LM4431
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SNVS103C – JUNE 2000 – REVISED APRIL 2013
LM4431 Micropower Shunt Voltage Reference
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FEATURES
DESCRIPTION
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Ideal for space critical applications, the LM4431
voltage reference is available in the sub-miniature
(3 mm x 1.3 mm) SOT-23 surface-mount package.
The LM4431's advanced design eliminates the need
for an external stabilizing capacitor while ensuring
stability with any capacitive load, thus making the
LM4431 easy to use. The operating current range is
100 μA to 15 mA.
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Small Package: SOT-23
No Output Capacitor Required
Tolerates Capacitive Loads
Fixed Reverse Breakdown Voltage of 2.50V
APPLICATIONS
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Portable, Battery-Powered Equipment
Data Acquisition Systems
Instrumentation
Process Control
Energy Management
Product Testing
Power Supplies
The LM4431 utilizes fuse and zener-zap reverse
breakdown voltage trim during wafer sort to ensure
that the parts have an accuracy of better than ±2.0%
at 25°C. Bandgap reference temperature drift
curvature correction and low dynamic impedance
ensure stable reverse breakdown voltage accuracy
over a wide range of operating temperatures and
currents.
KEY SPECIFICATIONS
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Output Voltage Tolerance: 25°C: ±2.0% (Max)
Low Output Noise (10 Hz to 10 kHz): 35 μVrms
(Typ)
Wide Operating Current Range: 100 μA to 15
mA
Commercial Temperature Range: 0 to +70 °C
Low Temperature Coefficient: 30 ppm/°C (Typ)
Connection Diagram
Top View
* This pin must be left floating or connected to pin 2.
Figure 1. SOT-23 Package
See Package Number DBZ0003A
These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam
during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates.
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Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date.
Products conform to specifications per the terms of the Texas
Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not
necessarily include testing of all parameters.
Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated
LM4431
SNVS103C – JUNE 2000 – REVISED APRIL 2013
www.ti.com
Absolute Maximum Ratings (1) (2)
Reverse Current
20 mA
Forward Current
10 mA
Power Dissipation (TA = 25°C) (3)
DBZ0003A Package
−65°C to +150°C
Storage Temperature
Lead Temperature
DBZ0003A Package
ESD Susceptibility
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
306 mW
Vapor phase (60 seconds)
+215°C
Infrared (15 seconds)
+220°C
Human Body Model (4)
2 kV
Machine Model
(4)
200V
Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for
which the device is functional, but do not ensure specific performance limits. For ensured specifications and test conditions, see the
Electrical Characteristics. The specified specifications apply only for the test conditions listed. Some performance characteristics may
degrade when the device is not operated under the listed test conditions.
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the Texas Instruments Sales Office/Distributors for availability and
specifications.
The maximum power dissipation must be derated at elevated temperatures and is dictated by TJmax (maximum junction temperature),
θJA (junction to ambient thermal resistance), and TA (ambient temperature). The maximum allowable power dissipation at any
temperature is PDmax = (TJmax − TA)/θJA or the number given in the Absolute Maximum Ratings, whichever is lower. For the LM4431,
TJmax = 125°C, and the typical thermal resistance (θJA), when board mounted, is 326°C/W for the SOT-23 package.
The human body model is a 100 pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5 kΩ resistor into each pin. The machine model is a 200 pF
capacitor discharged directly into each pin.
Operating Ratings (1) (2)
Temperature Range (Tmin ≤ TA ≤ Tmax)
Reverse Current
(1)
(2)
2
0°C ≤ TA ≤ +70°C
LM4431-2.5
100 μA to 15 mA
Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for
which the device is functional, but do not ensure specific performance limits. For ensured specifications and test conditions, see the
Electrical Characteristics. The specified specifications apply only for the test conditions listed. Some performance characteristics may
degrade when the device is not operated under the listed test conditions.
The maximum power dissipation must be derated at elevated temperatures and is dictated by TJmax (maximum junction temperature),
θJA (junction to ambient thermal resistance), and TA (ambient temperature). The maximum allowable power dissipation at any
temperature is PDmax = (TJmax − TA)/θJA or the number given in the Absolute Maximum Ratings, whichever is lower. For the LM4431,
TJmax = 125°C, and the typical thermal resistance (θJA), when board mounted, is 326°C/W for the SOT-23 package.
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LM4431
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SNVS103C – JUNE 2000 – REVISED APRIL 2013
LM4431-2.5 Electrical Characteristics
Boldface limits apply for TA = TJ = TMIN to TMAX; all other limits TA = TJ = 25°C.
Symbol
VR
IRMIN
Parameter
Conditions
Reverse Breakdown Voltage
IR = 100 μA
Reverse Breakdown VoltageTolerance
IR = 100 μA
Average Reverse Breakdown Voltage
Temperature Coefficient
ΔVR/ΔIR
Reverse Breakdown Voltage Change
with Operating Current Change
LM4431M3
Limits (2)
Units
(Limit)
±50
mV (max)
2.500
V
μA
45
Minimum Operating Current
ΔVR/ΔT
Typical (1)
100
μA (max)
IR = 10 mA
±30
ppm/°C
IR = 1 mA
±30
ppm/°C
IR = 100 μA
±30
ppm/°C
IRMIN ≤ IR ≤ 1 mA
0.4
1 mA ≤ IR ≤ 15 mA
mV
1.0
mV (max)
1.2
mV (max)
8.0
mV (max)
25
mV (max)
2.5
mV
ZR
Reverse Dynamic Impedance
IR = 1 mA, f = 120 Hz,
IAC = 0.1 IR
1.0
Ω
eN
Wideband Noise
IR = 100 μA,
10 Hz ≤ f ≤ 10 kHz
35
μVrms
120
ppm
ΔVR
t = 1000 hrs
Reverse Breakdown Voltage Long Term
Stability
T = 25°C ±0.1°C
IR = 100 μA
(1)
(2)
Typicals are at TJ = 25°C and represent most likely parametric norm.
Limits are 100% production tested at 25°C. Limits over temperature are ensured through correlation using Statistical Quality Control
(SQC) methods. The limits are used to calculate AOQL.
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LM4431
SNVS103C – JUNE 2000 – REVISED APRIL 2013
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Typical Performance Characteristics
Temperature Drift for Different
Average Temperature Coefficient
Output Impedance
vs Frequency
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Reverse Characteristics and
Minimum Operating Current
Noise Voltage
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Start-Up Characteristics
Figure 6. Test Circuit
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Figure 7. LM4431-2.5, RS = 30k
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SNVS103C – JUNE 2000 – REVISED APRIL 2013
Functional Block Diagram
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
The LM4431 is a micro-power curvature-corrected 2.5V bandgap shunt voltage reference. For space critical
applications, the LM4431 is available in the sub-miniature SOT-23 surface-mount package. The LM4431 has
been designed for stable operation without the need of an external capacitor connected between the “+” pin and
the “−” pin. If, however, a bypass capacitor is used, the LM4431 remains stable. The operating current range is
100 μA to 15 mA.
The LM4431's SOT-23 package has a parasitic Schottky diode between pin 2 (−) and pin 3 (Die attach interface
contact). Therefore, pin 3 of the SOT-23 package must be left floating or connected to pin 2.
In a conventional shunt regulator application (Figure 8), an external series resistor (RS) is connected between the
supply voltage and the LM4431. RS determines the current that flows through the load (IL) and the LM4431 (IQ).
Since load current and supply voltage may vary, RS should be small enough to supply at least the minimum
acceptable IQ to the LM4431 even when the supply voltage is at its minimum and the load current is at its
maximum value. When the supply voltage is at its maximum and IL is at its minimum, RS should be large enough
so that the current flowing through the LM4431 is less than 15 mA.
RS is determined by the supply voltage, (VS), the load and operating current, (IL and IQ), and the LM4431's
reverse breakdown voltage, VR.
(1)
Typical Applications
Figure 8. Shunt Regulator
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LM4431
SNVS103C – JUNE 2000 – REVISED APRIL 2013
www.ti.com
Figure 9. Bounded amplifier reduces saturation-induced delays
and can prevent succeeding stage damage.
Nominal clamping voltage is ±3.9V (LM4431’s reverse breakdown voltage +2 diode VF).
Figure 10. Protecting Op Amp input.
The bounding voltage is ±4V with the LM4431 (LM4431’s reverse breakdown voltage + 3 diode VF).
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LM4431
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SNVS103C – JUNE 2000 – REVISED APRIL 2013
Figure 11. Programmable Current Source
Figure 12. Precision 1 μA to 1 mA Current Sources
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LM4431
SNVS103C – JUNE 2000 – REVISED APRIL 2013
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REVISION HISTORY
Changes from Revision B (April 2013) to Revision C
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Changed layout of National Data Sheet to TI format ............................................................................................................ 7
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PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
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30-Sep-2021
PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device
Status
(1)
Package Type Package Pins Package
Drawing
Qty
Eco Plan
(2)
Lead finish/
Ball material
MSL Peak Temp
Op Temp (°C)
Device Marking
(3)
(4/5)
(6)
LM4431M3-2.5
NRND
SOT-23
DBZ
3
1000
Non-RoHS
& Green
Call TI
Level-1-260C-UNLIM
0 to 70
S2E
LM4431M3-2.5/NOPB
ACTIVE
SOT-23
DBZ
3
1000
RoHS & Green
SN
Level-1-260C-UNLIM
0 to 70
S2E
LM4431M3X-2.5/NOPB
ACTIVE
SOT-23
DBZ
3
3000
RoHS & Green
SN
Level-1-260C-UNLIM
0 to 70
S2E
(1)
The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2)
RoHS: TI defines "RoHS" to mean semiconductor products that are compliant with the current EU RoHS requirements for all 10 RoHS substances, including the requirement that RoHS substance
do not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, "RoHS" products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes. TI may
reference these types of products as "Pb-Free".
RoHS Exempt: TI defines "RoHS Exempt" to mean products that contain lead but are compliant with EU RoHS pursuant to a specific EU RoHS exemption.
Green: TI defines "Green" to mean the content of Chlorine (Cl) and Bromine (Br) based flame retardants meet JS709B low halogen requirements of