DS2784G+T&R;

DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication General Description Features The DS2784 operates from 2.5V to 4.6V for integration in battery packs using a single lithium-ion (Li+) or Li+ polymer cell. Available capacity is reported in mAh and as a percentage. Safe operation is ensured with the included Li+ protection function and SHA-1-based challengeresponse authentication. Precision measurements of voltage, temperature, and current, along with cell characteristics and application parameters are used to estimate capacity. The available capacity registers report a conservative estimate of the amount of charge that can be removed given the current temperature and discharge rate. In addition to the nonvolatile (NV) storage for cell compensation and application parameters, 16 bytes of EEPROM memory is made available for the exclusive use of the host system and/or pack manufacturer. This facilitates battery lot and date tracking or NV storage of system or battery usage statistics. A 1-Wire® interface provides serial communication at 16kbps or 143kbps to access data registers, control registers, and user memory. Additionally, 1-Wire communication enables challenge-response pack authentication using SHA-1 as the hash algorithm in a hash-based message authentication code (HMAC) authentication protocol. Applications ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● Health and Fitness Monitors Digital Still, Video, and Action Cameras Medical Devices Handheld Computers and Terminals Handheld Radios Home and Building Automation, Sensors Smart Batteries Power Tools ●● Precision Voltage, Temperature, and Current Measurement System ●● Available Capacity Estimated from Coulomb Count, Discharge Rate, Temperature, and Cell Characteristics ●● Estimates Cell Aging Using Learn Cycles ●● Uses Low-Cost Sense Resistor ●● Allows for Calibration of Gain and Temperature Coefficient ●● Li+ Safety Circuitry—Overvoltage, Undervoltage, Overcurrent, Short-Circuit Protection ●● Programmable Safety Thresholds for Overvoltage and Overcurrent ●● Authentication Using SHA-1 Algorithm and 64-Bit Secret ●● 32-Byte Parameter EEPROM ●● 16-Byte User EEPROM ●● Maxim 1-Wire Interface with 64-Bit Unique ID ●● Tiny, Pb-Free, 14-Pin TDFN Package Embeds Easily in Battery Packs Using Thin Prismatic Cells Simple Fuel Gauge Circuit Diagram PK+ 1K DATA 150 19-4636; Rev 5; 1/17 CC VDD CP CTG SNS PK- 150 VIN DS2784 PIO 5.1V 1-Wire is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. PLS 1K DC DQ Ordering Information appears at end of data sheet. Modes and commands are capitalized for clarity. 1K VSS RSNS 0.1µF 0.1µF 1K 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 Absolute Maximum Ratings Voltage Range on PLS Pin Relative to VSS...........-0.3V to +18V Voltage Range on CP Pin Relative to VSS............-0.3V to +12V Voltage Range on DC Pin Relative to VSS................................-0.3V to (VCP + 0.3V) Voltage Range on CC Pin Relative to VSS..........................VDD - 0.3V to VCP + 0.3V Voltage Range on All Other Pins Relative to VSS................................-0.3V to +6.0V Maximum Voltage Range on VIN Pin Relative to VDD......................................... VDD + 0.3V Continuous Sink Current, PIO, DQ.....................................20mA Continuous Sink Current, CC, DC......................................10mA Operating Temperature Range............................ -40°C to +85°C Storage Temperature Range............................. -55°C to +125°C Lead Temperature (soldering,10s)................................... ±300°C Soldering Temperature (reflow)........................................+260°C This is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operation sections of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods of time may affect reliability. Electrical Characteristics (VDD = 2.5V to 4.6V, TA = -20°C to +70°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) PARAMETER Supply Voltage Supply Current SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP UNITS +4.6 V (Note 1) IDD0 Sleep mode IDD1 Sleep mode, VDD = 2.5V 0°C to +50°C 0.4 1.5 IDD2 Active mode 85 125 IDD3 Active mode during SHA computation 300 500 Temperature Accuracy +2.5 MAX VDD 1 -3 Temperature Resolution 4 +3 0.125 Temperature Range Voltage Accuracy, VIN -128.000 +127.875 -30 30 2.5 ≤ VIN ≤ 4.6V, VIN ≤ VDD + 0.3V -50 +50 4.88 Voltage Range, VIN 0 Input Resistance, VIN 15 Current Resolution °C °C 4.0 ≤ VIN ≤ 4.6, VIN ≤ VDD + 0.3V Voltage Resolution, VIN µA °C mV mV 4.6 V MΩ 1.56 µV Current Full Scale -51.2 +51.2 mV Current Gain Error -1 +1 % full scale Current Offset (Notes 2, 3, 4) -15 +25 µV Accumulated Current Offset (Notes 2, 3, 4) -360 0 µVh/day -2 +2 -3 +3 0°C ≤ TA ≤ +50°C Time Base Error CP Output Voltage VCP ICC + IDC = 0.9μA CP Startup Time tSCP CE = 0, DE = 0, CCP = 0.1μF, Active mode Output High: CC, DC VOHCC VOHDC IOH = -100μA (Note 5) Output Low: CC VOLCC IOL = 100μA www.maximintegrated.com 8.50 9.25 % 10.00 V 200 ms VCP 0.4 V VDD + 0.1 V Maxim Integrated │  2 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 Electrical Characteristics (continued) (VDD = 2.5V to 4.6V, TA = -20°C to +70°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) PARAMETER Output Low: DC SYMBOL VOLDC CONDITIONS MIN TYP IOL = 100µA DQ, PIO Voltage Range -0.3 MAX UNITS 0.1 V +5.5 V DQ, PIO Input-Logic High VIH DQ, PIO Input-Logic Low VIL DQ, PIO Output-Logic Low VOL IOL = 4mA DQ, PIO Pullup Current IPU Sleep mode, VPIN = VDD - 0.4V 0.2 µA DQ, PIO Pulldown Current IPD Active mode, VPIN = 0.4V 0.2 µA DQ Input Capacitance DQ Sleep Timeout PIO, DQ Wake Debounce 1.5 0.4 CDQ tSLEEP tWDB V 0.6 50 VDQ < VIL 2 Sleep mode V V pF 9 100 s ms SHA-1 COMPUTATION TIMING Computation Time tSHA 30 ms UNITS Electrical Characteristics: Protection Circuit (VDD = 2.5V to 4.6V, TA = 0°C to +50°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) PARAMETER SYMBOL Overvoltage Detect VOV Charge-Enable Voltage VCE Undervoltage Detect VUV Overcurrent Detect: Charge VCOC Overcurrent Detect: Discharge VDOC MIN TYP MAX VOV = 11000b CONDITIONS 4.457 4.482 4.507 VOV = 00011b 4.252 4.277 4.302 -75 -100 -125 mV 2.40 2.45 2.50 V Relative to VOV OC = 11b -57 -72 -87 OC = 00b -15.5 -23.5 -31.5 OC = 11b 76 96 116 OC = 00b 23.5 35.5 47.5 SC = 1b 240 300 360 SC = 0b 120 150 180 V mV mV Short-Circuit Current Detect VSC mV Overvoltage Delay tOVD (Note 6) 425 1150 ms Undervoltage Delay tUVD (Notes 6, 7) 84 680 ms Overcurrent Delay tOCD 8 10 12 ms Short-Circuit Delay tSCD 80 120 160 µs Test Threshold VTP COC, DOC conditions 0.3 0.8 1.5 V Test Current ITST SC, COC, DOC condition 10 20 40 µA PLS Pulldown Current IPPD Sleep mode 30 200 600 µA Recovery Current IRC VUV condition, max: VPLS = 15V, VDD = 1V min: VPLS = 4.2V, VDD = 2V 2.5 5.0 10.00 mA www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  3 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 EEPROM Reliability Specification (VDD = 2.5V to 4.6V, TA = -20°C to +70°C, unless otherwise noted.) PARAMETER SYMBOL EEPROM Copy Time tEEC EEPROM Copy Endurance NEEC CONDITIONS TA = +50°C MIN TYP MAX UNITS 10 ms 50,000 cycles Electrical Characteristics: 1-Wire Interface, Standard (VDD = 2.5V to 4.6V, TA = -20°C to +70°C, unless otherwise noted.) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS 120 µs Time Slot tSLOT 60 Recovery Time tREC 1 Write-0 Low Time tLOW0 60 120 µs Write-1 Low Time tLOW1 1 15 µs Read-Data Valid tRDV 15 µs Reset-Time High tRSTH 480 Reset-Time Low tRSTL 480 Presence-Detect High tPDH Presence-Detect Low tPDL µs µs 960 µs 15 60 µs 60 240 µs MAX UNITS 16 µs Electrical Characteristics: 1-Wire Interface, Overdrive (VDD = 2.5V to 4.6V, TA = -20°C to +70°C.) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP Time Slot tSLOT 6 Recovery Time tREC 1 Write-0 Low Time tLOW0 6 16 µs Write-1 Low Time tLOW1 1 2 µs Read-Data Valid tRDV 2 µs Reset-Time High tRSTH 48 Reset-Time Low tRSTL 48 Presence-Detect High tPDH Presence-Detect Low tPDL µs µs 80 µs 2 6 µs 8 24 µs Note Note Note Note Note Note 1: All voltages are referenced to VSS. 2: Factory-calibrated accuracy. Higher accuracy can be achieved by in-system calibration by the user. 3: Accumulation bias and offset bias registers set to 00h. NBEN bit set to 0. 4: Parameters guaranteed by design. 5: CP pin externally driven to 10V. 6: Overvoltage and undervoltage delays (tOVD, tUVD) are reduced to 0s if the OV or UV condition is detected within 100ms of entering Active mode. Note 7: tUVD MIN determined by stepping the voltage on VIN from VUV + 250mV to VUV - 250mV. www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  4 DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication Typical Operating Characteristics www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  5 DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  6 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 Pin configuration TOP VIEW PIO CP SNS DQ NC VDD CTG VSS VIN NC PAD NC DC PLS CC TDFN – 14 (3mm x 5mm) Pin Description PIN NAME 1 VDD Power-Supply Input. Chip supply input. Bypass with 0.1µF to VSS. FUNCTION 2 CTG Connect to Ground 3 VSS VIN Device Ground. Chip ground and battery-side sense resistor input. 4 5, 9, 10 N.C. No Connection 6 PLS Pack Plus Terminal-Sense Input. Used to detect the removal of short-circuit, discharge overcurrent, and charge overcurrent conditions. 7 CC Charge Control. Charge FET control output. 8 DC Discharge Control. Discharge FET control output. 11 DQ Data Input/Output. Serial data I/O, includes weak pulldown to detect battery disconnect and can be configured as wake input. 12 SNS Sense Resistor Connection. Pack minus terminal and pack-side sense resistor sense input. Battery Voltage-Sense Input. Connect to positive cell terminal through decoupling network. 13 CP Charge Pump Output. Bypass with 0.1µF to VSS. 14 PIO Programmable I/O Pin. Can be configured as wake input. — EP Exposed Pad. Connect to VSS or leave unconnected. www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  7 DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication Detailed Description with a 9V charge pump that increase gate drive as the cell voltage decreases. The high-side topology preserves the ground path for serial communication while eliminating the parasitic charge path formed when the fuel gauge IC is located inside the protection FETs in a low-side configuration. The thresholds for overvoltage, overcurrent, and short-circuit current are user programmable for easy customization to each cell and application. The The DS2784 functions as an accurate fuel gauge, Li+ protector, and SHA-1-based authentication token. The fuel gauge provides accurate estimates of remaining capacity and reports timely voltage, temperature, and current measurement data. Capacity estimates are calculated from a piecewise-linear model of the battery performance over load and temperature, and system parameters for full and empty conditions. The algorithm parameters are user programmable and can be modified in pack. Critical capacity and aging data are periodically saved to EEPROM in case of loss of power due to a short circuit or deep depletion. The Li+ protection function ensures safe, high-performance operation. nFET protection switches are driven The 32-bit wide SHA-1 engine with 64-bit secret and 64-bit challenge words resists brute force and other attacks with financial-level HMAC security. The challenge of managing secrets in the supply chain is addressed with the compute next secret feature. The unique serial number or ROM ID can be used to assign a unique secret to each battery. Block Diagram DS2784 UV, CD VOLTAGE (VIN - VSSA) POWER MODE CONTROL LITHIUM ION PROTECTOR FuelPack™ FUELPACK™ Algorithm ALGORITHM CC DC 15-BIT + SIGN ADC PRECISION ANALOG OSCILLATOR VREF SNS VSS FET DRIVERS WKP, WKD CONTROL AND STATUS REGISTERS CP VDD VIN TEMPERATURE CURRENT (VSS - SNS) PLS 10-BIT + SIGN ADC/MUX CHARGE PUMP PIO LOGIC 32 BYTE PARAMETER EEPROM VDD_INT 1-WIRE INTERFACE PIN DRIVERS AND PWR SWITCH CONTROL PIO DQ 16 BYTE USER EEPROM www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  8 DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication Power Modes which the 1-Wire bus pullup voltage, VPULLUP, is not present. The Power mode (PMOD) bit must be set to enter Sleep when a bus-low condition occurs. After the DS2784 enters Sleep due to a bus-low condition, it is assumed that no charge or discharge current will flow and that coulomb counting is unnecessary. The DS2784 has two power modes: Active and Sleep. On initial power-up, the DS2784 defaults to Active mode. In Active mode, the DS2784 is fully functional with measurements and capacity estimation registers continuously updated. The protector circuit monitors the battery voltages and current for unsafe conditions. The protection FET gate drivers are enabled when conditions are deemed safe. Also, the SHA-1 authentication function is available in Active mode. When a SHA-1 computation is performed, the supply current increases to IDD3 for tSHA. In Sleep mode, the DS2784 conserves power by disabling measurement and capacity estimation functions, but preserves register contents. Gate drive to the protection FETs is disabled in Sleep. And the SHA-1 authentication feature is not operational. Sleep mode is entered under two different conditions: bus low and undervoltage. An enable bit makes entry into Sleep optional for each condition. Sleep mode is not entered if a charger is connected (VPLS > VDD + 50mV) or if a charge current of 1.6mV / RSNS is measured from SNS to VSS. The DS2784 exits Sleep mode upon charger connection and VIN ≥ VUV or a low to high transition on DQ. The bus-low condition, where the DQ pin is low for tSLEEP, indicates pack removal or system shutdown in www.maximintegrated.com The second condition to enter Sleep is an undervoltage condition, which reduces battery drain due to the DS2784 supply current and prevents over discharging the cell. The DS2784 transitions to Sleep if the VIN voltage is less than VUV (2.45V typical) and the undervoltage enable (UVEN) bit is set. The 1-Wire bus must be in a static state, that is, with DQ either high or low for tSLEEP. The DS2784 transitions from UVEN Sleep to Active mode when DQ changes logic state. The DS2784 has the “power switch” capability for waking the device and enabling the protection FETs when the host system is powered down. A simple dry-contact switch on the PIO pin or DQ pin can be used to wake up the battery pack. The power switch function is enabled using the PSPIO and PSDQ configuration bits in the control register. When PSPIO or PSDQ is set and a Sleep condition is satisfied, the PIO and DQ pins pull high weakly, then become armed to detect a low-going transition. A 100ms debounce period filters out glitches that can be caused when a sleeping battery is inserted into a system. Maxim Integrated │  9 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 ACTIVE PMOD = 0 UVEN = 0 I/O COMMUNICATION OR CHARGER CONNECTION SLEEP PSIO = 0 PSDQ = 0 PULL DQ LOW ACTIVE PMOD = 0 UVEN = 1 Vin < VUV SLEEP PSIO = 0 PSDQ = 1 I/O COMMUNICATION OR CHARGER CONNECTION PULL PIO LOW ACTIVE PMOD = 1 UVEN = 0 DQ LOW FOR tSLEEP SLEEP PSIO = 1 PSDQ = 0 I/O COMMUNICATION OR CHARGER CONNECTION PULL PIO LOW DQ LOW FOR tSLEEP ACTIVE PMOD = 1 UVEN = 1 Vin < VUV PULL DQ LOW SLEEP PSIO = 1 PSDQ = 1 I/O COMMUNICATION OR CHARGER CONNECTION Figure 1. Sleep Mode State Diagram www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  10 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 Control Register Format All control register bits are read and write accessible. The control register is recalled from parameter EEPROM memory at power-up. Register bit values can be modified in shadow RAM after power-up. Power-up default values are saved using the Copy Data command. ADDRESS 60h BIT 7 BIT 6 BIT 5 BIT 4 BIT 3 BIT 2 BIT 1 BIT 0 NBEN UVEN PMOD RNAOP 0 PSPIO PSDQ X NBEN—Negative Blanking Enable. A value of 1 enables blanking of negative current values up to 25μV. A value of 0 disables blanking of negative currents. The power-up default of NBEN = 0. UVEN—Undervoltage Enable. A value of 1 allows the DS2784 to enter Sleep mode when the voltage register value is less than VUV and DQ is stable at either logic level for tSLEEP. A value of 0 disables transitions to Sleep mode in an undervoltage condition. PMOD—Power Mode Enable. A value of 1 allows the DS2784 to enter Sleep mode when DQ is low for tSLEEP. A value of 0 disables DQ related transitions to Sleep mode. RNAOP—Read Net Address Op Code. A value of 0 selects 33h as the op code value for the Read Net Address command. A value of 1 selects 39h as the Read Net Address opcode value. 0—Reserved bit, must be programmed to 0 for proper operation. PSPIO—Power-Switch PIO Enable. A value of 1 enables the PIO pin as a power-switch input. A value of 0 disables the power-switch input function on PIO pin. This control is independent of the PSDQ state. PSDQ—Power-Switch DQ Enable. A value of 1 enables the DQ pin as a power-switch input. A value of 0 disables the power-switch input function on DQ pin. This control is independent of the PSPIO state. X—Reserved Bit. www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  11 DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication Li+ Protection Circuitry FETs and sets the UV flag in the protection register. If UVEN is set, the DS2784 also enters Sleep mode. The DS2784 provides a current-limited recovery charge path (IRC) from PLS to VDD to gently charge severely depleted cells. The recovery charge path is enabled when 0 ≤ VIN < (VOV - 100mV). Once VIN reaches 2.45V (typ), the DS2784 returns to normal operation. The DS2784 transitions from Sleep to Active mode and the CC and DC outputs are driven high to turn on the charge and discharge FETs. If the device does not enter sleep mode for an UV condition (UVEN=0) then the FETs will turn on once VIN > VUV. During Active mode, the DS2784 constantly monitors SNS, VIN, and VPLS to protect the battery from overvoltage (overcharge), undervoltage (overdischarge), and excessive charge and discharge currents (overcurrent, short circuit). Table 1 summarizes the conditions that activate the protection circuit, the response of the DS2784, and the thresholds that release the DS2784 from a protection state. Overvoltage. If the voltage on VIN exceeds the overvoltage threshold (VOV) for a period longer than overvoltage delay (tOVD), the CC pin is driven low to shut off the external-charge FET, and the OV flag in the protection register is set. The DC output remains high during overvoltage to allow discharging. When VIN falls below the charge enable threshold, VCE, the DS2784 turns the charge FET on by driving CC high. The DS2784 drives CC high before VIN < VCE if a discharge condition persists with VSNS ≥ 1.2mV and VIN < VOV. Undervoltage. If VIN drops below the undervoltage threshold (VUV) for a period longer than undervoltage delay (tUVD), the DS2784 shuts off the charge and discharge Overcurrent, Charge Direction (COC). Charge current develops a negative voltage on VSNS with respect to VSS. If VSNS is less than the charge overcurrent threshold (VCOC) for a period longer than overcurrent delay (tOCD), the DS2784 shuts off both external FETs and sets the COC flag in the protection register. The charge current path is not re-established until the voltage on the PLS pin drops below VDD - VTP. The DS2784 provides a pulldown current (ITST) from PLS to VSS to pull PLS down in order to detect the removal of the offending charge current source. Table 1. Li+ Protection Conditions and DS2784 Responses CONDITION ACTIVATION RELEASE THRESHOLD THRESHOLD DELAY RESPONSE(2) Overvoltage VIN > VOV tOVD CC Off VIN < VCE or (VSNS > 1.2mV and VIN < VOV) Undervoltage VIN < VUV tUVD CC Off, DC Off, Sleep Mode VPLS > VIN(3) (charger connected) Overcurrent, Charge VSNS < VCOC tOCD CC Off, DC Off VPLS < VDD - VTP (4) (charger removed) Overcurrent, Discharge VSNS > VDOC tOCD DC Off VPLS > VDD - VTP (5) (load removed) Short Circuit VSNS > VSC tSCD DC Off VPLS > VDD - VTP (5) (load removed) Note 1: All voltages are with respect to VSS. Note 2: CC pin driven to VOLCC (VDD) for CC off response. DC pin driven to VOLDC (VSS) for DC off response. Note 3: If VIN < VUV when charger connection is detected, release is delayed until VIN ≥ VUV. The recovery charge path provides an internal current limit (IRC) to safely charge the battery. If the device does not enter sleep mode for an UV condition (UVEN=0) then the FETs will turn on once VIN > VUV. Note 4: With test current ITST flowing from PLS to VSS (pulldown on PLS) enabled. Note 5: With test current ITST flowing from VDD to PLS (pullup on PLS). www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  12 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 Overcurrent, Discharge Direction (DOC). Discharge current develops a positive voltage on VSNS with respect to VSS. If VSNS exceeds the discharge overcurrent threshold (VDOC) for a period longer than tOCD, the DS2784 shuts off the external discharge FET and sets the DOC flag in the protection register. The discharge current path is not re-established until the voltage on PLS rises above VDD - VTP. The DS2784 provides a test current (ITST) from VDD to PLS to pull PLS up in order to detect the removal of the offending low-impedance load. Short Circuit. If VSNS exceeds short-circuit threshold VSC for a period longer than short-circuit delay (tSCD), the DS2784 shuts off the external discharge FET and sets the DOC flag in the protection register. The discharge current path is not re-established until the voltage on PLS rises above VDD - VTP. The DS2784 provides a test current of value (ITST) from VDD to PLS to pull PLS up in order to detect the removal of the short circuit. Summary. All the protection conditions previously described are logic ANDed to affect the CC and DC outputs. CC = (Overvoltage) AND (Undervoltage) AND (Overcurrent, Charge Direction) AND (Protection Register Bit CE) DC = (Undervoltage) AND (Overcurrent, Either Direction) AND (Short Circuit) AND (Protection Register Bit DE) Protection Register Format The protection register reports events detected by the Li+ safety circuit on bits 2 to 7. Bits 0 and 1 are used to disable the charge and discharge FET gate drivers. Bits 2 to 7 are set by internal hardware only. Bits 2 and 3 are cleared by hardware only. Bits 4 to 7 are cleared by writing the register with a 0 in the bit position of interest. Writing a 1 to bits 4 to 7 has no effect on the register. Bits 0 and 1 are set on power-up and a transition from Sleep to Active modes. While in Active mode, these bits can be cleared to disable the FET gate drive of either or both FETs. Setting these bits only turns on the FETs if there are no protection faults. ADDRESS 00h BIT 7 BIT 6 BIT 5 BIT 4 BIT 3 BIT 2 BIT 1 BIT 0 OV UV COC DOC CC DC CE DE VOV VCE VIN VUV VSC VDOC 0 -VCOC DISCHARGE VSNS CHARGE CC DC tOVD tOCD tOVD tSCD POWER MODE tOCD tUVD tUVD VCP VDD VCP VPLS ACTIVE SLEEP Figure 2. Li+ Protection Circuitry Example Waveforms www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  13 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 OV—Overvoltage Flag. OV is set to indicate that an overvoltage condition has been detected. The voltage on VIN has persisted above the VOV threshold for tOV. OV remains set until written to a 0 or cleared by a power-on reset or transition to Sleep mode. UV—Undervoltage Flag. UV is a read-only mirror of the UVF flag located in the status register. UVF is set to indicate that VIN < VUV. The UVF bit must be written to 0 to clear UV and UVF. COC—Charge Overcurrent Flag. COC is set to indicate that an overcurrent condition has occurred during a charge. The sense-resistor voltage has persisted above the VCOC threshold for tOC. COC remains set until written to a 0, cleared by a power-on reset, or transition to Sleep mode. DOC—Discharge Overcurrent Flag. DOC is set to indicate that an overcurrent condition has occurred during a discharge. The sense-resistor voltage has persisted above the VDOC threshold for tOC. DOC remains set until written to a 0, cleared by a power-on reset, or transition to Sleep mode. CC—Charge Control Flag. CC indicates the logic state of the CC pin driver. CC flag is set to indicate CC high. CC flag is cleared to indicate CC low. CC flag is read only. DC—Discharge Control Flag. DC indicates the logic state of the DC pin driver. DC flag is set to indicate DC high. DC flag is cleared to indicate DC low. DC flag is read only. CE—Charge Enable Bit. CE must be set to allow the CC pin to drive the charge FET to the on state. CE acts as an enable input to the safety circuit. If all safety conditions are met AND CE is set, the CC pin drives to VCP. If CE is cleared, the CC pin is driven low to disable the charge FET. DE—Discharge Enable Bit. DE must be set to allow the DC pin to drive the discharge FET to the on state. DE acts as an enable input to the safety circuit. If all safety conditions are met AND DE is set, the DC pin drives to VCP. If DE is cleared, the DC pin is driven low to disable the charge FET. Protector Threshold Register Format The 8-bit threshold register consists of bit fields for setting the overvoltage threshold, charge overcurrent threshold, discharge overcurrent threshold, and short-circuit threshold for the protection circuit. ADDRESS 7Fh BIT 7 BIT 6 BIT 5 BIT 4 BIT 3 BIT 2 BIT 1 BIT 0 VOV4 VOV3 VOV2 VOV1 VOV0 SC0 OC1 OC0 Table 2. VOV Threshold Table 2. VOV Threshold (continued) VOV BIT FIELD VOV VOV BIT FIELD VOV VOV BIT FIELD VOV VOV BIT FIELD VOV 00000 4.248 10000 4.404 01000 4.326 11000 4.482 00001 4.258 10001 4.414 01001 4.336 11001 4.492 00010 4.268 10010 4.424 01010 4.346 11010 4.502 00011 4.277 10011 4.434 01011 4.356 11011 4.512 00100 4.287 10100 4.443 01100 4.365 11100 4.522 00101 4.297 10101 4.453 01101 4.375 11101 4.531 00110 4.307 10110 4.463 01110 4.385 11110 4.541 00111 4.316 10111 4.473 01111 4.395 11111 4.551 www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  14 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 Table 3. COC, DOC Threshold VCOC (mV) VDOC (mV) 00 -23.5 35.5 01 -36 48 10 -48 72 11 -72 96 OC[1:0] BIT FIELD Table 4. SC Threshold 0 VSC (mV) 150 1 300 SC0 BIT FIELD Voltage Measurement Battery voltage is measured every 440ms on the VIN pin with respect to VSS. Measurements have a 0 to 4.6V range and a 4.88mV resolution. The value is stored in the voltage register in two’s complement form and is updated every 440ms. Voltages above the maximum register value are reported at the maximum value; voltages below the minimum register value are reported at the minimum value. Voltage Register Format MSB—ADDRESS 0Ch S 29 28 27 26 25 LSB—ADDRESS 0Dh 24 MSb 23 22 LSb MSb 21 20 X X X X X LSb Units: 4.886mV “S”: Sign Bit(s), “X”: Reserved Temperature Measurement The DS2784 uses an integrated temperature sensor to measure battery temperature with a resolution of 0.125°C. Temperature measurements are updated every 440ms and placed in the temperature register in two’s complement form. Temperature Register Format MSB—ADDRESS 0Ah S 29 28 27 MSb “S”: Sign Bit(s), “X”: Reserved 26 25 LSB—ADDRESS 0Bh 24 23 22 LSb MSb 21 20 X X X X X LSb Units: 0.125°C Note: Temperature and battery voltage (VIN) are measured using the same ADC. Therefore, measurements are a 220ms average updated every 440ms. www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  15 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 Current Measurement The DS2784 continually measures the current flow into and out of the battery by measuring the voltage drop across a low-value current-sense resistor, RSNS. The voltage-sense range between SNS and VSS is ±51.2mV. The input linearly converts peak-signal amplitudes up to 102.4mV as long as the continuous signal level (average over the conversion cycle period) does not exceed ±51.2mV. The ADC samples the input differentially at 18.6kHz and updates the current register at the completion of each conversion cycle (3.52s). Charge currents above the maximum register value are reported as 7FFFh. Discharge currents below the minimum register value are reported as 8000h. Current Register Format MSB—ADDRESS 0Eh S 214 213 212 211 210 LSB—ADDRESS 0Fh 29 MSb 28 27 LSb MSb 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 LSb “S”: Sign Bit(s) Units: 1.5625µV/RSNS The average current register reports an average current level over the preceding 28s. The register value is updated every 28s in two’s complement form, and represents an average of the eight preceding current register values. Average Current Register Format MSB—ADDRESS 08h S 214 213 212 211 MSb “S”: Sign Bit(s) 210 LSB—ADDRESS 09h 29 28 27 LSb MSb 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 LSb Units: 1.5625µV/RSNS Current Offset Correction Every 1024th conversion, the ADC measures its input offset to facilitate offset correction. Offset correction occurs approximately once per hour. The resulting correction factor is applied to the subsequent 1023 measurements. During the offset correction conversion, the ADC does not measure the sense-resistor signal. A maximum error of 1/1024 in the accumulated current register (ACR) is possible; however, to reduce the error, the current measurement made just prior to the offset conversion is retained in the current register and is substituted for the dropped current measurement in the current accumulation process. Therefore, the accumulated current error due to offset correction is typically much less than 1/1024. Current Offset Bias The current offset bias (COB) value allows a programmable offset value to be added to raw current measurements. The result of the raw current measurement plus COB is displayed as the current measurement result in the current register, and is used for current accumulation. COB can be used to correct for a static offset error, or can be used to intentionally skew the current results and, therefore, the current accumulation. www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  16 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 Read and write access is allowed to COB. Whenever the COB is written, the new value is applied to all subsequent current measurements. COB can be programmed in 1.56µV steps to any value between +198.1µV and -199.7µV. The COB value is stored as a two’s complement value in EEPROM. The COB is loaded on power-up from EEPROM memory. The factory default value is 00h. The difference between the CAB and COB is that the CAB is not subject to current blanking. Offset currents between 100µV and -25µV are not accumulated if the offset is made by the COB. Offset currents between 100µV and -25µV are accumulated if they are made by the CAB. Current Offset Bias Register Format ADDRESS 7Bh 26 S 25 24 23 22 21 20 MSb LSb “S”: Sign Bit(s) Units: 1.56µV/RSNS Current Blanking The current blanking feature modifies current measurement result prior to being accumulated in the ACR. Current blanking occurs conditionally when a current measurement (raw current + COBR) falls in one of two defined ranges. The first range prevents charge currents less than 100µV from being accumulated. The second range prevents discharge currents less than 25µV in magnitude from being accumulated. Charge current blanking is always performed; however, discharge current blanking must be enabled by setting the NBEN bit in the control register. See the register description for additional information. Current Measurement Calibration The DS2784’s current measurement gain can be adjusted through the RSGAIN register, which is factory calibrated to meet the data sheet-specified accuracy. RSGAIN is user accessible and can be reprogrammed after module or pack manufacture to improve the current measurement accuracy. Adjusting RSGAIN can correct for variation in an external sense resistor’s nominal value, and allows the use of low-cost, nonprecision, current-sense resistors. RSGAIN is an 11-bit value stored in 2 bytes of the parameter EEPROM memory block. The RSGAIN value adjusts the gain from 0 to 1.999 in steps of 0.001 (precisely 2-10). The user must program RSGAIN cautiously to ensure accurate current measurement. When shipped from the factory, the gain calibration value is stored in two separate locations in the parameter EEPROM block: RSGAIN, which is reprogrammable, and FRSGAIN, which is read only. RSGAIN determines the gain used in the current measurement. The FRSGAIN value is provided to preserve the factory calibration value only and is not used to calibrate the current measurement. The 16-bit FRSGAIN value is readable from addresses B0h and B1h. Current Measurement Gain Register Format MSB—ADDRESS 78h X X X MSb X X 210 LSB—ADDRESS 79h 29 28 27 LSb MSb 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 LSb Units: 2-10 www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  17 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 Sense Resistor Temperature Compensation The DS2784 can temperature compensate the current-sense resistor to correct for variation in a sense resistor’s value overtemperature. The DS2784 is factory programmed with the sense-resistor temperature coefficient, RSTC, set to zero, which turns off the temperature compensation function. RSTC is user accessible and can be reprogrammed after module or pack manufacture to improve the current accuracy when using a high-temperature coefficient current-sense resistor. RSTC is an 8-bit value stored in the parameter EEPROM memory block. The RSTC value sets the temperature coefficient from 0 to +7782ppm/ºC in steps of 30.5ppm/ºC. The user must program RSTC cautiously to ensure accurate current measurement. Temperature compensation adjustments are made when the temperature register crosses 0.5°C boundaries. The temperature compensation is most effective with the resistor placed as close as possible to the VSS terminal. This optimizes thermal coupling of the resistor to the on-chip temperature sensor. Sense Resistor Temperature Compensation Register Format ADDRESS 7Ah 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 MSb LSb Units: 30.5ppm/°C Current Accumulation Current measurements are internally summed, or accumulated, at the completion of each conversion period and the results are stored in the ACR. The accuracy of the ACR is dependent on both the current measurement and the conversion time base. The ACR has a range of 0 to 409.6mVh with an LSb of 6.25µVh. Additional registers hold fractional results of each accumulation to avoid truncation errors. The fractional result bits are not user accessible. Accumulation of charge current above the maximum register value is reported at the maximum value; conversely, accumulation of discharge current below the minimum register value is reported at the minimum value. Charge currents (positive current register values) less than 100µV are not accumulated in order to mask the effect of accumulating small positive offset errors over long periods. This limits the minimum charge current, for coulomb-counting purposes, to 5mA for RSNS = 0.020Ω and 20mA for RSNS = 0.005Ω. Read and write access is allowed to the ACR. The ACR must be written MSB first then LSB. Whenever the ACR is written, the fractional accumulation result bits are cleared. The write must be completed in 3.5s (one ACR update period). A write to the ACR forces the ADC to perform an offset correction conversion and update the internal offset correction factor. The current measurement and accumulation begin with the second conversion following a write to the ACR. The ACR value is backed up to EEPROM in case of power loss. The ACR value is recovered from EEPROM on powerup. See Table 8 for specific address location and backup frequency. Accumulated Current Register Format MSB—ADDRESS 10h 215 214 213 MSb 212 211 210 LSB—ADDRESS 11h 29 28 27 LSb MSb 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 LSb Units: 6.25µVh/RSNS www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  18 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 Table 5. Resolution and Range vs. Sense Resistor RSNS VSS - VSNS 20mΩ 15mΩ 10mΩ 5mΩ 78.13µA 104.2µA 156.3µA 312.5µA Current Resolution 1.5625µV Current Range ±51.2mV ±2.56A ±3.41A ±5.12A ±10.24A ACR Resolution 6.25µVh 312.5µAh 416.7µAh 625µAh 1.250mAh 409.6mVh 20.48Ah 27.31Ah 40.96Ah 81.92Ah ACR Range Accumulation Bias In some designs a systematic error or an application preference requires the application of an arbitrary bias to the current accumulation process. The current accumulation bias register (CAB) allows a user-programmed constant positive or negative polarity bias to be included in the current accumulation process. The value in CAB can be used to estimate battery currents that do not flow through the sense resistor, estimate battery self-discharge or estimate current levels below the current measurement resolution. The user programmed two’s complement value, with bit weighting the same as the current register, is added to the ACR once per current conversion cycle. The CAB is loaded on power-up from EEPROM memory. The difference between the CAB and COB is that the CAB is not subject to current blanking. Offset currents between 100µV and -25µV are not accumulated if the offset is made by the COB. Offset currents between 100µV and -25µV are accumulated if they are made by the CAB. Current Accumulation Bias Register Format ADDRESS 61h S 26 MSb “S”: Sign Bit 25 24 23 22 21 20 LSb Units: 1.5625µV/RSNS Capacity Estimation Algorithm Remaining capacity estimation uses real-time measured values, stored parameters describing the cell characteristics, and application operating limits. Figure 3 describes the algorithm inputs and outputs. www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  19 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 VOLTAGE (R) FULL(T) TEMPERATURE (R) CURRENT (R) ACCUMULATED CURRENT (ACR) (R/W) CELL MODEL PARAMETERS (EEPROM) ACTIVE EMPTY (T) (R) STANDBY EMPTY (T) (R) CAPACITY LOOK-UP AVAILABLE CAPACITY CALCULATION ACR HOUSEKEEPING AGE ESTIMATOR AVERAGE CURRENT (R) (R) LEARN FUNCTION REMAINING ACTIVE ABSOLUTE CAPACITY (RAAC) MAH (R) REMAINING STANDBY ABSOLUTE CAPACITY (RSAC) MAH (R) REMAINING ACTIVE RELATIVE CAPACITY (RARC) % (R) REMAINING STANDBY RELATIVE CAPACITY (RSRC) % (R) AGING CAP (AC) (2 BYTES EE) AGE SCALAR (AS) (1 BYTES EE) USER MEMORY (EEPROM) 16 BYTES SENSE RESISTOR’ (RSNSP) (1BYTE EE) CHARGE VOLTAGE (VCHG) (1 BYTE EE) MIN CHG CURRENT (IMIN) (1 BYTE EE) EMPTY VOLTAGE (VAE) (1 BYTE EE) EMPTY CURRENT (IAE) (1 BYTE EE) Figure 3. Top-Level Algorithm Diagram www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  20 DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication Modeling Cell Characteristics increments from -128°C to +40°C. The slope or derivative for segments 1, 2, 3, and 4 are also programmable over a range of 0 to 15,555ppm, in steps of 61ppm. To achieve reasonable accuracy in estimating remaining capacity, the cell performance characteristics overtemperature, load current, and charge-termination point must be considered. Since the behavior of Li+ cells is nonlinear, these characteristics must be included in the capacity estimation to achieve an acceptable level of accuracy in the capacity estimation. The FuelPack™ method used in the DS2784 is described in general in Application Note 131: Lithium-Ion Cell Fuel Gauging with Maxim Battery Monitor ICs. To facilitate efficient implementation in hardware, a modified version of the method outlined in AN131 is used to store cell characteristics in the DS2784. Full and empty points are retrieved in a lookup process which retraces a piece-wise linear model consisting of three model curves named full, active empty, and standby empty. Each model curve is constructed with 5-line segments, numbered 1 through 5. Above 40°C, the segment 5 model curves extend infinitely with zero slope, approximating the nearly flat change in capacity of Li+ cells at temperatures above 40°C. Segment 4 of each model curves originates at +40°C on its upper end and extends downward in temperature to the junction with segment 3. Segment 3 joins with segment 2, which in turn joins with segment 1. Segment 1 of each model curve extends from the junction with segment 2 to infinitely colder temperatures. The three junctions or breakpoints that join the segments (labeled TBP12, TBP23, and TBP34 in Figure 4) are programmable in 1°C 100% SEGMENT 1 SEG. 2 Full—The full curve defines how the full point of a given cell varies over temperature for a given charge termination. The application’s charge termination method should be used to determine the table values. The DS2784 reconstructs the full line from the cell characteristic table to determine the full capacity of the battery at each temperature. Reconstruction occurs in one-degree temperature increments. Active Empty—The active-empty curve defines the variation of the active-empty point over temperature. The active-empty point is defined as the minimum voltage required for system operation at a discharge rate based on a high-level load current (one that is sustained during a high-power operating mode). This load current is programmed as the active-empty current (IAE), and should be a 3.5s average value to correspond to values read from the current register. The specified minimum voltage, or active empty voltage (VAE), should be a 220ms average value to correspond to the values read from the voltage register. The DS2784 reconstructs the active empty line from the cell characteristic table to determine the active empty capacity of the battery at each temperature. Reconstruction occurs in one-degree temperature increments. SEG. 3 SEG. 4 SEG. 5 FULL DERIVATIVE [PPM/°C] ACTIVE EMPTY CELL CHARACTERIZATION DATA POINTS STANDBY EMPTY TBP12 TBP23 TBP34 40°C Figure 4. Cell Model Example Diagram FuelPack is a trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  21 DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication Standby Empty—The standby-empty curve defines the variation of the standby-empty point over temperature. The standby-empty point is defined as the minimum voltage required for standby operation at a discharge rate dictated by the application standby current. In typical handheld applications, standby empty represents the point that the battery can no longer support DRAM refresh and thus the standby voltage is set by the minimum DRAM voltagesupply requirements. In other applications, standby empty can represent the point that the battery can no longer support a subset of the full application operation, such as games or organizer functions. The standby load current and voltage are used for determining the cell characteristics but are not programmed into the DS2784. The DS2784 reconstructs the standby-empty line from the cell characteristic table to determine the standby-empty capacity of the battery at each temperature. Reconstruction occurs in one-degree temperature increments. Cell Model Construction The model is constructed with all points normalized to the fully charged state at +40°C. All values are stored in the cell parameter EEPROM block. The +40°C full value is stored in µVhr with an LSB of 6.25µVhr. The +40°C active empty value is stored as a percentage of +40°C full with a resolution of 2-10. Standby empty at +40°C is, by definition, zero and, therefore, no storage is required. The slopes (derivatives) of the 4 segments for each model curve are stored in the cell parameter EEPROM block as ppm/°C. The breakpoint temperatures of each segment are stored there also (see Application Note 3584: Storing Battery Fuel Gauge Parameters in DS2780 for more details on how values are stored). An example of data stored in this manner is shown in Table 6. Table 6. Example Cell Characterization Table (Normalized to +40°C) Manufacturer’s Rated Cell Capacity: 1000mAh Charge Voltage: 4.2V Termination Current: 50mA Active Empty (V): 3.0V Active Empty (I): 300mA Sense Resistor: 0.020Ω Segment Breakpoints Full TBP12 TBP23 TBP34 -12°C 0°C 18°C +40°C Nominal (mAh) Seg. 1 ppm/°C 1051 Seg. 2 ppm/°C Seg. 3 ppm/°C Seg. 4 ppm/°C 3601 3113 1163 854 Active Empty 2380 1099 671 305 Standby Empty 1404 427 244 183 CELL MODEL PARAMETERS (EEPROM) TEMPERATURE LOOKUP FUNCTION FULL(T)* AE(T)* SE(T)* *SEE RESULT REGISTERS SECTION FOR A DESCRIPTION OF THESE REGISTERS. Figure 5. Lookup Function Diagram www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  22 DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication Application Parameters Aging Capacity (AC)—AC stores the rated cell capacity, which is used to estimate the decrease in battery capacity that occurs during normal use. The value is stored in 2 bytes in the same units as the ACR (6.25µVh). When set to the manufacturer’s rated cell capacity the aging estimation rate is approximately 2.4% per 100 cycles of equivalent full capacity discharges. Partial discharge cycles are added to form equivalent full capacity discharges. The default aging estimation results in 88% capacity after 500 equivalent cycles. The aging estimation rate can be adjusted by setting the AC to a value other than the cell manufacturer’s rating. Setting AC to a lower value, accelerates the aging estimation rate. Setting AC to a higher value, retards the aging estimation rate. The AC is located in the parameter EEPROM block. In addition to cell model characteristics, several application parameters are needed to detect the full and empty points, as well as calculate results in mAh units. Sense Resistor Prime (RSNSP[1/Ω])—RSNSP stores the value of the sense resistor for use in computing the absolute capacity results. The resistance is stored as a 1-byte conductance value with units of mhos (1/Ω). RSNSP supports resistor values of 1Ω to 3.922mΩ. RSNS is located in the parameter EEPROM block. RSNSP = 1/RSNS (units of mhos; 1/Ω) Charge Voltage (VCHG)—VCHG stores the charge voltage threshold used to detect a fully charged state. The voltage is stored as a 1-byte value with units of 19.5mV and can range from 0V to 4.978V. VCHG should be set marginally less than the cell voltage at the end of the charge cycle to ensure reliable charge termination detection. VCHG is located in the parameter EEPROM block. Minimum Charge Current (IMIN)—IMIN stores the charge current threshold used to detect a fully charged state. It is stored as a 1-byte value with units of 50µV (IMIN x RSNS) and can range from 0 to 12.75mV. Assuming RSNS = 20mΩ, IMIN can be programmed from 0mA to 637.5mA in 2.5mA steps. IMIN should be set marginally greater than the charge current at the end of the charge cycle to ensure reliable charge termination detection. IMIN is located in the parameter EEPROM block. Active Empty Voltage (VAE)—VAE stores the voltage threshold used to detect the active empty point. The value is stored in 1-byte with units of 19.5mV and can range from 0V to 4.978V. VAE is located in the parameter EEPROM block. See the Modeling Cell Characteristics section for more information. Active Empty Current (IAE)—IAE stores the discharge current threshold used to detect the active empty point. The unsigned value represents the magnitude of the discharge current and is stored in 1-byte with units of 200µV and can range from 0 to 51.2mV. Assuming RSNS = 20mΩ, IAE can be programmed from 0mA to 2550mA in 10mA steps. IAE is located in the Parameter EEPROM block. See the Cell Model Construction section for more information. www.maximintegrated.com Age Scalar (AS)—AS adjusts the cell capacity estimation results downward to compensate for aging. The AS is a 1-byte value that has a range of 49.2% to 100%. The LSb is weighted at 0.78% (precisely 2-7). A value of 100% (128 decimal or 80h) represents an unaged battery. A value of 95% is recommended as the starting AS value at the time of pack manufacture to allow the learning of a larger capacity on batteries that have an initial capacity greater than the rated cell capacity programmed in the cell characteristic table. The AS is modified by aging estimation introduced under aging capacity and by the capacity-learn function. The host system has read and write access to the AS, however caution should exercised when writing it to ensure that the cumulative aging estimate is not overwritten with an incorrect value. The AS is automatically saved to EEPROM (see Table 7 for details). The EEPROM value is recalled on power-up. Full capacity estimation based on the learn function is more accurate than the cycle-count-based estimation. The learn function reflects the current performance of the cell. Cycle count based estimation is an approximation derived from the manufacturer’s recommendation for a typical cell. Batteries are typically considered worn-out when the full capacity reaches 80% of the rated capacity, therefore, the AS value is not required to range to 0%. It is clamped to 50% (64d or 40h). If a value of 50% is read from the AS, the host should prompt the user to initiate a learning cycle. Maxim Integrated │  23 DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication Capacity Estimation Operation • If the AEF is set, the LEARNF is not set, and the ACR is below the active-empty model value at present temp the ACR is NOT updated. Aging Estimation As discussed above, the AS register value is adjusted occasionally based on cumulative discharge. As the ACR register decrements during each discharge cycle, an internal counter is incremented until equal to 32 times the AC. The AS is then decremented by one, resulting in a decrease of the scaled full battery capacity by 0.78% (approximately 2.4% per 100 cycles). See the AC register description above for recommendations on customizing the age-estimation rate. Learn Function Since Li+ cells exhibit charge efficiencies near unity, the charge delivered to a Li+ cell from a known empty point to a known full point is a dependable measure of the cell capacity. A continuous charge from empty to full results in a learn cycle. First, the active empty point must be detected. The learn flag (LEARNF) is set at this point. Then, once charging starts, the charge must continue uninterrupted until the battery is charged to full. Upon detecting full, LEARNF is cleared, the charge to full (CHGTF) flag is set, and the age scalar (AS) is adjusted according to the learned capacity of the cell. ACR Housekeeping The ACR value is adjusted occasionally to maintain the coulomb count within the model curve boundaries. When the battery is charged to full (CHGTF set), the ACR is set equal to the age scaled full lookup value at the present temperature. If a learn cycle is in progress, correction of the ACR value occurs after the age scalar (AS) is updated. When an empty condition is detected (LEARNF and/or AEF set), the ACR adjustment is conditional: • If the AEF is set and the LEARNF is not set, then the active-empty point was not detected. The battery is likely below the active-empty capacity of the model. The ACR is set to the active-empty model value at present temp only if it is greater than the active-empty model value at present temp. www.maximintegrated.com • If the LEARNF is set, then the battery is at the activeempty point and the ACR is set to the active-empty model value. Full Detect Full detection occurs when the voltage (V) readings remain continuously above the charge voltage (VCHG) threshold for the duration of two average current (IAVG) readings, and both IAVG readings are below terminating current (IMIN). The two consecutive IAVG readings must also be positive and nonzero (> 16 LSB). This ensures that removing the battery from the charger does not result in a false detection of full. Full detect sets the charge to full (CHGTF) bit in the status register. Active-Empty Point Detect Active-empty point detection occurs when the voltage register drops below the VAE threshold AND the two previous current readings are above IAE. This captures the event of the battery reaching the active-empty point. Note that the two previous current readings must be negative and greater in magnitude than IAE, that is, a larger discharge current than specified by the IAE threshold. Qualifying the voltage level with the discharge rate ensures that the active-empty point is not detected at loads much lighter than those used to construct the model. Also, the activeempty point must not be detected when a deep discharge at a very light load is followed by a load greater than IAE. Either case would cause a learn cycle on the following charge to include part of the standby capacity in the measurement of the active capacity. Active-empty point detection sets the learn flag (LEARNF) bit in the status register. Do not confuse the active-empty point with the active-empty flag. The active-empty flag is set only when the VAE threshold is passed. Maxim Integrated │  24 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 Status Register Format The status register contains bits that report the device status. All bits are set internally. The CHGTF, AEF, SEF, and LEARNF bits are read only. The UVF and PORF bits can be cleared by writing a zero to the bit locations. ADDRESS 01h BIT 7 BIT 6 BIT 5 BIT 4 BIT 3 BIT 2 BIT 1 BIT 0 CHGTF AEF SEF LEARNF X UVF PORF X CHGTF—Charge-Termination Flag. CHGTF is set to indicate that the voltage and average current register values have persisted above the VCHG and below the IMIN thresholds sufficiently long to detect a fully charged condition. CHGTF is cleared when RARC is less than 90%. CHGTF is read only. AEF—Active-Empty Flag. AEF is set to indicate that the battery is at or below the active-empty point. AEF is set when the voltage register value is less than the VAE threshold. AEF is cleared when RARC is greater than 5%. AEF is read only. SEF—Standby-Empty Flag. SEF is set to indicate RSRC is less than 10%. SEF is cleared when RSRC is greater than 15%. SEF is read only. LEARNF—Learn Flag. LEARNF indicates that the current charge cycle can be used to learn the battery capacity. LEARNF is set when the active-empty point is detected. This occurs when the voltage register value drops below the VAE threshold AND the two previous current register values were negative and greater in magnitude than the IAE threshold. See the Active-Empty Point Detect section for additional information. LEARNF is cleared when any of the following occur: 1) Learn cycle completes (CHGTF set). 2) Current register value becomes negative indicating discharge current flow. 3) ACR = 0 4) ACR value is written or recalled from EEPROM. 5) Sleep mode is entered. LEARNF is read only. UVF—Undervoltage Flag. UVF is set to indicate that the voltage measurement of the VIN pin is less than VUV, and must be written to a 0 to allow subsequent undervoltage events to be reported. UVF is not cleared internally. Writing UVF to 0 is effective only when VIN is greater or equal to VUV, otherwise, UV remains set due to the persistent undervoltage condition. UVF is set on power-up. PORF—Power-On Reset Flag. PORF is set to indicate initial power-up. PORF is not cleared internally. The user must write this flag value to a 0 to use it to indicate subsequent power-up events. If PORF indicates a power-on reset, the ACR could be misaligned with the actual battery state of charge. The system can request a charge to full to synchronize the ACR with the battery charge state. PORF is read/write-to-zero. X—Reserved Bits. www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  25 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 Result Registers The DS2784 processes measurement and cell characteristics on a 3.5s interval and yields seven result registers. The result registers are sufficient for direct display to the user in most applications. The host system can produce customized values for system use or user display by combining measurement, result and user EEPROM values. FULL(T) [ ]—The full capacity of the battery at the present temperature is reported normalized to the 40°C full value. This 15-bit value reflects the cell model Full value at the given temperature. FULL(T) reports values between 100% and 50% with a resolution of 61ppm (precisely 2-14). The register is clamped to a maximum value of 100% even though the register format permits values greater than 100%. Active Empty, AE(T) [ ]—The active-empty capacity of the battery at the present temperature is reported normalized to the 40°C full value. This 13-bit value reflects the cell model active-empty value at the given temperature. AE(T) reports values between 0% and 49.8% with a resolution of 61ppm (precisely 2-14). Standby Empty, SE(T) [ ]—The standby-empty capacity of the battery at the present temperature is reported normalized to the 40°C full value. This 13-bit value reflects the cell model standby-empty value at the current temperature. SE(T) reports values between 0% and 49.8% with a resolution of 61ppm (precisely 2-14). Remaining Active Absolute Capacity (RAAC) [mAh]—RAAC reports the remaining battery capacity available under the current temperature conditions to the active-empty point in absolute units of milliamp-hours (mAhr). RAAC is 16 bits. MSB—ADDRESS 02h 215 214 213 212 211 LSB—ADDRESS 03h 210 29 MSb 28 27 LSb MSb 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 LSb Units: 1.6mAhr Remaining Standby Absolute Capacity (RSAC) [mAh]—RSAC reports the remaining battery capacity available under the current temperature conditions to the standby-empty point capacity in absolute units of milliamp-hours (mAhr). RSAC is 16 bits. MSB—ADDRESS 04h 215 214 213 212 211 LSB—ADDRESS 05h 210 29 MSb 28 27 LSb MSb 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 LSb Units: 1.6mAhr Remaining Active Relative Capacity (RARC) [%]—RARC reports the remaining battery capacity available under the current temperature conditions to the active-empty point in relative units of percent. RARC is 8 bits. ADDRESS 06h 27 MSb 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 LSb Units: 1% www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  26 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 Remaining Standby Relative Capacity (RSRC) [%]—RSRC reports the remaining battery capacity available under the current temperature conditions to the standby-empty point capacity in relative units of percent. RSRC is 8 bits. ADDRESS 07h 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 MSb LSb Units: 1% Calculation of Results RAAC [mAh] = (ACR[mVh] - AE(T) x FULL40[mVh]) x RSNSP [mhos] Note: RSNSP = 1/RSNS RSAC [mAh] = (ACR[mVh] - SE(T) x FULL40[mVh]) x RSNSP [mhos] Note: RSNSP = 1/RSNS RARC [%] = 100% x (ACR[mVh] - AE(T) x FULL40[mVh]) / {(AS x FULL(T) - AE(T)) x FULL40[mVh]} RSRC [%] = 100% x (ACR[mVh] - SE(T) x FULL40[mVh]) / {(AS x FULL(T) - SE(T)) x FULL40[mVh]} Special Feature Register Format All register bits are read and write accessible, with default values specified in each bit definition. ADDRESS 15H BIT 7 BIT 6 BIT 5 BIT 4 BIT 3 BIT 2 BIT 1 BIT 0 X X X X X X X PIOB PIOB—PIO Pin Sense and Control Bit. Writing a 0 to the PIOB bit activates the PIO pin open-drain output driver, forcing the PIO pin low. Writing a 1 to PIOB disables the output driver, allowing the PIO pin to be pulled high or used as an input. Reading PIOB returns the logic level forced on the PIO pin. Note that if the PIO pin is high impedance/unconnected with PIOB set, a weak pulldown current source pulls the PIO pin to VSS. PIOB is set to a 1 on power-up. PIOB is also set in Sleep mode to ensure the PIO pin is high-impedance in sleep mode. Note: Do not write PIOB to 0 if PSPIO is enabled. X—Reserved Bits. EEPROM Register The EEPROM register provides access control of the EEPROM blocks. EEPROM blocks can be locked to prevent alteration of data within the block. Locking a block disables write access to the block. Once a block is locked, it cannot be unlocked. Read access to EEPROM blocks is unaffected by the lock/unlock status. EEPROM Register Format ADDRESS 1Fh BIT 7 BIT 6 BIT 5 BIT 4 BIT 3 BIT 2 BIT 1 BIT 0 EEC LOCK X X X X BL1 BL0 www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  27 DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication EEC—EEPROM Copy Flag. A 1 in this read-only bit indicates that a Copy Data Function command is in progress. While this bit is high, writes to EEPROM addresses are ignored. A 0 value in this bit indicates that data can be written to unlocked EEPROM. latched simultaneously and held for the duration of the Read Data command. This prevents updates to the LSB during the read ensuring synchronization between the two register bytes. For consistent results, always read the MSB and the LSB of a two-byte register during the same read data sequence. LOCK—EEPROM Lock Enable. When the lock bit is 0, the Lock Function command is ignored. Writing a 1 to this bit enables the Lock Function command. After setting the lock bit the Lock Function command must be issued as the next command, or else the lock bit is reset to 0. After the lock operation is completed, the lock bit is reset to 0. The lock bit is a volatile R/W bit, initialized to 0 upon POR. BL1—Parameter EEPROM Block 1 Lock Flag. A 1 in this read-only bit indicates that EEPROM block 1 (addresses 60h to 7Fh) is locked (read only) while a 0 indicates block 1 is unlocked (read/write). BL0—User EEPROM Block 0 Lock Flag. A 1 in this readonly bit indicates that EEPROM block 0 (addresses 20h to 2Fh is locked (read only) while a 0 indicates block 0 is unlocked (read/write). X – Reserved Bits. EEPROM memory consists of nonvolatile (NV) EEPROM cells overlaying volatile shadow RAM. The read data and write data protocols allow the 1-Wire interface to directly accesses the shadow RAM only. The Copy Data and Recall Data Function commands transfer data between the EEPROM cells and the shadow RAM. In order to modify the data stored in the EEPROM cells, data must be written to the shadow RAM and then copied to the EERPOM. To verify the data stored in the EEPROM cells, the EEPROM data must be recalled to the shadow RAM and then read from the shadow. After issuing the Copy Data Function command, access to the EEPROM block is not available until the EEPROM copy completes, which takes 2ms typically (see tEEC in the Electrical Characteristics table). User EEPROM—Block 0 Memory The DS2784 has a 256-byte linear memory space with registers for instrumentation, status, and control, as well as EEPROM memory blocks to store parameters and user information. Byte addresses designated as “Reserved” typically return FFh when read. These bytes should not be written. Several byte registers are paired into two-byte registers in order to store 16-bit values. The most significant byte (MSB) of the 16-bit value is located at the even address and the least significant byte (LSB) is located at the next address (odd) byte. When the MSB of a two-byte register is read, the MSB and LSB are A 16-byte user EEPROM memory (block 0, addresses 20h–2Fh) provides NV memory that is uncommitted to other DS2784 functions. Accessing the user EEPROM block does not affect the operation of the DS2784. User EEPROM is lockable; once locked, write access is not allowed. The battery pack or host system manufacturer can program lot codes, date codes, and other manufacturing or warranty or diagnostic information and then lock it to safeguard the data. User EEPROM can also store parameters for charging to support different size batteries in a host device as well as auxiliary model data such as time to full charge estimation parameters. COPY EEPROM SERIAL INTERFACE WRITE READ SHADOW RAM RECALL Figure 6. EEPROM Access via Shadow RAM www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  28 DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication Parameter EEPROM—BLOCK 1 AS registers are automatically saved to EEPROM when the RARC result crosses 4% boundaries. This allows the DS2784 to be located outside the protection FETs. Model data for the cells, as well as application operating parameters, are stored in the parameter EEPROM (block 1, addresses 60h–7Fh). The ACR (MSB and LSB) and Table 7. Parameter EEPROM Memory Block ADDRESS (HEX) DESCRIPTION ADDRESS (HEX) DESCRIPTION 60 CONTROL—Control Register 70 AE Segment 4 Slope 61 AB— Accumulation Bias 71 AE Segment 3 Slope 62 AC—Aging Capacity MSB 72 AE Segment 2 Slope 63 AC—Aging Capacity LSB 73 AE Segment 1 Slope 64 VCHG—Charge Voltage 74 SE Segment 4 Slope 65 IMIN—Minimum Charge Current 75 SE Segment 3 Slope 66 VAE—Active-Empty Voltage 76 SE Segment 2 Slope 67 IAE—Active-Empty Current 77 SE Segment 1 Slope 68 Active Empty 40 78 RSGAIN—Sense Resistor Gain MSB 69 RSNSP—Sense Resistor Prime 79 RSGAIN—Sense Resistor Gain LSB 6A Full 40 MSB 7A RSTC—Sense Resistor Temp Coefficient 6B Full 40 LSB 7B COB—Current Offset Bias 6C Full Segment 4 Slope 7C TBP34 6D Full Segment 3 Slope 7D TBP23 6E Full Segment 2 Slope 7E TBP12 6F Full Segment 1 Slope 7F Protector Threshold Register www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  29 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 Table 8. Memory Map ADDRESS (HEX) DESCRIPTION READ/WRITE 00 Protection Register R/W 01 Status Register R/W 02 RAAC MSB R 03 RAAC LSB R 04 RSAC MSB R 05 RSAC LSB R 06 RARC R 07 RSRC R 08 Average Current Register MSB R 09 Average Current Register LSB R 0A Temperature Register MSB R 0B Temperature Register LSB R 0C Voltage Register MSB R 0D Voltage Register LSB R 0E Current Register MSB R 0F Current Register LSB 10 Accumulated Current Register MSB R/W * R/W * R 11 Accumulated Current Register LSB 12 Accumulated Current Register LSB-1 R 13 Accumulated Current Register LSB-2 R 14 Age Scalar 15 Special Feature Register 16 Full MSB R 17 Full LSB R 18 Active-Empty MSB R R/W * R/W 19 Active-Empty LSB R 1A Standby-Empty MSB R 1B Standby-Empty LSB R Reserved — 1C to 1E 1F EEPROM Register R/W 20 to 2F User EEPROM, Lockable, Block 0 R/W 38 to 5F Reserved 60 to 7F Parameter EEPROM, Lockable, Block 1 80 to AF Reserved — B0 Factory Gain RSGAIN MSB R B1 Factory Gain RSGAIN LSB R Reserved — B2 to FF — R/W * Register value is automatically saved to EEPROM during Active mode operation and recalled from EEPROM on power-up. www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  30 DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication Authentication command. After the MAC computation is complete, the host must write 8 write-zero time slots and then issue 160 read-time slots to receive the 20-byte MAC. See Figure 10 for command timing. Authentication is performed using a FIPS-180-compliant SHA-1 one-way hash algorithm on a 512-bit message block. The message block consists of a 64-bit secret, a 64-bit challenge and 384 bits of constant data. Optionally, the 64-bit net address replaces 64 of the 384 bits of constant data used in the hash operation. Contact Maxim for details of the message block organization. The host and the DS2784 both calculate the result based on the mutually known secret. The result of the hash operation is known as the message authentication code (MAC) or message digest. The MAC is returned by the DS2784 for comparison to the host’s MAC. Note that the secret is never transmitted on the bus and thus cannot be captured by observing bus traffic. Each authentication attempt is initiated by the host system by providing a 64-bit random challenge by the Write Challenge command. The host then issues the compute MAC or compute MAC with ROM ID command. The MAC is computed per FIPS 180, and then returned as a 160-bit serial stream, beginning with the least significant bit. DS2784 Authentication Commands Write Challenge [0Ch]. This command writes the 64-bit challenge to the DS2784. The LSB of the 64-bit data argument can begin immediately after the MSB of the command has been completed. If more than 64-bits are written, the final value in the challenge register will be indeterminate. The Write Challenge command must be issued prior to every Compute MAC or Compute Next Secret command for reliable results. Compute MAC Without ROM ID [36h]. This command initiates a SHA-1 computation without including the ROM ID in the message block. Since the ROM ID is not used, this command allows the use of a master secret and MAC response independent of the ROM ID. The DS2784 computes the MAC in tSHA after receiving the last bit of this Compute MAC With ROM ID [35h]. This command is structured the same as the compute MAC without ROM ID, except that the ROM ID is included in the message block. With the ROM ID unique to each DS2784 included in the MAC computation, the MAC is unique to each token. See White Paper 4: Glossary of 1-Wire SHA-1 Terms, for more information. See Figure 10 for command timing. SHA-1-related commands used while authenticating a battery or peripheral device are summarized in Table 9 for convenience. Four additional commands for clearing, computing, and locking of the secret are described in detail in the following section. Secret Management Function Commands Clear Secret [5Ah]. This command sets the 64-bit secret to all 0s (0000 0000 0000 0000h). The host must wait tEEC for the DS2784 to write the new secret value to EEPROM. See Figure 13 for command timing. Compute Next Secret Without ROM ID [30h]. This command initiates a SHA-1 computation of the MAC and uses a portion of the resulting MAC as the next or new secret. The hash operation is performed with the current 64-bit secret and the 64-bit challenge. Logical 1s are loaded in place of the ROM ID. 64 bits of the output MAC are used as the new secret value. The host must allow tSHA after issuing this command for the SHA calculation to complete, then wait tEEC for the DS2784 to write the new secret value to EEPROM. See Figure 11 for command timing. Table 9. Authentication Function Commands COMMAND HEX FUNCTION Write Challenge 0C Writes 64-bit challenge for SHA-1 processing. Required prior to issuing Compute MAC and Compute Next Secret commands. Compute MAC Without ROM ID and Return MAC 36 Computes hash operation of the message block with logical 1s in place of the ROM ID. Returns the 160-bit MAC. Compute MAC With ROM ID and Return MAC 35 Computes hash operation of the message block including the ROM ID. Returns the 160-bit MAC. www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  31 DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication Compute Next Secret With ROM ID [33h]. This command initiates a SHA-1 computation of the MAC and uses a portion of the resulting MAC as the next or new secret. The hash operation is performed with the current 64- bit secret, the 64-bit ROM ID and the 64-bit challenge. 64 bits of the output MAC are used as the new secret value. The host must allow tSHA after issuing this command for the SHA calculation to complete, then wait tEEC for the DS2784 to write the new secret value to EEPROM. See Figure 11 for command timing. 64-BIT Net Address (ROM ID) Lock Secret [60h]. This command write protects the 64-bit secret to prevent accidental or malicious overwrite of the secret value. The secret value stored in EEPROM becomes “final”. The host must wait tEEC for the DS2784 to write the lock secret bit to EEPROM. See Figure 13 for command timing. 1-Wire Bus System The 1-Wire bus is a system that has a single bus master and one or more slaves. A multidrop bus is a 1-Wire bus with multiple slaves, while a single-drop bus has only one slave device. In all instances, the DS2784 is a slave device. The bus master is typically a microprocessor in the host system. The discussion of this bus system consists of five topics: 64-bit net address, CRC generation, hardware configuration, transaction sequence, and 1-Wire signaling. Each DS2784 has a unique, factory-programmed 1-Wire net address that is 64 bits in length. The term net address is synonymous with the ROM ID or ROM code terms used in the DS2502 and other 1-Wire documentation. The first eight bits of the net address are the 1-Wire family code (32h). The next 48 bits are a unique serial number. The last eight bits are a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) of the first 56 bits (see Figure 7). The 64-bit net address and the 1-Wire I/O circuitry built into the device enable the DS2784 to communicate through the 1-Wire protocol detailed in this data sheet. CRC Generation The DS2784 has an 8-bit CRC stored in the most significant byte of its 1-Wire net address. To ensure error-free transmission of the address, the host system can compute a CRC value from the first 56 bits of the address and compare it to the CRC from the DS2784. The host system is responsible for verifying the CRC value and taking action as a result. The DS2784 does not compare CRC values and does not prevent a command sequence from proceeding as a result of a CRC mismatch. Proper use of the CRC can result in a communication channel with a very high level of integrity. Table 10. Secret Loading Function Commands COMMAND HEX FUNCTION Clear Secret 5A Clears the 64-bit Secret to 0000 0000 0000 0000h. Compute Next Secret Without ROM ID 30 Generates new global secret. Compute Next Secret With ROM ID 33 Generates new unique secret. Lock Secret 60 Sets lock bit to prevent changes to the secret. 8-BIT CRC MSb 48-BIT SERIAL NUMBER 8-BIT FAMILY CODE (32H) LSb Figure 7. 1-Wire Net Address Format www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  32 DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication The CRC can be generated by the host using a circuit consisting of a shift register and XOR gates as shown in Figure 8, or it can be generated in software using the polynomial X8 + X5 + X4 + 1. Additional information about the Maxim 1-Wire CRC is available in Application Note 27: Understanding and Using Cyclic Redundancy Checks with Maxim iButton Products. The 1-Wire bus must have a pullup resistor at the busmaster end of the bus. A value of between 2kΩ and 5kΩ is recommended. The idle state for the 1-Wire bus is high. If, for any reason, a bus transaction must be suspended, the bus must be left in the idle state to properly resume the transaction later. Note that if the bus is left low for more than tLOW0, slave devices on the bus begin to interpret the low period as a reset pulse, effectively terminating the transaction. In the circuit in Figure 8, the shift register bits are initialized to 0. Then, starting with the least significant bit of the family code, one bit at a time is shifted in. After the 8th bit of the family code has been entered, then the serial number is entered. After the 48th bit of the serial number has been entered, the shift register contains the CRC value. Transaction Sequence The protocol for accessing the DS2784 through the 1-Wire port is as follows: • Initialization Hardware Configuration • Net Address Command Because the 1-Wire bus has only a single line, it is important that each device on the bus be able to drive it at the appropriate time. To facilitate this, each device attached to the 1-Wire bus must connect to the bus with open-drain or tri-state output drivers. The DS2784 uses an open-drain output driver as part of the bidirectional interface circuitry shown in Figure 9. If a bidirectional pin is not available on the bus master, separate output, and input pins can be connected together. • Function Command(s) • Data Transfer (not all commands have data transfer) All transactions of the 1-Wire bus begin with an initialization sequence consisting of a reset pulse transmitted by the bus master, followed by a presence pulse simultaneously transmitted by the DS2784 and any other slaves on the bus. The presence pulse tells the bus master that one or more devices are on the bus and ready to operate. For more details, see the NET Address Commands section. INPUT MSb XOR XOR LSb XOR Figure 8. 1-Wire CRC Generation Block Diagram VPULLUP (2.0 TO 5.5V) BUS MASTER 4.7kΩ DEVICE 1-WIRE PORT (DQ) Rx Rx Tx Rx = RECEIVE Tx = TRANSMIT 0.2μA (TYP) 100Ω MOSFET Tx Figure 9. 1-Wire Bus Interface Circuitry www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  33 DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication NET Address Commands can cause a data collision when all slaves transmit data at the same time. Once the bus master has detected the presence of one or more slaves, it can issue one of the net address commands described in the following paragraphs. The name of each net address command (ROM command) is followed by the 8-bit op code for that command in square brackets. Read Net Address [33h]. This command allows the bus master to read the DS2784’s 1-Wire net address. This command can only be used if there is a single slave on the bus. If more than one slave is present, a data collision occurs when all slaves try to transmit at the same time (open drain produces a wired-AND result). Match Net Address [55h]. This command allows the bus master to specifically address one DS2784 on the 1-Wire bus. Only the addressed DS2784 responds to any subsequent function command. All other slave devices ignore the function command and wait for a reset pulse. This command can be used with one or more slave devices on the bus. Skip Net Address [CCh]. This command saves time when there is only one DS2784 on the bus by allowing the bus master to issue a function command without specifying the address of the slave. If more than one slave device is present on the bus, a subsequent function command Search Net Address [F0h]. This command allows the bus master to use a process of elimination to identify the 1-Wire net addresses of all slave devices on the bus. The search process involves the repetition of a simple three- step routine: read a bit, read the complement of the bit, then write the desired value of that bit. The bus master performs this simple three-step routine on each bit location of the net address. After one complete pass through all 64 bits, the bus master knows the address of one device. The remaining devices can then be identified on additional iterations of the process. See Chapter 5 of the Book of iButton® Standards for a comprehensive discussion of a net address search, including an actual example (www.maximintegrated.com/iButtonBook). Function Commands After successfully completing one of the net address commands, the bus master can access the features of the DS2784 with any of the function commands described in the following paragraphs. The name of each function is followed by the 8-bit op code for that command in square brackets. The function commands are summarized below in Table 11. Table 11. All Function Commands COMMAND HEX DESCRIPTION Write Challenge 0C Writes 64-bit challenge for SHA-1 processing. Required immediately prior to all Compute MAC and Compute Next Secret commands. Compute MAC Without ROM ID and Return MAC 36 Computes hash operation of message block with logical 1s in place of the ROM ID. Compute MAC With ROM ID and Return MAC 35 Computes hash operation of message block using the ROM ID. Clear Secret 5A Clears the 64-bit secret to 0000 0000 0000 0000h. Compute Next Secret Without ROM ID 30 Generates new global secret. Compute Next Secret With ROM ID 33 Generates new unique secret. Lock Secret 60 Sets lock bit to prevent changes to the secret. Read Data 69, XX Reads data from memory starting at address XX. Write Data 6C, XX Writes data to memory starting at address XX. Copy Data 48, XX Copies shadow RAM data to EEPROM block containing address XX. Recall Data B8, XX Recalls EEPROM block containing address XX to RAM. Lock 6A, XX Permanently locks the block of EEPROM containing address XX. Set Overdrive 8B Sets 1-Wire interface timings to overdrive. Clear Overdrive 8D Sets 1-Wire interface timings to standard (factory default). Reset C4 Resets DS2784 (software POR). iButton is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  34 DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication Read Data [69h, XX]. This command reads data from the DS2784 starting at memory address XX. The LSb of the data in address XX is available to be read immediately after the MSb of the address has been entered. Because the address is automatically incremented after the MSb of each byte is received, the LSb of the data at address XX + 1 is available to be read immediately after the MSb of the data at address XX. If the bus master continues to read beyond address FFh, data is read starting at memory address 00 and the address is automatically incremented until a reset pulse occurs. Addresses labeled “Reserved” in the memory map contain undefined data values. The Read Data command can be terminated by the bus master with a reset pulse at any bit boundary. Reads from EEPROM block addresses return the data in the shadow RAM. A Recall Data command is required to transfer data from the EEPROM to the shadow. See Table 7 for more details. bytes are not written. Writes to unlocked EEPROM block addresses modify the shadow RAM. A Copy Data command is required to transfer data from the shadow to the EEPROM. See Table 7 for more details. Write Data [6Ch, XX]. This command writes data to the DS2784 starting at memory address XX. The LSb of the data to be stored at address XX can be written immediately after the MSb of address has been entered. Because the address is automatically incremented after the MSb of each byte is written, the LSb to be stored at address XX + 1 can be written immediately after the MSb to be stored at address XX. If the bus master continues to write beyond address FFh, the data starting at address 00 is overwritten. Writes to read-only addresses, reserved addresses and locked EEPROM blocks are ignored. Incomplete Copy Data [48h, XX]. This command copies the contents of the EEPROM shadow RAM to EEPROM cells for the EEPROM block containing address XX. Copy Data commands that address locked blocks are ignored. While the copy data command is executing, the EEC bit in the EEPROM register is set to 1 and writes to EEPROM addresses are ignored. Reads and writes to non-EEPROM addresses can still occur while the copy is in progress. The Copy Data command takes tEEC time to execute, starting on the next falling edge after the address is transmitted. Recall Data [B8h, XX]. This command recalls the contents of the EEPROM cells to the EEPROM shadow memory for the EEPROM block containing address XX. Lock [6Ah, XX]. This command locks (write protects) the block of EEPROM containing address XX. The lock bit in the EEPROM register must be set to 1 before the Lock command is executed. To help prevent unintentional locks, one must issue the Lock command immediately after setting the lock bit (EEPROM register, address 1Fh, bit 06) to a 1. If the lock bit is 0 or if setting the lock bit to 1 does not immediately precede the Lock command, the Lock command has no effect. The Lock command is permanent; a locked block can never be written again. Table 12. Guide to Function Command Requirements ISSUE MEMORY ADDRESS ISSUE 00h BEFORE READ READ/WRITE TIME SLOTS Write Challenge — — Write: 64 Compute MAC — Yes Read: up to 160 Compute Next Secret — — — Clear/Lock Secret, Set/Clear Overdrive — — — Read Data 8 bits — Read: up to 2048 Write Data 8 bits — Write: up to 2048 Copy Data 8 bits — — Recall Data 8 bits — — Lock 8 bits — — Reset — — — COMMAND www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  35 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 tSHA 1-WIRE RESET SKIP ROM CMD PRESENCE PULSE UP TO 160 READ TIME SLOTS (READ 20-BYTE MAC) WAIT FOR MAC COMPUTATION COMPUTE MAC CMD 8 WRITE 0 TIME SLOTS Figure 10. Compute MAC Function Command tSHA 1-WIRE RESET SKIP ROM CMD PRESENCE PULSE COMPUTE NEXT SECRET CMD WAIT FOR MAC COMPUTATION tEEC WAIT FOR EEPROM PROGRAMMING Figure 11. Compute Next Secret Function Command tEEC 1-WIRE RESET SKIP ROM CMD COPY CMD 8 WRITE TIME SLOTS WAIT FOR EEPROM PROGRAMMING PRESENCE PULSE Figure 12. Copy Function Command www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  36 DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication I/O Signaling Write-Time Slots The 1-Wire bus requires strict signaling protocols to ensure data integrity. The four protocols used by the DS2784 are as follows: the initialization sequence (reset pulse followed by presence pulse), write 0, write 1, and read data. The bus master initiates all these types of signaling except the presence pulse. The initialization sequence required to begin any communication with the DS2784 is shown in Figure 14. A presence pulse following a reset pulse indicates that the DS2784 is ready to accept a net address command. The bus master transmits (Tx) a reset pulse for tRSTL. The bus master then releases the line and goes into Receive mode (Rx). The 1-Wire bus line is then pulled high by the pullup resistor. After detecting the rising edge on the DQ pin, the DS2784 waits for tPDH and then transmits the presence pulse for tPDL. A write-time slot is initiated when the bus master pulls the 1-Wire bus from a logic-high (inactive) level to a logiclow level. There are two types of write-time slots: write 1 and write 0. All write-time slots must be tSLOT in duration with a 1µs minimum recovery time, tREC, between cycles. The DS2784 samples the 1-Wire bus line between tLOW1_MAX and tLOW0_MIN after the line falls. If the line is high when sampled, a write 1 occurs. If the line is low when sampled, a write 0 occurs. The sample window is illustrated in Figure 15. For the bus master to generate a write-1 time slot, the bus line must be pulled low and then released, allowing the line to be pulled high less than tRDV after the start of the write time slot. For the host to generate a write 0 time slot, the bus line must be pulled low and held low for the duration of the write-time slot. tEEC 1-WIRE RESET SKIP ROM CMD PRESENCE PULSE CLEAR/LOCK SECRET CMD OR SET/CLEAR OVERDRIVE CMD WAIT FOR EEPROM COPY TIME Figure 13. Clear/Lock Secret, Set/Clear Overdrive Function Commands tRSTL tRSTH tPDH tPDL PACK+ DQ PACK- LINE TYPE LEGEND: BUS MASTER ACTIVE LOW DS2784ACTIVE LOW BOTH BUS MASTER AND DS2784 ACTIVE LOW RESISTOR PULLUP Figure 14. 1-Wire Initialization Sequence www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  37 DS2784 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication Read-Time Slots slot, the DS2784 releases the bus line and allows it to be pulled high by the external pullup resistor. All readtime slots must be tSLOT in duration with a 1µs minimum recovery time, tREC, between cycles. See Figure 15 and the timing specifications in the Electrical Characteristics table for more information. A read-time slot is initiated when the bus master pulls the 1-Wire bus line from a logic-high level to a logic-low level. The bus master must keep the bus line low for at least 1µs and then release it to allow the DS2784 to present valid data. The bus master can then sample the data tRDV from the start of the read-time slot. By the end of the read-time WRITE 0 SLOT WRITE 1 SLOT tSLOT tSLOT tLOW0 tLOW1 VPULLUP tREC GND >1µS DEVICE SAMPLE WINDOW MIN MODE TYP DEVICE SAMPLE WINDOW MAX MIN TYP MAX STANDARD 15µS 15µS 30µS 15µS 15µS 30µS OVERDRIVE 2µS 1µS 3µS 2µS 1µS 3µS READ DATA SLOT DATA = 0 tSLOT VPULLUP tRDV DATA = 1 tREC tSLOT tRDV GND MASTER SAMPLE WINDOW MODE >1µS MASTER SAMPLE WINDOW STANDARD 15µS 15µS OVERDRIVE 2µS 2µS LINE TYPE LEGEND: BUS MASTER ACTIVE LOW DEVICE ACTIVE LOW BOTH BUS MASTER AND DEVICE ACTIVE LOW RESISTOR PULLUP Figure 15. 1-Wire Write and Read-Time Slots www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  38 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 Ordering Information PART TEMP RANGE TOP MARK PIN PACKAGE DS2784G+ -40°C to +85°C D2784 14 TDFN-EP* DS2784G+T&R -40°C to +85°C D2784 14 TDFN-EP* +Denotes a lead(Pb)-free/RoHS-compliant package. T&R = Tape and reel. *EP = Exposed pad. Package Information For the latest package outline information and land patterns (footprints), go to www.maximintegrated.com/packages. Note that a “+”, “#”, or “-” in the package code indicates RoHS status only. Package drawings may show a different suffix character, but the drawing pertains to the package regardless of RoHS status. PACKAGE TYPE PACKAGE CODE OUTLINE NO. LAND PATTERN NO. 14 TDFN-EP (3mm x 5mm) T1435N+1 21-0253 90-0246 www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  39 1-Cell Fuel Gauge with FuelPack, Protector, and SHA-1 Authentication DS2784 Revision History REVISION NUMBER REVISION DATE 0 9/07 1 5/09 PAGES CHANGED DESCRIPTION Initial release — Changed the VDD maximum operating range in the Electrical Characteristics table to 4.6V. 2–4 Added text in Note 3 of Table 1 for UV case where UVEN = 0 and to the Undervoltage section. 9 Changed VDD to VIN for pin monitored for UV release condition. 9 Added “VIN pin is limited to VDD voltage” text in the Voltage Measurement section. 13 Added CC FET Turn Off, DC FET Turn Off, COC Delay, DOC Delay, SC Delay, OV Delay, UV Delay TOCs. 5–8 Added the CTG pin and connection to GND in the Typical Operating Circuit. 9 Changed the DOCUMENT NO. to 21-0253 in the Package Information table. 41 4/10 Corrected the “Top Mark” in the Ordering Information table. 1 4 3/12 Deleted all references to CRC generation during any command sequences unrelated to 64-bit ID in the CRC Generation section 34 5 1/17 Updated front page title and Applications section; moved Simple Fuel Gauge Circuit Diagram to front page; moved Pin Configuration above Pin Description table; moved Ordering Information table to end of data sheet 1, 7, 39 2 8/09 3 For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim Direct at 1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim Integrated’s website at www.maximintegrated.com. Maxim Integrated cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim Integrated product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim Integrated reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. The parametric values (min and max limits) shown in the Electrical Characteristics table are guaranteed. Other parametric values quoted in this data sheet are provided for guidance. Maxim Integrated and the Maxim Integrated logo are trademarks of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. ©  2017 Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. │  40