Selection
LDRA
Edge
0
0
none
0
1
rising edge of TIOA
1
0
falling edge of TIOA
1
1
each edge of TIOA
• LDRB: RB Loading Selection
LDRB
Edge
0
0
none
0
1
rising edge of TIOA
1
0
falling edge of TIOA
1
1
each edge of TIOA
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30.6.5
TC Channel Mode Register: Waveform Mode
Register Name:
TC_CMR
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
30
29
BSWTRG
23
22
21
ASWTRG
15
28
27
BEEVT
20
19
AEEVT
14
WAVE = 1
13
7
6
CPCDIS
CPCSTOP
24
BCPB
18
11
ENETRG
5
25
17
16
ACPC
12
WAVSEL
26
BCPC
ACPA
10
9
EEVT
4
3
BURST
CLKI
8
EEVTEDG
2
1
0
TCCLKS
• TCCLKS: Clock Selection
TCCLKS
Clock Selected
0
0
0
TIMER_CLOCK1
0
0
1
TIMER_CLOCK2
0
1
0
TIMER_CLOCK3
0
1
1
TIMER_CLOCK4
1
0
0
TIMER_CLOCK5
1
0
1
XC0
1
1
0
XC1
1
1
1
XC2
• CLKI: Clock Invert
0 = Counter is incremented on rising edge of the clock.
1 = Counter is incremented on falling edge of the clock.
• BURST: Burst Signal Selection
BURST
0
0
The clock is not gated by an external signal.
0
1
XC0 is ANDed with the selected clock.
1
0
XC1 is ANDed with the selected clock.
1
1
XC2 is ANDed with the selected clock.
• CPCSTOP: Counter Clock Stopped with RC Compare
0 = Counter clock is not stopped when counter reaches RC.
1 = Counter clock is stopped when counter reaches RC.
• CPCDIS: Counter Clock Disable with RC Compare
0 = Counter clock is not disabled when counter reaches RC.
1 = Counter clock is disabled when counter reaches RC.
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• EEVTEDG: External Event Edge Selection
EEVTEDG
Edge
0
0
none
0
1
rising edge
1
0
falling edge
1
1
each edge
• EEVT: External Event Selection
EEVT
Signal selected as external event
TIOB Direction
0
0
TIOB
input (1)
0
1
XC0
output
1
0
XC1
output
1
1
XC2
output
Note:
1. If TIOB is chosen as the external event signal, it is configured as an input and no longer generates waveforms and subsequently no IRQs.
• ENETRG: External Event Trigger Enable
0 = The external event has no effect on the counter and its clock. In this case, the selected external event only controls the
TIOA output.
1 = The external event resets the counter and starts the counter clock.
• WAVSEL: Waveform Selection
WAVSEL
Effect
0
0
UP mode without automatic trigger on RC Compare
1
0
UP mode with automatic trigger on RC Compare
0
1
UPDOWN mode without automatic trigger on RC Compare
1
1
UPDOWN mode with automatic trigger on RC Compare
• WAVE = 1
0 = Waveform Mode is disabled (Capture Mode is enabled).
1 = Waveform Mode is enabled.
• ACPA: RA Compare Effect on TIOA
ACPA
Effect
0
0
none
0
1
set
1
0
clear
1
1
toggle
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• ACPC: RC Compare Effect on TIOA
ACPC
Effect
0
0
none
0
1
set
1
0
clear
1
1
toggle
• AEEVT: External Event Effect on TIOA
AEEVT
Effect
0
0
none
0
1
set
1
0
clear
1
1
toggle
• ASWTRG: Software Trigger Effect on TIOA
ASWTRG
Effect
0
0
none
0
1
set
1
0
clear
1
1
toggle
• BCPB: RB Compare Effect on TIOB
BCPB
Effect
0
0
none
0
1
set
1
0
clear
1
1
toggle
• BCPC: RC Compare Effect on TIOB
BCPC
420
Effect
0
0
none
0
1
set
1
0
clear
1
1
toggle
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
• BEEVT: External Event Effect on TIOB
BEEVT
Effect
0
0
none
0
1
set
1
0
clear
1
1
toggle
• BSWTRG: Software Trigger Effect on TIOB
BSWTRG
Effect
0
0
none
0
1
set
1
0
clear
1
1
toggle
30.6.6
TC Counter Value Register
Register Name:
TC_CV
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
3
2
1
0
CV
7
6
5
4
CV
• CV: Counter Value
CV contains the counter value in real time.
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30.6.7
TC Register A
Register Name:
TC_RA
Access Type:
Read-only if WAVE = 0, Read/Write if WAVE = 1
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
3
2
1
0
RA
7
6
5
4
RA
• RA: Register A
RA contains the Register A value in real time.
30.6.8
TC Register B
Register Name:
TC_RB
Access Type:
Read-only if WAVE = 0, Read/Write if WAVE = 1
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
3
2
1
0
RB
7
6
5
4
RB
• RB: Register B
RB contains the Register B value in real time.
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30.6.9
TC Register C
Register Name:
TC_RC
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
3
2
1
0
RC
7
6
5
4
RC
• RC: Register C
RC contains the Register C value in real time.
30.6.10 TC Status Register
Register Name:
TC_SR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
MTIOB
MTIOA
CLKSTA
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ETRGS
LDRBS
LDRAS
CPCS
CPBS
CPAS
LOVRS
COVFS
• COVFS: Counter Overflow Status
0 = No counter overflow has occurred since the last read of the Status Register.
1 = A counter overflow has occurred since the last read of the Status Register.
• LOVRS: Load Overrun Status
0 = Load overrun has not occurred since the last read of the Status Register or WAVE = 1.
1 = RA or RB have been loaded at least twice without any read of the corresponding register since the last read of the Status Register, if WAVE = 0.
• CPAS: RA Compare Status
0 = RA Compare has not occurred since the last read of the Status Register or WAVE = 0.
1 = RA Compare has occurred since the last read of the Status Register, if WAVE = 1.
• CPBS: RB Compare Status
0 = RB Compare has not occurred since the last read of the Status Register or WAVE = 0.
1 = RB Compare has occurred since the last read of the Status Register, if WAVE = 1.
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• CPCS: RC Compare Status
0 = RC Compare has not occurred since the last read of the Status Register.
1 = RC Compare has occurred since the last read of the Status Register.
• LDRAS: RA Loading Status
0 = RA Load has not occurred since the last read of the Status Register or WAVE = 1.
1 = RA Load has occurred since the last read of the Status Register, if WAVE = 0.
• LDRBS: RB Loading Status
0 = RB Load has not occurred since the last read of the Status Register or WAVE = 1.
1 = RB Load has occurred since the last read of the Status Register, if WAVE = 0.
• ETRGS: External Trigger Status
0 = External trigger has not occurred since the last read of the Status Register.
1 = External trigger has occurred since the last read of the Status Register.
• CLKSTA: Clock Enabling Status
0 = Clock is disabled.
1 = Clock is enabled.
• MTIOA: TIOA Mirror
0 = TIOA is low. If WAVE = 0, this means that TIOA pin is low. If WAVE = 1, this means that TIOA is driven low.
1 = TIOA is high. If WAVE = 0, this means that TIOA pin is high. If WAVE = 1, this means that TIOA is driven high.
• MTIOB: TIOB Mirror
0 = TIOB is low. If WAVE = 0, this means that TIOB pin is low. If WAVE = 1, this means that TIOB is driven low.
1 = TIOB is high. If WAVE = 0, this means that TIOB pin is high. If WAVE = 1, this means that TIOB is driven high.
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30.6.11 TC Interrupt Enable Register
Register Name:
TC_IER
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ETRGS
LDRBS
LDRAS
CPCS
CPBS
CPAS
LOVRS
COVFS
• COVFS: Counter Overflow
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the Counter Overflow Interrupt.
• LOVRS: Load Overrun
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the Load Overrun Interrupt.
• CPAS: RA Compare
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the RA Compare Interrupt.
• CPBS: RB Compare
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the RB Compare Interrupt.
• CPCS: RC Compare
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the RC Compare Interrupt.
• LDRAS: RA Loading
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the RA Load Interrupt.
• LDRBS: RB Loading
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the RB Load Interrupt.
• ETRGS: External Trigger
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the External Trigger Interrupt.
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30.6.12 TC Interrupt Disable Register
Register Name:
TC_IDR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ETRGS
LDRBS
LDRAS
CPCS
CPBS
CPAS
LOVRS
COVFS
• COVFS: Counter Overflow
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the Counter Overflow Interrupt.
• LOVRS: Load Overrun
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the Load Overrun Interrupt (if WAVE = 0).
• CPAS: RA Compare
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the RA Compare Interrupt (if WAVE = 1).
• CPBS: RB Compare
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the RB Compare Interrupt (if WAVE = 1).
• CPCS: RC Compare
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the RC Compare Interrupt.
• LDRAS: RA Loading
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the RA Load Interrupt (if WAVE = 0).
• LDRBS: RB Loading
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the RB Load Interrupt (if WAVE = 0).
• ETRGS: External Trigger
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the External Trigger Interrupt.
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30.6.13 TC Interrupt Mask Register
Register Name:
TC_IMR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ETRGS
LDRBS
LDRAS
CPCS
CPBS
CPAS
LOVRS
COVFS
• COVFS: Counter Overflow
0 = The Counter Overflow Interrupt is disabled.
1 = The Counter Overflow Interrupt is enabled.
• LOVRS: Load Overrun
0 = The Load Overrun Interrupt is disabled.
1 = The Load Overrun Interrupt is enabled.
• CPAS: RA Compare
0 = The RA Compare Interrupt is disabled.
1 = The RA Compare Interrupt is enabled.
• CPBS: RB Compare
0 = The RB Compare Interrupt is disabled.
1 = The RB Compare Interrupt is enabled.
• CPCS: RC Compare
0 = The RC Compare Interrupt is disabled.
1 = The RC Compare Interrupt is enabled.
• LDRAS: RA Loading
0 = The Load RA Interrupt is disabled.
1 = The Load RA Interrupt is enabled.
• LDRBS: RB Loading
0 = The Load RB Interrupt is disabled.
1 = The Load RB Interrupt is enabled.
• ETRGS: External Trigger
0 = The External Trigger Interrupt is disabled.
1 = The External Trigger Interrupt is enabled.
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31. USB Device Port (UDP)
31.1
Description
The USB Device Port (UDP) is compliant with the Universal Serial Bus (USB) V2.0 full-speed
device specification.
Each endpoint can be configured in one of several USB transfer types. It can be associated with
one or two banks of a dual-port RAM used to store the current data payload. If two banks are
used, one DPR bank is read or written by the processor, while the other is read or written by the
USB device peripheral. This feature is mandatory for isochronous endpoints. Thus the device
maintains the maximum bandwidth (1M bytes/s) by working with endpoints with two banks of
DPR.
Table 31-1.
USB Endpoint Description
Endpoint Number
Mnemonic
Dual-Bank
Max. Endpoint Size
Endpoint Type
0
EP0
No
8
Control/Bulk/Interrupt
1
EP1
Yes
64
Bulk/Iso/Interrupt
2
EP2
Yes
64
Bulk/Iso/Interrupt
3
EP3
No
64
Control/Bulk/Interrupt
4
EP4
Yes
256
Bulk/Iso/Interrupt
5
EP5
Yes
256
Bulk/Iso/Interrupt
Suspend and resume are automatically detected by the USB device, which notifies the processor by raising an interrupt. Depending on the product, an external signal can be used to send a
wake up to the USB host controller.
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31.2
Block Diagram
Figure 31-1. Block Diagram
Atmel Bridge
MCK
APB
to
MCU
Bus
UDPCK
USB Device
txoen
U
s
e
r
I
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
udp_int
W
r
a
p
p
e
r
FIFO
eopn
Serial
Interface
Engine
12 MHz
SIE
txd
rxdm
Embedded
USB
Transceiver
DP
DM
rxd
rxdp
Suspend/Resume Logic
Master Clock
Domain
external_resume
Dual
Port
RAM
W
r
a
p
p
e
r
Recovered 12 MHz
Domain
Access to the UDP is via the APB bus interface. Read and write to the data FIFO are done by
reading and writing 8-bit values to APB registers.
The UDP peripheral requires two clocks: one peripheral clock used by the MCK domain and a
48 MHz clock used by the 12 MHz domain.
A USB 2.0 full-speed pad is embedded and controlled by the Serial Interface Engine (SIE).
The signal external_resume is optional. It allows the UDP peripheral to wake up once in system
mode. The host is then notified that the device asks for a resume. This optional feature must be
also negotiated with the host during the enumeration.
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31.3
Product Dependencies
For further details on the USB Device hardware implementation, see the specific Product Properties document.
The USB physical transceiver is integrated into the product. The bidirectional differential signals
DP and DM are available from the product boundary.
One I/O line may be used by the application to check that VBUS is still available from the host.
Self-powered devices may use this entry to be notified that the host has been powered off. In
this case, the pullup on DP must be disabled in order to prevent feeding current to the host. The
application should disconnect the transceiver, then remove the pullup.
31.3.1
I/O Lines
DP and DM are not controlled by any PIO controllers. The embedded USB physical transceiver
is controlled by the USB device peripheral.
To reserve an I/O line to check VBUS, the programmer must first program the PIO controller to
assign this I/O in input PIO mode.
31.3.2
Power Management
The USB device peripheral requires a 48 MHz clock. This clock must be generated by a PLL
with an accuracy of ± 0.25%.
Thus, the USB device receives two clocks from the Power Management Controller (PMC): the
master clock, MCK, used to drive the peripheral user interface, and the UDPCK, used to interface with the bus USB signals (recovered 12 MHz domain).
WARNING: The UDP peripheral clock in the Power Management Controller (PMC) must be
enabled before any read/write operations to the UDP registers including the UDP_TXVC
register.
31.3.3
Interrupt
The USB device interface has an interrupt line connected to the Advanced Interrupt Controller
(AIC).
Handling the USB device interrupt requires programming the AIC before configuring the UDP.
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31.4
Typical Connection
Figure 31-2. Board Schematic to Interface Device Peripheral
PIO
5V Bus Monitoring
27 K
47 K
REXT
DDM
2
1
3
Type B 4
Connector
DDP
REXT
330 K
31.4.1
330 K
USB Device Transceiver
The USB device transceiver is embedded in the product. A few discrete components are
required as follows:
• the application detects all device states as defined in chapter 9 of the USB specification;
– VBUS monitoring
• to reduce power consumption the host is disconnected
• for line termination.
31.4.2
VBUS Monitoring
VBUS monitoring is required to detect host connection. VBUS monitoring is done using a standard PIO with internal pullup disabled. When the host is switched off, it should be considered as
a disconnect, the pullup must be disabled in order to prevent powering the host through the pullup resistor.
When the host is disconnected and the transceiver is enabled, then DDP and DDM are floating.
This may lead to over consumption. A solution is to connect 330 KΩ pulldowns on DP and DM.
These pulldowns do not alter DDP and DDM signal integrity.
A termination serial resistor must be connected to DP and DM. The resistor value is defined in
the electrical specification of the product (REXT).
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31.5
Functional Description
31.5.1
USB V2.0 Full-speed Introduction
The USB V2.0 full-speed provides communication services between host and attached USB
devices. Each device is offered with a collection of communication flows (pipes) associated with
each endpoint. Software on the host communicates with a USB device through a set of communication flows.
Figure 31-3. Example of USB V2.0 Full-speed Communication Control
USB Host V2.0
Software Client 1
Software Client 2
Data Flow: Control Transfer
EP0
Data Flow: Isochronous In Transfer
USB Device 2.0
EP1 Block 1
Data Flow: Isochronous Out Transfer
EP2
Data Flow: Control Transfer
EP0
Data Flow: Bulk In Transfer
USB Device 2.0
EP4 Block 2
Data Flow: Bulk Out Transfer
EP5
USB Device endpoint configuration requires that
in the first instance Control Transfer must be EP0.
The Control Transfer endpoint EP0 is always used when a USB device is first configured (USB v. 2.0 specifications).
31.5.1.1
USB V2.0 Full-speed Transfer Types
A communication flow is carried over one of four transfer types defined by the USB device.
Table 31-2.
USB Communication Flow
Transfer
Direction
Bandwidth
Supported Endpoint Size
Error Detection
Retrying
Bidirectional
Not guaranteed
8, 16, 32, 64
Yes
Automatic
Isochronous
Unidirectional
Guaranteed
256
Yes
No
Interrupt
Unidirectional
Not guaranteed
≤64
Yes
Yes
Bulk
Unidirectional
Not guaranteed
8, 16, 32, 64
Yes
Yes
Control
31.5.1.2
USB Bus Transactions
Each transfer results in one or more transactions over the USB bus. There are three kinds of
transactions flowing across the bus in packets:
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1. Setup Transaction
2. Data IN Transaction
3. Data OUT Transaction
31.5.1.3
USB Transfer Event Definitions
As indicated below, transfers are sequential events carried out on the USB bus.
Table 31-3.
USB Transfer Events
• Setup transaction > Data IN transactions > Status
OUT transaction
Control Transfers(1) (3)
Interrupt IN Transfer
(device toward host)
• Setup transaction > Data OUT transactions > Status
IN transaction
• Setup transaction > Status IN transaction
• Data IN transaction > Data IN transaction
Interrupt OUT Transfer
(host toward device)
• Data OUT transaction > Data OUT transaction
Isochronous IN Transfer(2)
(device toward host)
• Data IN transaction > Data IN transaction
Isochronous OUT Transfer(2)
(host toward device)
• Data OUT transaction > Data OUT transaction
Bulk IN Transfer
(device toward host)
• Data IN transaction > Data IN transaction
Bulk OUT Transfer
(host toward device)
• Data OUT transaction > Data OUT transaction
Notes:
1. Control transfer must use endpoints with no ping-pong attributes.
2. Isochronous transfers must use endpoints with ping-pong attributes.
3. Control transfers can be aborted using a stall handshake.
A status transaction is a special type of host-to-device transaction used only in a control transfer.
The control transfer must be performed using endpoints with no ping-pong attributes. According
to the control sequence (read or write), the USB device sends or receives a status transaction.
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Figure 31-4. Control Read and Write Sequences
Setup Stage
Control Read
Setup TX
Setup Stage
Control Write
No Data
Control
Notes:
Data Stage
Data OUT TX
Status Stage
Status IN TX
Data OUT TX
Data Stage
Setup TX
Data IN TX
Setup Stage
Status Stage
Setup TX
Status IN TX
Data IN TX
Status Stage
Status OUT TX
1. During the Status IN stage, the host waits for a zero length packet (Data IN transaction with no data) from the device using
DATA1 PID. Refer to Chapter 8 of the Universal Serial Bus Specification, Rev. 2.0, for more information on the protocol
layer.
2. During the Status OUT stage, the host emits a zero length packet to the device (Data OUT transaction with no data).
31.5.2
31.5.2.1
Handling Transactions with USB V2.0 Device Peripheral
Setup Transaction
Setup is a special type of host-to-device transaction used during control transfers. Control transfers must be performed using endpoints with no ping-pong attributes. A setup transaction needs
to be handled as soon as possible by the firmware. It is used to transmit requests from the host
to the device. These requests are then handled by the USB device and may require more arguments. The arguments are sent to the device by a Data OUT transaction which follows the setup
transaction. These requests may also return data. The data is carried out to the host by the next
Data IN transaction which follows the setup transaction. A status transaction ends the control
transfer.
When a setup transfer is received by the USB endpoint:
• The USB device automatically acknowledges the setup packet
• RXSETUP is set in the UDP_ CSRx register
• An endpoint interrupt is generated while the RXSETUP is not cleared. This interrupt is carried
out to the microcontroller if interrupts are enabled for this endpoint.
Thus, firmware must detect the RXSETUP polling the UDP_ CSRx or catching an interrupt, read
the setup packet in the FIFO, then clear the RXSETUP. RXSETUP cannot be cleared before the
setup packet has been read in the FIFO. Otherwise, the USB device would accept the next Data
OUT transfer and overwrite the setup packet in the FIFO.
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Figure 31-5. Setup Transaction Followed by a Data OUT Transaction
Setup Received
USB
Bus Packets
Setup
PID
Data Setup
Setup Handled by Firmware
ACK
PID
RXSETUP Flag
Data OUT
PID
Data OUT
Data OUT
PID
Data OUT
ACK
PID
Cleared by Firmware
Set by USB
Device Peripheral
RX_Data_BKO
(UDP_CSRx)
31.5.2.2
NAK
PID
Interrupt Pending
Set by USB Device
FIFO (DPR)
Content
Data Out Received
XX
Data Setup
XX
Data OUT
Data IN Transaction
Data IN transactions are used in control, isochronous, bulk and interrupt transfers and conduct
the transfer of data from the device to the host. Data IN transactions in isochronous transfer
must be done using endpoints with ping-pong attributes.
Using Endpoints Without Ping-pong Attributes
To perform a Data IN transaction using a non ping-pong endpoint:
1. The application checks if it is possible to write in the FIFO by polling TXPKTRDY in the
endpoint’s UDP_ CSRx register (TXPKTRDY must be cleared).
2. The application writes the first packet of data to be sent in the endpoint’s FIFO, writing
zero or more byte values in the endpoint’s UDP_ FDRx register,
3. The application notifies the USB peripheral it has finished by setting the TXPKTRDY in
the endpoint’s UDP_ CSRx register.
4. The application is notified that the endpoint’s FIFO has been released by the USB
device when TXCOMP in the endpoint’s UDP_ CSRx register has been set. Then an
interrupt for the corresponding endpoint is pending while TXCOMP is set.
5. The microcontroller writes the second packet of data to be sent in the endpoint’s FIFO,
writing zero or more byte values in the endpoint’s UDP_ FDRx register,
6. The microcontroller notifies the USB peripheral it has finished by setting the TXPKTRDY in the endpoint’s UDP_ CSRx register.
7. The application clears the TXCOMP in the endpoint’s UDP_ CSRx.
After the last packet has been sent, the application must clear TXCOMP once this has been set.
TXCOMP is set by the USB device when it has received an ACK PID signal for the Data IN
packet. An interrupt is pending while TXCOMP is set.
Warning: TX_COMP must be cleared after TX_PKTRDY has been set.
Note:
436
Refer to Chapter 8 of the Universal Serial Bus Specification, Rev 2.0, for more information on the
Data IN protocol layer.
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Figure 31-6. Data IN Transfer for Non Ping-pong Endpoint
Prevous Data IN TX
USB Bus Packets
Data IN
PID
Microcontroller Load Data in FIFO
Data IN 1
ACK
PID
Data IN
PID
NAK
PID
Data is Sent on USB Bus
Data IN
PID
ACK
PID
Data IN 2
TXPKTRDY Flag
(UDP_CSRx)
Set by the firmware
Cleared by Hw
Cleared by Hw
Set by the firmware
Interrupt
Pending
Interrupt Pending
TXCOMP Flag
(UDP_CSRx)
Payload in FIFO
Cleared by Firmware
FIFO (DPR)
Content
?Data IN 1
Cleared by
Firmware
DPR access by the hardware
DPR access by the firmware
Load In Progress
Data IN 2?
?
Using Endpoints With Ping-pong Attribute
The use of an endpoint with ping-pong attributes is necessary during isochronous transfer. This
also allows handling the maximum bandwidth defined in the USB specification during bulk transfer. To be able to guarantee a constant or the maximum bandwidth, the microcontroller must
prepare the next data payload to be sent while the current one is being sent by the USB device.
Thus two banks of memory are used. While one is available for the microcontroller, the other
one is locked by the USB device.
Figure 31-7. Bank Swapping Data IN Transfer for Ping-pong Endpoints
Microcontroller
1st Data Payload
USB Device
Write
Bank 0
Endpoint 1
USB Bus
Read
Read and Write at the Same Time
2nd Data Payload
Data IN Packet
Bank 1
Endpoint 1
Bank 0
Endpoint 1
Bank 0
Endpoint 1
Bank 1
Endpoint 1
2nd Data Payload
Bank 0
Endpoint 1
3rd Data Payload
3rd Data Payload
1st Data Payload
Data IN Packet
Data IN Packet
When using a ping-pong endpoint, the following procedures are required to perform Data IN
transactions:
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1. The microcontroller checks if it is possible to write in the FIFO by polling TXPKTRDY to
be cleared in the endpoint’s UDP_ CSRx register.
2. The microcontroller writes the first data payload to be sent in the FIFO (Bank 0), writing
zero or more byte values in the endpoint’s UDP_ FDRx register.
3. The microcontroller notifies the USB peripheral it has finished writing in Bank 0 of the
FIFO by setting the TXPKTRDY in the endpoint’s UDP_ CSRx register.
4. Without waiting for TXPKTRDY to be cleared, the microcontroller writes the second
data payload to be sent in the FIFO (Bank 1), writing zero or more byte values in the
endpoint’s UDP_ FDRx register.
5. The microcontroller is notified that the first Bank has been released by the USB device
when TXCOMP in the endpoint’s UDP_ CSRx register is set. An interrupt is pending
while TXCOMP is being set.
6. Once the microcontroller has received TXCOMP for the first Bank, it notifies the USB
device that it has prepared the second Bank to be sent rising TXPKTRDY in the endpoint’s UDP_ CSRx register.
7. At this step, Bank 0 is available and the microcontroller can prepare a third data payload to be sent.
Figure 31-8. Data IN Transfer for Ping-pong Endpoint
Microcontroller
Load Data IN Bank 0
USB Bus
Packets
Data IN
PID
TXPKTRDY Flag
(UDP_MCSRx)
Microcontroller Load Data IN Bank 1
USB Device Send Bank 0
Microcontroller Load Data IN Bank 0
USB Device Send Bank 1
Data IN
PID
ACK
PID
Data IN
Cleared by USB Device,
Data Payload Fully Transmitted
Set by Firmware,
Data Payload Written in FIFO Bank 0
Data IN
Set by Firmware,
Data Payload Written in FIFO Bank 1
Interrupt Pending
Set by USB
Device
TXCOMP Flag
(UDP_CSRx)
ACK
PID
Set by USB Device
Interrupt Cleared by Firmware
FIFO (DPR) Written by
Microcontroller
Bank 0
FIFO (DPR)
Bank 1
Read by USB Device
Written by
Microcontroller
Written by
Microcontroller
Read by USB Device
Warning: There is software critical path due to the fact that once the second bank is filled, the
driver has to wait for TX_COMP to set TX_PKTRDY. If the delay between receiving TX_COMP
is set and TX_PKTRDY is set is too long, some Data IN packets may be NACKed, reducing the
bandwidth.
Warning: TX_COMP must be cleared after TX_PKTRDY has been set.
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31.5.2.3
Data OUT Transaction
Data OUT transactions are used in control, isochronous, bulk and interrupt transfers and conduct the transfer of data from the host to the device. Data OUT transactions in isochronous
transfers must be done using endpoints with ping-pong attributes.
Data OUT Transaction Without Ping-pong Attributes
To perform a Data OUT transaction, using a non ping-pong endpoint:
1. The host generates a Data OUT packet.
2. This packet is received by the USB device endpoint. While the FIFO associated to this
endpoint is being used by the microcontroller, a NAK PID is returned to the host. Once
the FIFO is available, data are written to the FIFO by the USB device and an ACK is
automatically carried out to the host.
3. The microcontroller is notified that the USB device has received a data payload polling
RX_DATA_BK0 in the endpoint’s UDP_ CSRx register. An interrupt is pending for this
endpoint while RX_DATA_BK0 is set.
4. The number of bytes available in the FIFO is made available by reading RXBYTECNT
in the endpoint’s UDP_ CSRx register.
5. The microcontroller carries out data received from the endpoint’s memory to its memory. Data received is available by reading the endpoint’s UDP_ FDRx register.
6. The microcontroller notifies the USB device that it has finished the transfer by clearing
RX_DATA_BK0 in the endpoint’s UDP_ CSRx register.
7. A new Data OUT packet can be accepted by the USB device.
Figure 31-9. Data OUT Transfer for Non Ping-pong EndpointsAn interrupt is pending while the flag RX_DATA_BK0 is
USB Bus
Packets
Host Sends Data Payload
Microcontroller Transfers Data
Host Sends the Next Data Payload
Data OUT
PID
ACK
PID
Data OUT 1
RX_DATA_BK0
(UDP_CSRx)
Data OUT2
PID
NAK
PID
Data OUT
PID
Data OUT2
ACK
PID
Interrupt Pending
Set by USB Device
FIFO (DPR)
Content
Data OUT2
Host Resends the Next Data Payload
Data OUT 1
Written by USB Device
Data OUT 1
Microcontroller Read
Cleared by Firmware,
Data Payload Written in FIFO
Data OUT 2
Written by USB Device
set. Memory transfer between the USB device, the FIFO and microcontroller memory can not be done after
RX_DATA_BK0 has been cleared. Otherwise, the USB device would accept the next Data OUT transfer and
overwrite the current Data OUT packet in the FIFO.
Using Endpoints With Ping-pong Attributes
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During isochronous transfer, using an endpoint with ping-pong attributes is obligatory. To be
able to guarantee a constant bandwidth, the microcontroller must read the previous data payload sent by the host, while the current data payload is received by the USB device. Thus two
banks of memory are used. While one is available for the microcontroller, the other one is locked
by the USB device.
Figure 31-10. Bank Swapping in Data OUT Transfers for Ping-pong EndpointsWhen using a ping-pong endpoint, the folMicrocontroller
USB Device
Write
USB Bus
Read
Data IN Packet
Bank 0
Endpoint 1
1st Data Payload
Bank 0
Endpoint 1
Bank 1
Endpoint 1
2nd Data Payload
Bank 1
Endpoint 1
Bank 0
Endpoint 1
3rd Data Payload
Write and Read at the Same Time
1st Data Payload
2nd Data Payload
Data IN Packet
Data IN Packet
3rd Data Payload
Bank 0
Endpoint 1
lowing procedures are required to perform Data OUT transactions:
1. The host generates a Data OUT packet.
2. This packet is received by the USB device endpoint. It is written in the endpoint’s FIFO
Bank 0.
3. The USB device sends an ACK PID packet to the host. The host can immediately send
a second Data OUT packet. It is accepted by the device and copied to FIFO Bank 1.
4. The microcontroller is notified that the USB device has received a data payload, polling
RX_DATA_BK0 in the endpoint’s UDP_ CSRx register. An interrupt is pending for this
endpoint while RX_DATA_BK0 is set.
5. The number of bytes available in the FIFO is made available by reading RXBYTECNT
in the endpoint’s UDP_ CSRx register.
6. The microcontroller transfers out data received from the endpoint’s memory to the
microcontroller’s memory. Data received is made available by reading the endpoint’s
UDP_ FDRx register.
7. The microcontroller notifies the USB peripheral device that it has finished the transfer
by clearing RX_DATA_BK0 in the endpoint’s UDP_ CSRx register.
8. A third Data OUT packet can be accepted by the USB peripheral device and copied in
the FIFO Bank 0.
9. If a second Data OUT packet has been received, the microcontroller is notified by the
flag RX_DATA_BK1 set in the endpoint’s UDP_ CSRx register. An interrupt is pending
for this endpoint while RX_DATA_BK1 is set.
10. The microcontroller transfers out data received from the endpoint’s memory to the
microcontroller’s memory. Data received is available by reading the endpoint’s UDP_
FDRx register.
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11. The microcontroller notifies the USB device it has finished the transfer by clearing
RX_DATA_BK1 in the endpoint’s UDP_ CSRx register.
12. A fourth Data OUT packet can be accepted by the USB device and copied in the FIFO
Bank 0.
Figure 31-11. Data OUT Transfer for Ping-pong EndpointAn interrupt is pending while the RX_DATA_BK0 or
Microcontroller Reads Data?1 in Bank 0,
Host Sends Second Data Payload
Host Sends First Data Payload
USB Bus
Packets
Data OUT
PID
RX_DATA_BK0 Flag
(UDP_CSRx)
Data OUT 1
Data OUT
PID
Data OUT 2
Set by USB Device,
Data Payload Written
in FIFO Endpoint Bank 0
ACK
PID
Data OUT
PID
Data OUT 3
A
P
Cleared by Firmware
Interrupt Pending
RX_DATA_BK1 Flag
(UDP_CSRx)
FIFO (DPR)
Bank 0
ACK
PID
Microcontroller Reads Data2 in Bank 1,
Host Sends Third Data Payload
Cleared by Firmware
Set by USB Device,
Data Payload Written
in FIFO Endpoint Bank 1
Interrupt Pending
Data OUT1
Data OUT 1
Data OUT 3
Write by USB Device
Read By Microcontroller
Write In Progress
FIFO (DPR)
Bank 1
Data OUT 2
Write by USB Device
Data OUT 2
Read By Microcontroller
RX_DATA_BK1 flag is set.
Warning: When RX_DATA_BK0 and RX_DATA_BK1 are both set, there is no way to determine
which one to clear first. Thus the software must keep an internal counter to be sure to clear alternatively RX_DATA_BK0 then RX_DATA_BK1. This situation may occur when the software
application is busy elsewhere and the two banks are filled by the USB host. Once the application
comes back to the USB driver, the two flags are set.
Stall Handshake
A stall handshake can be used in one of two distinct occasions. (For more information on the
stall handshake, refer to Chapter 8 of the Universal Serial Bus Specification, Rev 2.0.)
• A functional stall is used when the halt feature associated with the endpoint is set. (Refer to
Chapter 9 of the Universal Serial Bus Specification, Rev 2.0, for more information on the halt
feature.)
• To abort the current request, a protocol stall is used, but uniquely with control transfer.
The following procedure generates a stall packet:
1. The microcontroller sets the FORCESTALL flag in the UDP_ CSRx endpoint’s register.
2. The host receives the stall packet.
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3. The microcontroller is notified that the device has sent the stall by polling the
STALLSENT to be set. An endpoint interrupt is pending while STALLSENT is set. The
microcontroller must clear STALLSENT to clear the interrupt.
When a setup transaction is received after a stall handshake, STALLSENT must be cleared in
order to prevent interrupts due to STALLSENT being set.
Figure 31-12. Stall Handshake (Data IN Transfer)
USB Bus
Packets
Data IN PID
Stall PID
Cleared by Firmware
FORCESTALL
Set by Firmware
Interrupt Pending
Cleared by Firmware
STALLSENT
Set by
USB Device
Figure 31-13. Stall Handshake (Data OUT Transfer)
USB Bus
Packets
Data OUT PID
Data OUT
Stall PID
Set by Firmware
FORCESTALL
Interrupt Pending
STALLSENT
Cleared by Firmware
Set by USB Device
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31.5.3
Controlling Device States
A USB device has several possible states. Refer to Chapter 9 of the Universal Serial Bus Specification, Rev 2.0.
Figure 31-14. USB Device State Diagram
Attached
Hub Reset
or
Deconfigured
Hub
Configured
Bus Inactive
Suspended
Powered
Bus Activity
Power
Interruption
Reset
Bus Inactive
Suspended
Default
Bus Activity
Reset
Address
Assigned
Bus Inactive
Suspended
Address
Bus Activity
Device
Deconfigured
Device
Configured
Bus Inactive
Configured
Suspended
Bus Activity
Movement from one state to another depends on the USB bus state or on standard requests
sent through control transactions via the default endpoint (endpoint 0).
After a period of bus inactivity, the USB device enters Suspend Mode. Accepting Suspend/Resume requests from the USB host is mandatory. Constraints in Suspend Mode are very
strict for bus-powered applications; devices may not consume more than 500 μA on the USB
bus.
While in Suspend Mode, the host may wake up a device by sending a resume signal (bus activity) or a USB device may send a wake up request to the host, e.g., waking up a PC by moving a
USB mouse.
The wake up feature is not mandatory for all devices and must be negotiated with the host.
Not Powered State
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Self powered devices can detect 5V VBUS using a PIO as described in the typical connection
section. When the device is not connected to a host, device power consumption can be reduced
by disabling MCK for the UDP, disabling UDPCK and disabling the transceiver. DDP and DDM
lines are pulled down by 330 KΩ resistors.
31.5.3.1
Entering Attached State
When no device is connected, the USB DP and DM signals are tied to GND by 15 KΩ pull-down
resistors integrated in the hub downstream ports. When a device is attached to a hub downstream port, the device connects a 1.5 KΩ pull-up resistor on DP. The USB bus line goes into
IDLE state, DP is pulled up by the device 1.5 KΩ resistor to 3.3V and DM is pulled down by the
15 KΩ resistor of the host. To enable integrated pullup, the UDP_PUP_ON bit in the
MATRIX_USBPCR Bus Matrix register must be set.
After pullup connection, the device enters the powered state. In this state, the UDPCK and MCK
must be enabled in the Power Management Controller. The transceiver can remain disabled.
31.5.3.2
From Powered State to Default State
After its connection to a USB host, the USB device waits for an end-of-bus reset. The unmaskable flag ENDBUSRES is set in the register UDP_ISR and an interrupt is triggered.
Once the ENDBUSRES interrupt has been triggered, the device enters Default State. In this
state, the UDP software must:
• Enable the default endpoint, setting the EPEDS flag in the UDP_CSR[0] register and,
optionally, enabling the interrupt for endpoint 0 by writing 1 to the UDP_IER register. The
enumeration then begins by a control transfer.
• Configure the interrupt mask register which has been reset by the USB reset detection
• Enable the transceiver clearing the TXVDIS flag in the UDP_TXVC register.
In this state UDPCK and MCK must be enabled.
Warning: Each time an ENDBUSRES interrupt is triggered, the Interrupt Mask Register and
UDP_CSR registers have been reset.
31.5.3.3
From Default State to Address State
After a set address standard device request, the USB host peripheral enters the address state.
Warning: Before the device enters in address state, it must achieve the Status IN transaction of
the control transfer, i.e., the UDP device sets its new address once the TXCOMP flag in the
UDP_CSR[0] register has been received and cleared.
To move to address state, the driver software sets the FADDEN flag in the UDP_GLB_STAT
register, sets its new address, and sets the FEN bit in the UDP_FADDR register.
31.5.3.4
444
From Address State to Configured State
Once a valid Set Configuration standard request has been received and acknowledged, the
device enables endpoints corresponding to the current configuration. This is done by setting the
EPEDS and EPTYPE fields in the UDP_CSRx registers and, optionally, enabling corresponding
interrupts in the UDP_IER register.
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31.5.3.5
Entering in Suspend State
When a Suspend (no bus activity on the USB bus) is detected, the RXSUSP signal in the
UDP_ISR register is set. This triggers an interrupt if the corresponding bit is set in the UDP_IMR
register.This flag is cleared by writing to the UDP_ICR register. Then the device enters Suspend
Mode.
In this state bus powered devices must drain less than 500uA from the 5V VBUS. As an example, the microcontroller switches to slow clock, disables the PLL and main oscillator, and goes
into Idle Mode. It may also switch off other devices on the board.
The USB device peripheral clocks can be switched off. Resume event is asynchronously
detected. MCK and UDPCK can be switched off in the Power Management controller and the
USB transceiver can be disabled by setting the TXVDIS field in the UDP_TXVC register.
Warning: Read, write operations to the UDP registers are allowed only if MCK is enabled for the
UDP peripheral. Switching off MCK for the UDP peripheral must be one of the last operations
after writing to the UDP_TXVC and acknowledging the RXSUSP.
31.5.3.6
Receiving a Host Resume
In suspend mode, a resume event on the USB bus line is detected asynchronously, transceiver
and clocks are disabled (however the pullup shall not be removed).
Once the resume is detected on the bus, the WAKEUP signal in the UDP_ISR is set. It may generate an interrupt if the corresponding bit in the UDP_IMR register is set. This interrupt may be
used to wake up the core, enable PLL and main oscillators and configure clocks.
Warning: Read, write operations to the UDP registers are allowed only if MCK is enabled for the
UDP peripheral. MCK for the UDP must be enabled before clearing the WAKEUP bit in the
UDP_ICR register and clearing TXVDIS in the UDP_TXVC register.
31.5.3.7
Sending a Device Remote Wakeup
In Suspend state it is possible to wake up the host sending an external resume.
• The device must wait at least 5 ms after being entered in suspend before sending an external
resume.
• The device has 10 ms from the moment it starts to drain current and it forces a K state to
resume the host.
• The device must force a K state from 1 to 15 ms to resume the host
To force a K state to the bus (DM at 3.3V and DP tied to GND), it is possible to use a transistor
to connect a pullup on DM. The K state is obtained by disabling the pullup on DP and enabling
the pullup on DM. This should be under the control of the application.
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Figure 31-15. Board Schematic to Drive a K State
3V3
PIO
0: Force Wake UP (K State)
1: Normal Mode
1.5 K
DM
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31.6
USB Device Port (UDP) User Interface
WARNING: The UDP peripheral clock in the Power Management Controller (PMC) must be enabled before any read/write
operations to the UDP registers including the UDP_TXVC register.
Table 31-4.
UDP Memory Map
Offset
Register
Name
Access
Reset State
0x000
Frame Number Register
UDP_ FRM_NUM
Read
0x0000_0000
0x004
Global State Register
UDP_ GLB_STAT
Read/Write
0x0000_0000
0x008
Function Address Register
UDP_ FADDR
Read/Write
0x0000_0100
0x00C
Reserved
–
–
–
0x010
Interrupt Enable Register
UDP_ IER
Write
0x014
Interrupt Disable Register
UDP_ IDR
Write
0x018
Interrupt Mask Register
UDP_ IMR
Read
0x0000_1200
0x01C
Interrupt Status Register
UDP_ ISR
Read
0x0000_XX00
0x020
Interrupt Clear Register
UDP_ ICR
Write
0x024
Reserved
–
–
0x028
Reset Endpoint Register
UDP_ RST_EP
Read/Write
0x02C
Reserved
–
–
–
0x030
Endpoint 0 Control and Status Register
UDP_CSR0
Read/Write
0x0000_0000
.
.
.
.
.
.
See Note: (1)
Endpoint 5 Control and Status Register
UDP_CSR5
Read/Write
0x0000_0000
0x050
Endpoint 0 FIFO Data Register
UDP_ FDR0
Read/Write
0x0000_0000
.
.
.
.
.
.
See Note: (2)
Endpoint 5 FIFO Data Register
UDP_ FDR5
Read/Write
0x0000_0000
0x070
Reserved
–
–
–
Read/Write
0x0000_0100
–
–
0x074
Transceiver Control Register
UDP_ TXVC
0x078 - 0xFC
Reserved
–
Notes:
(3)
–
1. The addresses of the UDP_ CSRx registers are calculated as: 0x030 + 4(Endpoint Number - 1).
2. The addresses of the UDP_ FDRx registers are calculated as: 0x050 + 4(Endpoint Number - 1).
3. See Warning above the ”UDP Memory Map” on this page.
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31.6.1
UDP Frame Number Register
Register Name:
UDP_ FRM_NUM
Access Type:
Read-only
31
---
30
---
29
---
28
---
27
---
26
---
25
---
24
---
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
FRM_OK
16
FRM_ERR
15
–
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
–
10
9
FRM_NUM
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
FRM_NUM
• FRM_NUM[10:0]: Frame Number as Defined in the Packet Field Formats
This 11-bit value is incremented by the host on a per frame basis. This value is updated at each start of frame.
Value Updated at the SOF_EOP (Start of Frame End of Packet).
• FRM_ERR: Frame Error
This bit is set at SOF_EOP when the SOF packet is received containing an error.
This bit is reset upon receipt of SOF_PID.
• FRM_OK: Frame OK
This bit is set at SOF_EOP when the SOF packet is received without any error.
This bit is reset upon receipt of SOF_PID (Packet Identification).
In the Interrupt Status Register, the SOF interrupt is updated upon receiving SOF_PID. This bit is set without waiting for
EOP.
Note:
448
In the 8-bit Register Interface, FRM_OK is bit 4 of FRM_NUM_H and FRM_ERR is bit 3 of FRM_NUM_L.
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31.6.2
UDP Global State Register
Register Name:
UDP_GLB_STAT
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
–
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
–
10
–
9
8
–
–
7
–
6
–
5
–
4
–
3
–
2
–
1
CONFG
0
FADDEN
This register is used to get and set the device state as specified in Chapter 9 of the USB Serial Bus Specification, Rev.2.0.
• FADDEN: Function Address Enable
Read:
0 = Device is not in address state.
1 = Device is in address state.
Write:
0 = No effect, only a reset can bring back a device to the default state.
1 = Sets device in address state. This occurs after a successful Set Address request. Beforehand, the UDP_ FADDR register must have been initialized with Set Address parameters. Set Address must complete the Status Stage before setting
FADDEN. Refer to chapter 9 of the Universal Serial Bus Specification, Rev. 2.0 for more details.
• CONFG: Configured
Read:
0 = Device is not in configured state.
1 = Device is in configured state.
Write:
0 = Sets device in a non configured state
1 = Sets device in configured state.
The device is set in configured state when it is in address state and receives a successful Set Configuration request. Refer
to Chapter 9 of the Universal Serial Bus Specification, Rev. 2.0 for more details.
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31.6.3
UDP Function Address Register
Register Name:
UDP_ FADDR
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
–
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
–
10
–
9
8
–
FEN
7
–
6
5
4
3
FADD
2
1
0
• FADD[6:0]: Function Address Value
The Function Address Value must be programmed by firmware once the device receives a set address request from the
host, and has achieved the status stage of the no-data control sequence. Refer to the Universal Serial Bus Specification,
Rev. 2.0 for more information. After power up or reset, the function address value is set to 0.
• FEN: Function Enable
Read:
0 = Function endpoint disabled.
1 = Function endpoint enabled.
Write:
0 = Disables function endpoint.
1 = Default value.
The Function Enable bit (FEN) allows the microcontroller to enable or disable the function endpoints. The microcontroller
sets this bit after receipt of a reset from the host. Once this bit is set, the USB device is able to accept and transfer data
packets from and to the host.
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31.6.4
UDP Interrupt Enable Register
Register Name:
UDP_ IER
Access Type:
Write-only
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
–
14
–
13
WAKEUP
12
–
11
SOFINT
10
–
9
8
RXRSM
RXSUSP
7
6
5
EP5INT
4
EP4INT
3
EP3INT
2
EP2INT
1
EP1INT
0
EP0INT
• EP0INT: Enable Endpoint 0 Interrupt
• EP1INT: Enable Endpoint 1 Interrupt
• EP2INT: Enable Endpoint 2Interrupt
• EP3INT: Enable Endpoint 3 Interrupt
• EP4INT: Enable Endpoint 4 Interrupt
• EP5INT: Enable Endpoint 5 Interrupt
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables corresponding Endpoint Interrupt.
• RXSUSP: Enable UDP Suspend Interrupt
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables UDP Suspend Interrupt.
• RXRSM: Enable UDP Resume Interrupt
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables UDP Resume Interrupt.
• SOFINT: Enable Start Of Frame Interrupt
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables Start Of Frame Interrupt.
• WAKEUP: Enable UDP bus Wakeup Interrupt
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables USB bus Interrupt.
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31.6.5
UDP Interrupt Disable Register
Register Name:
UDP_ IDR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
–
14
–
13
WAKEUP
12
–
11
SOFINT
10
–
9
8
RXRSM
RXSUSP
7
6
5
EP5INT
4
EP4INT
3
EP3INT
2
EP2INT
1
EP1INT
0
EP0INT
• EP0INT: Disable Endpoint 0 Interrupt
• EP1INT: Disable Endpoint 1 Interrupt
• EP2INT: Disable Endpoint 2 Interrupt
• EP3INT: Disable Endpoint 3 Interrupt
• EP4INT: Disable Endpoint 4 Interrupt
• EP5INT: Disable Endpoint 5 Interrupt
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables corresponding Endpoint Interrupt.
• RXSUSP: Disable UDP Suspend Interrupt
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables UDP Suspend Interrupt.
• RXRSM: Disable UDP Resume Interrupt
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables UDP Resume Interrupt.
• SOFINT: Disable Start Of Frame Interrupt
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables Start Of Frame Interrupt
• WAKEUP: Disable USB Bus Interrupt
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables USB Bus Wakeup Interrupt.
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31.6.6
UDP Interrupt Mask Register
Register Name:
UDP_ IMR
Access Type:
Read-only
Note:
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
–
14
–
13
WAKEUP
12(1)
–
11
SOFINT
10
–
9
8
RXRSM
RXSUSP
7
6
5
EP5INT
4
EP4INT
3
EP3INT
2
EP2INT
1
EP1INT
0
EP0INT
1. Bit 12 of UDP_IMR cannot be masked and is always read at 1.
• EP0INT: Mask Endpoint 0 Interrupt
• EP1INT: Mask Endpoint 1 Interrupt
• EP2INT: Mask Endpoint 2 Interrupt
• EP3INT: Mask Endpoint 3 Interrupt
• EP4INT: Mask Endpoint 4 Interrupt
• EP5INT: Mask Endpoint 5 Interrupt
0 = Corresponding Endpoint Interrupt is disabled.
1 = Corresponding Endpoint Interrupt is enabled.
• RXSUSP: Mask UDP Suspend Interrupt
0 = UDP Suspend Interrupt is disabled.
1 = UDP Suspend Interrupt is enabled.
• RXRSM: Mask UDP Resume Interrupt.
0 = UDP Resume Interrupt is disabled.
1 = UDP Resume Interrupt is enabled.
• SOFINT: Mask Start Of Frame Interrupt
0 = Start of Frame Interrupt is disabled.
1 = Start of Frame Interrupt is enabled.
• WAKEUP: USB Bus WAKEUP Interrupt
0 = USB Bus Wakeup Interrupt is disabled.
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1 = USB Bus Wakeup Interrupt is enabled.
Note:
454
When the USB block is in suspend mode, the application may power down the USB logic. In this case, any USB HOST resume
request that is made must be taken into account and, thus, the reset value of the RXRSM bit of the register UDP_ IMR is
enabled.
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31.6.7
UDP Interrupt Status Register
Register Name:
UDP_ ISR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
–
14
–
13
WAKEUP
12
ENDBUSRES
11
SOFINT
10
–
9
8
RXRSM
RXSUSP
7
6
5
EP5INT
4
EP4INT
3
EP3INT
2
EP2INT
1
EP1INT
0
EP0INT
• EP0INT: Endpoint 0 Interrupt Status
• EP1INT: Endpoint 1 Interrupt Status
• EP2INT: Endpoint 2 Interrupt Status
• EP3INT: Endpoint 3 Interrupt Status
• EP4INT: Endpoint 4 Interrupt Status
• EP5INT: Endpoint 5 Interrupt Status
0 = No Endpoint0 Interrupt pending.
1 = Endpoint0 Interrupt has been raised.
Several signals can generate this interrupt. The reason can be found by reading UDP_ CSR0:
RXSETUP set to 1
RX_DATA_BK0 set to 1
RX_DATA_BK1 set to 1
TXCOMP set to 1
STALLSENT set to 1
EP0INT is a sticky bit. Interrupt remains valid until EP0INT is cleared by writing in the corresponding UDP_ CSR0 bit.
• RXSUSP: UDP Suspend Interrupt Status
0 = No UDP Suspend Interrupt pending.
1 = UDP Suspend Interrupt has been raised.
The USB device sets this bit when it detects no activity for 3ms. The USB device enters Suspend mode.
• RXRSM: UDP Resume Interrupt Status
0 = No UDP Resume Interrupt pending.
1 =UDP Resume Interrupt has been raised.
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The USB device sets this bit when a UDP resume signal is detected at its port.
After reset, the state of this bit is undefined, the application must clear this bit by setting the RXRSM flag in the UDP_ ICR
register.
• SOFINT: Start of Frame Interrupt Status
0 = No Start of Frame Interrupt pending.
1 = Start of Frame Interrupt has been raised.
This interrupt is raised each time a SOF token has been detected. It can be used as a synchronization signal by using
isochronous endpoints.
• ENDBUSRES: End of BUS Reset Interrupt Status
0 = No End of Bus Reset Interrupt pending.
1 = End of Bus Reset Interrupt has been raised.
This interrupt is raised at the end of a UDP reset sequence. The USB device must prepare to receive requests on the endpoint 0. The host starts the enumeration, then performs the configuration.
• WAKEUP: UDP Resume Interrupt Status
0 = No Wakeup Interrupt pending.
1 = A Wakeup Interrupt (USB Host Sent a RESUME or RESET) occurred since the last clear.
After reset the state of this bit is undefined, the application must clear this bit by setting the
WAKEUP flag in the UDP_ ICR register.
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31.6.8
UDP Interrupt Clear Register
Register Name:
UDP_ ICR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
–
14
–
13
WAKEUP
12
ENDBUSRES
11
SOFINT
10
–
9
RXRSM
8
RXSUSP
7
–
6
–
5
–
4
–
3
–
2
–
1
–
0
–
• RXSUSP: Clear UDP Suspend Interrupt
0 = No effect.
1 = Clears UDP Suspend Interrupt.
• RXRSM: Clear UDP Resume Interrupt
0 = No effect.
1 = Clears UDP Resume Interrupt.
• SOFINT: Clear Start Of Frame Interrupt
0 = No effect.
1 = Clears Start Of Frame Interrupt.
• ENDBUSRES: Clear End of Bus Reset Interrupt
0 = No effect.
1 = Clears End of Bus Reset Interrupt.
• WAKEUP: Clear Wakeup Interrupt
0 = No effect.
1 = Clears Wakeup Interrupt.
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31.6.9
UDP Reset Endpoint Register
Register Name:
UDP_ RST_EP
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
–
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
–
10
–
9
8
–
–
7
6
5
EP5
4
EP4
3
EP3
2
EP2
1
EP1
0
EP0
• EP0: Reset Endpoint 0
• EP1: Reset Endpoint 1
• EP2: Reset Endpoint 2
• EP3: Reset Endpoint 3
• EP4: Reset Endpoint 4
• EP5: Reset Endpoint 5
This flag is used to reset the FIFO associated with the endpoint and the bit RXBYTECOUNT in the register UDP_CSRx.It
also resets the data toggle to DATA0. It is useful after removing a HALT condition on a BULK endpoint. Refer to Chapter
5.8.5 in the USB Serial Bus Specification, Rev.2.0.
Warning: This flag must be cleared at the end of the reset. It does not clear UDP_ CSRx flags.
0 = No reset.
1 = Forces the corresponding endpoint FIF0 pointers to 0, therefore RXBYTECNT field is read at 0 in UDP_ CSRx register.
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31.6.10 UDP Endpoint Control and Status Register
Register Name:
UDP_ CSRx [x = 0..5]
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
25
RXBYTECNT
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
RXBYTECNT
15
EPEDS
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
DTGLE
10
9
EPTYPE
8
7
6
RX_DATA_
BK1
5
FORCE
STALL
4
3
STALLSENT
ISOERROR
2
1
RX_DATA_
BK0
0
DIR
TXPKTRDY
RXSETUP
TXCOMP
WARNING: Due to synchronization between MCK and UDPCK, the software application must wait for the end of the write
operation before executing another write by polling the bits which must be set/cleared.
//! Clear flags of UDP UDP_CSR register and waits for synchronization
#define Udp_ep_clr_flag(pInterface, endpoint, flags) { \
while (pInterface->UDP_CSR[endpoint] & (flags)) \
pInterface->UDP_CSR[endpoint] &= ~(flags); \
}
//! Set flags of UDP UDP_CSR register and waits for synchronization
#define Udp_ep_set_flag(pInterface, endpoint, flags) { \
while ( (pInterface->UDP_CSR[endpoint] & (flags)) != (flags) ) \
pInterface->UDP_CSR[endpoint] |= (flags); \
}
• TXCOMP: Generates an IN Packet with Data Previously Written in the DPR
This flag generates an interrupt while it is set to one.
Write (Cleared by the firmware):
0 = Clear the flag, clear the interrupt.
1 = No effect.
Read (Set by the USB peripheral):
0 = Data IN transaction has not been acknowledged by the Host.
1 = Data IN transaction is achieved, acknowledged by the Host.
After having issued a Data IN transaction setting TXPKTRDY, the device firmware waits for TXCOMP to be sure that the
host has acknowledged the transaction.
• RX_DATA_BK0: Receive Data Bank 0
This flag generates an interrupt while it is set to one.
Write (Cleared by the firmware):
0 = Notify USB peripheral device that data have been read in the FIFO's Bank 0.
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1 = To leave the read value unchanged.
Read (Set by the USB peripheral):
0 = No data packet has been received in the FIFO's Bank 0.
1 = A data packet has been received, it has been stored in the FIFO's Bank 0.
When the device firmware has polled this bit or has been interrupted by this signal, it must transfer data from the FIFO to
the microcontroller memory. The number of bytes received is available in RXBYTCENT field. Bank 0 FIFO values are read
through the UDP_ FDRx register. Once a transfer is done, the device firmware must release Bank 0 to the USB peripheral
device by clearing RX_DATA_BK0.
• RXSETUP: Received Setup
This flag generates an interrupt while it is set to one.
Read:
0 = No setup packet available.
1 = A setup data packet has been sent by the host and is available in the FIFO.
Write:
0 = Device firmware notifies the USB peripheral device that it has read the setup data in the FIFO.
1 = No effect.
This flag is used to notify the USB device firmware that a valid Setup data packet has been sent by the host and successfully received by the USB device. The USB device firmware may transfer Setup data from the FIFO by reading the UDP_
FDRx register to the microcontroller memory. Once a transfer has been done, RXSETUP must be cleared by the device
firmware.
Ensuing Data OUT transaction is not accepted while RXSETUP is set.
• STALLSENT: Stall Sent (Control, Bulk Interrupt Endpoints)/ISOERROR (Isochronous Endpoints)
This flag generates an interrupt while it is set to one.
STALLSENT: This ends a STALL handshake.
Read:
0 = The host has not acknowledged a STALL.
1 = Host has acknowledged the stall.
Write:
0 = Resets the STALLSENT flag, clears the interrupt.
1 = No effect.
This is mandatory for the device firmware to clear this flag. Otherwise the interrupt remains.
Refer to chapters 8.4.5 and 9.4.5 of the Universal Serial Bus Specification, Rev. 2.0 for more information on the STALL
handshake.
ISOERROR: A CRC error has been detected in an isochronous transfer.
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Read:
0 = No error in the previous isochronous transfer.
1 = CRC error has been detected, data available in the FIFO are corrupted.
Write:
0 = Resets the ISOERROR flag, clears the interrupt.
1 = No effect.
• TXPKTRDY: Transmit Packet Ready
This flag is cleared by the USB device.
This flag is set by the USB device firmware.
Read:
0 = Can be set to one to send the FIFO data.
1 = The data is waiting to be sent upon reception of token IN.
Write:
0 = Can be written if old value is zero.
1 = A new data payload is has been written in the FIFO by the firmware and is ready to be sent.
This flag is used to generate a Data IN transaction (device to host). Device firmware checks that it can write a data payload
in the FIFO, checking that TXPKTRDY is cleared. Transfer to the FIFO is done by writing in the UDP_ FDRx register. Once
the data payload has been transferred to the FIFO, the firmware notifies the USB device setting TXPKTRDY to one. USB
bus transactions can start. TXCOMP is set once the data payload has been received by the host.
• FORCESTALL: Force Stall (used by Control, Bulk and Isochronous Endpoints)
Read:
0 = Normal state.
1 = Stall state.
Write:
0 = Return to normal state.
1 = Send STALL to the host.
Refer to chapters 8.4.5 and 9.4.5 of the Universal Serial Bus Specification, Rev. 2.0 for more information on the STALL
handshake.
Control endpoints: During the data stage and status stage, this bit indicates that the microcontroller cannot complete the
request.
Bulk and interrupt endpoints: This bit notifies the host that the endpoint is halted.
The host acknowledges the STALL, device firmware is notified by the STALLSENT flag.
• RX_DATA_BK1: Receive Data Bank 1 (only used by endpoints with ping-pong attributes)
This flag generates an interrupt while it is set to one.
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Write (Cleared by the firmware):
0 = Notifies USB device that data have been read in the FIFO’s Bank 1.
1 = To leave the read value unchanged.
Read (Set by the USB peripheral):
0 = No data packet has been received in the FIFO's Bank 1.
1 = A data packet has been received, it has been stored in FIFO's Bank 1.
When the device firmware has polled this bit or has been interrupted by this signal, it must transfer data from the FIFO to
microcontroller memory. The number of bytes received is available in RXBYTECNT field. Bank 1 FIFO values are read
through UDP_ FDRx register. Once a transfer is done, the device firmware must release Bank 1 to the USB device by
clearing RX_DATA_BK1.
• DIR: Transfer Direction (only available for control endpoints)
Read/Write
0 = Allows Data OUT transactions in the control data stage.
1 = Enables Data IN transactions in the control data stage.
Refer to Chapter 8.5.3 of the Universal Serial Bus Specification, Rev. 2.0 for more information on the control data stage.
This bit must be set before UDP_ CSRx/RXSETUP is cleared at the end of the setup stage. According to the request sent
in the setup data packet, the data stage is either a device to host (DIR = 1) or host to device (DIR = 0) data transfer. It is not
necessary to check this bit to reverse direction for the status stage.
• EPTYPE[2:0]: Endpoint Type
Read/Write
000
Control
001
Isochronous OUT
101
Isochronous IN
010
Bulk OUT
110
Bulk IN
011
Interrupt OUT
111
Interrupt IN
• DTGLE: Data Toggle
Read-only
0 = Identifies DATA0 packet.
1 = Identifies DATA1 packet.
Refer to Chapter 8 of the Universal Serial Bus Specification, Rev. 2.0 for more information on DATA0, DATA1 packet
definitions.
• EPEDS: Endpoint Enable Disable
Read:
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0 = Endpoint disabled.
1 = Endpoint enabled.
Write:
0 = Disables endpoint.
1 = Enables endpoint.
Control endpoints are always enabled. Reading or writing this field has no effect on control endpoints.
Note: After reset all endpoints are configured as control endpoints (zero).
• RXBYTECNT[10:0]: Number of Bytes Available in the FIFO
Read-only
When the host sends a data packet to the device, the USB device stores the data in the FIFO and notifies the microcontroller. The microcontroller can load the data from the FIFO by reading RXBYTECENT bytes in the UDP_ FDRx register.
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31.6.11 UDP FIFO Data Register
Register Name:
UDP_ FDRx [x = 0..5]
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
–
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
–
10
–
9
8
–
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
FIFO_DATA
• FIFO_DATA[7:0]: FIFO Data Value
The microcontroller can push or pop values in the FIFO through this register.
RXBYTECNT in the corresponding UDP_ CSRx register is the number of bytes to be read from the FIFO (sent by the host).
The maximum number of bytes to write is fixed by the Max Packet Size in the Standard Endpoint Descriptor. It can not be
more than the physical memory size associated to the endpoint. Refer to the Universal Serial Bus Specification, Rev. 2.0
for more information.
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31.6.12 UDP Transceiver Control Register
Register Name:
UDP_ TXVC
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
–
30
–
29
–
28
–
27
–
26
–
25
–
24
–
23
–
22
–
21
–
20
–
19
–
18
–
17
–
16
–
15
–
14
–
13
–
12
–
11
–
10
–
9
8
–
TXVDIS
7
–
6
–
5
–
4
–
3
–
2
–
1
0
–
–
WARNING: The UDP peripheral clock in the Power Management Controller (PMC) must be enabled before any read/write
operations to the UDP registers including the UDP_TXVC register.
• TXVDIS: Transceiver Disable
When UDP is disabled, power consumption can be reduced significantly by disabling the embedded transceiver. This can
be done by setting TXVDIS field.
To enable the transceiver, TXVDIS must be cleared. TXVDIS is automatically set after a reset, so it must be cleared again
to reenable the transceiver.
Note:
The USB transceiver pull-ups are enabled/disabled by writing to the MATRIX_USBPCR register documented in Section
19.6.7.
Note:
If the USB pullup is not enabled on DP, the user should not write in any UDP register other than the UDP_ TXVC register. This
is because if DP and DM are floating at 0, or pulled down, then SE0 is received by the device with the consequence of a USB
Reset.
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32. Analog-to-digital Converter (ADC)
32.1
Description
The ADC is based on a Successive Approximation Register (SAR) 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC). It also integrates an 8-to-1 analog multiplexer, making possible the analog-todigital conversions of 8 analog lines. The conversions extend from 0V to ADVREF.
On the AT91CAP7E device, the analog inputs are AD0 - AD7.
The ADC supports an 8-bit or 10-bit resolution mode, and conversion results are reported in a
common register for all channels, as well as in a channel-dedicated register. Software trigger,
external trigger on rising edge of the ADTRG pin or internal triggers from Timer Counter output(s) are configurable.
The ADC also integrates a Sleep Mode and a conversion sequencer and connects with a PDC
channel. These features reduce both power consumption and processor intervention.
Finally, the user can configure ADC timings, such as Startup Time and Sample & Hold Time.
32.2
Block Diagram
Figure 32-1. Analog-to-Digital Converter Block Diagram
Timer
Counter
Channels
ADC
Trigger
Selection
ADTRG
Control
Logic
ADC Interrupt
AIC
AVDD
ADVREF
ASB
PDC
User
Interface
AD0
Analog Inputs
Multiplexed
with I/O lines
MPIO
AD1
Peripheral Bridge
Successive
Approximation
Register
Analog-to-Digital
Converter
APB
AD7
AGND
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32.3
Signal Description
Table 32-1.
ADC Pin Description
Pin Name
Description
AVDD
Analog power supply
ADVREF
Reference voltage
AD0 - AD7
Analog input channels
ADTRG
External trigger
32.4
Product Dependencies
32.4.1
Power Management
The ADC is automatically clocked after the first conversion in Normal Mode. In Sleep Mode, the
ADC clock is automatically stopped after each conversion. As the logic is small and the ADC cell
can be put into Sleep Mode, the Power Management Controller has no effect on the ADC
behavior.
32.4.2
Interrupt Sources
The ADC interrupt line is connected on one of the internal sources of the Advanced Interrupt
Controller. Using the ADC interrupt requires the AIC to be programmed first.
32.4.3
Analog Inputs
The analog input pins can be multiplexed with PIO lines. In this case, the assignment of the ADC
input is automatically done as soon as the corresponding channel is enabled by writing the register ADC_CHER. By default, after reset, the PIO line is configured as input with its pull-up
enabled and the ADC input is connected to the GND.
32.4.4
I/O Lines
The pin ADTRG may be shared with other peripheral functions through the PIO Controller. In
this case, the PIO Controller should be set accordingly to assign the pin ADTRG to the ADC
function.
32.4.5
Timer Triggers
Timer Counters may or may not be used as hardware triggers depending on user requirements.
Thus, some or all of the timer counters may be non-connected.
32.4.6
32.5
32.5.1
468
Conversion Performances
For performance and electrical characteristics of the ADC, see the DC Characteristics section.
Functional Description
Analog-to-digital Conversion
The ADC uses the ADC Clock to perform conversions. Converting a single analog value to a 10bit digital data requires Sample and Hold Clock cycles as defined in the field SHTIM of the “ADC
Mode Register” on page 474 and 10 ADC Clock cycles. The ADC Clock frequency is selected in
the PRESCAL field of the Mode Register (ADC_MR).
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The ADC clock range is between MCK/2, if PRESCAL is 0, and MCK/128, if PRESCAL is set to
63 (0x3F). PRESCAL must be programmed in order to provide an ADC clock frequency according to the parameters given in the Product definition section.
32.5.2
Conversion Reference
The conversion is performed on a full range between 0V and the reference voltage pin ADVREF.
Analog inputs between these voltages convert to values based on a linear conversion.
32.5.3
Conversion Resolution
The ADC supports 8-bit or 10-bit resolutions. The 8-bit selection is performed by setting the bit
LOWRES in the ADC Mode Register (ADC_MR). By default, after a reset, the resolution is the
highest and the DATA field in the data registers is fully used. By setting the bit LOWRES, the
ADC switches in the lowest resolution and the conversion results can be read in the eight lowest
significant bits of the data registers. The two highest bits of the DATA field in the corresponding
ADC_CDR register and of the LDATA field in the ADC_LCDR register read 0.
Moreover, when a PDC channel is connected to the ADC, 10-bit resolution sets the transfer
request sizes to 16-bit. Setting the bit LOWRES automatically switches to 8-bit data transfers. In
this case, the destination buffers are optimized.
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32.5.4
Conversion Results
When a conversion is completed, the resulting 10-bit digital value is stored in the Channel Data
Register (ADC_CDR) of the current channel and in the ADC Last Converted Data Register
(ADC_LCDR).
The channel EOC bit in the Status Register (ADC_SR) is set and the DRDY is set. In the case of
a connected PDC channel, DRDY rising triggers a data transfer request. In any case, either
EOC and DRDY can trigger an interrupt.
Reading one of the ADC_CDR registers clears the corresponding EOC bit. Reading ADC_LCDR
clears the DRDY bit and the EOC bit corresponding to the last converted channel.
Figure 32-2. EOCx and DRDY Flag Behavior
Write the ADC_CR
with START = 1
Read the ADC_CDRx
Write the ADC_CR
with START = 1
Read the ADC_LCDR
CHx
(ADC_CHSR)
EOCx
(ADC_SR)
Conversion Time
Conversion Time
DRDY
(ADC_SR)
If the ADC_CDR is not read before further incoming data is converted, the corresponding Overrun Error (OVRE) flag is set in the Status Register (ADC_SR).
In the same way, new data converted when DRDY is high sets the bit GOVRE (General Overrun
Error) in ADC_SR.
The OVRE and GOVRE flags are automatically cleared when ADC_SR is read.
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Figure 32-3. GOVRE and OVREx Flag Behavior
Read ADC_SR
ADTRG
CH0
(ADC_CHSR)
CH1
(ADC_CHSR)
ADC_LCDR
Undefined Data
ADC_CDR0
Undefined Data
ADC_CDR1
EOC0
(ADC_SR)
EOC1
(ADC_SR)
Data B
Data A
Data C
Data A
Data C
Undefined Data
Data B
Conversion
Conversion
Conversion
Read ADC_CDR0
Read ADC_CDR1
GOVRE
(ADC_SR)
DRDY
(ADC_SR)
OVRE0
(ADC_SR)
Warning: If the corresponding channel is disabled during a conversion or if it is disabled and
then reenabled during a conversion, its associated data and its corresponding EOC and OVRE
flags in ADC_SR are unpredictable.
32.5.5
Conversion Triggers
Conversions of the active analog channels are started with a software or a hardware trigger. The
software trigger is provided by writing the Control Register (ADC_CR) with the bit START at 1.
The hardware trigger can be one of the TIOA outputs of the Timer Counter channels, or the
external trigger input of the ADC (ADTRG). The hardware trigger is selected with the field TRGSEL in the Mode Register (ADC_MR). The selected hardware trigger is enabled with the bit
TRGEN in the Mode Register (ADC_MR).
If a hardware trigger is selected, the start of a conversion is detected at each rising edge of the
selected signal. If one of the TIOA outputs is selected, the corresponding Timer Counter channel
must be programmed in Waveform Mode.
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Only one start command is necessary to initiate a conversion sequence on all the channels. The
ADC hardware logic automatically performs the conversions on the active channels, then waits
for a new request. The Channel Enable (ADC_CHER) and Channel Disable (ADC_CHDR) Registers enable the analog channels to be enabled or disabled independently.
If the ADC is used with a PDC, only the transfers of converted data from enabled channels are
performed and the resulting data buffers should be interpreted accordingly.
Warning: Enabling hardware triggers does not disable the software trigger functionality. Thus, if
a hardware trigger is selected, the start of a conversion can be initiated either by the hardware or
the software trigger.
32.5.6
Sleep Mode and Conversion Sequencer
The ADC Sleep Mode maximizes power saving by automatically deactivating the ADC when it is
not being used for conversions. Sleep Mode is selected by setting the bit SLEEP in the Mode
Register ADC_MR.
The SLEEP mode is automatically managed by a conversion sequencer, which can automatically process the conversions of all channels at lowest power consumption.
When a start conversion request occurs, the ADC is automatically activated. As the analog cell
requires a start-up time, the logic waits during this time and starts the conversion on the enabled
channels. When all conversions are complete, the ADC is deactivated until the next trigger. Triggers occurring during the sequence are not taken into account.
The conversion sequencer allows automatic processing with minimum processor intervention
and optimized power consumption. Conversion sequences can be performed periodically using
a Timer/Counter output. The periodic acquisition of several samples can be processed automatically without any intervention of the processor thanks to the PDC.
Note:
32.5.7
The reference voltage pins always remain connected in normal mode as in sleep mode.
ADC Timings
Each ADC has its own minimal Startup Time that is programmed through the field STARTUP in
the Mode Register ADC_MR.
In the same way, a minimal Sample and Hold Time is necessary for the ADC to guarantee the
best converted final value between two channels selection. This time has to be programmed
through the bitfield SHTIM in the Mode Register ADC_MR.
Warning: No input buffer amplifier to isolate the source is included in the ADC. This must be
taken into consideration to program a precise value in the SHTIM field. See the section, ADC
Characteristics in the product datasheet.
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32.6
Analog-to-digital Converter (ADC) User Interface
Table 32-2.
ADC Register Mapping
Offset
Register
Name
Access
Reset State
0x00
Control Register
ADC_CR
Write-only
–
0x04
Mode Register
ADC_MR
Read/Write
0x00000000
0x08
Reserved
–
–
–
0x0C
Reserved
–
–
–
0x10
Channel Enable Register
ADC_CHER
Write-only
–
0x14
Channel Disable Register
ADC_CHDR
Write-only
–
0x18
Channel Status Register
ADC_CHSR
Read-only
0x00000000
0x1C
Status Register
ADC_SR
Read-only
0x000C0000
0x20
Last Converted Data Register
ADC_LCDR
Read-only
0x00000000
0x24
Interrupt Enable Register
ADC_IER
Write-only
–
0x28
Interrupt Disable Register
ADC_IDR
Write-only
–
0x2C
Interrupt Mask Register
ADC_IMR
Read-only
0x00000000
0x30
Channel Data Register 0
ADC_CDR0
Read-only
0x00000000
0x34
Channel Data Register 1
ADC_CDR1
Read-only
0x00000000
...
...
...
ADC_CDR7
Read-only
0x00000000
−
−
−
...
0x4C
0x50 - 0xFC
0x100 - 0x124
...
Channel Data Register 7
Reserved
Reserved for the PDC
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32.6.1
ADC Control Register
Register Name:
ADC_CR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–
–
–
–
–
–
START
SWRST
27
26
25
24
17
16
10
9
8
2
1
• SWRST: Software Reset
0 = No effect.
1 = Resets the ADC simulating a hardware reset.
• START: Start Conversion
0 = No effect.
1 = Begins analog-to-digital conversion.
32.6.2
ADC Mode Register
Register Name:
ADC_MR
Access Type:
Read/Write
31
30
29
28
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
–
–
–
15
14
13
–
–
SHTIM
19
18
STARTUP
12
11
PRESCAL
7
6
5
4
–
–
SLEEP
LOWRES
3
TRGSEL
0
TRGEN
• TRGEN: Trigger Enable
TRGEN
474
Selected TRGEN
0
Hardware triggers are disabled. Starting a conversion is only possible by software.
1
Hardware trigger selected by TRGSEL field is enabled.
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
• TRGSEL: Trigger Selection
TRGSEL
Selected TRGSEL
0
0
0
Reserved
0
0
1
Reserved
0
1
0
Reserved
0
1
1
Reserved
1
0
0
Reserved
1
0
1
Reserved
1
1
0
External trigger
1
1
1
Reserved
• LOWRES: Resolution
LOWRES
Selected Resolution
0
10-bit resolution
1
8-bit resolution
• SLEEP: Sleep Mode
SLEEP
Selected Mode
0
Normal Mode
1
Sleep Mode
• PRESCAL: Prescaler Rate Selection
ADCClock = MCK / ( (PRESCAL+1) * 2 )
• STARTUP: Start Up Time
Startup Time = (STARTUP+1) * 8 / ADCClock
• SHTIM: Sample & Hold Time
Sample & Hold Time = (SHTIM+1) / ADCClock
475
8549A–CAP–10/08
32.6.3
ADC Channel Enable Register
Register Name:
ADC_CHER
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CH7
CH6
CH5
CH4
CH3
CH2
CH1
CH0
• CHx: Channel x Enable
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the corresponding channel.
32.6.4
ADC Channel Disable Register
Register Name:
ADC_CHDR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CH7
CH6
CH5
CH4
CH3
CH2
CH1
CH0
• CHx: Channel x Disable
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the corresponding channel.
Warning: If the corresponding channel is disabled during a conversion or if it is disabled then reenabled during a conversion, its associated data and its corresponding EOC and OVRE flags in ADC_SR are unpredictable.
476
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8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
32.6.5
ADC Channel Status Register
Register Name:
ADC_CHSR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CH7
CH6
CH5
CH4
CH3
CH2
CH1
CH0
• CHx: Channel x Status
0 = Corresponding channel is disabled.
1 = Corresponding channel is enabled.
32.6.6
ADC Status Register
Register Name:
ADC_SR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
RXBUFF
ENDRX
GOVRE
DRDY
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
OVRE7
OVRE6
OVRE5
OVRE4
OVRE3
OVRE2
OVRE1
OVRE0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
EOC7
EOC6
EOC5
EOC4
EOC3
EOC2
EOC1
EOC0
• EOCx: End of Conversion x
0 = Corresponding analog channel is disabled, or the conversion is not finished.
1 = Corresponding analog channel is enabled and conversion is complete.
• OVREx: Overrun Error x
0 = No overrun error on the corresponding channel since the last read of ADC_SR.
1 = There has been an overrun error on the corresponding channel since the last read of ADC_SR.
• DRDY: Data Ready
0 = No data has been converted since the last read of ADC_LCDR.
1 = At least one data has been converted and is available in ADC_LCDR.
• GOVRE: General Overrun Error
0 = No General Overrun Error occurred since the last read of ADC_SR.
477
8549A–CAP–10/08
1 = At least one General Overrun Error has occurred since the last read of ADC_SR.
• ENDRX: End of RX Buffer
0 = The Receive Counter Register has not reached 0 since the last write in ADC_RCR or ADC_RNCR.
1 = The Receive Counter Register has reached 0 since the last write in ADC_RCR or ADC_RNCR.
• RXBUFF: RX Buffer Full
0 = ADC_RCR or ADC_RNCR have a value other than 0.
1 = Both ADC_RCR and ADC_RNCR have a value of 0.
32.6.7
ADC Last Converted Data Register
Register Name:
ADC_LCDR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
–
–
–
–
–
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
8
LDATA
1
0
LDATA
• LDATA: Last Data Converted
The analog-to-digital conversion data is placed into this register at the end of a conversion and remains until a new conversion is completed.
32.6.8
ADC Interrupt Enable Register
Register Name:
ADC_IER
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
RXBUFF
ENDRX
GOVRE
DRDY
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
OVRE7
OVRE6
OVRE5
OVRE4
OVRE3
OVRE2
OVRE1
OVRE0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
EOC7
EOC6
EOC5
EOC4
EOC3
EOC2
EOC1
EOC0
• EOCx: End of Conversion Interrupt Enable x
• OVREx: Overrun Error Interrupt Enable x
• DRDY: Data Ready Interrupt Enable
478
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
• GOVRE: General Overrun Error Interrupt Enable
• ENDRX: End of Receive Buffer Interrupt Enable
• RXBUFF: Receive Buffer Full Interrupt Enable
0 = No effect.
1 = Enables the corresponding interrupt.
32.6.9
ADC Interrupt Disable Register
Register Name:
ADC_IDR
Access Type:
Write-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
RXBUFF
ENDRX
GOVRE
DRDY
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
OVRE7
OVRE6
OVRE5
OVRE4
OVRE3
OVRE2
OVRE1
OVRE0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
EOC7
EOC6
EOC5
EOC4
EOC3
EOC2
EOC1
EOC0
• EOCx: End of Conversion Interrupt Disable x
• OVREx: Overrun Error Interrupt Disable x
• DRDY: Data Ready Interrupt Disable
• GOVRE: General Overrun Error Interrupt Disable
• ENDRX: End of Receive Buffer Interrupt Disable
• RXBUFF: Receive Buffer Full Interrupt Disable
0 = No effect.
1 = Disables the corresponding interrupt.
479
8549A–CAP–10/08
32.6.10 ADC Interrupt Mask Register
Register Name:
ADC_IMR
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
RXBUFF
ENDRX
GOVRE
DRDY
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
OVRE7
OVRE6
OVRE5
OVRE4
OVRE3
OVRE2
OVRE1
OVRE0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
EOC7
EOC6
EOC5
EOC4
EOC3
EOC2
EOC1
EOC0
• EOCx: End of Conversion Interrupt Mask x
• OVREx: Overrun Error Interrupt Mask x
• DRDY: Data Ready Interrupt Mask
• GOVRE: General Overrun Error Interrupt Mask
• ENDRX: End of Receive Buffer Interrupt Mask
• RXBUFF: Receive Buffer Full Interrupt Mask
0 = The corresponding interrupt is disabled.
1 = The corresponding interrupt is enabled.
32.6.11 ADC Channel Data Register
Register Name:
ADC_CDRx
Access Type:
Read-only
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
–
–
–
–
–
–
7
6
5
4
3
2
8
DATA
1
0
DATA
• DATA: Converted Data
The analog-to-digital conversion data is placed into this register at the end of a conversion and remains until a new conversion is completed. The Convert Data Register (CDR) is only loaded if the corresponding analog channel is enabled.
480
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
33. AT91CAP7E Electrical Characteristics
Note:
This chapter contains preliminary values based on prototype silicon. These values are subject to change and will be recharacterized for the production silicon.
33.1
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Table 33-1.
Absolute Maximum Ratings*
Operating Temperature (Industrial)-40⋅ C to +85⋅ C
Storage Temperature-60°C to +150°C
Voltage on Input Pins
with Respect to Ground-0.3V to +4.0V
Maximum Operating Voltage
(VDDCORE, VDDBU, VDDPLLB, VDDOSC, and
VDDOSC32)1.5V
*NOTICE:
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum
Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device.
This is a stress rating only and functional operation of
the device at these or other conditions beyond those
indicated in the operational sections of this specification
is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating
conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
Maximum Operating Voltage
(VDDIO, VDDPLLA, and AVDD)4.0V
Total DC Output Current on all I/O lines500 mA
33.2
DC Characteristics
The following characteristics are applicable to the operating temperature range: TA = -40°C to 85°C, unless otherwise specified and are certified for a junction temperature up to TJ = 100°C.
Table 33-2.
DC Characteristics
Symbol
Parameter
VVDDCORE
DC Supply Core
VVDDBU
Conditions
Max
Units
1.08
1.32
V
DC Supply Backup
1.08
1.32
V
VVDDOSC
DC Supply Oscillator
1.08
1.32
V
VVDDOSC32
DC Supply 32kHz
Oscillator
1.08
1.32
V
VVDDPLLA
DC Supply PLLA
3.0
3.6
V
VVDDPLLB
DC Supply PLLB
1.08
1.32
V
VVDDIO
DC Supply I/Os
3.0
3.6
V
VAVDD
DC Supply ADC
3.0
3.6
V
VIL
Input Low-level Voltage
-0.3
0.8
V
VIH
Input High-level Voltage
2
VVDDIO+0.3
V
VOL
Output Low-level Voltage
0.4
V
VOH
Output High-level Voltage
VVDDIO
RPULLUP
Pull-up Resistance
PA0-PA31
IO
Output Current
PA0-PA31
VVDDIO
Min
Typ
VVDDIO-0.4
40
V
83
165
kOhm
8
mA
481
8549A–CAP–10/08
Table 33-2.
ISC
33.3
DC Characteristics
On VVDDCORE = 1.2V,
MCK = 0 Hz, excluding POR
TA =25°C
All inputs driven
TMS, TDI, TCK, NRST = 1
TA =85°C
On VVDDBU = 1.2V,
Logic cells consumption,
including POR
TA =25°C
All inputs driven WKUP = 0
TA =85°C
600
μA
Static Current
30
uA
Power Consumption
This section contains:
• The typical power consumption of PLLs, Slow Clock (32 kHz) and Main Oscillator.
• The power consumption of power supply in three different modes: Active, Ultra Low-power
and Backup.
• The power consumption by peripheral: calculated as the difference in current measurement
after having enabled then disabled the corresponding clock.
33.3.1
Power Consumption versus Modes
The values in Table 33-3 and Table 33-4 on page 483 are estimated values of the power consumption with operating conditions as follows:
• VDDIO = VDDPLLA = VAVDD =3.3 V
• VDDCORE = VDDBU = VDDOSC VDDOSC32 = 1.2V
• TA = 25° C
• There is no consumption on the I/Os of the device
Figure 33-1. Measures Schematics
VD D BU
AM P1
VD D C O R E
AM P2
These figures represent the power consumption estimated on the power supplies.
482
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
Table 33-3.
Power Consumption for different Modes(1)
Mode
Conditions
Consumption
Unit
Active
ARM Core clock is 80MHz.
MCK is 80MHz.
All peripheral clocks activated.
onto AMP2
tbd
mA
Idle
Idle state, waiting an interrupt.
All peripheral clocks activated.
onto AMP2
tbd
mA
Ultra low
power
ARM Core clock is 500Hz.
All peripheral clocks de-activated.
onto AMP2
tbd
μA
Backup
Device only VDDBU powered
onto AMP1
30
μA
Table 33-4.
Power Consumption by Peripheral in Active Mode
Peripheral
Consumption
PIO Controller
tbd
USART
tbd
UDP
tbd
ADC
tbd
SPI
tbd
Timer Counter Channels 0 to 2
tbd
Unit
mA
483
8549A–CAP–10/08
33.4
32 kHz Crystal Oscillator Characteristics
The following characteristics are applicable to the operating temperature range: TA = -40°C to 85°C and worst case of
power supply, unless otherwise specified.
Table 33-5.
32 kHz Oscillator Characteristics
Symbol
Parameter
1/(tCP32KHz)
Crystal Oscillator Frequency
CCRYSTAL32
Crystal Load Capacitance
CLEXT32 (2)
External Load Capacitance
Conditions
Min
Typ
32.768
Crystal @ 32.768 kHz
CCRYSTAL32 = 6 pF
6
(3)
(3)
CCRYSTAL32 = 12.5 pF
Duty Cycle
40
(1)
RS = 50 kΩ, CL = 6pF
(1)
tST
Startup Time
RS = 50 kΩ, CL = 12.5 pF
RS = 100 kΩ, CL = 6pF
(1)
(1)
RS = 100 kΩ, CL = 12.5 pF
Notes:
Max
Unit
kHz
12.5
pF
8
pF
21
pF
60
%
300
ms
900
ms
600
ms
1200
ms
1. RS is the equivalent series resistance, CL is the equivalent load capacitance.
2. CLEXT32 is determined by taking into account internal parasitic and package load capacitance.
3. Additional board load capacitance should be subtracted from CLEXT32.
Figure 33-2. 32kHz Crystal Connection
AT91CAP7
X IN 3 2
XIN32
CLEXT32
C
LE X T32
484
GNDBU
N D BU
XOUT32
X O U T32 G
CCRYSTAL32
C R Y S TA L32
CLLEXT32
E X T32
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
33.5
12 MHz Main Oscillator Characteristics
The following characteristics are applicable to the operating temperature range: TA = -40°C to 85°C and worst case of
power supply, unless otherwise specified.
Table 33-6.
Main Oscillator Characteristics
Symbol
Parameter
1/(tCPMAIN)
Crystal Oscillator Frequency
CCRYSTAL
Crystal Load Capacitance
CLEXT
Conditions
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
8
12
16
MHz
20
pF
15
External Load Capacitance
CCRYSTAL = 15 pF
(1)
25
CCRYSTAL = 20 pF
(1)
35
pF
Duty Cycle
40
tST
Startup Time
IDDST
Standby Current Consumption
PON
Drive Level
IDD ON
Current Dissipation
IBYPASS
Bypass Current Dissipation
Note:
50
60
%
2
ms
2
μA
150
μW
450
700
μA
3.6
6.2
μW/MHz
Standby mode
@ 12MHz
1. Additional board load capacitance should be subtracted from CLEXT.
Figure 33-3. 12 MHz Crystal Connection
AT91CAP7
XIN
CLEXT
XOUT
CCRYSTAL
GNDUPLL
CLEXT
Table 33-7 gives the characteristics that the crystal must satisfy for correct operation with the oscillator.
Table 33-7.
Crystal Characteristics
Symbol
Parameter
ESR
Equivalent Series Resistor Rs
CM
Motional Capacitance
CS
Shunt Capacitance
Conditions
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
60
Ω
9
fF
7
pF
5
Table 33-8 gives the Electrical Characteristics of the XIN pin when the oscillator is in Bypass Mode.
Table 33-8.
XIN Clock Electrical Characteristics in Bypass Mode
Symbol
Parameter
1/(tCPXIN)
XIN Clock Frequency
tCPXIN
XIN Clock Period
tCHXIN
XIN Clock High Half-period
Conditions
Min
Max
Units
50
MHz
20
0.4 x tCPXIN
ns
0.6 x tCPXIN
485
8549A–CAP–10/08
Table 33-8.
XIN Clock Electrical Characteristics in Bypass Mode
Symbol
Parameter
tCLXIN
XIN Clock Low Half-period
CIN
RIN
Conditions
Min
Max
Units
0.4 x tCPXIN
0.6 x tCPXIN
XIN Input Capacitance
(1)
5
pF
XIN Pulldown Resistor
(1)
500
kΩ
Note:
These characteristics apply only when Main Oscillator is in Bypass Mode (i.e., when MOSCEN = 0 and OSCBYPASS = 1) in the
CKGR_MOR register. See PMC Clock Generator Main Oscillator Register in Section 24. ”Advanced Power Management
Controller” on page 207.
33.6
PLLA Characteristics
The following characteristics are applicable to the operating temperature range: TA = -40°C to 85°C and worst case of
power supply, unless otherwise specified.
Table 33-9.
Phase Lock Loop A Characteristics
Symbol
Parameter
FIN
Input Frequency
FOUT
Output Frequency
IPLL
Current Consumption
Conditions
Field OUT of CKGR_PLL is 00
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
1
12
32
MHz
80
160
240
MHz
2
3
mA
1
μA
active mode
standby mode
Note:
1. Startup time depends on PLL RC filter. A calculation tool is provided by Atmel.
33.7
PLLB Characteristics
The following characteristics are applicable to the operating temperature range: TA = -40°C to 85°C and worst case of
power supply, unless otherwise specified.
Table 33-10. Phase Lock Loop B Characteristics
Symbol
Parameter
Conditions
FIN
Input Frequency
12 MHz recommended for best filter
and USB performance
FOUT
Output Frequency
IPLL
Current Consumption
active mode
486
standby mode
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
1
12
32
MHz
50
100
150
MHz
2.5
mA
TBD
μA
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
33.8
USB Transceiver Characteristics
33.8.1
Electrical Characteristics
Table 33-11. Electrical Parameters
Symbol
Parameter
Conditions
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
0.8
V
Input Levels
VIL
Low Level
VIH
High Level
VDI
Differential Input Sensivity
VCM
Differential Input Common
Mode Range
CIN
Transceiver capacitance
Capacitance to ground on each line
I
Hi-Z State Data Line Leakage
0V < VIN < 3.3V
REXT
Recommended External USB
Series Resistor
In series with each USB pin with ±5%
VOL
Low Level Output
Measured with RL of 1.425 kΩ tied to
3.6V
0.0
0.3
V
VOH
High Level Output
Measured with RL of 14.25 kΩ tied to
GND
2.8
3.6
V
VCRS
Output Signal Crossover
Voltage
1.3
2.0
V
Max
Unit
|(D+) - (D-)|
2.0
V
0.2
V
0.8
- 10
2.5
V
9.18
pF
+ 10
μA
Ω
27
Output Levels
33.8.2
Measure conditions described in
Figure 33-4
Switching Characteristics
Table 33-12. In Low Speed
Symbol
Parameter
Conditions
Min
Typ
tFR
Transition Rise Time
CLOAD = 400 pF
75
300
ns
tFE
Transition Fall Time
CLOAD = 400 pF
75
300
ns
tFRFM
Rise/Fall time Matching
CLOAD = 400 pF
80
125
%
Min
Max
Unit
Table 33-13. In Full Speed
Symbol
Parameter
Conditions
Typ
tFR
Transition Rise Time
CLOAD = 50 pF
4
20
ns
tFE
Transition Fall Time
CLOAD = 50 pF
4
20
ns
tFRFM
Rise/Fall time Matching
90
111.11
%
487
8549A–CAP–10/08
Figure 33-4. USB Data Signal Rise and Fall Times
Rise Time
Fall Time
90%
VCRS
10%
Differential
Data Lines
10%
tR
tF
(a)
REXT=27 ohms
Fosc = 6MHz/750kHz
Buffer
Cload
(b)
488
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
33.9
ADC
Table 33-14. Channel Conversion Time and ADC CLock
Parameter
Conditions
ADC Clock Frequency
Max
Units
10-bit resolution mode
13.2
MHz
ADC Clock Frequency
8-bit resolution mode
TBD
MHz
Startup Time
Return from Idle Mode
40
μs
Track and Hold Acquisition Time
Conversion Time
Typ
500
ns
ADC Clock = 13.2 MHz
Throughput Rate
Notes:
Min
1.74
(1)
ADC Clock = 13.2 MHz
440
μs
kSPS
1. Corresponds to 30 clock cycles at 13.2 MHz: 500nS (7clock cycles) for track and hold acquisition time and 23 clock cycles
for conversion.
Table 33-15. External Voltage Reference Input
Parameter
Conditions
ADVREF Input Voltage Range
Min
Typ
2.6
Max
Units
AVDD
V
ADVREF Average Current
Average on all DAC codes
600
μA
Operating Current on AVDD
Average on 4 conversions full speed
400
μA
Operating Current on VDDC
Average on 4 conversions full speed
80
μA
Standby Current on AVDD
300
nA
Standby Current on ADVREF
300
nA
Standby Current on VDDC
600
nA
Max
Units
Table 33-16. Analog Inputs
Parameter
Min
Input Voltage Range
Typ
0
Input Leakage Current
ADVREF
1
Input Capacitance
6
8
μA
10
pF
The user can drive ADC input with impedance up to:
• ZOUT ≤ (SHTIM -500) x 12.5
with SHTIM (Sample and Hold Time register) expressed in ns and ZOUT expressed in ohms.
Table 33-17. Transfer Characteristics
Parameter
Min
Resolution
Typ
10
Integral Non-linearity
Differential Non-linearity
Offset Error
Gain Error
Max
-1.5
0.5
Units
Bit
±2
LSB
±0.9
LSB
2.5
LSB
±2
LSB
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33.10 Timings
33.10.1
Corner Definition
Table 33-18. Corner Definition
Corner
Process
Temp
(External ; Junction)
MAX
Slow
85°C ; 100°C
1.10V
3.0V
STH
Slow
85°C; 100°C
1.2V
3.3V
MIN
Fast
-40C; -40C
1.32V
3.6V
VDDCORE: 1.2V
VDDIO: 3.3V
Timings in MAX corner always result from the extraction and comparison of timings in MAX and MIN corners.
Timings in STH corner always result from the extraction and comparision of timings in STH and MIN corners.
33.10.2
Processor Clock
Table 33-19. Processor Clock Waveform Parameters
Symbol
Parameter
Conditions
1/(tCPPCK)
Processor Clock Frequency
1/(tCPPCK)
Processor Clock Frequency
Min
Max
Units
Corner MAX
80
MHz
Corner STH
TBD
MHz
33.10.3 Maximum Speed of the I/Os
Criteria used to define the maximum frequency of the I/Os:
• output duty cycle (40%-60%)
• minimum output swing: 100mV to VDDIO - 100mV
• Addition of rising and falling time inferior to 75% of the period
Table 33-20.
Symbol
Parameter
Pin Group x(1) frequency
FreqMax
PulseminH
PulseminL
Notes:
Pin Group(1) High Level Pulse Width
Pin Group x(1) Low Level Pulse Width
Conditions
Min
Max
Units
3.3V domain
(2)
TBD
MHz
1.8V domain
(3)
TBD
MHz
3.3V domain
(2)
TBD
ns
1.8V domain
(3)
TBD
ns
3.3V domain
(2)
TBD
ns
1.8V domain
(3)
TBD
ns
1. Pin Group x = To Be Defined for each product
2. 3.3V domain: VVDDIOP from 3.0V to 3.6V, maximum external capacitor = 40pF
3. 1.8V domain: VVDDIOP from 1.65V to 1.95V, maximum external capacitor = 20pF
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33.10.4
SMC Timings
33.10.4.1
Capacitance
Timings are given assuming a capacitance load on data, control and address pads.
Table 33-21. Capacitance Load
Corner
Supply
MAX
STH
MIN
3.3V
50pF
50pF
0 pF
In the following tables, tCPMCK is MCK period.
33.10.4.2
Read Timings
Table 33-22. SMC Read Signals - NRD Controlled (READ_MODE= 1)
Symbol
Parameter
Min
VDDIO supply
Units
3.3V
NO HOLD SETTINGS (nrd hold = 0)
SMC1
Data Setup before NRD High
TBD
ns
SMC2
Data Hold after NRD High
TBD
ns
HOLD SETTINGS (nrd hold …0)
SMC3
Data Setup before NRD High
TBD
ns
SMC4
Data Hold after NRD High
TBD
ns
HOLD or NO HOLD SETTINGS (nrd hold …0, nrd hold =0)
SMC5
NBS0/A0, NBS1, NBS2/A1, NBS3,
A2 - A25 Valid before NRD High
SMC6
NCS low before NRD High
SMC7
NRD Pulse Width
(nrd setup + nrd pulse)* tCPMCK +
TBD
ns
(nrd setup + nrd pulse - ncs rd
setup) * tCPMCK + TBD
ns
nrd pulse * tCPMCK + TBD
ns
Table 33-23. SMC Read Signals - NCS Controlled (READ_MODE= 0)
Symbol
Parameter
Min
VDDIO supply
3.3V
Units
NO HOLD SETTINGS (ncs rd hold = 0)
SMC8
Data Setup before NCS High
TBD
ns
SMC9
Data Hold after NCS High
TBD
ns
HOLD SETTINGS (ncs rd hold …0)
SMC10
Data Setup before NCS High
TBD
ns
SMC11
Data Hold after NCS High
TBD
ns
HOLD or NO HOLD SETTINGS (ncs rd hold …0, ncs rd hold = 0)
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Table 33-23. SMC Read Signals - NCS Controlled (READ_MODE= 0)
SMC12
NBS0/A0, NBS1, NBS2/A1, NBS3,
A2 - A25 valid before NCS High
SMC13
NRD low before NCS High
SMC14
NCS Pulse Width
33.10.4.3
(ncs rd setup + ncs rd pulse)*
tCPMCK + TBD
ns
(ncs rd setup + ncs rd pulse - nrd
setup)* tCPMCK + TBD
ns
ncs rd pulse length * tCPMCK +
TBD
ns
Write Timings
Table 33-24. SMC Write Signals - NWE controlled (WRITE_MODE = 1)
Symbol
Parameter
Min
Max
Units
HOLD or NO HOLD SETTINGS (nwe hold …0, nwe hold = 0)
SMC15
Data Out Valid before NWE High
nwe pulse *
tCPMCK + TBD
ns
SMC16
NWE Pulse Width
nwe pulse *
tCPMCK + TBD
ns
SMC17
NBS0/A0 NBS1, NBS2/A1, NBS3,
A2 - A25 valid before NWE low
nwe setup *
tCPMCK + TBD
ns
NCS low before NWE high
(nwe setup ncs rd setup +
nwe pulse) *
tCPMCK + TBD
ns
SMC18
HOLD SETTINGS (nwe hold …0)
SMC19
NWE High to Data OUT, NBS0/A0
NBS1, NBS2/A1, NBS3, A2 - A25
change
SMC20
NWE High to NCS Inactive (1)
nwe hold *
tCPMCK + TBD
ns
(nwe hold - ncs
wr hold )*
tCPMCK + TBD
ns
NO HOLD SETTINGS (nwe hold = 0)
NWE High to Data OUT, NBS0/A0
NBS1, NBS2/A1, NBS3, A2 - A25,
NCS change(1)
SMC21
Notes:
TBD
ns
1. hold length = total cycle duration - setup duration - pulse duration. “hold length” is for “ncs wr hold length” or “NWE hold
length”.
Table 33-25. SMC Write NCS Controlled (WRITE_MODE = 0)
Min
Symbol
Parameter
3.3V Supply
Units
SMC22
Data Out Valid before NCS High
ncs wr pulse * tCPMCK + TBD
ns
SMC23
NCS Pulse Width
ncs wr pulse * tCPMCK + TBD
ns
SMC24
NBS0/A0 NBS1, NBS2/A1, NBS3, A2 A25 valid before NCS low
ncs wr setup * tCPMCK + TBD
ns
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Table 33-25. SMC Write NCS Controlled (WRITE_MODE = 0)
Min
Symbol
Parameter
3.3V Supply
Units
SMC25
NWE low before NCS high
(ncs wr setup - nwe setup +
ncs pulse)* tCPMCK + TBD
ns
SMC26
NCS High to Data Out, NBS0/A0,
NBS1, NBS2/A1, NBS3, A2 - A25,
change
ncs wr hold * tCPMCK + TBD
ns
SMC27
NCS High to NWE Inactive
(ncs wr hold - nwe hold )*
tCPMCK + TBD
ns
Figure 33-5. SMC Timings - NCS Controlled Read and Write
SMC12
SMC12
SMC26
SMC24
A0/A1/NBS[3:0]/A2-A25
SMC13
SMC13
NRD
NCS
SMC14
SMC14
SMC8
SMC9
SMC10
SMC23
SMC11
SMC22
SMC26
D0 - D15
SMC25
SMC27
NWE
NCS Controlled READ
with NO HOLD
NCS Controlled READ
with HOLD
NCS Controlled WRITE
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Figure 33-6. SMC Timings - NRD Controlled Read and NWE Controlled Write
SMC21
SMC17
SMC5
SMC5
SMC17
SMC19
A0/A1/NBS[3:0]/A2-A25
SMC6
SMC21 SMC6
SMC18
SMC18
SMC20
NCS
NRD
SMC7
SMC7
SMC1
SMC2
SMC15
SMC21
SMC3
SMC4
SMC15
SMC19
D0 - D31
NWE
SMC16
NRD Controlled READ
with NO HOLD
494
NWE Controlled WRITE
with NO HOLD
SMC16
NRD Controlled READ
with HOLD
NWE Controlled WRITE
with HOLD
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
33.10.5 SDRAMC Timings
The SDRAM Controller satisfies the timing of standard SDRAM modules given in Table 33-28 and in MAX and STH
corners.
Timings are given assuming a capacitance load on data, control and address pads :
Table 33-26. Capacitance Load on Data, Control and Address Pads
Corner
Supply
MAX
STH
MIN
3.3V
50pF
50pF
0 pF
1.8V
30 pF
30 pF
0 pF
Table 33-27. Capacitance Load on SDCK Pad
Corner
Supply
MAX
STH
MIN
3.3V
10pF
10pF
10pF
1.8V
10pF
10pF
10pF
Table 33-28. SDRAMC Timings
Min
Symbol
Parameter
(1)
3.3V Supply
Units
0.5*tCPMCK+TBD
ns
0.5*tCPMCK+TBD
ns
SDRAMC1
Control/Address/Data out valid before SDCK Rising Edge
SDRAMC2
Control/Address/Data out change after SDCK Rising Edge(1)
SDRAMC3
Data Input Setup before SDCK Rising Edge
TBD
ns
SDRAMC4
Data Input Hold after SDCK Rising Edge
TBD
ns
Control/Address is the set of following timings : A0-A9, A11-A13, SDA10, SDCKE, SDCS, RAS, CAS, BAx, DQMx, and
SDWE
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Figure 33-7. SDRAMC Timings
SDCK
SDRAMC1
SDRAMC2
SDRAMC1
SDRAMC2
SDRAMC1
SDRAMC2
Control, Address
SDRAMC3
SDRAMC4
Data In
Data Out
33.10.6
SPI
Figure 33-8. SPI Master Mode with (CPOL = NCPHA = 0) or (CPOL= NCPHA= 1)
SPCK
SPI0
SPI1
MISO
SPI2
MOSI
Figure 33-9. SPI Master Mode with (CPOL=0 and NCPHA=1) or (CPOL=1 and NCPHA=0)
SPCK
SPI3
SPI4
MISO
SPI5
MOSI
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Figure 33-10. SPI Slave Mode with (CPOL=0 and NCPHA=1) or (CPOL=1 and NCPHA=0)
SPCK
SPI6
MISO
SPI7
SPI8
MOSI
Figure 33-11. SPI Slave Mode with (CPOL = NCPHA = 0) or (CPOL= NCPHA= 1)
SPCK
SPI9
MISO
SPI10
SPI11
MOSI
Table 33-29. SPI Timings
Symbol
Parameter
Cond
Min
Max
Units
Master Mode
MISO Setup time before SPCK rises
(1)
TBD + 0.5*tCPMCK
ns
MISO Hold time after SPCK rises
(1)
TBD - 0.5* tCPMCK
ns
SPCK rising to MOSI valid
(1)
SPCK rising to MOSI change
(1)
TBD
ns
MISO Setup time before SPCK falls
(1)
TBD + 0.5*tCPMCK
ns
MISO Hold time after SPCK falls
(1)
TBD - 0.5* tCPMCK
ns
SPI5
SPCK falling to MOSI valid
(1)
SPI2
SPCK falling to MOSI change
(1)
SPI0
SPI1
SPI2
SPI2
SPI3
SPI4
TBD
TBD
TBD
ns
ns
ns
Slave Mode
SPI6
SPI6
SPCK falling to MISO valid
(1)
SPCK falling to MISO change
(1)
TBD
TBD
ns
ns
497
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Table 33-29. SPI Timings
Symbol
Parameter
Cond
Min
MOSI Setup time before SPCK rises
(1)
TBD
ns
MOSI Hold time after SPCK rises
(1)
TBD
ns
SPI9
SPCK rising to MISO valid
(1)
SPI9
SPCK rising to MISO change
(1)
TBD
ns
SPI10
MOSI Setup time before SPCK falls
(1)
TBD
ns
MOSI Hold time after SPCK falls
(1)
TBD
ns
SPI12
NPCS0,1,2,3 to MOSI
(1)
TBD
ns
SPI13
NPCS0,1,2,3 to MISO
(1)
TBD
ns
SPI7
SPI8
SPI11
Notes:
498
Max
TBD
Units
ns
1. Cload is 8pF for MISO and 6pF for SPCK and MOSI.
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
34. AT91CAP7E Mechanical Characteristics
34.1
Thermal Considerations
34.1.1
Thermal Data
Table 34-1 summarizes the thermal resistance data depending on the package.
Table 34-1.
Thermal Resistance Data
Symbol
Parameter
θJA
θJC
34.1.2
Condition
Package
Typ
Unit
Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance
Still Air
LFBGA 225
13x13mm 0.8mm pitch
35.3
°C/W
Junction-to-case thermal resistance
Still Air
LFBGA 225
13x13mm 0.8mm pitch
28
°C/W
Junction Temperature
The average chip-junction temperature, TJ, in °C can be obtained from the following:
4. T J = T A + ( P D × θ JA )
5. T J = T A + ( P D × ( θ HEATSINK + θ JC ) )
where:
• θJA = package thermal resistance, Junction-to-ambient (°C/W), provided in Table 34-1 on
page 499.
• θJC = package thermal resistance, Junction-to-case thermal resistance (°C/W), provided in
Table 34-1 on page 499.
• θHEAT SINK = cooling device thermal resistance (°C/W), provided in the device datasheet.
• PD = device power consumption (W) estimated from data provided in the section Section 33.3
”Power Consumption” on page 482.
• TA = ambient temperature (°C).
From the first equation, the user can derive the estimated lifetime of the chip and decide if a
cooling device is necessary or not. If a cooling device is to be fitted on the chip, the second
equation should be used to compute the resulting average chip-junction temperature TJ in °C.
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34.2
Package Drawings
225-ball LFBGA Package DrawingSoldering Profile
0.12
Z
X
0.10
0.10
4X
Z
A
D
A1 BALL PAD CORNER
Z
A1
&b
Y
& 0.15 M
Z
& 0.08 M
Z
X
Y
E
SEATING PLANE
A2
TOP VIEW
SIDE VIEW
A1 BALL PAD CORNER
15 14 13 12 11 10 9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
e
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
0.90 REF
K
L
M
N
P
R
0.90 REF
e
BOTTOM VIEW
COMMON DIMENSIONS
(Unit of Measure = mm)
SYMBOL
MIN
D
NOM
MAX
NOTE
13.00 BSC
E
13.00 BSC
A
–
–
1.70
3
A1
0.25
–
–
3
A2
0.85
–
–
e
0.80 BSC
b
0.45
0.50
0.55
4
(225 SOLDER BALLS)
Table 34-2.
Soldering Information
Ball Land
0.530 mm +/- 0.03
Soldering Mask Opening
0.370mm to 0.03 mm
Table 34-3.
Device and 225-ball LFBGA Package Maximum Weight
365.2
mg
Table 34-4.
225-ball LFBGA Package Characteristics
Moisture Sensitivity Level
Table 34-5.
3
Package Reference
JEDEC Drawing Reference
MO-205
JESD97 Classification
e1
500
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8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
35. AT91CAP7E Ordering Information
Table 35-1.
AT91CAP7E Ordering Information
Ordering Code
Package
Package Type
Temperature Operating Range
AT91CAP7E
BGA225
RoHS Compliant
Industrial
-40°C to 85°C
501
8549A–CAP–10/08
502
AT91CAP7E
8549A–CAP–10/08
AT91CAP7E
36. Revision History
Doc. Rev.
Date
Comments
8549A
10/2008
Initial document release.
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AT91CAP7E
Table of Contents
1
Description ............................................................................................... 2
2
Block Diagram .......................................................................................... 3
3
Signal Description ................................................................................... 4
4
Package and Pinout ............................................................................... 11
4.1Mechanical Overview of the 225-ball LFBGA Package ...........................................11
4.2225-ball LFBGA Package Pinout .............................................................................11
5
Power Considerations ........................................................................... 14
5.1Power Supplies .......................................................................................................14
5.2Power Consumption ................................................................................................14
6
I/O Line Considerations ......................................................................... 15
6.1JTAG Port Pins ........................................................................................................15
6.2Test Pin ...................................................................................................................15
6.3Reset Pins ...............................................................................................................15
6.4PIO Controllers ........................................................................................................15
6.5Shut Down Logic pins ..............................................................................................15
7
Processor and Architecture .................................................................. 16
7.1ARM7TDMI Processor ............................................................................................16
7.2Debug and Test Features ........................................................................................16
7.3Bus Matrix ...............................................................................................................16
7.4.1Matrix Masters 17
7.5.2Matrix Slaves 17
7.6Peripheral DMA Controller ......................................................................................17
8
Memories ................................................................................................ 18
8.1Embedded Memories ..............................................................................................18
8.2Memory Mapping .....................................................................................................18
8.3Internal Memory Mapping ........................................................................................19
8.4.1Internal 160-kBytes Fast SRAM 19
8.5.2Boot Memory 19
8.6Boot Program ..........................................................................................................19
8.7External Memories Mapping ....................................................................................19
8.8External Bus Interface .............................................................................................19
8.9.1Static Memory Controller 20
8.10.2SDRAM Controller 20
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9
System Controller .................................................................................. 22
9.1System Controller Block Diagram ............................................................................23
9.2System Controller Mapping .....................................................................................24
9.3Reset Controller ......................................................................................................25
9.4Shut Down Controller ..............................................................................................25
9.5Clock Generator ......................................................................................................25
9.6Power Management Controller ................................................................................26
9.7Periodic Interval Timer ............................................................................................27
9.8Watchdog Timer ......................................................................................................27
9.9Real-Time Timer ......................................................................................................27
9.10General-Purpose Backed-up Registers .................................................................28
9.11Backup Power Switch ............................................................................................28
9.12Advanced Interrupt Controller ...............................................................................28
9.13Debug Unit ............................................................................................................28
9.14Chip Identification ..................................................................................................29
9.15PIO Controllers ......................................................................................................29
9.16User Interface ........................................................................................................30
9.17.1Special System Controller Register Mapping 30
9.18.2Oscillator Mode Register 30
9.19.3General Purpose Backup Register 31
10 Peripherals ............................................................................................. 32
10.1Peripheral Mapping ...............................................................................................32
10.2Peripheral Identifiers .............................................................................................34
10.3Peripheral Interrupts and Clock Control ................................................................35
10.4.1System Interrupt 35
10.5.2External Interrupts 35
10.6.3Timer Counter Interrupts 35
10.7Peripherals Signals Multiplexing on I/O Lines .......................................................35
10.8.1PIO Controller A Multiplexing 36
10.9.2PIO Controller B Multiplexing 37
10.10.3Resource Multiplexing 37
10.11Embedded Peripherals Overview ........................................................................38
10.12.1Serial Peripheral Interface 38
10.13.2USART 38
10.14.3Timer Counter 39
10.15.4USB Device Port 39
10.16.5Analog to Digital Converter 39
11 FPGA Interface (FPIF) ............................................................................ 41
11.1Description ............................................................................................................41
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11.2System Requirements and Integration ..................................................................41
11.3Functional Description ...........................................................................................42
11.4.1Interface Modules 43
11.5.2Serializer Modules 43
11.6.3Serializer Programmability 44
11.7.4Transfer Timing 45
11.8Programmability Options .......................................................................................46
11.9.1Mode-Bits 46
11.10.2PIO Controller B Multiplexing 47
11.11.3Other MPIO Signal Assignments/Multiplexing 48
11.12Interfacing using PIO ...........................................................................................49
11.13.1PIO-FPGA Connections 50
11.14.2PIO-FPGA Access Routines 50
11.15.3PIO-FPGA Waveforms 51
11.16Interfacing using EBI ...........................................................................................52
11.17.1EBI-FPGA Connections 52
11.18.2EBI TIming 52
12 ARM7TDMI Processor Overview .......................................................... 55
12.1Overview ...............................................................................................................55
12.2ARM7TDMI Processor ..........................................................................................55
12.3.1Instruction Type 55
12.4.2Data Type 55
12.5.3ARM7TDMI Operating Mode 55
12.6.4ARM7TDMI Registers 56
12.7.5ARM Instruction Set Overview 58
12.8.6Thumb Instruction Set Overview 59
13 CAP7E Debug and Test ......................................................................... 61
13.1Overview ...............................................................................................................61
13.2Block Diagram .......................................................................................................61
13.3Application Examples ............................................................................................62
13.4.1Debug Environment 62
13.5.2Test Environment 63
13.6Debug and Test Pin Description ............................................................................63
13.7Functional Description ...........................................................................................64
13.8.1Test Pin 64
13.9.2Embedded In-circuit Emulator 64
13.10.3Debug Unit 64
13.11.4IEEE 1149.1 JTAG Boundary Scan 64
13.12.5ID Code Register 65
14 Reset Controller (RSTC) ........................................................................ 67
14.1Description ............................................................................................................67
14.2Block Diagram .......................................................................................................67
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14.3Functional Description ...........................................................................................67
14.4.1Reset Controller Overview 67
14.5.2NRST Manager 68
14.6.3Reset States 69
14.7.4Reset State Priorities 73
14.8.5Reset Controller Status Register 73
14.9Reset Controller (RSTC) User Interface ................................................................74
14.10.1Reset Controller Control Register 75
14.11.2Reset Controller Status Register 75
14.12.3Reset Controller Mode Register 76
15 Real-time Timer (RTT) ............................................................................ 79
15.1Description ............................................................................................................79
15.2Block Diagram .......................................................................................................79
15.3Functional Description ...........................................................................................79
15.4Real-time Timer User Interface .............................................................................81
15.5.1Register Mapping 81
15.6.2Real-time Timer Mode Register 82
15.7.3Real-time Timer Alarm Register 83
15.8.4Real-time Timer Value Register 83
15.9.5Real-time Timer Status Register 84
16 Periodic Interval Timer (PIT) ................................................................. 85
16.1Description ............................................................................................................85
16.2Block Diagram .......................................................................................................85
16.3Functional Description ...........................................................................................85
16.4Periodic Interval Timer (PIT) User Interface ..........................................................87
16.5.1Periodic Interval Timer Mode Register 87
16.6.2Periodic Interval Timer Status Register 88
16.7.3Periodic Interval Timer Value Register 88
16.8.4Periodic Interval Timer Image Register 89
17 Watchdog Timer (WDT) ......................................................................... 91
17.1Description ............................................................................................................91
17.2Block Diagram .......................................................................................................91
17.3Functional Description ...........................................................................................91
17.4User Interface ........................................................................................................93
17.5.1Register Mapping 93
17.6.2Watchdog Timer Control Register 93
17.7.3Watchdog Timer Mode Register 94
17.8.4Watchdog Timer Status Register 95
18 Shutdown Controller (SHDWC) ............................................................ 97
18.1Description ............................................................................................................97
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18.2Block Diagram .......................................................................................................97
18.3I/O Lines Description .............................................................................................97
18.4Product Dependencies ..........................................................................................97
18.5.1Power Management 97
18.6Functional Description ...........................................................................................97
18.7Shutdown Controller (SHDWC) User Interface .....................................................98
18.8.1Register Mapping 98
18.9.2Shutdown Control Register 99
18.10.3Shutdown Mode Register 100
18.11.4Shutdown Status Register 101
19 Bus Matrix ............................................................................................. 103
19.1Description ..........................................................................................................103
19.2Memory Mapping .................................................................................................103
19.3Special Bus Granting Mechanism .......................................................................103
19.4.1No Default Master 103
19.5.2Last Access Master 103
19.6.3Fixed Default Master 103
19.7Arbitration ............................................................................................................104
19.8Arbitration Rules ..................................................................................................104
19.9.1Undefined Length Burst Arbitration 104
19.10.2Slot Cycle Limit Arbitration 105
19.11.3Round-Robin Arbitration 105
19.12.4Fixed Priority Arbitration 105
19.13AHB Generic Bus Matrix User Interface ............................................................106
19.14.1Bus Matrix Master Configuration Registers 108
19.15.2Bus Matrix Slave Configuration Registers 109
19.16.3Bus Matrix Priority Registers A For Slaves 110
19.17.4Bus Matrix Priority Registers B For Slaves 110
19.18.5Bus Matrix Master Remap Control Register 111
19.19.6EBI Chip Select Assignment Register 112
19.20.7Matrix USB Pad Pull-up Control Register 113
20 External Bus Interface (EBI) ................................................................ 115
20.1Overview .............................................................................................................115
20.2Block Diagram .....................................................................................................116
20.3I/O Lines Description ...........................................................................................117
20.4Application Example ............................................................................................118
20.5.1Hardware Interface 118
20.6.2Connection Examples 121
20.7Product Dependencies ........................................................................................121
20.8.1I/O Lines 121
20.9Functional Description .........................................................................................122
20.10.1Bus Multiplexing 122
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20.11.2Pull-up Control 122
20.12.3Static Memory Controller 122
20.13.4SDRAM Controller 122
20.14.5CompactFlash Support 122
20.15.6NAND Flash Support 127
21 Static Memory Controller (SMC) ......................................................... 131
21.1Description ..........................................................................................................131
21.2I/O Lines Description ...........................................................................................131
21.3Multiplexed Signals .............................................................................................131
21.4Application Example ............................................................................................132
21.5.1Hardware Interface 132
21.6Product Dependencies ........................................................................................132
21.7.1I/O Lines 132
21.8External Memory Mapping ..................................................................................133
21.9Connection to External Devices ..........................................................................133
21.10.1Data Bus Width 133
21.11.2Byte Write or Byte Select Access 133
21.12Standard Read and Write Protocols ..................................................................137
21.13.1Read Waveforms 138
21.14.2Read Mode 140
21.15.3Write Waveforms 142
21.16.4Write Mode 144
21.17.5Coding Timing Parameters 145
21.18.6Reset Values of Timing Parameters 146
21.19.7Usage Restriction 146
21.20Automatic Wait States .......................................................................................146
21.21.1Chip Select Wait States 146
21.22.2Early Read Wait State 147
21.23.3Reload User Configuration Wait State 149
21.24.4Read to Write Wait State 150
21.25Data Float Wait States ......................................................................................150
21.26.1READ_MODE 150
21.27.2TDF Optimization Enabled (TDF_MODE = 1) 152
21.28.3TDF Optimization Disabled (TDF_MODE = 0) 152
21.29External Wait .....................................................................................................154
21.30.1Restriction 154
21.31.2Frozen Mode 155
21.32.3Ready Mode 157
21.33.4NWAIT Latency and Read/write Timings 159
21.34Slow Clock Mode ...............................................................................................160
21.35.1Slow Clock Mode Waveforms 160
21.36.2Switching from (to) Slow Clock Mode to (from) Normal Mode 161
21.37Asynchronous Page Mode ................................................................................163
21.38.1Protocol and Timings in Page Mode 163
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21.39.2Byte Access Type in Page Mode 164
21.40.3Page Mode Restriction 164
21.41.4Sequential and Non-sequential Accesses 164
21.42Static Memory Controller (SMC) User Interface ................................................166
21.43.1SMC Setup Register 167
21.44.2SMC Pulse Register 168
21.45.3SMC Cycle Register 169
21.46.4SMC MODE Register 170
22 SDRAM Controller (HSDRAMC) .......................................................... 173
22.1Description ..........................................................................................................173
22.2I/O Lines Description ...........................................................................................173
22.3Application Example ............................................................................................173
22.4Software Interface ...............................................................................................173
22.5.132-bit Memory Data Bus Width 174
22.6.216-bit Memory Data Bus Width 175
22.7Product Dependencies ........................................................................................176
22.8.1SDRAM Device Initialization 176
22.9.2I/O Lines 177
22.10.3Interrupt 177
22.11Functional Description .......................................................................................177
22.12.1SDRAM Controller Write Cycle 177
22.13.2SDRAM Controller Read Cycle 178
22.14.3Border Management 179
22.15.4SDRAM Controller Refresh Cycles 180
22.16.5Power Management 181
22.17SDRAM Controller User Interface .....................................................................185
22.18.1SDRAMC Mode Register 186
22.19.2SDRAMC Refresh Timer Register 187
22.20.3SDRAMC Configuration Register 187
22.21.4SDRAMC High Speed Register 189
22.22.5SDRAMC Low Power Register 190
22.23.6SDRAMC Interrupt Enable Register 191
22.24.7SDRAMC Interrupt Disable Register 191
22.25.8SDRAMC Interrupt Mask Register 192
22.26.9SDRAMC Interrupt Status Register 192
22.27.10SDRAMC Memory Device Register 193
23 Peripheral DMA Controller (PDC) ....................................................... 195
23.1Description ..........................................................................................................195
23.2Block Diagram .....................................................................................................196
23.3Functional Description .........................................................................................196
23.4.1Configuration 196
23.5.2Memory Pointers 197
23.6.3Transfer Counters 197
23.7.4Data Transfers 198
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23.8.5PDC Flags and Peripheral Status Register 198
23.9Peripheral DMA Controller (PDC) User Interface ................................................199
23.10.1Receive Pointer Register 200
23.11.2Receive Counter Register 200
23.12.3Transmit Pointer Register 201
23.13.4Transmit Counter Register 201
23.14.5Receive Next Pointer Register 202
23.15.6Receive Next Counter Register 202
23.16.7Transmit Next Pointer Register 203
23.17.8Transmit Next Counter Register 203
23.18.9Transfer Control Register 204
23.19.10Transfer Status Register 205
24 Advanced Power Management Controller ......................................... 207
24.1Clock Generator ..................................................................................................207
24.2.1Description 207
24.3.2Slow Clock Crystal Oscillator 207
24.4.3Slow Clock RC Oscillator 207
24.5.4Main Oscillator 207
24.6.5Divider and PLL Block 209
24.7Power Management Controller (PMC) ................................................................212
24.8.1Description 212
24.9.2Master Clock Controller 212
24.10.3Processor Clock Controller 213
24.11.4USB Clock Controller 213
24.12.5Peripheral Clock Controller 214
24.13.6HClock Controller 214
24.14.7Programmable Clock Output Controller 214
24.15.8Programming Sequence 214
24.16.9Clock Switching Details 220
24.17.10Power Management Controller (PMC) User Interface 224
25 Advanced Interrupt Controller (AIC) .................................................. 241
25.1Description ..........................................................................................................241
25.2Block Diagram .....................................................................................................242
25.3.1Application Block Diagram 242
25.4.2AIC Detailed Block Diagram 242
25.5I/O Line Description .............................................................................................243
25.6Product Dependencies ........................................................................................243
25.7.1I/O Lines 243
25.8.2Power Management 243
25.9.3Interrupt Sources 243
25.10Functional Description .......................................................................................244
25.11.1Interrupt Source Control 244
25.12.2Interrupt Latencies 246
25.13.3Normal Interrupt 247
25.14.4Interrupt Handlers 248
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25.15.5Fast Interrupt 250
25.16.6Protect Mode 252
25.17.7Spurious Interrupt 253
25.18.8General Interrupt Mask 253
25.19Advanced Interrupt Controller (AIC) User Interface ...........................................254
25.20.1Base Address 254
25.21.2Register Mapping 254
25.22.3AIC Source Mode Register 255
25.23.4AIC Source Vector Register 256
25.24.5AIC Interrupt Vector Register 256
25.25.6AIC FIQ Vector Register 257
25.26.7AIC Interrupt Status Register 257
25.27.8AIC Interrupt Pending Register 258
25.28.9AIC Interrupt Mask Register 258
25.29.10AIC Core Interrupt Status Register 259
25.30.11AIC Interrupt Enable Command Register 259
25.31.12AIC Interrupt Disable Command Register 260
25.32.13AIC Interrupt Clear Command Register 260
25.33.14AIC Interrupt Set Command Register 261
25.34.15AIC End of Interrupt Command Register 261
25.35.16AIC Spurious Interrupt Vector Register 262
25.36.17AIC Debug Control Register 262
25.37.18AIC Fast Forcing Enable Register 263
25.38.19AIC Fast Forcing Disable Register 263
25.39.20AIC Fast Forcing Status Register 264
26 Debug Unit (DBGU) .............................................................................. 265
26.1Description ..........................................................................................................265
26.2Block Diagram .....................................................................................................266
26.3Product Dependencies ........................................................................................267
26.4.1I/O Lines 267
26.5.2Power Management 267
26.6.3Interrupt Source 267
26.7UART Operations ................................................................................................267
26.8.1Baud Rate Generator 267
26.9.2Receiver 268
26.10.3Start Detection and Data Sampling 268
26.11.4Transmitter 270
26.12.5Peripheral Data Controller 271
26.13.6Test Modes 272
26.14.7Debug Communication Channel Support 272
26.15.8Chip Identifier 273
26.16ICE Access Prevention ......................................................................................273
26.17Debug Unit User Interface ................................................................................274
26.18.1Debug Unit Control Register 275
26.19.2Debug Unit Mode Register 276
26.20.3Debug Unit Interrupt Enable Register 277
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26.21.4Debug Unit Interrupt Disable Register 278
26.22.5Debug Unit Interrupt Mask Register 279
26.23.6Debug Unit Status Register 280
26.24.7Debug Unit Receiver Holding Register 282
26.25.8Debug Unit Transmit Holding Register 282
26.26.9Debug Unit Baud Rate Generator Register 283
26.27.10Debug Unit Chip ID Register 284
26.28.11Debug Unit Chip ID Extension Register 287
26.29Debug Unit Force NTRST Register ...................................................................287
27 Parallel Input/Output Controller (PIO) ................................................ 289
27.1Description ..........................................................................................................289
27.2Block Diagram .....................................................................................................290
27.3Product Dependencies ........................................................................................291
27.4.1Pin Multiplexing 291
27.5.2External Interrupt Lines 291
27.6.3Power Management 291
27.7.4Interrupt Generation 291
27.8Functional Description .........................................................................................292
27.9.1Pull-up Resistor Control 293
27.10.2I/O Line or Peripheral Function Selection 293
27.11.3Peripheral A or B Selection 293
27.12.4Output Control 293
27.13.5Synchronous Data Output 294
27.14.6Multi Drive Control (Open Drain) 294
27.15.7Output Line Timings 294
27.16.8Inputs 295
27.17.9Input Glitch Filtering 295
27.18.10Input Change Interrupt 296
27.19I/O Lines Programming Example ......................................................................296
27.20User Interface ....................................................................................................297
27.21.1PIO Controller PIO Enable Register 300
27.22.2PIO Controller PIO Disable Register 300
27.23.3PIO Controller PIO Status Register 301
27.24.4PIO Controller Output Enable Register 301
27.25.5PIO Controller Output Disable Register 302
27.26.6PIO Controller Output Status Register 302
27.27.7PIO Controller Input Filter Enable Register 303
27.28.8PIO Controller Input Filter Disable Register 303
27.29.9PIO Controller Input Filter Status Register 304
27.30.10PIO Controller Set Output Data Register 304
27.31.11PIO Controller Clear Output Data Register 305
27.32.12PIO Controller Output Data Status Register 305
27.33.13PIO Controller Pin Data Status Register 306
27.34.14PIO Controller Interrupt Enable Register 306
27.35.15PIO Controller Interrupt Disable Register 307
27.36.16PIO Controller Interrupt Mask Register 307
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27.37.17PIO Controller Interrupt Status Register 308
27.38.18PIO Multi-driver Enable Register 308
27.39.19PIO Multi-driver Disable Register 309
27.40.20PIO Multi-driver Status Register 309
27.41.21PIO Pull Up Disable Register 310
27.42.22PIO Pull Up Enable Register 310
27.43.23PIO Pull Up Status Register 311
27.44.24PIO Peripheral A Select Register 311
27.45.25PIO Peripheral B Select Register 312
27.46.26PIO Peripheral A B Status Register 312
27.47.27PIO Output Write Enable Register 313
27.48.28PIO Output Write Disable Register 313
27.49.29PIO Output Write Status Register 314
28 Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) ......................................................... 315
28.1Description ..........................................................................................................315
28.2Block Diagram .....................................................................................................316
28.3Application Block Diagram ..................................................................................317
28.4Signal Description ..............................................................................................317
28.5Product Dependencies ........................................................................................317
28.6.1I/O Lines 317
28.7.2Power Management 317
28.8.3Interrupt 318
28.9Functional Description .........................................................................................318
28.10.1Modes of Operation 318
28.11.2Data Transfer 319
28.12.3Master Mode Operations 320
28.13.4SPI Slave Mode 328
28.14Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) User Interface ................................................329
28.15.1SPI Control Register 330
28.16.2SPI Mode Register 331
28.17.3SPI Receive Data Register 332
28.18.4SPI Transmit Data Register 334
28.19.5SPI Status Register 335
28.20.6SPI Interrupt Enable Register 337
28.21.7SPI Interrupt Disable Register 338
28.22.8SPI Interrupt Mask Register 339
28.23.9SPI Chip Select Register 340
29 Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART)
343
29.1Description ..........................................................................................................343
29.2Block Diagram .....................................................................................................344
29.3Application Block Diagram ..................................................................................345
29.4I/O Lines Description ..........................................................................................345
515
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29.5Product Dependencies ........................................................................................346
29.6.1I/O Lines 346
29.7.2Power Management 346
29.8.3Interrupt 346
29.9Functional Description .........................................................................................347
29.10.1Baud Rate Generator 347
29.11.2Receiver and Transmitter Control 352
29.12.3Synchronous and Asynchronous Modes 352
29.13.4ISO7816 Mode 369
29.14.5IrDA Mode 371
29.15.6RS485 Mode 374
29.16.7Modem Mode 375
29.17.8Test Modes 375
29.18USART User Interface ......................................................................................378
29.19.1USART Control Register 379
29.20.2USART Mode Register 381
29.21.3USART Interrupt Enable Register 384
29.22.4USART Interrupt Disable Register 385
29.23.5USART Interrupt Mask Register 386
29.24.6USART Channel Status Register 387
29.25.7USART Receive Holding Register 390
29.26.8USART Transmit Holding Register 390
29.27.9USART Baud Rate Generator Register 391
29.28.10USART Receiver Time-out Register 392
29.29.11USART Transmitter Timeguard Register 392
29.30.12USART FI DI RATIO Register 393
29.31.13USART Number of Errors Register 393
29.32.14USART Manchester Configuration Register 394
29.33.15USART IrDA FILTER Register 395
30 Timer/Counter (TC) .............................................................................. 397
30.1Description ..........................................................................................................397
30.2Block Diagram .....................................................................................................398
30.3Pin Name List ......................................................................................................399
30.4Product Dependencies ........................................................................................399
30.5.1I/O Lines 399
30.6.2Power Management 399
30.7.3Interrupt 399
30.8Functional Description .........................................................................................400
30.9.1TC Description 400
30.10.216-bit Counter 400
30.11.3Clock Selection 400
30.12.4Clock Control 402
30.13.5TC Operating Modes 402
30.14.6Trigger 402
30.15.7Capture Operating Mode 403
30.16.8Capture Registers A and B 403
516
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30.17.9Trigger Conditions 403
30.18.10Waveform Operating Mode 405
30.19.11Waveform Selection 405
30.20.12External Event/Trigger Conditions 412
30.21.13Output Controller 412
30.22Timer Counter (TC) User Interface ....................................................................413
30.23.1TC Block Control Register 414
30.24.2TC Block Mode Register 414
30.25.3TC Channel Control Register 415
30.26.4TC Channel Mode Register: Capture Mode 416
30.27.5TC Channel Mode Register: Waveform Mode 418
30.28.6TC Counter Value Register 421
30.29.7TC Register A 422
30.30.8TC Register B 422
30.31.9TC Register C 423
30.32.10TC Status Register 423
30.33.11TC Interrupt Enable Register 425
30.34.12TC Interrupt Disable Register 426
30.35.13TC Interrupt Mask Register 427
31 USB Device Port (UDP) ........................................................................ 429
31.1Description ..........................................................................................................429
31.2Block Diagram .....................................................................................................430
31.3Product Dependencies ........................................................................................431
31.4.1I/O Lines 431
31.5.2Power Management 431
31.6.3Interrupt 431
31.7Typical Connection ..............................................................................................432
31.8.1USB Device Transceiver 432
31.9.2VBUS Monitoring 432
31.10Functional Description .......................................................................................433
31.11.1USB V2.0 Full-speed Introduction 433
31.12.2Handling Transactions with USB V2.0 Device Peripheral 435
31.13.3Controlling Device States 443
31.14USB Device Port (UDP) User Interface .............................................................447
31.15.1UDP Frame Number Register 448
31.16.2UDP Global State Register 449
31.17.3UDP Function Address Register 450
31.18.4UDP Interrupt Enable Register 451
31.19.5UDP Interrupt Disable Register 452
31.20.6UDP Interrupt Mask Register 453
31.21.7UDP Interrupt Status Register 455
31.22.8UDP Interrupt Clear Register 457
31.23.9UDP Reset Endpoint Register 458
31.24.10UDP Endpoint Control and Status Register 459
31.25.11UDP FIFO Data Register 464
31.26.12UDP Transceiver Control Register 465
517
8549A–CAP–10/08
32 Analog-to-digital Converter (ADC) ..................................................... 467
32.1Description ..........................................................................................................467
32.2Block Diagram .....................................................................................................467
32.3Signal Description ...............................................................................................468
32.4Product Dependencies ........................................................................................468
32.5.1Power Management 468
32.6.2Interrupt Sources 468
32.7.3Analog Inputs 468
32.8.4I/O Lines 468
32.9.5Timer Triggers 468
32.10.6Conversion Performances 468
32.11Functional Description .......................................................................................468
32.12.1Analog-to-digital Conversion 468
32.13.2Conversion Reference 469
32.14.3Conversion Resolution 469
32.15.4Conversion Results 470
32.16.5Conversion Triggers 471
32.17.6Sleep Mode and Conversion Sequencer 472
32.18.7ADC Timings 472
32.19Analog-to-digital Converter (ADC) User Interface .............................................473
32.20.1ADC Control Register 474
32.21.2ADC Mode Register 474
32.22.3ADC Channel Enable Register 476
32.23.4ADC Channel Disable Register 476
32.24.5ADC Channel Status Register 477
32.25.6ADC Status Register 477
32.26.7ADC Last Converted Data Register 478
32.27.8ADC Interrupt Enable Register 478
32.28.9ADC Interrupt Disable Register 479
32.29.10ADC Interrupt Mask Register 480
32.30.11ADC Channel Data Register 480
33 AT91CAP7E Electrical Characteristics .............................................. 481
33.1Absolute Maximum Ratings .................................................................................481
33.2DC Characteristics ..............................................................................................481
33.3Power Consumption ............................................................................................482
33.4.1Power Consumption versus Modes 482
33.532 kHz Crystal Oscillator Characteristics ............................................................484
33.612 MHz Main Oscillator Characteristics ...............................................................485
33.7PLLA Characteristics ...........................................................................................486
33.8PLLB Characteristics ...........................................................................................486
33.9USB Transceiver Characteristics .........................................................................487
33.10.1Electrical Characteristics 487
33.11.2Switching Characteristics 487
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33.12ADC ..................................................................................................................489
33.13Timings ..............................................................................................................490
33.14.1Corner Definition 490
33.15.2Processor Clock 490
33.16.3Maximum Speed of the I/Os 490
33.17.4SMC Timings 491
33.18.5SDRAMC Timings 495
33.19.6SPI 496
34 AT91CAP7E Mechanical Characteristics ........................................... 499
34.1Thermal Considerations ......................................................................................499
34.2.1Thermal Data 499
34.3.2Junction Temperature 499
34.4Package Drawings ..............................................................................................500
35 AT91CAP7E Ordering Information ..................................................... 501
36 Revision History ................................................................................... 503
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8549A–CAP–10/08
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