TPA2100P1
YZH
www.ti.com ........................................................................................................................................................................................... SLOS595 – DECEMBER 2008
19-VPP Mono Class-D Audio Amplifier for Piezo/Ceramic Speakers
FEATURES
1
• 19 VPP Output Load Voltage From a 2.5 V
Supply
• Integrated DC-DC Converter Generates 10 V
Supply
• No External Schottky Diode Required
• Integrated Audio Input Low-Pass Filter
• Small Boost Converter Inductor
• Supply Voltage Range From 2.5 V to 5.5 V
• Selectable Gain of 12 dB, 16 dB, and 24 dB
• Independent Shutdown Control for the Boost
Converter and the Audio Amplifier
• Fast Startup Time: 8 ms
• Low Supply Current: 5.5 mA
• Low Shutdown Current: < 1 µA
• Short-Circuit and Thermal Protection
• Space Saving Package
– 2,1 mm × 2,1 mm NanoFree™ WCSP (YZH)
DESCRIPTION
APPLICATIONS
The TPA2100P1 (TPA2100) has three gain modes of
12 dB, 16 dB, and 24 dB. The TPA2100P1
(TPA2100) provides thermal and short circuit
protection on the boost converter and the Class-D
audio amplifier. The TPA2100P1 (TPA2100) is
available in a 16-ball 2,1 mm × 2,1 mm WCSP
package. The TPA2100P1 (TPA2100) requires only
one small external inductor for operation.
2
•
•
•
•
•
The TPA2100P1 (sometimes referred to as TPA2100)
is a mono, Class-D audio power amplifier with
integrated DC-DC converter designed for piezo and
ceramic speakers. The TPA2100P1 (TPA2100) is
capable of driving a ceramic / piezo speaker with
19 VPP (6.7 VRMS) from a 2.5 V power supply at less
than 1% THD+N.
The DC-DC converter operates at a fixed frequency
of 1.2 MHz. The TPA2100P1 (TPA2100) DC-DC
converter provides a 10 V supply with a minimum
number of external components. The DC-DC
converter can be used to drive other components that
require a 10 V supply voltage (note: audio signal
must be present for proper functionality of boost
converter).
The TPA2100P1 (TPA2100) features an integrated
audio low pass filter that rejects high frequency noise
(CODEC out-of-band and RF noise) thus improving
audio fidelity.
Wireless or Cellular Handsets
Portable DVD Player
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
Electronic Dictionaries
Digital Still Cameras
4.7 mH
10 nF
VIN
2.5 V to
5.5 V
10 mF
Vdd
SW
BST VccOUT
VccIN
10 mF
Analog
Baseband
or
CODEC
C IN
OUT+
IN1 mF
5 ~ 10 W
IN+
Piezo Speaker
0.1 ~ 2 mF
OUT-
C IN
Digital
BaseBand
5 ~ 10 W
Vref
GAIN
1 mF
SD
SDa
GND
GND
1
2
Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of Texas
Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.
NanoFree is a trademark of Texas Instruments.
PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date.
Products conform to specifications per the terms of the Texas
Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not
necessarily include testing of all parameters.
Copyright © 2008, Texas Instruments Incorporated
TPA2100P1
SLOS595 – DECEMBER 2008 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... www.ti.com
These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam
during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates.
DEVICE PINOUT
YZH wcsp) package
(TOP VIEW)
VccIN VccOUT
SW
GND
A1
A2
A3
A4
OUT+
GAIN
BST
Vdd
B1
B2
B3
B4
OUT–
Vref
SDa
GND
C1
C2
C3
C4
GND
IN–
IN+
SD
D1
D2
D3
D4
PIN FUNCTIONS
PIN
Name
WCSP
I/O/P
DESCRIPTION
IN+
D3
I
Positive Differential Audio Input
IN–
D2
I
Negative Differential Audio Input
SDa
C3
I
Audio Amplifier Shutdown
GAIN
B2
I
Gain Selection (tri-state input)
SD
D4
I
Device Shutdown
Vref
C2
O
Internal Analog Supply (Do not connect to external supply/circuit)
OUT+
B1
O
Positive Differential Audio Output
OUT–
C1
O
Negative Differential Audio Output
BST
B3
O
Reference Voltage for Boost Converter
VDD
B4
P
Power Supply
VCCOUT
A2
P
DC-DC Converter Output Voltage
VCCIN
A1
P
Audio Amplifier Power Supply
SW
A3
P
Boost and Rectifying Switch Input
A4, C4,D1
P
Ground
GND
2
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ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (1)
Over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)
VI
VALUE
UNIT
Supply voltage, VDD
–0.3 to 6.0
V
Amplifier supply voltage, VccOUT, VccIN
–0.3 to 12.0
V
–0.3 to VDD + 0.3
V
Input voltage, IN-, IN+, SDa, SD, GAIN
Output continuous total power dissipation
See Dissipation Rating
Table
TA
Operating free-air temperature range
–40 to 85
°C
TJ
Operating junction temperature range
–40 to 150
°C
Tstg
Storage temperature range
–65 to 150
°C
2
kV
ESD Protection — HBM (All Pins)
(1)
Stresses beyond those listed under absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings
only, and functional operations of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under recommended operating
conditions is not implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
DISSIPATION RATINGS (1)
(1)
PACKAGE
TA ≤ 25°C
DERATING FACTOR
TA = 70°C
TA = 85°C
16-ball WCSP (YZH)
1.66 W
13.3 mW/°C
1.06 W
0.86 W
Dissipation ratings are for a 2-side, 2-plane board JEDEC high K board.
AVAILABLE OPTIONS
TA
–40°C to 85°C
(1)
(2)
PACKAGED DEVICES (1)
16-ball WCSP, 2,1mm × 2,1 mm (+ 0,01 / –0,09 mm)
PART NUMBER (2)
TPA2100P1YZHR
TPA2100P1YZHT
SYMBOL
CEH
For the most current package and ordering information see the Package Option Addendum at the end of this document, or see the TI
website at www.ti.com.
The YZH package is only available taped and reeled. The suffix "R" indicates a reel of 3000; the suffix "T" indicates a reel of 250.
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RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS
MIN
MAX
UNIT
Supply voltage
VDD
2.5
5.5
V
Output voltage range
VccIN, VccOUT
9.5
10.5
V
VIH
High-level input voltage
SD, SDa
1.3
VIL
Low-level input voltage
SD, SDa
0.6
V
IIH
High-level input current
SD, SDa, VDD = 2.5 V to 5.5 V
1
µA
IIL
Low-level input current
SD, SDa, VDD = 2.5 V to 5.5 V
1
µA
fOSC
Oscillator frequency
1.1
1.3
MHz
TA
Operating free-air temperature
–40
85
°C
UNIT
V
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TA = 25°C, SD ≥ 1.3 V, GAIN = 12 dB, LOAD = 10 Ω +1 µF + 33 µH (unless otherwise noted)
PARAMETER
VDD
Supply voltage range
ISD
Shutdown quiescent current
IDD
Supply current
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
2.5
3.6
5.5
V
0.5
1
µA
VDD = 3.0 V
6
9
VDD = 3.6 V
5.5
8
VDD = 5.5 V
4
5
SD ≤ 0.35 V, VDD = 2.5 V to 5.5 V
mA
fSW
Class-D switching frequency
250
300
350
kHz
fBOOST
Boost converter switching frequency
1.1
1.2
1.3
MHz
POR
Power on reset on threshold
2.2
V
POR
Power on reset hysteresis
0.2
V
CMR
Input common mode range
VIN = ±100 mV, VDD = 2.5 V
0.5
2.0
VIN = ±100 mV, VDD = 3.6 V
0.5
2.7
VIN = ±100 mV, VDD = 5.5 V
0.5
2.7
VOOS
Output offset voltage
VDD = 3.6 V, Av = 12 dB, inputs ac
grounded
ZOUT
Output Impedance in shutdown mode
SD ≤ 0.35 V
AV
Gain
4
1.4
5
2
mV
kΩ
GAIN ≤ 0.35 V
11.3
11.8
12.3
0.7 V ≤ GAIN ≤ 1 V
15.5
16
16.5
GAIN ≥ 1.35 V
23.5
24
24.5
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V
dB
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OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
TA = 25°C, VDD = 3.6 V, SD = SDa = 1.3 V, Gain = 12 dB, Load = 10 Ω + 1 µF + 22 µH (unless otherwise noted)
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
VOUTMAX
Maximum output voltage
swing
THD+N = 1%, Vdd = 3.0 V, L = 4.7 µH,
fAUD_IN ≤ 10 kHz
THD+N
Total harmonic distortion plus
noise
fAUD_IN = 1 kHz; VOUT = 10 to 18 VP-P
kSVR
Supply ripple rejection ratio
200 mVPP supply ripple at 217 Hz
CMRR
Input common mode rejection
ZIN
Input impedance
SNR
Signal to noise ratio
tON
Start up time (Class-D and
Boost converter)
TYP
MAX
19
UNIT
VPP
0.07%
–100
dB
RL = 8 Ω, Vicm = 0.5V and Vicm = Vdd – 0.8 V,
differential inputs shorted
–60
dB
Av = 12 dB
23.2
Av = 16 dB
18.5
Av = 24 dB
10
f = 20 to 20 kHz, VOUT = 6 VRMS, Av = 12 dB,
A-weighted
94
2.5 V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.5 V, no turn-on pop, CIN ≤ 1 µF
kΩ
dB
8
ms
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TA = 25°C, VDD = 3.6 V, Gain = 12 dB, CIN = 1 µF, LBOOST = 4.7 µH, CBOOST = 10 µF, SD = SDa = 3.6 V,
Load = 10 Ω + 1 µF + 22 µH (unless otherwise noted)
QUIESCENT SUPPLY CURRENT
vs
SUPPLY VOLTAGE
AVERAGE POWER CONSUMPTION
vs
AUDIO DRIVER TYPE
0.40
10
Gain = 12 dB
SD = SDa = 2 V
Average Power Consumption − W
IDD − Quiescent Supply Current − mA
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
Pop
Ringtone
Disco
0.30
Classical
News − Intro
0.25
News − Interview
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
1
0
2.5
0.35
VDD = 3.6 V
Load = Piezo Speaker
VO = 14 Vpp Max.
0.00
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
VDD − Supply Voltage − V
5.5
Class-ABw.
Dynamic
Figure 1.
Class-AB w.
Piezo A
Class-D w.
Dynamic
TPA2100P1 w.
Piezo A
Figure 2.
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TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
TA = 25°C, VDD = 3.6 V, Gain = 12 dB, CIN = 1 µF, LBOOST = 4.7 µH, CBOOST = 10 µF, SD = SDa = 3.6 V,
Load = 10 Ω + 1 µF + 22 µH (unless otherwise noted)
TOTAL SUPPLY INPUT POWER
vs
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
TOTAL SUPPLY CURRENT
vs
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
100
0.25
Frequency = 1 kHz
90
0.20
0.15
IDD − Total Supply Current − mA
PSUP - Total Supply Power − W
Frequency = 1 kHz
VDD = 5.5 V
0.10
VDD = 3.6 V
0.05
80
70
60
VDD = 2.5 V
50
40
30
20
VDD = 3.6 V
VDD = 2.5 V
10
VDD = 5.5 V
0.00
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
VO − Output Voltage − Vrms
5
6
7
VO − Output Voltage − Vrms
Figure 4.
OUTPUT VOLTAGE DRIVE
vs
FREQUENCY
OUTPUT VOLTAGE DRIVE
vs
FREQUENCY
10
THD = 10% @ 1 kHz
THD = 1% @ 1 kHz
8
7
6
VDD = 5.5 V
VDD = 5.5 V
9
VDD = 3.6 V
5
VDD = 2.5 V
4
3
2
VO − Output Voltage Drive − Vrms
9
VO − Output Voltage Drive − Vrms
4
Figure 3.
10
8
7
VDD = 3.6 V
6
5
VDD = 2.5 V
4
3
2
1
1
0
20
100
1k
10k 20k
0
20
100
1k
10k 20k
f − Frequency − Hz
f − Frequency − Hz
Figure 5.
6
3
Figure 6.
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TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
TA = 25°C, VDD = 3.6 V, Gain = 12 dB, CIN = 1 µF, LBOOST = 4.7 µH, CBOOST = 10 µF, SD = SDa = 3.6 V,
Load = 10 Ω + 1 µF + 22 µH (unless otherwise noted)
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION + NOISE
vs
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION + NOISE
vs
FREQUENCY
10
THD+N − Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise − %
THD+N − Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise − %
100
Frequency = 1 kHz
10
VDD = 2.5 V
1
VDD = 5.5 V
0.1
VDD = 3.6 V
0.01
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
VDD = 2.5 V
VO = 6 Vrms
1
VO = 2 Vrms
0.1
VO = 4 Vrms
0.01
20
8
100
1k
VO − Output Voltage − Vrms
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION + NOISE
vs
FREQUENCY
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION + NOISE
vs
FREQUENCY
10
VDD = 3.6 V
1
VO = 2 Vrms
VO = 4 Vrms
0.1
VO = 6 Vrms
100
1k
10k 20k
THD+N − Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise − %
THD+N − Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise − %
10
0.01
20
10k 20k
f − Frequency − Hz
VDD = 5.5 V
1
VO = 2 Vrms
VO = 4 Vrms
0.1
VO = 6 Vrms
0.01
20
100
1k
f − Frequency − Hz
f − Frequency − Hz
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
10k 20k
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TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
TA = 25°C, VDD = 3.6 V, Gain = 12 dB, CIN = 1 µF, LBOOST = 4.7 µH, CBOOST = 10 µF, SD = SDa = 3.6 V,
Load = 10 Ω + 1 µF + 22 µH (unless otherwise noted)
SUPPLY RIPPLE REJECTION RATIO
vs
FREQUENCY
GAIN AND PHASE
vs
FREQUENCY
30
50
VRIPPLE = 200 mVpp
40
25
−40
−50
−60
−70
−80
VDD = 3.6 V
−90
0
−20
10
Gain = 12 dB
Phase @ Gain = 16 dB
f − Frequency − Hz
Figure 12.
STARTUP WAVEFORMS
vs
TIME
TOTAL SUPPLY INPUT POWER AND OUTPUT VOLTAGE
vs
INPUT VOLTAGE
0.10
12
VDD = 3.6 V
0.09
13
VDD = 3.6 V
PSUP - Total Supply Power − W
11
9
V − Voltage − V
VCC
7
SD and SDa
VO
3
1
−1
10
0.08
Supply Input Power
0.07
8
0.06
0.05
6
Output Voltage
0.04
4
0.03
0.02
2
0.01
−3
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.00
0.0
t − Time − ms
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0
2.5
VI − Input Voltage − mVrms
Figure 13.
8
−60
10k 20k
1k
Figure 11.
5
−40
−50
100
f − Frequency − Hz
−30
Phase @ Gain = 12 dB
CI = 1 mF
VI = 100 mVrms
0
20
10k 20k
10
−10
VDD = 5.5 V
1k
Gain = 16 dB
15
−100
100
20
Phase @ Gain = 24 dB
20
5
−110
20
30
Phase −°
−30
VO − Output Voltage − mVrms
−20
Gain = 24 dB
Closed-Loop Response − dB
Ksvr − Supply Ripple Rejection Ratio − dB
−10
Figure 14.
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APPLICATION INFORMATION
The TPA2100P1 consists of a boost converter and a Class-D amplifier. The boost converter takes a low supply
voltage, VDD, and increases it to a higher output voltage, VCCOUT. VCCIN is the power supply for the Class-D
amplifier. Connect VCCOUT to VCCIN.
FULLY DIFFERENTIAL CLASS-D AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER
The TPA2100P1 is a fully differential amplifier. The fully differential amplifier includes a differential amplifier with
common-mode feedback. The differential output is equal to the differential input times the gain. The
common-mode feedback ensures that the common-mode voltage at the output is biased around VCC/2 (Class-D
supply voltage, VCCOUT, divided by 2) regardless of the common-mode voltage at the input. The fully differential
TPA2100P1 can still be used with a single-ended input; however, the TPA2100P1 should be used with
differential inputs when in a noisy environment, like a wireless handset, to ensure maximum noise rejection.
• Input-coupling capacitors are not required:
– The TPA2100P1 inputs can be biased anywhere within the common mode input voltage range listed in the
Recommended Operating Conditions table. If the inputs are biased outside of that range, then
input-coupling capacitors are required.
• Mid-supply bypass capacitor, CBYPASS, is not required:
– The fully differential amplifier does not require a bypass capacitor. Any shift in the midsupply affects both
positive and negative channels equally and cancels at the differential output.
• Excellent RF-immunity and supply noise rejection:
– GSM handsets save power by turning on and off the RF transmitter at 217 Hz. The transmitted signal is
picked-up on input, output, and power supply traces. The fully differential amplifier cancels the signal
better than a typical audio amplifier.
DRIVING A CERAMIC/PIEZO SPEAKER
Applications that require thin cases, such as mobile phones, demand that external components have a small
form factor. Dynamic loudspeakers that use a cone and voice coil typically cannot conform to the height
requirements. The option for these applications is to use a ceramic/piezoelectric loudspeaker.
Ceramic speakers have a capacitive behavior unlike a conventional loudspeaker, which has an inductive
behavior. Typical capacitance values for ceramic/piezo speakers are as high as 2 µF. High peak-to-peak voltage
drive is required to achieve acceptable sound pressure levels. Ceramic/piezo speakers have low current
consumption at frequencies up to 8 kHz. The impedance of the ceramic/piezo speaker decreases with increasing
audio frequency, thus requiring higher current as the frequency increases. However, audio signals in this range
are higher harmonics of lower fundamentals, so the current demand is still small when compared to dynamic
speaker current consumption.
Due to these characteristics, ceramic/piezo speakers are efficient in converting electrical audio signals into sound
pressure in the mid and high audio bands (starting at 900 Hz).
The TPA2100P1 overcomes the challenges of driving a ceramic/piezo speaker. The TPA2100P1 drives the
ceramic/piezo speaker with a constant output voltage over the battery life and across the audio frequency range.
LOAD CONFIGURATION
The TPA2100P1 can be configured in several different ways to drive a ceramic/piezo speaker. The most obvious
configuration is to place a resistor on each output of the Class-D amplifier. A more efficient configuration is to
replace one resistor with an inductor at one of the outputs. A third way to configure is to place just one resistor
between the output and the speaker and connect the other output directly to the speaker.
For proper configuration of the load, it is important to observe the following variables:
• Speaker capacitance – CSPK
• Maximum available current from the Boost converter – IBOOSTMAX
• Highest desired audio frequency – fAUDMAX
• Maximum voltage allowed across the speaker – VOUTPEAK
• Peak Output Current from the Class-D Amplifier – ICLASSDPEAK
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RESISTOR – SPEAKER – RESISTOR LOAD CONFIGURATION
This is the simplest configuration. However, this type of load configuration does not achieve the best efficiency
possible. Thus, it is recommended to use the resistor – speaker – inductor load configuration. The following
figure shows an example of the resistor – speaker – resistor configuration.
4.7 mH
VIN
10 mF
2 .5 V to
5.5 V
Vdd SW
10 nF
BST VccOUT
VccIN
10 mF
C IN
Analog
Baseband
or
CODEC
R
IN-
OUT +
1 mF
0.1 ~ 2 mF
IN+
OUT -
C IN
Vref
GAIN
Digital
BaseBand
5 ~ 10 W
5 ~ 10 W
R
1 mF
SD
SDa
GND
GND
Figure 15. Application Schematic with Resistor – Speaker – Resistor Load Configuration
For the RC load configuration, only two calculations are required. Note that R in Equation 1 is the sum of the two
output resistors in Figure 15.
The highest desired audio frequency will be limited by the RC low-pass filter configuration of the load:
1
f AUDMAX =
2 ´ p ´ R ´ CSPK
(1)
Peak Output Current from the Class-D Amplifier should therefore be limited to the maximum audio frequency:
V
ICLASSDPEAK = OUTPEAK
R2 + XC2
(2)
Where XC is:
XC =
1
2 ´ p ´ fAUDMAX ´ CSPK
(3)
To calculate the proper boost converter inductor required for this application, see the Inductor Selection section.
Note that an input low-pass filter should be added before the audio amplifier in order to limit the audio frequency,
fAUDMAX.
RESISTOR – SPEAKER – INDUCTOR LOAD CONFIGURATION
The second configuration with a resistor – speaker – inductor load is the most efficient configuration and is the
preferred solution. Figure 16 shows an example of this configuration.
10
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4.7 mH
VIN
2.5V to
5.5 V
10 mF
Vdd SW
10 nF
BST VccOUT
VccIN
10 mF
C IN
Analog
Baseband
or
CODEC
R
IN-
OUT+
1 mF
IN+
OUT-
C IN
Vref
GAIN
Digital
10 ~ 20 W
0.1 ~ 2 mF
10 ~ 22 mH
L
1 mF
SD
BaseBand
SDa
GND
GND
Figure 16. Application Schematic with Resistor – Speaker – Inductor Load Configuration
For the resistor – speaker – inductor load configuration, it is desired to make the output load configuration
overdamped (Zeta (ζ) > 0.707). Use Equation 4 to calculate ζ:
ζ=
R ´
CSPK
2 ´
L
(4)
If ζ is greater than one, then the maximum audio frequency will be limited by the resistor – speaker capacitance
low pass filter as shown in Equation 5.
f AUDMAX =
1
2 ´ p ´ R ´ CSPK
(5)
Calculate equivalent load impedance with Equation 6, through Equation 9.
1
XC =
2 × p × f AUDMAX × CSPK
(6)
XL = 2 ´ p ´ f AUDMAX ´ L
Z=
2
(7)
2
R + (XL - XC )
ICLASSDPEAK
(8)
V
= OUTPEAK
Z
(9)
To calculate the proper boost converter inductor required for this application, see the Inductor Selection section.
Note that an input low pass filter should be added before the audio amplifier in order to limit the audio frequency,
fAUDMAX.
RESISTOR – SPEAKER LOAD CONFIGURATION
This load configuration is similar to the resistor – speaker – resistor load configuration. Apply the same equations
here to calculate the maximum audio frequency and maximum required current from the class-D audio amplifier.
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4.7 mH
VIN
2.5V to
5.5 V
10 mF
Vdd SW
10 nF
BST VccOUT
VccIN
10 mF
Analog
Baseband
or
CODEC
C IN
10 ~ 20 W
IN-
OUT+
R
1 mF
IN+
OUT-
C IN
Vref
GAIN
Digital
BaseBand
0.1 ~ 2 mF
1 mF
SD
SDa
GND
GND
Figure 17. Application Schematic with Resistor – Speaker Load Configuration
BOOST CONVERTER
There are two main passive components necessary for the functioning of a boost converter. The boost inductor
stores current, and the boost capacitor stores charge. When the Class-D amplifier depletes the charge in the
boost capacitor, the boost inductor charges it back up with the stored current. The cycle of charge/discharge
occurs at a frequency of fboost.
The following is a list of terms and definitions used in the boost equations found in this document.
C
Minimum boost capacitance required for a given ripple voltage on VCC
L
Boost inductor
fBOOST
Switching frequency of the boost converter.
ICC
Current pulled by the Class-D amplifier from the boost converter.
IL
Average current through the boost inductor.
VCC
Boost voltage. Generated by the boost converter (VCCOUT). Voltage supply for the Class-D
amplifier (VCCIN).
VDD
Supply voltage to the IC.
ΔIL
Ripple current through the inductor.
ΔV
Ripple voltage of VCC due to capacitance. VCC is the voltage on the VccOUT and VccIN pins.
INDUCTOR SELECTION
SURFACE MOUNT INDUCTORS
Working inductance decreases as inductor current increases. If the drop in working inductance is severe enough,
it may cause the boost converter to become unstable, or cause the TPA2100P1 to reach its current limit at a
lower output voltage than expected. Inductor vendors specify currents at which inductor values decrease by a
specific percentage. This can vary by 10% to 35%. Inductance is also affected by dc current and temperature.
TPA2100P1 INDUCTOR EQUATIONS
Inductor current rating is determined by the requirements of the load. The inductance is determined by two
factors: the minimum value required for stability and the maximum ripple current permitted in the application.
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Use Equation 10 to determine the required current rating. Equation 10 shows the approximate relationship
between the average inductor current, IL, to the load current, load voltage, and input voltage (ICC, VCC, and VDD,
respectively). Insert ICC, VCC, and VDD into Equation 10 to solve for IL. The inductor must maintain at least 90% of
its initial inductance value at this current.
æ VCC
ö
IL = ICC ´ ç
÷
0.8
V
´
è DD
ø
(10)
The minimum working inductance is 3.3µH. A lower value may cause instability.
Ripple current, ΔIL, is peak-to-peak variation in inductor current. Smaller ripple current reduces core losses in the
inductor as well as the potential for EMI. Use Equation 11 to determine the value of the inductor, L. Equation 11
shows the relationship between inductance L, VDD, VCC, the switching frequency, fBOOST, and ΔIL. Insert the
maximum acceptable ripple current into Equation 11 to solve for L.
VDD ´ (VCC - VDD )
L=
DIL ´ fboost ´ VCC
(11)
ΔIL is inversely proportional to L. Minimize ΔIL as much as is necessary for a specific application. Increase the
inductance to reduce the ripple current. Note that making the inductance value of L greater than 10 µH will
prevent the boost converter from responding to fast load changes properly. A typical inductor value for the
TPA2100P1 is 4.7 µH.
Select an inductor with a dc resistance, DCR, no greater than 0.5 Ω. DCR reduces the amount of power the
device receives from the supply due to the voltage drop across the inductor.
CAPACITOR SELECTION
SURFACE MOUNT CAPACITORS
Temperature and applied dc voltage influence the actual capacitance of high-K materials.
Table 1 shows the relationship between the different types of high-K materials and their associated tolerances,
temperature coefficients, and temperature ranges. Notice that a capacitor made with X5R material can lose up to
15% of its capacitance within its working temperature range.
Table 1. Typical Tolerance and Temperature Coefficient of Capacitance by Material
MATERIAL
COG/NPO
X7R
X5R
Typical tolerance
±5%
±10%
±20%
Temperature Coefficient
±30 ppm
±15%
±15%
Temperature range, °C
–55/125°C
–55/125°C
–55/85°C
High-K material is very sensitive to applied dc voltage. X5R capacitors have can have losses ranging from 15%
to 45% of their initial capacitance with only half of their dc rated voltage applied. For example, if 5 Vdc is applied
to a 10 V, 1 µF X5R capacitor, the measured capacitance at that point may show between 0.55 µF and 0.85 µF.
Y5V capacitors have losses that can reach or exceed 50% to 75% of their rated value.
The working capacitance of components made with high-K materials is generally much lower than nominal
capacitance. A worst case result with a typical X5R material might be –10% tolerance, –15% temperature effect,
and –45% dc voltage effect at 50% of the rated voltage. This particular case would result in a working
capacitance of 42% (0.9 × 0.85 × 0.55) of the nominal value.
Select high-K ceramic capacitors according to the following rules:
1. Use capacitors made of materials with temperature coefficients of X5R, X7R, or better.
2. Use capacitors with dc voltage ratings of at least twice the application voltage, because high-K capacitor
values generally are reduced by DC voltage. 25V capacitors are recommended when boost converter output
is 10V. The minimum rating that should be used in this case is 16V, but correct operation should be verified
carefully.
3. Choose a capacitance value at least twice the nominal value calculated for the application. Multiply the
nominal value by a factor of 2 for safety. If a 10 µF capacitor is required, use 22 µF.
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The preceding rules and recommendations apply to capacitors used in connection with the TPA2100P1. The
TPA2100P1 cannot meet its performance specifications if the rules and recommendations are not followed.
TPA2100P1 CAPACITOR EQUATIONS
The value of the boost capacitor is determined by the minimum value of working capacitance required for stability
and the maximum voltage ripple allowed on VCC in the application. The minimum value of working capacitance is
10 µF. Do not use any component with a working capacitance less than 10 µF.
For X5R or X7R ceramic capacitors, Equation 12 shows the relationship between the boost capacitance, C, to
load current, load voltage, ripple voltage, input voltage, and switching frequency (ICC, VCC, ΔV, VDD, fBOOST
respectively).
Insert the maximum allowed ripple voltage into Equation 12 to solve for C. A factor of 2 is included to implement
the rules and specifications listed earlier.
ICC ´ (VCC - VDD )
C=2 ´
DV ´ fboost ´ VCC
(12)
For aluminum or tantalum capacitors, Equation 13 shows the relationship between he boost capacitance, C, to
load current, load voltage, ripple voltage, input voltage, and switching frequency (ICC, VCC, ΔV, VDD, fBOOST
respectively). Insert the maximum allowed ripple voltage into Equation 12 to solve for C. Solve this equation
assuming ESR is zero.
ICC ´ (VCC - VDD )
C=
DV ´ fboost ´ VCC
(13)
Capacitance of aluminum and tantalum capacitors is normally not sensitive to applied voltage so there is no
factor of 2 included in Equation 4. However, the ESR in aluminum and tantalum capacitors can be significant.
Choosing an aluminum or tantalum capacitor with ESR around 30 mΩ is acceptable.
Decoupling Capacitors
The TPA2100P1 is a high-performance Class-D audio amplifier that requires adequate power supply decoupling
to ensure the efficiency is high and total harmonic distortion (THD) is low. In addition to the 10 µF capacitor at
VDD, place a 1 µF low ESR capactior within 1 mm of the VDD pin to reduce higher frequency transients, spikes, or
digital hash on the line. For the same reasons place a 1 µF low ESR capactior within 1 mm of the VCCOUT pin in
addition to the boost output capacitor.
Input Capacitors, CI
The TPA2100P1 does not require input coupling capacitors if the design uses a low offset differential source that
is biased within the common mode input voltage range. Note that source offset is amplified if no DC blocking
capacitors are used. If the input signal is not biased within the recommended common-mode input range, if high
pass filtering is needed, or if using a single-ended source, input coupling capacitors are required.
The input capacitors and input resistors form a high-pass filter with the corner frequency, ƒC, determined in
Equation 14.
1
fC =
(2p ´ RI ´ CI )
(14)
The value of the input capacitor directly affects the bass (low frequency) performance of the circuit. Piezo
speakers cannot usually respond well to low frequencies, so the corner frequency can be set to block low
frequencies and reduce speaker distortion in this application. Not using input capacitors can increase output
offset.
Use Equation 15 to solve for the input coupling capacitance. If the corner frequency is within the audio band, the
input capacitors should have a tolerance of ±10% or better, because any mismatch in capacitance causes an
impedance mismatch at the corner frequency and below.
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CI =
1
(2p ´ RI ´ fC )
(15)
BOARD LAYOUT
In making the pad size for the WCSP balls, it is recommended that the layout use nonsolder mask defined
(NSMD) land. With this method, the solder mask opening is made larger than the desired land area, and the
opening size is defined by the copper pad width. Figure 18 and Table 2 shows the appropriate diameters for a
WCSP layout.
Copper
Trace Width
Solder
Pad Width
Solder Mask
Opening
Solder Mask
Thickness
Copper Trace
Thickness
Figure 18. Land Pattern Dimensions
Table 2. Land Pattern Dimensions (1)
SOLDER PAD
DEFINITIONS
Nonsolder mask
defined (NSMD)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
COPPER PAD
SOLDER MASK (5)
OPENING
275 µm (+0.0, –25 µm) 375 µm (+0.0, –25 µm)
(2) (3) (4)
COPPER
THICKNESS
STENCIL (6) (7)
OPENING
STENCIL
THICKNESS
1 oz max (32 µm)
275 µm × 275 µm Sq.
(rounded corners)
125 µm thick
Circuit traces from NSMD defined PWB lands should be 75 µm to 100 µm wide in the exposed area inside the solder mask opening.
Wider trace widths reduce device stand off and impact reliability.
Best reliability results are achieved when the PWB laminate glass transition temperature is above the operating the range of the
intended application
Recommend solder paste is Type 3 or Type 4.
For a PWB using a Ni/Au surface finish, the gold thickness should be less 0,5 mm to avoid a reduction in thermal fatigue performance.
Solder mask thickness should be less than 20 µm on top of the copper circuit pattern
Best solder stencil performance is achieved using laser cut stencils with electro polishing. Use of chemically etched stencils results in
inferior solder paste volume control.
Trace routing away from WCSP device should be balanced in X and Y directions to avoid unintentional component movement due to
solder wetting forces.
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Component Location
Place all the external components as close as possible to the TPA2100P1. Placing the decoupling capacitor as
close as possible to the TPA2100P1 is important for the efficiency of the Class-D amplifier. Any resistance or
inductance in the trace between the device and the capacitor can cause a loss in efficiency.
Trace Width
Recommended trace width at the solder balls is 75 µm to 100 µm to prevent solder wicking onto wider PCB
traces.
For high current pins (SW, VccOUT, VccIN, GND, and audio output pins) of the TPA2100P1, use 100 µm trace
widths at the solder balls and at least 500 µm PCB traces to ensure proper performance and output power for
the device.
For the remaining signals of the TPA2100P1, use 75 µm to 100 µm trace widths at the solder balls. The audio
input pins (IN- and IN+) must run side-by-side to maximize common-mode noise cancellation.
EFFICIENCY AND THERMAL INFORMATION
The maximum ambient temperature depends on the heat-sinking ability of the PCB system. The derating factor
for the packages are shown in the dissipation rating table. Converting this to θJA for the WCSP package:
θJA =
1
1
=
= 75o C/W
Derating Factor
0.0133
(16)
Given θJA of 75°C/W, the maximum allowable junction temperature of 150°C, and the maximum estimated
internal dissipation of 1 W (driving 1 µF speaker with 6 Vrms 15 kHz sine wave, the maximum ambient
temperature is calculated with Equation 17.
TA Max = TJMax - θJA PDmax = 150 - 75(1) = 75o C
(17)
Equation 17 shows that the calculated maximum ambient temperature is 75°C at maximum power dissipation.
The TPA2100P1 is designed with thermal protection that turns the device off when the junction temperature
surpasses 150°C to prevent damage to the IC. Using the resistor- speaker - resistor or the resistor - speaker load
configurations dramatically increases the temperature of the TPA2100P1 since those configurations require a
much higher output current.
OPERATION WITH DACs AND CODECs
When using Class-D amplifiers with CODECs and DACs, sometimes there is an increase in the output noise floor
from the audio amplifier. This occurs when the output frequencies of the CODEC/DAC mix with the switching
frequencies of the audio amplifier input stage.
The TPA2100P1 has a built-in low-pass filter to reduce CODEC/DAC out-of-band noise that could mix with the
switching frequency of the Class-D amplifier.
FILTER FREE OPERATION
A ferrite bead filter is not required for operation with the resistor – speaker – resistor load configuration or with
the resistor – speaker – inductor load configuration. In order to achieve low radiated emissions, the resistor
and/or inductor should be placed within 1 cm of the output of the amplifier and followed with a 100 pF to 1000 pF
capacitor to GND. Figure 19 and Figure 20 show typical load configurations to reduce radiated emissions.
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OUT+
5 ~ 10 W
330 pF
Piezo Speaker
0.1 ~ 2 mF
22 mH
OUT330 pF
Figure 19. Typical Radiated Emissions Suppression Circuit (Resistor-Speaker-Inductor Load)
OUT+
5 ~ 10 W
330 pF
Piezo Speaker
0.1 ~ 2 mF
5 ~ 10 W
OUT330 pF
Figure 20. Typical Radiated Emissions Suppression Circuit (Resistor-Speaker-Resistor Load)
Figure 21 shows the EMC performance of Figure 19 using a 1 µF load to simulate the speaker. Table 3 list the
measurement conditions. The worst-case quasi-peak margin is 14.4 dB at 55.9 MHz.
70
Limit Level - dBuV/m
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
30M
230M
430M
630M
f - Fr equency - Hz
830M
Figure 21. Measured Radiated Emissions – Vertical Front
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Table 3. Measurement Conditions for Radiated Emissions of Figure 21
PARAMETER
VALUE
UNIT
VDD
Supply Voltage
3.6
V
AV
Gain
12
dB
fAUD
Input signal frequency
1
kHz
VI
Input signal amplitude
1.3
VRMS
VO
Output signal amplitude
5.3
VRMS
CL
Load capacitance
Cable length
Antenna position
1
µF
25.4
mm
Vertical Front
–
For a full Radiated Emissions report, please contact your local TI representative.
For operation with a resistor – speaker load configuration the ferrite bead filter can often be used if the design is
failing radiated emissions without an LC filter and the frequency sensitive circuit is greater than 1 MHz. This filter
functions well for circuits that just have to pass FCC and CE because FCC and CE only test radiated emissions
greater than 30 MHz. When choosing a ferrite bead, choose one with high impedance at high frequencies, and
very low impedance at low frequencies. In addition, select a ferrite bead with adequate current rating to prevent
distortion of the output signal.
Figure 22 shows a typical ferrite bead output filter.
Ferrite
Chip Bead
OUT+
10 ~ 20 W
1 nF
Ferrite
Chip Bead
Piezo Speaker
0.1 ~ 2 mF
OUT1 nF
Figure 22. Typical Ferrite Bead Filter (Chip bead example: TDK: MPZ1608Y101B)
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PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com
10-Dec-2020
PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device
Status
(1)
Package Type Package Pins Package
Drawing
Qty
Eco Plan
(2)
Lead finish/
Ball material
MSL Peak Temp
Op Temp (°C)
Device Marking
(3)
(4/5)
(6)
TPA2100P1YZHR
ACTIVE
DSBGA
YZH
16
3000
RoHS & Green
SNAGCU
Level-1-260C-UNLIM
CEH
TPA2100P1YZHT
ACTIVE
DSBGA
YZH
16
250
RoHS & Green
SNAGCU
Level-1-260C-UNLIM
CEH
(1)
The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2)
RoHS: TI defines "RoHS" to mean semiconductor products that are compliant with the current EU RoHS requirements for all 10 RoHS substances, including the requirement that RoHS substance
do not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, "RoHS" products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes. TI may
reference these types of products as "Pb-Free".
RoHS Exempt: TI defines "RoHS Exempt" to mean products that contain lead but are compliant with EU RoHS pursuant to a specific EU RoHS exemption.
Green: TI defines "Green" to mean the content of Chlorine (Cl) and Bromine (Br) based flame retardants meet JS709B low halogen requirements of
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