MAX8770GTL+T

CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES 19-3913; Rev 0; 10/05 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies The MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 are 2/1-phase interleaved Quick-PWM™ step-down VID power-supply controllers for notebook CPUs. True out-of-phase operation reduces input ripple current requirements and output voltage ripple while easing component selection and layout difficulties. The Quick-PWM control provides instantaneous response to fast load current steps. Active voltage positioning reduces power dissipation and bulk output capacitance requirements and allows ideal positioning compensation for tantalum, polymer, or ceramic bulk output capacitors. The MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 are intended for two different notebook CPU core applications: either bucking down the battery directly to create the core voltage, or else bucking down the +5V system supply. The singlestage conversion method allows this device to directly step down high-voltage batteries for the highest possible efficiency. Alternatively, 2-stage conversion (stepping down the +5V system supply instead of the battery) at higher switching frequency provides the minimum possible physical size. A slew-rate controller allows controlled transitions between VID codes, controlled soft-start and shutdown, and controlled exit from suspend. A thermistor-based temperature sensor provides a programmable thermalfault output (VRHOT). A power-monitor output (POUT) provides an analog voltage output proportional to the power consumed by the CPU. The MAX8770/MAX8771/ MAX8772 include output undervoltage protection (UVP) and thermal protection, and the MAX8770/MAX8771 also include overvoltage protection (OVP). When any of these protection features detect a fault, the controller shuts down. A voltage-regulator power-OK (PWRGD) output indicates the output is in regulation. A clock enable (CLKEN) output provides proper system startup sequencing. Additionally, the MAX8771 has a phase-good (PHASEGD) output, and the MAX8770/MAX8772 includes true differential current sense. The MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 implement the Intel IMVP-6+ code set and the required IMVP-6+ control signals. The MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 are available in a 40-pin TQFN package. Features ♦ Single/Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller ♦ ±0.4% VOUT Accuracy Over Line, Load, and Temperature ♦ 7-Bit On-Board DAC: 0 to +1.5000V Output Adjust Range ♦ Dynamic Phase Selection Optimizes Active/Sleep Efficiency ♦ Transient Phase Overlap Reduces Output Capacitance ♦ Integrated Boost Switches ♦ Active Voltage Positioning with Adjustable Gain ♦ Programmable 200kHz to 600kHz Switching Frequency ♦ Accurate Current Balance and Current Limit ♦ Adjustable Slew-Rate Control ♦ Power-Good (PWRGD), Clock Enable (CLKEN), Power Monitor (POUT) and Thermal Fault (VRHOT) Outputs ♦ Phase Fault (PHASEGD) Output (MAX8771) ♦ Drives Large Synchronous Rectifier MOSFETs ♦ 4V to 26V Battery-Input-Voltage Range ♦ Output OV Protection (MAX8770/MAX8771) ♦ UV and Thermal-Fault Protection ♦ Power Sequencing and Timing ♦ Soft-Startup and Soft-Shutdown Ordering Information PART TEMP PIN-PACKAGE MAX8770GTL+ -40°C to +105°C 40 Thin QFN 6mm x 6mm MAX8771GTL+ -40°C to +105°C 40 Thin QFN 6mm x 6mm MAX8772GTL+ -40°C to +105°C 40 Thin QFN 6mm x 6mm +Denotes lead-free package. Applications IMVP-6+ Core Supply Multiphase CPU Core Supply Voltage-Positioned, Step-Down Converters Notebook/Desktop Computers Blade Servers Pin Configuration appears at end of data sheet. Intel is a registered trademark of Intel, Corp. Quick-PWM is a trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. ________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim/Dallas Direct! at 1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com. 1 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 General Description CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS BST_ to GND ..........................................................-0.3V to +36V LX_ to BST_ ..............................................................-6V to +0.3V BST_ to VDD...........................................................-0.3V to +30V DH_ to LX_ ..................................................-0.3V to VBST_ +0.3V REF Short Circuit to GND ...........................................Continuous Continuous Power Dissipation 40-Pin 6mm x 6mm Thin QFN (derate 23.2mW/°C above +70°C) .............................2051mW Operating Temperature Range .........................-40°C to +105°C Junction Temperature ......................................................+150°C Storage Temperature Range .............................-65°C to +165°C Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C VCC, VDD to GND .....................................................-0.3V to +6V D0–D6, CSP_ to GND...............................................-0.3V to +6V CSN12 (MAX8771) to GND ......................................-0.3V to +6V CSN_ (MAX8770/MAX8772) to GND........................-0.3V to +6V PHASEGD (MAX8771) to GND.................................-0.3V to +6V THRM, VRHOT, CLKEN to GND...............................-0.3V to +6V TIME, PWRGD, POUT to GND ......................-0.3V to VCC + 0.3V REF, FB, CCV, CCI to GND ..........................-0.3V to VCC + 0.3V SHDN to GND (Note 1)...........................................-0.3V to +14V TON to GND ...........................................................-0.3V to +30V DPRSLPVR, DPRSTP, PSI to GND ...........................-0.3V to +6V GNDS, PGND_ to GND .........................................-0.3V to +0.3V DL_ to PGND_...............................................-0.3V to VDD + 0.3V Note 1: SHDN may be forced to 12V for the purpose of debugging prototype boards using the no-fault test mode, which disables fault protection and disables overlapping operation. Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Circuit of Figure 1. VDD = VCC = VSHDN = VPSI = VDPRSTP = 5V, DPRSLPVR = GNDS = PGND_ = GND, VFB = VCCI = VCSP_ = VCSN_ = 1.200V, D0–D6 set for 1.20V (D0–D6 = 0001100). TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise specified. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS PWM CONTROLLER Input Voltage Range DC Output-Voltage Accuracy VCC, VDD VOUT Includes loadregulation error (Note 2) 4.5 5.5 V DAC codes from 0.8375V to 1.500V -0.4 +0.4 % DAC codes from 0.500V to 0.825V -4 +4 DAC codes below 0.4875V -10 +10 mV Boot Voltage VBOOT 1.19 GNDS Input Range VGNDS -200 GNDS Gain AGNDS GNDS Input Bias Current IGNDS ∆VOUT/∆VGNDS, -200mV ≤ VGNDS ≤ +200mV FB Input Bias Current IFB CSP_ = CSN_ for both enabled phases On-Time Accuracy (Note 3) tON VIN = 12V VFB = VCCI = 1.2V 1.20 1.21 V +200 mV 0.95 1.00 1.05 V/V -25 -15 +2 µA +2 µA -2 RTON = 96.75kΩ 142 167 192 RTON = 200kΩ 300 333 366 RTON = 303.25kΩ 425 500 575 ns TON Shutdown Input Current SHDN = 0, VIN = 26V, VCC = VDD = 0 or 5V 0.01 0.1 µA Minimum FB and CCI Voltages for Pseudo-Fixed-Frequency Operation Switching frequency is reduced if FB and/or CCI are less than this value 0.2 0.25 V (Note 3) 300 375 ns Minimum Off-Time 2 tOFF(MIN) _______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies (Circuit of Figure 1. VDD = VCC = VSHDN = VPSI = VDPRSTP = 5V, DPRSLPVR = GNDS = PGND_ = GND, VFB = VCCI = VCSP_ = VCSN_ = 1.200V, D0–D6 set for 1.20V (D0–D6 = 0001100). TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise specified. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) PARAMETER SYMBOL TIME Slew-Rate Accuracy CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX RTIME = 71.5kΩ (12.5mV/µs nominal) -10 +10 RTIME = 35.7kΩ (25mV/µs nominal) to 178kΩ (5mV/µs nominal) -15 +15 DPRSTP = high, DPRSLPVR = high, RTIME = 35.7kΩ to 178kΩ, SR = 6.25mV/µs nominal to 1.25mV/µs nominal -20 +20 Startup and shutdown, RTIME = 35.7kΩ (3.125mV/µs nominal) to 178kΩ (0.625mV/µs nominal) -20 +20 UNITS % BIAS AND REFERENCE Quiescent Supply Current (VCC) ICC Measured at VCC, FB forced above the regulation point, DPRSLPVR = VCC 5 10 mA Quiescent Supply Current (VDD) IDD Measured at VDD, FB forced above the regulation point, DPRSLPVR = VCC 0.01 1 µA Shutdown Supply Current (VCC) ICC(SHDN) Measured at VCC, SHDN = GND 0.01 1 µA Shutdown Supply Current (VDD) IDD(SHDN) Measured at VDD, SHDN = GND 0.01 1 µA 2.000 2.014 V Reference Voltage VREF Reference Load Regulation ∆VREF VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V, IREF = 0 IREF = 0 to 500µA 1.986 -2 IREF = -100µA to 0 -0.2 0.21 6.2 250 300 350 1.75 1.80 1.85 mV FAULT PROTECTION Output Overvoltage Protection Threshold (MAX8770/MAX8771 Only) Measured at FB with respect to unloaded output voltage; rising edge; PWM mode or skip mode after output reaches the regulation voltage VOVP Measured at FB; rising edge Skip mode and output have not reached the regulation voltage Minimum OVP threshold Output OvervoltagePropagation Delay (MAX8770/MAX8771 Only) tOVP FB forced 25mV above trip threshold Output Undervoltage Protection Threshold VUVP Measured at FB with respect to unloaded output voltage Output Undervoltage Propagation Delay tUVP FB forced 25mV below trip threshold CLKEN Startup Delay (Boot Time Period) tBOOT Measured from the time when FB reaches the boot target voltage based on the slew rate set by RTIME mV V 0.8 10 -450 -400 µs -350 10 20 60 mV µs 100 µs _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (Circuit of Figure 1. VDD = VCC = VSHDN = VPSI = VDPRSTP = 5V, DPRSLPVR = GNDS = PGND_ = GND, VFB = VCCI = VCSP_ = VCSN_ = 1.200V, D0–D6 set for 1.20V (D0–D6 = 0001100). TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise specified. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) PARAMETER PWRGD, PHASEGD Startup Delay SYMBOL tPWRGD CLKEN, PWRGD Threshold CLKEN, PWRGD, PHASEGD Delay CLKEN, PWRGD, PHASEGD Transition Blanking Time PHASEGD Transition Blanking Time CONDITIONS Measured at startup from the time when CLKEN goes low Measured at FB with respect to unloaded output voltage Lower threshold, falling edge (undervoltage) 15mV hysteresis (typ) Upper threshold, rising edge (overvoltage) MIN TYP MAX UNITS 3 5 8 ms -350 -300 -250 mV +150 +200 FB forced 25mV outside the PWRGD trip thresholds 10 µs tBLANK Measured from the time when FB reaches the target voltage based on the slew rate set by RTIME 20 µs tPHASEGD Number of DH2 pulses from when phase 2 is enabled 32 Cycles PHASEGD Window Comparator Thresholds V(CCI, FB), 0.4V ≤ V(FB) ≤ 1.5V Lower threshold, 0.6VFB nominal -20 +20 15mV hysteresis (typ) Upper threshold, 1.4VFB nominal -20 +20 CLKEN, PWRGD, PHASEGD Output Low Voltage ISINK = 3mA CLKEN, PWRGD, PHASEGD Leakage Current High state, CLKEN, PWRGD, PHASEGD forced to 5V VRHOT Trip Threshold Measured at THRM, with respect to VCC; falling edge, 115mV hysteresis (typ) mV 29.5 30 VRHOT Delay tVRHOT THRM forced 25mV below the VRHOT trip threshold; falling edge 10 VRHOT Output On-Resistance RVRHOT Low state 3.5 VRHOT Leakage Current High state. VRHOT forced to 5V THRM Input Leakage VCC Undervoltage Lockout Threshold -100 VUVLO(VCC) VCC Power-On Reset Threshold Thermal Shutdown Threshold 4 +250 TSHDN Rising edge, 50mV hysteresis, DL_ pulled low below this level 4.1 4.25 0.4 V 1 µA 30.5 % µs 11 Ω 1 µA +100 nA 4.45 V Falling edge, typical hysteresis = 1.1V, faults cleared and DL_ forced high when VCC falls below this level 1.8 V Hysteresis = 15°C 160 °C _______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies (Circuit of Figure 1. VDD = VCC = VSHDN = VPSI = VDPRSTP = 5V, DPRSLPVR = GNDS = PGND_ = GND, VFB = VCCI = VCSP_ = VCSN_ = 1.200V, D0–D6 set for 1.20V (D0–D6 = 0001100). TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise specified. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS +1.0 mV 610 µS +1.0 mV DROOP AND BALANCE DC Droop Amplifier Offset DC Droop Amplifier Transconductance -1.0 Gm(FB) Current-Balance Preamplifier Offset Current-Balance Amplifier Transconductance Gm(CCI) ∆IFB/(Σ∆VCS), VFB = VCSN_ = 1.2V, VCSP_ - VCSN_ = 0 to +60mV 590 [V(CSP1, CSN_) - V(CSP2, CSN_)] at ICCI = 0 -1.0 ∆ ICCI/∆ [V(CSP1, CSN_), V(CSP2, CSN_)] CCI = FB = CSN_ = 0.45V to 1.5V, and V(CSP_, CSN_) = -10mV to +10mV 600 200 µS CURRENT LIMIT Valley Current-Limit Threshold (Positive) VLIMIT Valley Current-Limit Threshold (Negative) Zero Crossing Threshold VZX Current-Sense Input Current CSP_ - CSN_ 19.5 22.5 25.5 mV CSP_, CSN_ -35 -30 -25 mV PGND1 - LX1, DPRSLPVR = high (skip mode) 2.5 mV CSP_ -0.2 +0.2 CSN_ -0.2 +0.2 CSN12 (MAX8771) -0.4 +0.4 Common-Sense Common-Mode Input Range CSP_ -CSN_ Phase 2 Disable Threshold Gate Drivers CSP2 0 µA 2 V 3 VCC - 1 VCC - 0.4 GATE DRIVERS DH_ Gate Driver On-Resistance RON(DH_) DL_ Gate Driver On-Resistance RON(DL_) DH_ Gate Driver Source/Sink Current DL_ Gate Driver Source Current DL_ Gate Driver Sink Current Driver Propagation Delay DL_ Transition Time DH_ Transition Time IDH High state (pullup) 0.9 2.5 Low state (pulldown) 0.7 2.5 High state (pullup) 0.7 2.0 Low state (pulldown) 0.25 0.5 DH_ forced to 2.5V, BST_ - LX_ forced to 5V 2.2 BST_ -LX_ forced to 5V IDL(SOURCE) DL_ forced to 2.5V IDL(SINK) DL_ forced to 2.5V Ω Ω A 2.7 A 8 A DH_ low to DL_ high 18 25 DL_ low to DH_ high 9 20 DL_ falling, CDL_ = 3nF 20 DL_ rising, CDL_ = 3nF 20 DH_ falling, CDH_ = 3nF 20 DH_ rising, CDH_ = 3nF 20 ns ns ns _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (Circuit of Figure 1. VDD = VCC = VSHDN = VPSI = VDPRSTP = 5V, DPRSLPVR = GNDS = PGND_ = GND, VFB = VCCI = VCSP_ = VCSN_ = 1.200V, D0–D6 set for 1.20V (D0–D6 = 0001100). TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise specified. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) PARAMETER SYMBOL Internal Boost Charging Switch On-Resistance CONDITIONS MIN VDD to BST_ TYP MAX UNITS 10 20 Ω POWER MONITOR Power-Monitor Output Voltage for Typical HFM Conditions VFB - VGNDS = 1.200V, Σ∆VCS = 30mV 2.08 2.16 2.24 V Power-Monitor Gain Referred to Feedback Voltage Σ∆VCS = 30mV 1.72 1.80 1.88 V/V Power-Monitor Gain Referred to ΣV (CSP_, CSN) VFB - VGNDS = 1.200V, TA = +25°C to +85°C 70.5 72 73.5 V/V Sourcing: IPOUT = 0 to 500µA Power-Monitor Load Regulation -6 Sinking: IPOUT = 0 to 100µA µV/µA 50 mV LOGIC AND I/O Logic Input High Voltage VIH SHDN No-Fault Level SHDN, DPRSLPVR, rising edge, hysteresis = 200mV 1.2 To enable no-fault mode 11 Low-Voltage Logic Input High Voltage VIHLV D0–D6, PSI, DRPSTP Low-Voltage Logic Input Low Voltage VILLV D0–D6, PSI, DRPSTP Logic Input Current 6 SHDN, PSI, DPRSLPVR, D0–D6 = 0 to 5V 1.7 2.3 V 13 V 0.67 -1 _______________________________________________________________________________________ V 0.33 V +1 µA CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies (Circuit of Figure 1. VDD = VCC = VSHDN = VPSI = VDPRSTP = 5V, DPRSLPVR = GNDS = PGND_ = GND, VFB = VCCI = VCSP_ = VCSN_ = 1.200V, D0–D6 set for 1.20V (D0-D6 = 0001100). TA = -40°C to +105°C, unless otherwise specified. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) (Note 4) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS PWM CONTROLLER Input Voltage Range DC Output Voltage Accuracy VCC, VDD VOUT Includes loadregulation error (Note 2) 4.5 5.5 V DAC codes from 0.8375V to 1.500V -0.6 +0.6 % DAC codes from 0.500V to 0.825V -6 +6 DAC codes below 0.4875V -15 +15 mV Boot Voltage VBOOT 1.182 1.218 V GNDS Input Range VGNDS -200 +200 mV GNDS Gain AGNDS 0.95 1.05 V/V RTON = 96.75kΩ 142 192 RTON = 200kΩ 300 366 RTON = 303.25kΩ 425 575 On-Time Accuracy (Note 3) tON Minimum FB and CCI Voltages for Pseudo-Fixed-Frequency Operation Minimum Off-Time tOFF(MIN) TIME Slew-Rate Accuracy ∆VOUT/∆VGNDS, -200mV ≤ VGNDS ≤ +200mV VIN = 12V VFB = VCCI = 1.2V ns Switching frequency is reduced if FB and/or CCI are less than this value 0.25 V (Note 3) 375 ns RTIME = 71.5kΩ (12.5mV/µs nominal) -10 +10 RTIME = 35.7kΩ (25mV/µs nominal) to 178kΩ (5mV/µs nominal) -15 +15 DPRSTP = high, DPRSLPVR = high, RTIME = 35.7kΩ to 178kΩ, SR = 6.25mV/µs nominal to 1.25mV/µs nominal -20 +20 Startup and shutdown, RTIME = 35.7kΩ (3.125mV/µs nominal) to 178kΩ (0.625mV/µs nominal) -20 +20 % BIAS AND REFERENCE Quiescent Supply Current (VCC) ICC Measured at VCC, FB forced above the regulation point, DPRSLPVR = VCC 10 mA Quiescent Supply Current (VDD) IDD Measured at VDD, FB forced above the regulation point, DPRSLPVR = VCC 1 µA Shutdown Supply Current (VCC) ICC(SHDN) Measured at VCC, SHDN = GND 1 µA Shutdown Supply Current (VDD) IDD(SHDN) Measured at VDD, SHDN = GND 1 µA 2.02 V Reference Voltage VREF Reference Load Regulation ∆VREF VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V, IREF = 0 IREF = 0 to 500µA IREF = -100µA to 0 1.98 -2 6.2 mV _______________________________________________________________________________________ 7 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (Circuit of Figure 1. VDD = VCC = VSHDN = VPSI = VDPRSTP = 5V, DPRSLPVR = GNDS = PGND_ = GND, VFB = VCCI = VCSP_ = VCSN_ = 1.200V, D0–D6 set for 1.20V (D0-D6 = 0001100). TA = -40°C to +105°C, unless otherwise specified. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) (Note 4) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS 250 350 mV 1.75 1.85 V FAULT PROTECTION Output Overvoltage Protection Threshold (MAX8770/MAX8771 Only) VOVP Measured at FB with respect to unloaded output voltage, rising edge, PWM mode, or skip mode after output reaches the regulation voltage Skip mode and Measured at FB, output have not rising edge reached the regulation voltage Output Undervoltage Protection Threshold VUVP Measured at FB with respect to unloaded output voltage -450 -350 mV CLKEN Startup Delay (Boot Time Period) tBOOT Measured from the time when FB reaches the boot target voltage based on the slew rate set by RTIME 20 100 µs Measured at startup from the time when CLKEN goes low 3 8 ms -350 -250 PWRGD, PHASEGD Startup Delay tPWRGD CLKEN, PWRGD Threshold PHASEGD Window Comparator Thresholds CLKEN, PWRGD, PHASEGD Output Low Voltage VRHOT Trip Threshold VRHOT Output On-Resistance VCC Undervoltage Lockout Threshold Measured at FB with respect to unloaded output voltage Lower threshold, falling edge (undervoltage) 15mV hysteresis (typ) Upper threshold, rising edge (overvoltage) +150 +250 V(CCI,FB), 0.4V ≤ V(FB) ≤ 1.5V Lower threshold, 0.6VFB nominal -20 +20 15mV hysteresis (typ) Upper threshold, 1.4VFB nominal -20 mV mV ISINK = 3mA VHOT RVRHOT VUVLO(VCC) +20 0.4 V 30.5 % 11 Ω 4.1 4.45 V -1.5 +1.5 mV ∆IFB/(Σ∆VCS), VFB = VCSN_ = 1.2V, VCSP_ - VCSN_ = 0 to +60mV 580 620 µs [V(CSPI, CSN_) - V(CPS2, CSN_)] at ICCI = 0 -1.5 +1.5 mV Measured at THRM, with respect to VCC, falling edge, 115mV hysteresis (typ) 29.5 Low state Rising edge, 50mV hysteresis, DL_ pulled low below this level DROOP AND BALANCE DC Droop Amplifier Offset DC Droop Amplifier Transconductance Current-Balance Preamplifier Offsets 8 Gm(FB) _______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies (Circuit of Figure 1. VDD = VCC = VSHDN = VPSI = VDPRSTP = 5V, DPRSLPVR = GNDS = PGND_ = GND, VFB = VCCI = VCSP_ = VCSN_ = 1.200V, D0–D6 set for 1.20V (D0-D6 = 0001100). TA = -40°C to +105°C, unless otherwise specified. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) (Note 4) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS CURRENT LIMIT Valley Current-Limit Threshold (Positive) CSP_ - CSN_ 18.5 26.5 mV Valley Current-Limit Threshold (Negative) CSP_ - CSN_ -36 -24 mV Current-Sense Common-Mode Input Range CSP_, CSN_ 0 2 V Phase 2 Disable Threshold CSP2 3 VLIMIT VCC - 0.4 V GATE DRIVERS DH_ Gate Driver On-Resistance RON(DH_) DL_ Gate Driver On-Resistance RON(DL_) Driver Propagation Delay Internal Boost Charging Switch On-Resistance BST_ – LX_ forced to 5V High state (pullup) 2.5 Low state (pulldown) 2.5 High state (pullup) 2.0 Low state (pulldown) 0.5 DH_ Low to DL_ High 15 DL_ Low to DH_ High 9 VDD to BST_ Ω Ω ns 20 Ω POWER MONITOR Power-Monitor Output Voltage for Typical HFM Conditions VFB - VGNDS = 1.200V, Σ∆VCS = 30mV 2.04 2.28 V Power-Monitor Gain Referred to Feedback Voltage Σ∆VCS = 30mV 1.70 1.90 V/V Power-Monitor Gain Referred to ΣV(CSP_,CSN) VFB - VGNDS = 1.200V 70 74 V/V Power-Monitor Load Regulation Sourcing: IPOUT = 0 to 500µA -6 SHDN, DPRSLPVR, rising edge, hysteresis = 200mV 1.2 0.67 µV/µA LOGIC AND I/O Logic-Input High Voltage VIH Low-Voltage Logic-Input High VIHLV D0–D6, PSI, DRPSTP Low-Voltage Logic-Input Low VILLV D0–D6, PSI, DRPSTP 2.3 V 0.33 V V Note 2: DC output accuracy specifications refer to the trip level of the error amplifier. The output voltage has a DC regulation higher than the trip level by 50% of the output ripple. When pulse skipping, the output rises by approximately 1.5% when transitioning from continuous conduction to no load. Note 3: On-time and minimum off-time specifications are measured from 50% to 50% at the DH_ and DH_ pins, with LX_ forced to GND, BST_ forced to 5V, and a 500pF capacitor from DH_ to LX_ to simulate external MOSFET gate capacitance. Actual incircuit times may be different due to MOSFET switching speeds. Note 4: Specifications to TA = -40°C and +105°C are guaranteed by design and are not production tested. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 9 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES Typical Operating Characteristics (Circuit of Figure 1. VIN = 12V, VCC = VDD, SHDN = PSI = 5V, DPRSLPVR = GND, D0–D6 set for 1.1500V, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise specified.) 12V 90 1.2 80 20V 70 SKIP MODE 0.96 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 7V 1.3 0.98 MAX8770 toc02 MAX8770 toc01 100 EFFICIENCY (%) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 1.4 OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs. LOAD CURRENT (VOUT(LFM) = 0.9500V) EFFICIENCY vs. LOAD CURRENT (VOUT(HFM) = 1.2875V) MAX8770 toc03 OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs. LOAD CURRENT (VOUT(HFM) = 1.2875V) 0.94 PWM MODE 0.92 60 0.90 50 0.88 PSI = GND 1.1 40 50 0.1 0.68 MAX8770 toc04 12V 90 0 100 OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs. LOAD CURRENT (VOUT(C4) = 0.6500V) EFFICIENCY vs. LOAD CURRENT (VOUT(LFM) = 0.9500V) 100 1 10 LOAD CURRENT (A) 0.66 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 7V 80 20V 70 PSI - GND 60 4 8 12 LOAD CURRENT (A) 100 90 0.64 0.62 12V 7V 80 70 0.60 60 0.58 50 20V 1 10 LOAD CURRENT (A) 100 DPRSLPVR = VCC 0 4 8 12 LOAD CURRENT (A) 16 20 125 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 300 VOUT(HFM) = 1.2875V 200 100 100 IIN 100 75 50 ICC + IDD 25 DPRSLPVR = GND DPRSLPVR = VCC 0 0 0 10 150 MAX8770 toc07 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) VOUT(LFM) = 0.9500V 1 10 LOAD CURRENT (A) NO-LOAD SUPPLY CURRENT vs. INPUT VOLTAGE (VOUT(HFM) = 1.2875V) SWITCHING FREQUENCY vs. LOAD CURRENT 400 0.1 MAX8770 toc08 0.1 10 20 30 LOAD CURRENT (A) 40 20 EFFICIENCY vs. LOAD CURRENT (VOUT(C4) = 0.6500V) DPRSLPVR = GND DPRSLPVR = VCC 50 16 MAX8770 toc06 20 30 LOAD CURRENT (A) EFFICIENCY (%) 10 MAX8770 toc05 0 EFFICIENCY (%) MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies 50 0 5 10 15 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) ______________________________________________________________________________________ 20 25 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies 0.1 60 40 MAX8770 toc11 80 60 40 20 20 IIN SAMPLE SIZE = 200 1.2000V 0.8125V SAMPLE PERCENTAGE (%) 1 80 100 MAX8770 toc10 SAMPLE SIZE = 200 SAMPLE PERCENTAGE (%) ICC + IDD DPRSLPVR = VCC 0.01 0 5 10 15 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 20 0 1.990 25 0 2.000 -3 2.010 -2 -1 1 2 3 OUTPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (mV) REFERENCE VOLTAGE (V) Gm(FB) TRANSCONDUCTANCE DISTRIBUTION INDUCTOR CURRENT DIFFERENCE vs. LOAD CURRENT SAMPLE SIZE = 200 IL(CS) - IL(CM) (A) 80 60 40 MAX8770 toc13 0.3 MAX8770 toc12 100 SAMPLE PERCENTAGE (%) SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 100 MAX8770 toc09 10 0.2 0.1 20 RSENSE = 1mΩ 0 0 595 597 599 601 603 605 0 TRANSCONDUCTANCE (µS) 5 10 15 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 20 25 SOFT-START (UP TO CLKEN) SOFT-START (UP TO PWRGD) MAX8770 toc15 MAX8770 toc14 A 0 0 B 0 C 0 D A 0 0 B C 0 D E 0 0 E F 0 0 F G 0 RLOAD = 65mΩ 0 RLOAD = 65mΩ 200µs/div 1ms/div A. SHDN, 5V/div B. CLKEN, 10V/div C. PWRGD, 10V/div D. PHASEGD, 10V/div E. VOUT, 1V/div F. ILXI, 10A/div G. ILX2, 10V/div A. SHDN, 5V/div B. CLKEN, 10V/div C. LX1, 10V/div D. VOUT, 1V/div E. ILXI, 10A/div F. ILX2, 10V/div ______________________________________________________________________________________ 11 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (Circuit of Figure 1. VIN = 12V, VCC = VDD, SHDN = PSI = 5V, DPRSLPVR = GND, D0–D6 set for 1.1500V, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise specified.) NO-LOAD SUPPLY CURRENT vs. INPUT VOLTAGE AT SKIP MODE OUTPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION REFERENCE VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (Circuit of Figure 1. VIN = 12V, VCC = VDD, SHDN = PSI = 5V, DPRSLPVR = GND, D0–D6 set for 1.1500V, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise specified.) HFM LOAD TRANSIENT (VOUT(HFM) = 1.2875V SHUTDOWN WAVEFORMS MAX8770 toc16 LFM LOAD TRANSIENT (VOUT(LFM) = 0.9500V MAX8770 toc17 MAX8770 toc18 A 0 B 0 C A 0 1.28V A B 0 0 1V D 1.22V 0.94V 20A 0.92V E 0 0 0 RLOAD = 65mΩ C F 0 G 0 200µs/div A. SHDN, 5V/div B. CLKEN, 10V/div C. DL1, 10V/div D. PWRGD, 10V/div 10A PSI = 0 40µs/div C. ILXI, 10A/div D. ILX2,10A/div A. IOUT = 5A TO 36A, 10A/div B. VOUT, 50mV/div ENTERING DEEPER SLEEP EXITING TO LFM A. IOUT = 5A TO 15A, 10A/div B. VOUT, 50mV/div ENTERING DEEPER SLEEP EXITING TO NEAREST VID MAX8770 toc19 MAX8770 toc21 A 0 B B 0 1.28V C C. ILXI, 10A/div D. ILX2,10A/div ENTERING DEEPER SLEEP EXITING TO LFM MAX8770 toc20 A 0 1.28V C 0 D 40µs/div E. VOUT, 1V/div F. ILXI, 10A/div G. ILX2, 10V/div 0 B A 0 B 0 1.28V C C 0 D 0 D 0 D 0 E 0 E 0 E 100µs/div A. DPRSTP, 5V/div B. DPRSLPVR, 5V/div C. VOUT, 500mV/div IOUT = 2A 12 D. ILXI, 10A/div E. ILX2, 10A/div 100µs/div A. DPRSTP, 5V/div B. DPRSLPVR, 5V/div C. VOUT, 500mV/div IOUT = 2A D. ILXI, 10A/div E. ILX2, 10A/div 100µs/div A. DPRSTP, 5V/div B. DPRSLPVR, 5V/div C. VOUT, 500mV/div IOUT = 2A ______________________________________________________________________________________ D. ILXI, 10A/div E. ILX2, 10A/div CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies D0 DYNAMIC VID CODE CHANGE PSI + 1-LSB TRANSITION D3 DYNAMIC VID CODE CHANGE MAX8770 toc23 MAX8770 toc22 A 0 MAX8770 toc24 A 0 0 A B 0 0.93V B 0.93V C D C 0 0 E 0 B 0.93V C 0 D 0 D 0 20µs/div 40µs/div D. ILXI, 10A/div E. ILX2, 10A/div RSENSE = 1mΩ VOUT = 1.2875V POWER MONITOR (V) . POWER MONITOR (V) . 0.8 0.6 0.4 C. ILXI, 10A/div D. ILX2, 10A/div POWER MONITOR VID TRANSITION RESPONSE MAX8770 TOC28 4 MAX8770 toc25 RSENSE = 1mΩ IOUT = 10A A. D3, 5V/div B. VOUT, 200mV/div IOUT = 10A POWER MONITOR vs. LOAD CURRENT POWER MONITOR vs. OUTPUT VOLTAGE 1.0 20µs/div C. ILXI, 10A/div D. ILX2, 10A/div MAX8770 toc26 A. PSI, 5V/div B. D0, 5V/div C. VOUT, 20mV/div IOUT = 10A A. D0, 5V/div B. VOUT, 20mV/div IOUT = 10A 3 0 A B 1.185 C 0.72V 2 D 0 E 1 0 0.2 F 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 1.5 0 10 20 30 LOAD CURRENT (A) 40 40µs/div A. D3, 5V/div B. VOUT, 200mV/div C. POUT WITH RC FILTER (10kΩ, 0.1µF), 200mV/div D. POUT, 2V/div E. ILX1, 10A/div F. ILX2, 10A/div IOUT = 10A ______________________________________________________________________________________ 13 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (Circuit of Figure 1. VIN = 12V, VCC = VDD, SHDN = PSI = 5V, DPRSLPVR = GND, D0–D6 set for 1.1500V, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise specified.) CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Pin Description PIN 1 2 NAME FUNCTION CLKEN Clock-Enable Logic Output. This inverted logic output indicates when the output voltage sensed at FB is in regulation. CLKEN is forced low during VID transitions. Except during startup, CLKEN is the inverse of PWRGD. See the Startup Timing Diagram (Figure 9). When in pulse-skipping mode (DPRSLPVR high), the upper CLKEN threshold is disabled. PWRGD Open-Drain, Power-Good Output. After output-voltage transitions, except during power-up and powerdown, if FB is in regulation then PWRGD is high impedance. During startup, PWRGD is held low and continues to be low while the part is in boot mode and until 5ms (typ) after CLKEN goes low. PWRGD is forced low in shutdown. PWRGD is forced high impedance whenever the slew-rate controller is active (output-voltage transitions). When in pulse-skipping mode (DPRSLPVR high), the upper PWRGD threshold comparator is blanked. A pullup resistor on PWRGD causes additional finite shutdown current. Logic Input to Indicate Power Usage. PSI and DPRSLPVR together determine the operating mode as shown in the truth table below. Blank the PWRGD upper threshold when the part is in skip mode. The part is forced into full-phase PWM mode during startup, while in boot mode, during the transition from boot mode to VID mode and during shutdown: 3 PSI DPRSLPVR 1 1 0 0 PSI 0 1 0 1 Mode Very low current (1-phase skip) Low current (approximately 3A) (1-phase skip) Intermediate power potential (1-phase PWM) Max power potential (2- or 1-phase PWM as configured at CSP2) 4 POUT Power-Monitor Output: VPOUT = KPWR x V(CSNpm, GNDS) x ΣV(CSP_, CSN_), where KPWR is the power monitor scale factor: CSNpm = CSN12 for MAX8771. CSNpm = CSN2 for MAX8770/MAX8772. POUT is zero in shutdown. 5 VRHOT Open-Drain Output of Internal Comparator. VRHOT is pulled low when the voltage at THRM goes below 1.5V (30% of VCC). VRHOT is high impedance in shutdown. 6 THRM Input of Internal Comparator. Connect the output of a resistor- and thermistor-divider (between VCC and GND) to THRM. Select the components such that the voltage at THRM falls below 1.5V (30% of VCC) at the desired high temperature. Slew-Rate Adjustment Pin. Connect a resistor RTIME from TIME to GND to set the internal slew rate: Slew rate = (12.5mV/µs) x (71.5kΩ_/ RTIME) 7 TIME where RTIME is between 35.7kΩ and 178kΩ. This slew rate applies to transitions into and out of the low-power pulse-skipping modes (and to the transition from boot mode to VID mode. The slew rate for startup and shutdown is 1/8 this value. If the VID DAC inputs are clocked, the slew rate for all other VID transitions is set by the rate at which they are clocked, up to a maximum slew rate equal to the one set by RTIME as defined above. Switching-Frequency Setting Input. An external resistor between the input power source and TON sets the switching period (TSW = 1/fSW) per phase according to the following equation: 8 TON TSW = CTON (RTON + 6.5kΩ) where CTON = 16.26pF. TON is high impedance in shutdown. 9 14 CCV Integrator Capacitor Connection. Connect a 470pF x (2/ηTOTAL) x 300kHz/fSW capacitor from CCV to GND to set the integration time constant. The integrator is internally disabled when the part is in skip mode and the output is above regulation. ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies PIN NAME FUNCTION 10 CCI Current-Balance Compensation. Connect a 470pF capacitor between CCI and the positive side of the feedback remote sense (or between CCI and GND). CCI is internally forced low in shutdown. 11 REF 2.0V Reference Output. Bypass to GND with a 1µF maximum low-ESR (ceramic) capacitor. Can source 500µA for external loads. Loading REF degrades OUT accuracy, according to the REF load-regulation error. Output of the DC-Voltage Positioning Transconductance Amplifier. Connect a resistor RFB between FB and the positive side of the feedback remote sense to set the DC steady-state droop based on the voltagepositioning gain requirement: RFB = RDROOP / (RSENSE x Gm(FB)) 12 FB 13 GNDS Feedback Remote-Sense Input, Negative Side. Normally connected to GND directly at the load. GNDS internally connects to a transconductance amplifier that fine tunes the output voltage— compensating for voltage drops from the regulator ground to the load ground. 14 CSP2 Positive Input of the Output Current Sense of Phase 2. This pin should be connected to the positive side of the output current-sensing resistor or the filtering capacitor if the DC resistance of the output inductor is utilized for current sensing. Tie this pin to VCC for 1-phase operation. CSN12 (MAX8771) Combined Negative Current-Sense Input for Phases 1 and 2. The negative current-sense signals of the two phases (taken from the negative sides of the output current-sensing resistors or the filtering capacitors if the DC resistances of the output inductors are utilized for current sensing) are resistively averaged, and the resulting signal is connected to this pin. Pay special attention to board layout to maximize currentsensing accuracy; either place the sense elements (inductors for lossless sensing or sense resistors) close to each other, or equalize the layout paths and PC board trace resistances between the sense elements and the remote load. CSN12 is also used as the voltage input to the power monitor. CSN2 (MAX8770 /MAX8772) Negative Input of the Output Current Sense of Phase 2. This pin should be connected to the negative side of the output current-sensing resistor or the filtering capacitor if the DC resistance of the output inductor is utilized for current sensing. CSN2 is also used as the voltage input to the power monitor. CSP1 (MAX8771) Positive Input of the Output Current Sense of Phase 1. This pin should be connected to the positive side of the output current-sensing resistor or the filtering capacitor if the DC resistance of the output inductor is utilized for current sensing. CSN1 (MAX8770/ MAX8772) Negative Input of the Output Current Sense of Phase 1. This pin should be connected to the negative side of the output current-sensing resistor or the filtering capacitor if the DC resistance of the output inductor is utilized for current sensing. where RDROOP is the desired voltage-positioning slope and Gm(FB) = 600µS (typ). RSENSE is the value of the current-sense resistors that are used to provide the (CSP_, CSN_) current-sense voltages. If lossless sensing is used, RSENSE = RL. In this case, consider making RFB a resistor network that includes an NTC thermistor to minimize the temperature dependence of the voltage-positioning slope. DC droop can be disabled by shorting FB to the positive remote-sense point. FB is high impedance in shutdown. 15 16 ______________________________________________________________________________________ 15 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Pin Description (continued) CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Pin Description (continued) PIN NAME PHASEGD (MAX8771) Open-Drain, Phase-Good Output. Used to signal the system that one of the two phases either has a fault condition or is not matched with the other. Detection is done by identifying the need for a large on-time difference between phases in order to achieve or move towards current balance. PHASEGD is low in shutdown. PHASEGD is forced high impedance whenever the slew-rate controller is active (output-voltage transitions). PHASEGD is forced high impedance while in 1-phase operation (DPRSLPVR = high or PSI = low). CSP1 (MAX8770 MAX8772) Positive Input of the Output Current Sense of Phase 1. This pin should be connected to the positive side of the output current-sensing resistor or the filtering capacitor if the DC resistance of the output inductor is utilized for current sensing. 17 18 GND Analog Ground. Connect to the exposed backside pad and low-current analog ground terminations. 19 VCC Controller Supply Voltage. Connect to a 4.5V to 5.5V source. Bypass to GND with 1µF minimum. 20 BST2 Boost Flying-Capacitor Connection for the DH2 high-side gate driver. An internal switch between VDD and BST2 charges the flying capacitor during the time the low-side FET is on. 21 DH2 Phase-2, High-Side Gate-Driver Output. DH2 swings from LX2 to BST2. Low in shutdown. 22 LX2 Phase-2 Inductor Connection. LX2 is the internal lower supply rail for the DH2 high-side gate driver. Also used as an input to the phase 2’s zero-crossing comparator. 23 PGND2 Power Ground for Phase 2. Ground connection for the DL2 driver. Also used as an input to phase 2’s zero crossing comparator. DL2 Phase-2, Low-Side Gate-Driver Output. DL2 swings from PGND2 to VDD. DL2 is forced high in shutdown. DL2 is also forced high when an output overvoltage fault is detected, overriding any negative current-limit condition that may be present. DL2 is forced low in skip mode (DPRSLPVR high) after an inductor current zero crossing (PGND2 - LX2) is detected. DL2 is forced low in 1-phase mode (TWO - PH = low). VDD Supply Voltage Input for the DL1 and DL2 Drivers. VDD is also the supply voltage used to internally recharge the BST1, BST2 flying capacitors during the off-times of the respective phases. Connect VDD to the 4.5V to 5.5V system supply voltage. Bypass VDD to PGND1 and PGND2 with a 1µF each or greater ceramic capacitors. 26 DL1 Phase 1, Low-Side Gate-Driver Output. DL1 swings from PGND1 to VDD. DL1 is forced high in shutdown. DL1 is also forced high when an output overvoltage fault is detected, overriding any negative current-limit condition that may be present. DL1 is forced low in skip mode (DPRSLPVR high) whenever an inductor current zero crossing (PGND1 - LX1) is detected. 27 PGND1 Power Ground for Phase 1. Ground connection for the DL1 driver. Also used as an input to the phase 1’s zero crossing comparator. 28 LX1 Phase 1 Inductor Connection. LX1 is the internal lower supply rail for the DH1 high-side gate driver. Also used as an input to the phase-1’s zero-crossing comparator. 29 DH1 Phase 1 High-Side Gate-Driver Output. DH1 swings from LX1 to BST1. Low in shutdown. 30 BST1 Boost Flying Capacitor Connection for the DH1 High-Side Gate Driver. An internal switch between VDD and BST1 charges the flying capacitor during the time the low-side FET is on. 24 25 16 FUNCTION ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies PIN NAME 31–37 D0–D6 Low-Voltage VID DAC Code Input. The D0–D6 inputs do not have internal pullups. These 1.0V logic inputs are designed to interface directly with the CPU. The output voltage is set by the VID code indicated by the logic-level voltages on D0–D6 (see Table 4). SHDN Shutdown Control Input. This input cannot withstand the battery voltage. Connect to VCC for normal operation. Connect to ground to put the IC into its 1µA max shutdown state. During startup, the output voltage is ramped up to the boot voltage slowly at a slew rate that is 1/8 the slew rate set by the TIME resistor. During the transition from normal operation to shutdown, the output voltage is ramped down at the same slow slew rate. Forcing SHDN to 11V~13V disables both OVP and UVP protection circuits, clears the fault latch, disables transient phase overlap, and disables the BST_ charging switches. Do not connect SHDN to > 13V. 38 FUNCTION Logic Input to Indicate Power Usage. PSI and DPRSLPVR together determine the operating mode as shown in the truth table below. The PWRGD upper threshold is blanked when the part is in skip mode. The part is forced into full-phase PWM mode during startup, while in boot mode, during the transition from boot mode to VID mode, and during shutdown. 39 DPRSLPVR 40 DPRSTP EP EP DPRSLPVR 1 1 0 0 PSI 0 1 0 1 Mode Very low current (1-phase skip) Low current (approximately 3A) (1-phase skip) Intermediate power potential (1-phase PWM) Max power potential (full-phase PWM: number of phases by CSP2) 1.0V Logic-Input Signal. This signal from the system is usually the logical complement of the DPRSLPVR signal. However, there is a special condition during C4 exit when both DPRSTP and DPRSLPVR could temporarily be simultaneously high. If this happens, the slew rate reduces to 1/4 of the normal (RTIMEbased) slew rate for the duration of this condition. The slew rate returns to normal when this condition is exited. Note that only DPRSLPVR and PSI (but not DPRSTP) determine the mode of operation (PWM vs. skip) and the number of active phases: DPRSLPVR DPRSTP Functionality 0 0 Normal slew rate, number of phases set by PSI and CSP2 (DPRSLPVR low → DPRSTP is ignored) 0 1 Normal slew rate, number of phases set by PSI and CSP2 (DPRSLPVR low → DPRSTP is ignored) 1 0 Normal slew rate, 1-phase skip mode 1 1 Slew rate reduced to 1/4 of normal,1-phase skip mode Exposed Backside Pad. Connect the exposed backside pad to AGND. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 17 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Pin Description (continued) CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies Table 1. Component Selection for Standard Applications 1.2875V/36A COMPONENTS (FIGURE 1) 1.1500V/44A COMPONENTS (FIGURE 1) 0.9000V/9A COMPONENTS (FIGURE 12) Input Voltage Range 7V to 24V 7V to 24V 7V to 24V VID Output Voltage (D6–D0) 1.2875V (D6–D0 = 0010001) 1.1500V (D6–D0 = 0011100) 0.9000V (D6–D0 = 0110000) -2.1mV/A -2.1mV/A -5.1mV/A 36A 44A 9A Inductor (per Phase) 0.36µH, 0.8mΩ NEC/Tokin MPC1055LR36 0.33µH, 0.82mΩ Panasonic ETQP5LR33XFC 0.56µH, 1.3mΩ NEC/Tokin MPC1040LR56 Switching Frequency 300kHz (RTON = 200kΩ) 300kHz (RTON = 200kΩ) 300kHz (RTON = 200kΩ) High-Side MOSFET (NH, per Phase) Siliconix (1) Si7892ADP Siliconix (1) Si7892ADP Siliconix (1) Si7892ADP Low-Side MOSFET (NL, per Phase) Siliconix (2) Si7336ADP Siliconix (2) Si7336ADP Siliconix (1) Si7336ADP Total Input Capacitance (CIN) (4) 10µF, 25V Taiyo Yuden TMK432BJ106KM or TDK C4532X5R1E106M (4) 10µF, 25V Taiyo Yuden TMK432BJ106KM or TDK C4532X5R1E106M (2) 10µF, 25V Taiyo Yuden TMK432BJ106KM or TDK C4532X5R1E106M Total Output Capacitance (COUT) (4) 330µF, 2.5V, 6mΩ Panasonic EEFSX0D0D331XR (4) 330µF, 2.5V, 6mΩ Panasonic EEFSX0D0D331XR (2) 330µF, 2.5V, 6mΩ Panasonic EEFSX0D0D331XR 1.0mΩ Panasonic ERJM1WTJ1M0U 1.0mΩ Panasonic ERJM1WTJ1M0U 2.0mΩ Panasonic ERJM1WTJ2M0U DESIGNATION Load Line Maximum Load Current Current-Sense Resistor (RCS, per Phase) Table 2. Component Suppliers MANUFACTURER WEBSITE MANUFACTURER WEBSITE AVX www.avxcorp.com Pulse www.pulseeng.com BI Technologies www.bitechnologies.com Renesas www.renesas.com Central Semiconductor www.centralsemi.com Sanyo www.secc.co.jp Fairchild Semiconductor www.fairchildsemi.com Siliconix (Vishay) www.vishay.com International Rectifier www.irf.com Sumida www.sumida.com Kemet www.kemet.com Taiyo Yuden www.t-yuden.com NEC/Tokin www.nec-tokin.com TDK www.component.tdk.com Panasonic www.panasonic.com TOKO www.tokoam.com 18 ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies R4 10kΩ R3 1.9kΩ R2 1.9kΩ C2 2.2µF VDD VCC R18 200kΩ R22 0Ω CLKEN IMVPOK BST1 PWRGD D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 DAC INPUTS (1V LOGIC) INPUT VIN 8V TO 24V RTON PHASEGD CLK_ENABLE# 5V BIAS SUPPLY C1 2.2µF R1 10Ω CIN C3 0.22µF DH1 NH1 RCS1 1mΩ L1 LX1 DL1 NL1 R12 100Ω PGND1 GND PSI# C11 2.2nF PSI DPRSTP# CSP1 DPRSTP *CSN1 DPRLSPVR DPRSLPVR VR_ON MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 3.3V BIAS SUPPLY C13 OPEN R18 0Ω SHDN R9 3.40kΩ R10 100Ω CPU VCC SENSE FB C5 470pF CCV C6 0.1µF MAX8770 REF MAX8771 MAX8772 C7 470pF C8 4700pF R11** 10Ω R18 0Ω OUTPUT CCI R5 71.5kΩ COUT R23 0Ω TIME R16** 10Ω BST2 DH2 NH2 R6 13kΩ RCS1 1mΩ L1 CPU GND SENSE LX2 VCC THRM DL2 NTC4 100kΩ 1.2V BIAS SUPPLY NL2 C11 2.2nF R7 56Ω CSP2 R8 10kΩ VRHOT POUT C10 0.1µF R12 100Ω PGND2 *CSN2 R17 100 GNDS C9 4700pF * CSN1 and CSN2 are bonded together on the MAX8771 and called CSN12 ** Optional -- Resistor allow remote sensing for system verification when the CPU is not present + PHASEGD is only on the MAX8771 Figure 1. Standard 2-Phase IMVP-6 44A Application Circuit ______________________________________________________________________________________ 19 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES vides the PWM ramp signal. The control algorithm is simple: the high-side switch on-time is determined solely by a one-shot whose period is inversely proportional to input voltage, and directly proportional to output voltage or the difference between the main and secondary inductor currents (see the On-Time One-Shot section). Another one-shot sets a minimum off-time. The on-time one-shot triggers when the error comparator goes low, the inductor current of the selected phase is below the valley current-limit threshold, and the minimum off-time one-shot times out. The controller maintains 180° out-of- MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Detailed Description Free-Running, Constant On-Time PWM Controller with Input Feed-Forward The Quick-PWM control architecture is a pseudo-fixedfrequency, constant-on-time, current-mode regulator with voltage feed-forward (Figure 2). This architecture relies on the output filter capacitor’s ESR to act as the current-sense resistor, so the output ripple voltage pro- BST2 THRM MAX8770 MAX8771 MAX8772 VRHOT DH2 LX2 SECONDARY PHASE DRIVERS DL2 PGND2 0.3 x VCC BLANK CSP2 PHASEGD CSN2 Q 22.5mV CSP1 VCC REF TRIG Q 22.5mV REF (2.0V) 5ms STARTUP DELAY CURRENTBALANCEFAULT ONE-SHOT PHASE 2 ON-TIME CSN1 MINIMUM OFF-TIME TRIG CCI CSN2 Gm(CCI) ONE-SHOT GND TIME FB ONE-SHOT R-TO-I CONVERTER Q MAIN PHASE DRIVERS R DAC Gm(CCI) TRIG DPRSTP D0–D6 Q FAULT Q R VDD SKIP CCV BST1 Q CSP1 CSN1 2.5mV T REF TON LX1 S Q CSN1 DH1 S SHDN CSP2 CSP1 PHASE 1 ON-TIME DPRSLPVR TARGET DL1 Gm(CCV) PGND1 TARGET - 300mV TARGET + 200mV PWRGD 5ms STARTUP DELAY FB Gm(FB) CLKEN CSP_ 60µs STARTUP DELAY SKIP x2 CSN_ GNDS PHASE CONTROL BLANK DPRSTP PSI CSP1 - CSN1 DPRSLPVR MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies CSN1 - GNDS POWER MONITOR POUT CSP2 - CSN2 Figure 2. Functional Block Diagram 20 ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies Dual 180° Out-of-Phase Operation The two phases in the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 operate 180° out-of-phase to minimize input and output filtering requirements, reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI), and improve efficiency. This effectively lowers component count—reducing cost, board space, and component power requirements— making the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 ideal for high-power, cost-sensitive applications. Typically, switching regulators provide power using only 1 phase instead of dividing the power among several phases. In these applications, the input capacitors must support high instantaneous current requirements. The high RMS ripple current can lower efficiency due to I2R® power loss associated with the input capacitor’s effective series resistance (ESR). Therefore, the system typically requires several low-ESR input capacitors in parallel to minimize input voltage ripple, to reduce ESRrelated power losses, and to meet the necessary RMS ripple current rating. With the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772, the controller shares the current between two phases that operate 180° out-of-phase, so the high-side MOSFETs never turn on simultaneously during normal operation. The instantaneous input current of either phase is effectively halved, resulting in reduced input voltage ripple, ESR power loss, and RMS ripple current (see the Input Capacitor Selection section). Therefore, the same performance may be achieved with fewer or less-expensive input capacitors. +5V Bias Supply (VCC and VDD) The Quick-PWM controller requires an external +5V bias supply in addition to the battery. Typically, this +5V bias supply is the notebook’s 95% efficient +5V system supply. Keeping the bias supply external to the IC improves efficiency and eliminates the cost associated with the +5V linear regulator that would otherwise be needed to supply the PWM circuit and gate drivers. If stand-alone capability is needed, the +5V bias supply can be generated with an external linear regulator. The +5V bias supply must provide V CC (PWM controller) and VDD (gate-drive power), so the maximum current drawn is: IBIAS = ICC - fSW (QG(LOW) + QG(HIGH)) where ICC is provided in the Electrical Characteristics Table, fSW is the switching frequency, and QG(LOW) and QG(HIGH) are the MOSFET data sheet’s total gatecharge specification limits at VGS = 5V. VIN and VDD can be tied together if the input power source is a fixed +4.5V to +5.5V supply. If the +5V bias supply is powered up prior to the battery supply, the enable signal (SHDN going from low to high) must be delayed until the battery voltage is present to ensure startup. Switching Frequency (TON) Connect a resistor (RTON) between TON and VIN to set the switching period TSW = 1/fSW, per phase: TSW = CTON (RTON + 6.5kΩ) where CTON = 16.26pF. A 96.75kΩ to 303.25kΩ corresponds to switching periods of 167ns (600kHz) to 500ns (200kHz), respectively. High-frequency (600kHz) operation optimizes the application for the smallest component size, trading off efficiency due to higher switching losses. This may be acceptable in ultra-portable devices where the load currents are lower and the controller is powered from a lower voltage supply. Low-frequency (200kHz) operation offers the best overall efficiency at the expense of component size and board space. On-Time One-Shot The core of each phase contains a fast, low-jitter, adjustable one-shot that sets the high-side MOSFETs on-time. The one-shot for the main phase varies the ontime in response to the input and feedback voltages. The main high-side switch on-time is inversely proportional to the input voltage (VIN), and proportional to the feedback voltage (VFB): t ON(MAIN ) = TSW (VFB + 0.075V) VIN where the switching period (TSW = 1/fSW) is set by the resistor at the TON pin, and 0.075V is an approximation to accommodate the expected drop across the lowside MOSFET switch. The one-shot for the secondary phase varies the ontime in response to the input voltage and the difference between the main and secondary inductor currents. Two identical transconductance amplifiers integrate the difference between the master and slave current-sense signals. The summed output is internally connected to I2R is a registered trademark of instruments for Research and Industry, Inc. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 21 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 phase operation by alternately triggering the main and secondary phases after the error comparator drops below the output voltage set point. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies CCI, allowing adjustment of the integration time constant with a compensation network connected between CCI and FB. The resulting compensation current and voltage are determined by the following equations: ICCI = GM (VCMP - VCMN) - GM (VCSP - VCSN) VCCI = VFB + ICCIZCCI where ZCCI is the impedance at the CCI output. The secondary on-time one-shot uses this integrated signal (VCCI) to set the secondary high-side MOSFETs ontime. When the main and secondary current-sense signals (VCM = VCMP - VCMN and VCS = VCSP -VCSM) become unbalanced, the transconductance amplifiers adjust the secondary on-time, which increases or decreases the secondary inductor current until the current-sense signals are properly balanced: ⎛V + 0.075V ⎞ t ON(SEC) = TSW ⎜ CCI ⎟ VIN ⎝ ⎠ ⎛ VFB + 0.075V ⎞ ⎛I Z ⎞ = TSW ⎜ + TSW ⎜ CCI CCI ⎟ ⎟ VIN ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ VIN ⎠ = (Main On-Time) + (Secondary Current Balance Correction) This algorithm results in a nearly constant switching frequency and balanced inductor currents, despite the lack of a fixed-frequency clock generator. The benefits of a constant switching frequency are twofold: first, the frequency can be selected to avoid noise-sensitive regions such as the 455kHz IF band; second, the inductor ripplecurrent operating point remains relatively constant, resulting in easy design methodology and predictable output voltage ripple. The on-time one-shots have good accuracy at the operating points specified in the Electrical Characteristics table. On-times at operating points far removed from the conditions specified in the Electrical Characteristics table can vary over a wider range. For example, the 600kHz setting typically runs about 5% slower, with inputs much greater than +12V due to the very short on-times required. On-times translate only roughly to switching frequencies. The on-times guaranteed in the Electrical Characteristics table are influenced by switching delays in the external high-side MOSFET. Resistive losses, including the inductor, both MOSFETs, output capacitor ESR, and PC board copper losses in the output and ground tend to raise the switching frequency at higher output currents. Also, the dead-time effect increases the effective on-time, reducing the switching frequency. It occurs only during forced-PWM operation and dynamic output-voltage transitions when the induc22 tor current reverses at light or negative load currents. With reversed inductor current, the inductor’s EMF causes LX to go high earlier than normal, extending the on-time by a period equal to the DH-rising dead time. For loads above the critical conduction point, where the dead-time effect is no longer a factor, the actual switching frequency (per phase) is: fSW = ( (VOUT + VDIS ) t ON VIN + VDIS − VCHG ) where VDIS is the sum of the parasitic voltage drops in the inductor discharge path, including synchronous rectifier, inductor, and PC board resistances; VCHG is the sum of the parasitic voltage drops in the inductor charge path, including high-side switch, inductor, and PC board resistances; and tON is the on-time as determined above. Current Sense The output current of each phase is sensed. Low-offset amplifiers are used for current balance, voltage-positioning gain, and current limit. Sensing the current at the output of each phase offers advantages, including less noise sensitivity, more accurate current sharing between phases, and the flexibility of using either a current-sense resistor or the DC resistance of the output inductor. Using the DC resistance (RDCR) of the output inductor allows higher efficiency. In this configuration, the initial tolerance and temperature coefficient of the inductor’s DCR must be accounted for in the output-voltage droop-error budget and power monitor. This currentsense method uses an RC filtering network to extract the current information from the output inductor (see Figure 3). The resistive divider used should provide a current-sense resistance (RCS) low enough to meet the current-limit requirements, and the time constant of the RC network should match the inductor’s time constant (L/RCS): ⎛ R2 ⎞ RCS = ⎜ and ⎟R ⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠ DCR RCS = L CEQ 1⎤ ⎡1 ⎢ R1 + R2 ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ where RCS is the required current-sense resistance, and RDCR is the inductor’s series DC resistance. Use the worst-case inductance and RDCR values provided by the inductor manufacturer, adding some margin for the inductance drop over temperature and load. To ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies but results in a significant peak current-sense voltage error that results in unwanted offsets in the regulation voltage and results in early current-limit detection. Similar to the inductor DCR sensing method above, the RC filter’s time constant should match the L/R time constant formed by the current-sense resistor’s parasitic inductance: LESL = CEQR1 RSENSE where LESL is the equivalent series inductance of the current-sense resistor, RSENSE is current-sense resistance value, and CEQ and REQ are the time-constant matching components. INPUT (VIN) CIN DH_ SENSE RESISTOR NH LESL L RSENSE LX_ DL_ NL COUT DL PGND R1 CEQR1 = LSENSE RSENSE CEQ CSP_ CSN_ A) OUTPUT SERIES RESISTOR SENSING INPUT (VIN) CIN DH_ INDUCTOR NH L DCR LX_ DL_ RCS = NL DL COUT R1 B) LOSSLESS INDUCTOR SENSING R2 R1 + R2 ) RDCR R2 RDCR = PGND CSP_ CSN_ ( [ L 1 1 + CEQ R1 R2 ] CEQ FOR THERMAL COMPENSATION: R2 SHOULD CONSIST OF AN NTC RESISTOR IN SERIES WITH A STANDARD THIN-FILM RESISTOR Figure 3. Current-Sense Methods ______________________________________________________________________________________ 23 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 minimize the current-sense error due to the currentsense inputs’ bias current (ICSP_ and ICSN_), choose R1||R2 to be less than 2kΩ and use the above equation to determine the sense capacitance (CEQ). Choose capacitors with 5% tolerance and resistors with 1% tolerance specifications. Temperature compensation is recommended for this current-sense method. See the Voltage Positioning and the Loop Compensation section for detailed information. When using a current-sense resistor for accurate output-voltage positioning, the circuit requires a differential RC filter to eliminate the AC voltage step cause by the equivalent series inductance (L ESL ) of the currentsense resistor (see Figure 3). The ESL-induced voltage step does not affect the average current-sense voltage, CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies Current Balance Without active current-balance circuitry, the current matching between phases depends on the MOSFETs’ on-resistance (RDS(ON)), thermal ballasting, on/off-time matching, and inductance matching. For example, variation in the low-side MOSFET on-resistance (ignoring thermal effects) results in a current mismatch that is proportional to the on-resistance difference: ⎡ ⎛R ⎞⎤ IMAIN − ISEC = IMAIN ⎢1− ⎜ MAIN ⎟ ⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎝ RSEC ⎠ ⎥⎦ However, mismatches between on-times, off-times, and inductor values increase the worst-case current imbalance, making it impossible to passively guarantee accurate current balancing. The MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 integrate the difference between the current-sense voltages and adjust the on-time of the secondary phase to maintain current balance. The current balance now relies on the accuracy of the current-sense resistors instead of the inaccurate, thermally sensitive on-resistance of the low-side MOSFETs. With active current balancing, the current mismatch is determined by the current-sense resistor values and the offset voltage of the transconductance amplifiers: IOS(IBAL) = ILMAIN − ILSEC = VOS(IBAL) RSENSE where RSENSE = RCM = RCS and VOS(IBAL) is the current-balance offset specification in the Electrical Characteristics table . The worst-case current mismatch occurs immediately after a load transient due to inductor value mismatches resulting in different di/dt for the two phases. The time it takes the current-balance loop to correct the transient imbalance depends on the mismatch between the inductor values and switching frequency. Current Limit The current-limit circuit employs a unique “valley” current-sensing algorithm that uses current-sense resistors between the current-sense inputs (CSP_ to CSN12 for MAX8771, CSP_ to CSN_ for MAX8770/MAX8772) as the current-sensing elements. If the current-sense signal of the selected phase is above the current-limit threshold, the PWM controller does not initiate a new cycle until the inductor current of the selected phase drops below the valley current-limit threshold. When either phase trips the current limit, both phases are effectively current limited since the interleaved controller does not initiate a cycle with either phase. 24 Since only the valley current is actively limited, the actual peak current is greater than the current-limit threshold by an amount equal to the inductor ripple current. Therefore, the exact current-limit characteristic and maximum load capability are a function of the currentsense resistance, inductor value, and battery voltage. When combined with the UVP circuit, this current-limit method is effective in almost every circumstance. The positive current-limit threshold is fixed internally at 22.5mV. There is also a negative current limit that prevents excessive reverse inductor currents when VOUT is sinking current. The negative current-limit threshold is set at -30mV. When a phase drops below the negative current limit, the controller immediately activates an on-time pulse—DL turns off, and DH turns on—allowing the inductor current to remain above the negative current threshold. Carefully observe the PC board layout guidelines to ensure that noise and DC errors do not corrupt the current-sense signals seen by the current-sense inputs (CSP_, CSN_). For the MAX8771, where the negative current-sense returns are to a common pin, it is recommended that the current-sense elements (sense resistor or inductor DCR) be placed close to each other to minimize any voltage differences that might arise due to trace impedance between the two common nodes. Feedback Adjustment Amplifiers Voltage-Positioning Amplifier (Steady-State Droop) The MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 include a transconductance amplifier for adding gain to the voltage-positioning sense path. The amplifier’s input is generated by summing the current-sense inputs, which differentially sense the voltage across either current-sense resistors or the inductor’s DCR. The amplifier’s output connects directly to the regulator’s voltage-positioned feedback input (FB), so the resistance between FB and the output-voltage sense point determines the voltagepositioning gain: VOUT = VTARGET - RFBIFB where the target voltage (VTARGET) is defined in the Nominal Output Voltage Selection section, and the FB amplifier’s output current (IFB) is determined by the sum of the current-sense voltages: ηPH IFB = Gm(FB) ∑ VCSX X =1 where VCS = VCSP - VCSN is the differential currentsense voltage, and Gm(FB) is typically 600µS as defined in the Electrical Characteristics table. ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies Integrator Amplifier An integrator amplifier forces the DC average of the FB voltage to equal the target voltage. This transconductance amplifier integrates the feedback voltage and provides a fine adjustment to the regulation voltage (Figure 2), allowing accurate DC output-voltage regulation regardless of the output ripple voltage. The integrator amplifier has the ability to shift the output voltage by ±60mV (typ), including DC offset and AC ripple. The integration time constant can be set easily with an external compensation capacitor at the CCV pin. Use a 470pF x (2/ηTOTAL) x 300kHz/fSW or greater ceramic capacitor. The MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 disable the integrator by connecting the amplifier inputs together at the beginning of all VID transitions done in pulse-skipping mode (DPRSLPVR = high). The integrator remains disabled until 20µs after the transition is completed (the internal target settles) and the output is in regulation (edge detected on the error comparator). Transient-Overlap Operation When a transient occurs, the response time of the controller depends on how quickly it can slew the inductor current. Multiphase controllers that remain 180° out-ofphase when a transient occurs actually respond slower than an equivalent single-phase controller. In order to provide fast transient response, the MAX8770/ MAX8771/MAX8772 support a phase-overlap mode that allows the dual regulators to operate in-phase when heavy load transients are detected, effectively reducing the response time. After either high-side MOSFET turns off, if the output voltage does not exceed the regulation voltage when the minimum off-time expires, the controller simultaneously turns on both high-side MOSFETs during the next on-time cycle. This maximizes the total inductor current slew rate. The phases remain overlapped until the output voltage exceeds the regulation voltage after the minimum off-time expires. After the phase-overlap mode ends, the controller automatically begins with the opposite phase. For example, if the secondary phase provided the last ontime pulse before overlap operation began, the controller starts switching with the main phase when overlap operation ends. Nominal Output-Voltage Selection The nominal no-load output voltage (V TARGET ) is defined by the selected voltage reference (VID DAC) plus the remote ground-sense adjustment (VGNDS), as defined in the following equation: VTARGET = VFB = VDAC + VGNDS where VDAC is the selected VID voltage. On startup, the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 slew the target voltage from ground to the preset boot voltage. DAC Inputs (D0–D6) The digital-to-analog converter (DAC) programs the output voltage using the D0–D6 inputs. D0–D6 are low-voltage (1.0V) logic inputs, designed to interface directly with the CPU. Do not leave D0–D6 unconnected. Changing D0–D6 initiates a transition to a new outputvoltage level. Change D0–D6 together, avoiding greater than 20ns skew between bits. Otherwise, incorrect DAC readings may cause a partial transition to the wrong voltage level followed by the intended transition to the correct voltage level, lengthening the overall transition time. The available DAC codes and resulting output voltages are compatible with the IMVP-6 (Table 4) specifications. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 25 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Differential Remote Sense The MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 include differential, remote-sense inputs to eliminate the effects of voltage drops along the PC board traces and through the processor’s power pins. The feedback-sense node connects to the voltage-positioning resistor (RFB). The ground-sense (GNDS) input connects to an amplifier that adds an offset directly to the target voltage, effectively adjusting the output voltage to counteract the voltage drop in the ground path. Connect the voltagepositioning resistor (RFB), and ground sense (GNDS) input directly to the processor’s remote-sense outputs as shown in Figure 1. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies Table 3. Operating Mode Truth Table INPUTS SHDN DPRSTP DPRSLPVR PSI PHASE OPERATION* Low X X X DISABLED X Multiphase forced PWM 1/8 RTIME slew rate Startup/Boot. When SHDN is pulled high, the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 begin the startup sequence. Once the REF is above 1.84V, the controller enables the PWM controller and ramps the output voltage up to the boot voltage. See Figure 9. High Multiphase forced PWM; normal RTIME slew rate Full Power. The no-load output voltage is determined by the selected VID DAC code (D0–D6, Table 4). Low 1-phase forced PWM; normal RTIME slew rate Intermediate Power. The no-load output voltage is determined by the selected VID DAC code (D0–D6, Table 4). When PSI is pulled low, the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 immediately disable phase 2—DH2, and DL2 pulled low. 1-phase pulse skipping, normal RTIME slew rate Deeper Sleep Mode. The no-load output voltage is determined by the selected VID DAC code (D0–D6, Table 4). When DPRSLPVR is pulled high, the MAX8770/MAX8771/ MAX8772 immediately enter 1-phase pulse-skipping operation allowing automatic PWM/PFM switchover under light loads. The PWRGD and CLKEN upper thresholds are blanked. DH2 and DL2 are pulled low. X 1-phase pulse skipping, 1/4 RTIME slew rate Deeper Sleep Slow-Exit Mode. The no-load output voltage is determined by the selected VID DAC code (D0–D6, Table 4). When DPRSTP is pulled high while DPRSLPVR is already high, the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 remain in 1-phase pulse-skipping operation, allowing automatic PWM/PFM switchover under light loads. The PWRGD and CLKEN upper thresholds are blanked. DH2 and DL2 are pulled low. X Multiphase forced-PWM, 1/8 R TIME slew rate Shutdown. When SHDN is pulled low, the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 immediately pull PWRGD and PHASEGD low, CLKEN becomes high impedance, all enabled phases are activated, and the output voltage is ramped down to ground. Once the output reaches zero, the controller enters the low-power shutdown state. See Figure 9. DISABLED Fault Mode. The fault latch has been set by the MAX8770/ MAX8771/MAX8772 UVP or thermal shutdown protection, or by the MAX8771 OVP protection. The controller remains in FAULT mode until VCC power is cycled or SHDN toggled. Rising High High High High Falling High X X X Low High X X X Low Low High High X X X X OPERATING MODE Low-Power Shutdown Mode. DL1 and DL2 forced high, and the controller is disabled. The supply current drops to 1µA (max). *Multiphase operation = All enabled phases active. 26 ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5000 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7000 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.4875 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.6875 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1.4750 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.6750 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1.4625 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.6625 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1.4500 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0.6500 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1.4375 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.6375 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1.4250 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0.6250 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1.4125 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0.6125 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1.4000 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0.6000 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1.3875 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.5875 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1.3750 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0.5750 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1.3625 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0.5625 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1.3500 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0.5500 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1.3375 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0.5375 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1.3250 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0.5250 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1.3125 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0.5125 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1.3000 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.5000 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1.2875 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.4875 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1.2750 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0.4750 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1.2625 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0.4625 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1.2500 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0.4500 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1.2375 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0.4375 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1.2250 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0.4250 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1.2125 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0.4125 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1.2000 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0.4000 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1.1875 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0.3875 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1.1750 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0.3750 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1.1625 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0.3625 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1.1500 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0.3500 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1.1375 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0.3375 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1.1250 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0.3250 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1.1125 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0.3125 ______________________________________________________________________________________ 27 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Table 4. IMVP-6 Output Voltage VID DAC Codes CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies Table 4. IMVP-6 Output Voltage VID DAC Codes (continued) 28 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1.1000 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.3000 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1.0875 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.2875 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1.0750 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0.2750 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1.0625 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0.2625 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1.0500 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0.2500 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1.0375 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0.2375 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1.0250 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0.2250 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1.0125 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0.2125 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1.0000 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0.2000 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0.9875 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0.1875 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0.9750 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0.1750 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0.9625 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0.1625 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0.9500 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0.1500 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0.9375 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0.1375 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0.9250 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0.1250 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0.9125 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0.1125 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.9000 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.1000 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0.8875 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0.0875 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0.8750 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0.0750 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0.8625 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0.0625 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0.8500 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0.0500 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0.8375 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0.0375 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0.8250 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0.0250 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0.8125 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0.0125 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0.8000 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0.7875 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0.7750 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0.7625 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0.7500 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0.7375 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0.7250 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.7125 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies Output-Voltage Transition Timing The MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 perform mode transitions in a controlled manner, automatically minimizing input surge currents. This feature allows the circuit designer to achieve nearly ideal transitions, guaranteeing just-in-time arrival at the new output-voltage level with the lowest possible peak currents for a given output capacitance. At the beginning of an output-voltage transition, the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 blank PHASEGD, CLKEN, and PWRGD upper and lower thresholds, preventing the open-drain outputs from changing states during the transition. The controller enables the lower CLKEN and PWRGD threshold approximately 20µs after the slew-rate controller reaches the target output voltage, but the upper CLKEN and PWRGD threshold is enabled only if the controller remains in forced-PWM operation. If the controller enters pulse-skipping operation, the upper CLKEN and PWRGD threshold remains blanked. The slew rate (set by resistor RTIME) must be set fast enough to ensure that the transition may be completed within the maximum allotted time. The MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 automatically control the current to the minimum level required to complete the transition in the calculated time. The slew-rate controller uses an internal capacitor and current source programmed by RTIME to transition the output voltage. The total transition time depends on RTIME, the voltage difference, and the accuracy of the slew-rate controller (CSLEW accuracy). The slew rate is not dependent on the total output capacitance, as long as the surge current is less than the current limit. For all dynamic VID transitions, the transition time (tTRAN) is given by: t TRAN = VNEW − VOLD (dVTARGET / dt) where dVTARGET/dt = 12.5mV/µs × 71.5kΩ / RTIME is the slew rate, VOLD is the original output voltage, and VNEW is the new target voltage. See TIME Slew Rate Accuracy in Electrical Characteristics for slew-rate limits. For soft-start and shutdown, the controller automatically reduces the slew rate to 1/8. The output voltage tracks the slewed target voltage, making the transitions relatively smooth. The average inductor current per phase required to make an output voltage transition is: IL ≅ COUT × (dVTARGET / dt) ηTOTAL where dVTARGET/dt is the required slew rate, COUT is the total output capacitance, and ηTOTAL is the number of active phases. Deeper Sleep Transitions When DPRSLPVR goes high, the MAX8770/MAX8771/ MAX8772 immediately disable phase 2 (DH2 and DL2 forced low), blank PHASEGD high impedance (MAX8771 only), and enter pulse-skipping operation (see Figures 4 and 5). If the VIDs are set to a lower voltage setting, the output drops at a rate determined by the load and the output capacitance. The internal target still ramps as before, and CLKEN and PWRGD upper and lower thresholds remain blanked until 20µs after the internal target reaches the programmed VID code. Once this time expires, PWRGD monitors only the lower threshold: • Fast C4E Deeper Sleep Exit: When exiting deeper sleep (DPRSLPVR pulled low) while the output voltage still exceeds the deeper sleep voltage, the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 quickly slew (50mV/µs min regardless of RTIME setting) the internal target voltage to the DAC code provided by the processor as long as the output voltage is above the new target. The controller remains in skip mode until the output voltage equals the internal target. Once the internal target reaches the output voltage, phase 2 is enabled. The controller blanks PWRGD, PHASEGD, and CLKEN (forced high impedance) until 20µs after the transition is completed. See Figure 4. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 29 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Suspend Mode When the processor enters low-power deeper sleep mode, the IMVP-6 CPU sets the VID DAC code to a lower output voltage and drives DPRSLPVR high. The MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 respond by slewing the internal target voltage to the new DAC code, switching to single-phase operation, and letting the output voltage gradually drift down to the deeper sleep voltage. During the transition, the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 blank both the upper and lower PWRGD and CLKEN thresholds until 20µs after the internal target reaches the deeper sleep voltage. Once the 20µs timer expires, the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 reenable the lower PWRGD and CLKEN threshold, but keep the upper threshold blanked. PHASEGD remains blanked high impedance while DPRSLPVR is high. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies • Slow C4 Deeper Sleep Exit: When exiting deeper sleep (DPRSLPVR high, DPRSTP pulled high) while the output voltage is regulating to the deeper sleep voltage, the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 remain in 1-phase skip mode and ramp the output voltage to the LFM DAC code provided by the processor at 1/4 the slew-rate set by RTIME. The controller blanks PWRGD, PHASEGD, and CLKEN (forced high impedance) until 20µs after the transition is completed. See Figure 6. • Standard C4 Deeper Sleep Exit: When exiting deeper sleep (DPRSLPVR pulled low) while the output voltage is regulating to the deeper sleep voltage, the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 immediately activate all enabled phases and ramp the output voltage to the LFM DAC code provided by the processor at the slew rate set by R TIME. The controller blanks PWRGD, PHASEGD, and CLKEN (forced high impedance) until 20µs after the transition is completed. See Figure 5. ACTUAL VOUT CPU CORE VOLTAGE INTERNAL TARGET VID (D0–D6) DEEPER SLEEP VID DPRSLPVR DO NOT CARE (DPRSLPVR DOMINATES STATE) PSI INTERNAL PWM CONTROL FORCED PWM 1-PHASE SKIP (DH1 ACTIVE, DH2 = DL2 = FORCED LOW) NO PULSES: VOUT > VTARGET DH1 PWM2 DH2 PWRGD BLANK HIGH-Z BLANK HIGH THRESHOLD ONLY BLANK HIGH-Z CLKEN BLANK LO BLANK HIGH THRESHOLD ONLY BLANK LO BLANK HIGH-Z PHASEGD SET TO 1.75V MIN OVP tBLANK 20µs TYP TRACKS INTERNAL TARGET tBLANK 20µs TYP Figure 4. C4E (C4 Early Exit) Transition 30 ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 ACTIVE VID CPU CORE VOLTAGE ACTUAL VOUT INTERNAL TARGET VID (D0–D6) DEEPER SLEEP VID LFM VID DPRSLP VID LFM VID DPRSLPVR DPRSTP PSI DO NOT CARE (DPRSLPVR DOMINATES STATE) INTERNAL PWM CONTROL 1-PHASE SKIP (DH1 ACTIVE, DL2 FORCED LOW) 1-PHASE FORCED PWM NO PULSES: VOUT > VTARGET DH1 DH2 PWRGD CLKEN BLANK HIGH-Z BLANK HIGH THRESHOLD ONLY BLANK HIGH-Z BLANK LOW BLANK HIGH THRESHOLD ONLY BLANK LOW BLANK HIGH-Z (1-PHASE OPERATION) PHASEGD SET TO 1.75V MIN OVP tBLANK 20µs TYP TRACKS INTERNAL TARGET tBLANK 20µs TYP Figure 5. Standard C4 Transition ______________________________________________________________________________________ 31 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies ACTIVE VID CPU CORE VOLTAGE ACTUAL VOUT INTERNAL TARGET VID (D0–D6) DEEPER SLEEP VID LFM VID DPRSLP VID LFM VID DPRSLPVR DPRSTP PSI DO NOT CARE (DPRSLPVR DOMINATES STATE) INTERNAL PWM CONTROL 1-PHASE SKIP (DH1 ACTIVE, DL2 FORCED LOW) DH1 1-PHASE FORCED PWM NO PULSES: VOUT > VTARGET DH2 PWRGD CLKEN BLANK HIGH-Z BLANK HIGH THRESHOLD ONLY BLANK HIGH-Z BLANK LOW BLANK HIGH THRESHOLD ONLY BLANK LOW BLANK HIGH-Z (1-PHASE OPERATION) PHASEGD OVP SET TO 1.75V MIN tBLANK 20µs TYP TRACKS INTERNAL TARGET tBLANK 20µs TYP Figure 6. Slow C4 Transition 32 ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies phase 2. PHASEGD is blanked high impedance for 32 switching cycles on DH2, allowing sufficient time/cycles for phase 1 and 2 to achieve current balance. In a typical IMVP-6 application, the VID is reduced by 1 LSB (12.5mV) when PSI is pulled low, and increased by 1 LSB when PSI is pulled high. ACTIVE VID CPU CORE VOLTAGE SLOW SLEW RATE ACTUAL VOUT INTERNAL TARGET VID (D0–D6) LFM VID DPRSLP VID LFM VID DEEPER SLEEP VID DPRSLPVR SLOW SLEW RATE DPRSTP DO NOT CARE (DPRSLPVR DOMINATES STATE) PSI INTERNAL PWM CONTROL 1-PHASE SKIP (DH1 ACTIVE, DH2 = DL2 - FORCED LOW) 1-PHASE FORCED PWM NO PULSES: VOUT > VTARGET DH1 DH2 PWRGD CLKEN BLANK HIGH-Z BLANK HIGH THRESHOLD ONLY BLANK HIGH-Z BLANK LOW BLANK HIGH THRESHOLD ONLY BLANK LOW BLANK HIGH-Z (1-PHASE OPERATION) PHASEGD SET TO 1.75V MIN OVP tBLANK 20µs TYP TRACKS INTERNAL TARGET tBLANK 20µs TYP Figure 7. PSI# Transition ______________________________________________________________________________________ 33 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 PSI Transitions When PSI is pulled low, the MAX8770/MAX8771/ MAX8772 immediately disable phase 2 (DH2 and DL2 forced low), blank PHASEGD high impedance, and enter single-phase PWM operation (see Figure 7). When PSI is pulled high, the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 enable CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES Forced-PWM Operation (Normal Mode) During soft-start, soft-shutdown, and normal operation—when the CPU is actively running (DPRSLPVR = low, Table 5)—the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 operate with the low-noise, forced-PWM control scheme. Forced-PWM operation disables the zero-crossing comparators of all active phases, forcing the low-side gate-drive waveforms to be constantly the complement of the high-side gate-drive waveforms. This keeps the switching frequency constant and allows the inductor current to reverse under light loads, providing fast, accurate negative-output-voltage transitions by quickly discharging the output capacitors. Forced-PWM operation comes at a cost; the no-load +5V bias supply current remains between 10mA to 50mA per phase, depending on the external MOSFETs and switching frequency. To maintain high efficiency under light-load conditions, the processor may switch the controller to a low-power, pulse-skipping control scheme after entering suspend mode. PSI determines how many phases are active when operating in forced-PWM mode (DPRSLPVR = low). When PSI is pulled low, the main phase remains active but the secondary phase is disabled (DH2 and DL2 forced low). Light-Load Pulse-Skipping Operation (Deeper Sleep) When DPRSLPVR is pulled high, the MAX8770/ MAX8771/MAX8772 operate with a single-phase, pulse-skipping mode. The pulse-skipping mode enables the driver’s zero-crossing comparator, so the controller pulls DL1 low when its current-sense inputs detect “zero” inductor current. This keeps the inductor from discharging the output capacitors and forces the controller to skip pulses under light-load conditions to avoid overcharging the output. When pulse skipping, the controller blanks the upper PWRGD and CLKEN thresholds, and also blanks PHASEGD high impedance for the MAX8771. Upon entering pulse-skipping operation, the controller temporarily sets the OVP threshold to 1.80V, preventing false OVP faults when the transition to pulse-skipping operation coincides with a downward VID code change. Once the error amplifier detects that the output voltage is in regulation, the OVP threshold tracks the selected VID DAC code. The MAX8770/MAX8771/ MAX8772 automatically use forced-PWM operation during soft-start and soft-shutdown, regardless of the DPRSLPVR and PSI configuration. Automatic Pulse-Skipping Switchover In skip mode (DPRSLPVR = high), an inherent automatic switchover to PFM takes place at light loads (Figure 8). This switchover is affected by a comparator that truncates the low-side switch on-time at the inductor current’s zero crossing. The zero-crossing comparator senses the inductor current across the low-side MOSFETs. Once VLX drops below the zero crossing comparator threshold (see the Electrical Characteristics table), the comparator forces DL low (Figure 2). This mechanism causes the threshold between pulse-skipping PFM and nonskipping PWM operation to coincide with the boundary between continuous and discontinuous inductor-current operation. The PFM/PWM crossover occurs when the load current of each phase is equal to 1/2 the peak-to-peak ripple current, which is a function of the inductor value (Figure 8). For a battery-input 7V to 20V range, this threshold is relatively constant, with only a minor dependence on the input voltage due to the typically low duty cycles. The total load current at the PFM/PWM crossover threshold (ILOAD(SKIP)) is approximately: ⎞ ⎛T V ⎞⎛ V − V ILOAD(SKIP) = ηTOTAL ⎜ SW OUT ⎟ ⎜ IN OUT ⎟ ⎝ ⎠⎝ L VIN ⎠ where ηTOTAL is the number of active phases. The switching waveforms may appear noisy and asynchronous when light loading activates pulse-skipping operation, but this is a normal operating condition that results in high light-load efficiency. Trade-offs between PFM noise and light-load efficiency are made by vary- ∆i ∆t INDUCTOR CURRENT MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies VBATT – VOUT L IPEAK ILOAD = IPEAK/2 0 ON-TIME TIME Figure 8. Pulse-Skipping/Discontinuous Crossover Point 34 ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies Power-Up Sequence (POR, UVLO) The MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 are enabled when SHDN is driven high (Figure 9). The reference powers up first. Once the reference exceeds its UVLO threshold, the internal analog blocks are turned on and masked by a 150µs one-shot delay. The PWM controller then begins switching. Power-on reset (POR) occurs when VCC rises above approximately 2V, resetting the fault latch and preparing the controller for operation. The VCC UVLO circuitry VCC SHDN INVALID CODE VID (D0–D6) INVALID CODE SOFT-START = 1/8th SLEW RATE SET BY RTIME VCORE INTERNAL PWM CONTROL SOFT-SHUTDOWN = 1/8th SLEW RATE SET BY RTIME FORCED PWM FORCED PWM PHASEGD CLKEN PWRGD tBLANK 5ms TYP tBLANK 60µs TYP tBLANK 20µs TYP tBLANK 20µs TYP Figure 9. Power-Up and Shutdown Sequence Timing Diagram ______________________________________________________________________________________ 35 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 ing the inductor value. Generally, low inductor values produce a broader efficiency vs. load curve, while higher values result in higher full-load efficiency (assuming that the coil resistance remains fixed) and less output-voltage ripple. Penalties for using higher inductor values include larger physical size and degraded load-transient response, especially at low input-voltage levels. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies inhibits switching until VCC rises above 4.25V. The controller powers up the reference once the system enables the controller, VCC above 4.25V and SHDN driven high. With the reference in regulation, the controller ramps the output voltage to the 1.20V boot voltage at 1/8 the slew rate set by RTIME: t TRAN(START) = 8VBOOT (dVTARGET / dt) where dVTARGET/dt = 12.5mV/µs x 71.5kΩ / RTIME is the slew rate. The soft-start circuitry does not use a variable current limit, so full output current is available immediately. CLKEN is pulled low approximately 60µs after the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 reach the boot voltage. At the same time, the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 slew the output to the voltage set at the VID inputs at the programmed slew rate. PWRGD and PHASEGD become high impedance approximately 5ms after CLKEN is pulled low. The MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 automatically use forced-PWM operation during soft-start and soft-shutdown, regardless of the DPRSLPVR and PSI configuration. For automatic startup, the battery voltage should be present before VCC. If the controller attempts to bring the output into regulation without the battery-voltage present, the fault latch trips. The controller remains shut down until the fault latch is cleared by toggling SHDN or cycling the VCC power supply below 0.5V. If the VCC voltage drops below 4.25V, the controller assumes that there is not enough supply voltage to make valid decisions. To protect the output from overvoltage faults, the controller shuts down immediately and forces a high-impedance output. Shutdown When SHDN goes low, the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 enter low-power shutdown mode. CLKEN is pulled high and PWRGD is pulled low immediately, and the output voltage ramps down at 1/8 the slew rate set by RTIME: t TRAN(SHDN) = 8VOUT (dVTARGET / dt) where dVTARGET/dt = 12.5mV/µs x 71.5kΩ / RTIME is the slew rate. Slowly discharging the output capacitors by slewing the output over a long period of time keeps the average negative inductor current low (damped response), thereby eliminating the negative output-voltage excursion that occurs when the controller discharges the output quickly by permanently turning on the low-side MOSFET (underdamped response). This 36 eliminates the need for the Schottky diode normally connected between the output and ground to clamp the negative output-voltage excursion. After the controller reaches the zero target, the MAX8770/ MAX8771/MAX8772 shut down completely—the drivers are disabled (DL1 and DL2 driven high)—the reference turns off, and the supply currents drop to about 1µA (max) 20µs. When a fault condition—output UVLO or thermal shutdown—activates the shutdown sequence, the protection circuitry sets the fault latch to prevent the controller from restarting. To clear the fault latch and reactivate the controller, toggle SHDN or cycle VCC power below 0.5V. Power Monitor (POUT) The MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 include a singlequadrant multiplier used to determine the actual output power based on the inductor current (sum of the differential CS inputs) and output voltage (CSNpm to GNDS, when CSNpm = CSN12 for MAX8771, CSNpm = CSN2 for MAX8770/MAX8772). The buffered output of this multiplier is connected to POUT and provides a voltage relative to the output power dissipation: VPWR = (VCSNpm − VGNDS )(ILOADRSENSE ) KPWR where the power-monitor scale factor (KPWR) is typically 16.67mV. The power monitor allows the system to accurately monitor the CPU’s power dissipation and quickly predict if the system is about to overheat before the significantly slower temperature sensor signals an overtemperature alert. Phase Fault (PHASEGD, MAX8771 Only) The MAX8771 includes a phase-fault output that signals the system that one of the two phases either has a fault condition or is not matched with the other. Detection is done by identifying the need for a large ontime difference between phases in order to achieve or move towards current balance. PHASEGD is forced low when VCCI is below 0.6xVFB or above 1.4xVFB. PHASEGD is high impedance when the MAX8771 is set to run in 1-phase operation (DPRSLPVR high, or PSI low and DPRSLPVR low). On exit to the 2-phase mode, PHASEGD is forced high impedance for 32 switching cycles on DH2. PHASEGD is low in shutdown. PHASEGD is forced high impedance whenever the slew rate controller is active (output voltage transitions). ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies Fault Protection (Latched) Output Overvoltage Protection (MAX8770/ MAX8771 Only) The OVP circuit is designed to protect the CPU against a shorted high-side MOSFET by drawing high current and blowing the battery fuse. The MAX8770/MAX8771 continuously monitor the output for an overvoltage fault. The controller detects an OVP fault if the output voltage exceeds the set VID DAC voltage by more than 300mV, regardless of the operating state. During pulse-skipping operation (DPRSLPVR = high), the OVP threshold is set at 1.8V once a downward VID transition occurs, and reverts to track the VID DAC voltage when the output reaches the set VID code. When the OVP circuit detects an overvoltage fault while in multiphase mode (DPRSLPVR = low, PSI = high), the MAX8770/MAX8771 immediately force DL1 and DL2 high and pull DH1 and DH2 low. This action turns on the synchronous-rectifier MOSFETs with 100% duty and, in turn, rapidly discharges the output filter capacitor and forces the output low. If the condition that caused the overvoltage (such as a shorted high-side MOSFET) persists, the battery fuse blows. Toggle SHDN or cycle the VCC power supply below 0.5V to clear the fault latch and reactivate the controller. When an overvoltage fault occurs while in 1-phase operation (DPRSLPVR = high, or PSI = low), the MAX8770/MAX8771 immediately force DL1 high and pull DH1 low. DL2 and DH2 remain low as phase 2 was disabled. DL2 is forced high only when the output falls below the UV threshold. Overvoltage protection can be disabled through the no-fault test mode (see the NoFault Test Mode section). Output Undervoltage Protection The output UVP function is similar to foldback current limiting, but employs a timer rather than a variable current limit. If the MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 output voltage is 400mV below the target voltage, the controller activates the shutdown sequence and sets the fault latch. Once the controller ramps down to zero, it forces the DL1 and DL2 high and pulls DH1 and DH2 low. Toggle SHDN or cycle the V CC power supply below 0.5V to clear the fault latch and reactivate the controller. UVP can be disabled through the no-fault test mode (see the No-Fault Test Mode section). Thermal-Fault Protection The MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 feature a thermalfault-protection circuit. When the junction temperature rises above +160°C, a thermal sensor sets the fault latch and activates the soft-shutdown sequence. Once the controller ramps down to zero, it forces the DL1 and DL2 high and pulls DH1 and DH2 low. Toggle SHDN or cycle the VCC power supply below 0.5V to clear the fault latch and reactivate the controller after the junction temperature cools by 15°C. Thermal shutdown can be disabled through the no-fault test mode (see the No-Fault Test Mode section). No-Fault Test Mode The latched fault-protection features can complicate the process of debugging prototype breadboards since there are (at most) a few milliseconds in which to determine what went wrong. Therefore, a “no-fault” test mode is provided to disable the fault protection—overvoltage protection, undervoltage protection, and thermal shutdown. Additionally, the test mode clears the fault latch if it has been set. The no-fault test mode is entered by forcing 11V to 13V on SHDN. MOSFET Gate Drivers The DH and DL drivers are optimized for driving moderate-sized high-side and larger low-side power MOSFETs. This is consistent with the low duty factor seen in notebook applications where a large VIN - VOUT differential exists. The high-side gate drivers (DH) source and sink 2.2A, and the low-side gate drivers (DL) source 2.7A and sink 8A. This ensures robust gate drive for high-current applications. The DH_ floating high-side MOSFET drivers are powered by internal boost switch charge pumps at BST_, while the DL_ synchronous-rectifier drivers are powered directly by the 5V bias supply (VDD). Adaptive dead-time circuits monitor the DL and DH drivers and prevent either FET from turning on until the other is fully off. The adaptive driver dead time allows operation without shoot-through with a wide range of MOSFETs, minimizing delays and maintaining efficiency. There must be a low-resistance, low-inductance path from the DL and DH drivers to the MOSFET gates for the adaptive dead-time circuits to work properly; otherwise, the sense circuitry in the MAX8770/ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 37 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Temperature Comparator (VRHOT) The MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 also feature an independent comparator with an accurate threshold (VHOT) that tracks the analog supply voltage (VHOT = 0.3VCC). This makes the thermal trip threshold independent of the VCC supply voltage tolerance. Use a resistor- and thermistor-divider between VCC and GND to generate a voltage-regulator overtemperature monitor. Place the thermistor as close to the MOSFETs and inductors as possible. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies BST MOSFETs, greatly reduces coupling. Do not exceed 22nF of total gate capacitance to prevent excessive turn-off delays. (RBST)* INPUT (VIN) CBST DH NH L LX CBYP VDD DL NL (CNL)* PGND (RBST)* OPTIONAL—THE RESISTOR LOWERS EMI BY DECREASING THE SWITCHING NODE RISE TIME. (CNL)* OPTIONAL—THE CAPACITOR REDUCES LX TO DL CAPACITIVE COUPLING THAT CAN CAUSE SHOOT-THROUGH CURRENTS Figure 10. Gate Drive Circuit MAX8771/MAX8772 interprets the MOSFET gates as “off” while charge actually remains. Use very short, wide traces (50 mils to 100 mils wide if the MOSFET is 1in from the driver). The internal pulldown transistor that drives DL low is robust, with a 0.25Ω (typ) on-resistance. This helps prevent DL from being pulled up due to capacitive coupling from the drain to the gate of the low-side MOSFETs when the inductor node (LX) quickly switches from ground to VIN. Applications with high-input voltages and long inductive driver traces may require rising LX edges that do not pull up the low-side MOSFETs’ gate, causing shoot-through currents. The capacitive coupling between LX and DL created by the MOSFET’s gate-to-drain capacitance (CRSS), gate-tosource capacitance (C ISS - C RSS ), and additional board parasitics should not exceed the following minimum threshold: ⎛C ⎞ VGS(TH) > VIN ⎜ RSS ⎟ ⎝ CISS ⎠ Typically, adding a 4700pF between DL and power ground (C NL in Figure 10), close to the low-side 38 Alternatively, shoot-through currents may be caused by a combination of fast high-side MOSFETs and slow lowside MOSFETs. If the turn-off delay time of the low-side MOSFET is too long, the high-side MOSFETs can turn on before the low-side MOSFETs have actually turned off. Adding a resistor less than 5Ω in series with BST slows down the high-side MOSFET turn-on time, eliminating the shoot-through currents without degrading the turn-off time (RBST in Figure 10). Slowing down the high-side MOSFET also reduces the LX node rise time, thereby reducing EMI and high-frequency coupling responsible for switching noise. Multiphase Quick-PWM Design Procedure Firmly establish the input voltage range and maximum load current before choosing a switching frequency and inductor operating point (ripple-current ratio). The primary design trade-off lies in choosing a good switching frequency and inductor operating point, and the following four factors dictate the rest of the design: • Input voltage range: The maximum value (VIN(MAX)) must accommodate the worst-case high-AC adapter voltage. The minimum value (VIN(MIN)) must account for the lowest input voltage after drops due to connectors, fuses, and battery selector switches. If there is a choice at all, lower input voltages result in better efficiency. • Maximum load current: There are two values to consider. The peak load current (ILOAD(MAX)) determines the instantaneous component stresses and filtering requirements, and thus drives output capacitor selection, inductor saturation rating, and the design of the current-limit circuit. The continuous load current (ILOAD) determines the thermal stresses and thus drives the selection of input capacitors, MOSFETs, and other critical heat-contributing components. Modern notebook CPUs generally exhibit ILOAD = ILOAD(MAX) x 80%. For multiphase systems, each phase supports a fraction of the load, depending on the current balancing. When properly balanced, the load current is evenly distributed among each phase: I ILOAD(PHASE) = LOAD ηTOTAL where ηTOTAL is the total number of active phases. ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies Inductor Selection The switching frequency and operating point (% ripple current or LIR) determine the inductor value as follows: ⎛ ⎞⎛ V VIN − VOUT OUT ⎞ L = ηTOTAL ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ f I LIR V ⎝ ⎝ SW LOAD(MAX) ⎠ IN ⎠ where ηTOTAL is the total number of phases. Find a low-loss inductor having the lowest possible DC resistance that fits in the allotted dimensions. Ferrite cores are often the best choice, although powdered iron is inexpensive and can work well at 200kHz. The core must be large enough not to saturate at the peak inductor current (IPEAK): ⎛ ILOAD(MAX) ⎞ ⎛ LIR ⎞ IPEAK = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ η TOTAL ⎠ ⎝ Transient Response The inductor ripple current impacts transient-response performance, especially at low VIN - VOUT differentials. Low inductor values allow the inductor current to slew faster, replenishing charge removed from the output filter capacitors by a sudden load step. The amount of output sag is also a function of the maximum duty factor, which can be calculated from the on-time and minimum off-time. For a dual-phase controller, the worst-case output sag voltage may be determined by: ( L ∆ILOAD(MAX) VSAG = + ) 2 ⎡⎛ VOUT TSW ⎞ ⎢⎜ ⎢⎣⎝ VIN ⎤ ⎟ + t OFF(MIN) ⎥ ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎡⎛ ( VIN − 2VOUT )TSW ⎞ ⎤ 2COUT VOUT ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 2t OFF(MIN) ⎥ VIN ⎢⎝ ⎥ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦ ∆ILOAD(MAX) 2COUT ⎤ ⎡⎛ VOUT TSW ⎞ ⎢⎜ ⎟ + t OFF(MIN) ⎥ V ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦ IN ⎣⎢ where t OFF(MIN) is the minimum off-time (see the Electrical Characteristics table). The amount of overshoot due to stored inductor energy can be calculated as: VSOAR ≈ (∆ILOAD(MAX) ) 2 L 2η TOTALCOUT VOUT where ηTOTAL is the total number of active phases. Setting the Current Limit The minimum current-limit threshold must be high enough to support the maximum load current when the current limit is at the minimum tolerance value. The valley of the inductor current occurs at ILOAD(MAX) minus half the ripple current; therefore: ⎛ ILOAD(MAX) ⎞ ⎛ LIR ⎞ ILIMIT(LOW ) > ⎜ ⎜1 − ⎟ ⎟ 2 ⎠ ⎝ η TOTAL ⎠ ⎝ where ηTOTAL is the total number of active phases, and I LIMIT(LOW) equals the minimum current-limit threshold voltage divided by the current-sense resistor (RSENSE). For the 22.5mV default setting, the minimum current-limit threshold is 19.5mV. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 39 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 • Switching frequency: This choice determines the basic trade-off between size and efficiency. The optimal frequency is largely a function of maximum input voltage due to MOSFET switching losses that are proportional to frequency and VIN2. The optimum frequency is also a moving target, due to rapid improvements in MOSFET technology that are making higher frequencies more practical. • Inductor operating point: This choice provides trade-offs between size vs. efficiency and transient response vs. output noise. Low inductor values provide better transient response and smaller physical size, but also result in lower efficiency and higher output noise due to increased ripple current. The minimum practical inductor value is one that causes the circuit to operate at the edge of critical conduction (where the inductor current just touches zero with every cycle at maximum load). Inductor values lower than this grant no further size-reduction benefit. The optimum operating point is usually found between 20% and 50% ripple current. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies Output Capacitor Selection Output Capacitor Stability Considerations The output filter capacitor must have low enough ESR to meet output ripple and load-transient requirements, yet have high enough ESR to satisfy stability requirements. In CPU VCORE converters and other applications where the output is subject to large load transients, the output capacitor’s size typically depends on how much ESR is needed to prevent the output from dipping too low under a load transient. Ignoring the sag due to finite capacitance: For Quick-PWM controllers, stability is determined by the value of the ESR zero relative to the switching frequency. The boundary of instability is given by the following equation: (RESR + RPCB ) ≤ VSTEP ∆ILOAD(MAX) In non-CPU applications, the output capacitor’s size often depends on how much ESR is needed to maintain an acceptable level of output ripple voltage. The output ripple voltage of a step-down controller equals the total inductor ripple current multiplied by the output capacitor’s ESR. When operating multiphase systems out-ofphase, the peak inductor currents of each phase are staggered, resulting in lower output ripple voltage by reducing the total inductor ripple current. For multiphase operation, the maximum ESR to meet ripple requirements is: ⎡ ⎤ VINfSW L RESR ≤ ⎢ ⎥ VRIPPLE ⎢⎣ ( VIN − η TOTAL VOUT )VOUT ⎥⎦ where ηTOTAL is the total number of active phases and fSW is the switching frequency per phase. The actual capacitance value required relates to the physical size needed to achieve low ESR, as well as to the chemistry of the capacitor technology. Thus, the capacitor is usually selected by ESR and voltage rating rather than by capacitance value (this is true of polymer types). When using low-capacity ceramic filter capacitors, capacitor size is usually determined by the capacity needed to prevent V SAG and V SOAR from causing problems during load transients. Generally, once enough capacitance is added to meet the overshoot requirement, undershoot at the rising load edge is no longer a problem (see the VSAG and VSOAR equations in the Transient Response section). 40 fESR ≤ fSW π where: 1 and 2πREFFCOUT REFF = RESR + RDROOP + RPCB fESR = where COUT is the total output capacitance, RESR is the total ESR, RSENSE is the current-sense resistance (RCM = RCS), RDROOP is the voltage-positioning gain, and RPCB is the parasitic board resistance between the output capacitors and sense resistors. For a standard 300kHz application, the ESR zero frequency must be well below 95kHz, preferably below 50kHz. Tantalum, Sanyo POSCAP, and Panasonic SP capacitors in widespread use at the time of publication have typical ESR zero frequencies below 50kHz. In the standard application circuit, the ESR needed to support a 30mVP-P ripple is 30mV/(40A x 0.3) = 2.5mΩ. Four 330µF/2.5V Panasonic SP (type SX) capacitors in parallel provide 1.5mΩ (max) ESR. With a 2mΩ droop and 0.5mΩ PC board resistance, the typical combined ESR results in a zero at 30kHz. Ceramic capacitors have a high ESR zero frequency, but applications with significant voltage positioning can take advantage of their size and low ESR. Do not put high-value ceramic capacitors directly across the output without verifying that the circuit contains enough voltage positioning and series PC board resistance to ensure stability. When only using ceramic output capacitors, output overshoot (VSOAR) typically determines the minimum output capacitance requirement. Their relatively low capacitance value can cause output overshoot when stepping from full-load to no-load conditions, unless a small inductor value is used (high switching frequency) to minimize the energy transferred from inductor to capacitor during load-step recovery. The efficiency penalty for operating at 600kHz is approximately 5% when compared to the 300kHz circuit, primarily due to the high-side MOSFET switching losses. ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies The easiest method for checking stability is to apply a very fast zero-to-max load transient and carefully observe the output voltage ripple envelope for overshoot and ringing. It can help to simultaneously monitor the inductor current with an AC current probe. Do not allow more than one cycle of ringing after the initial step-response under/overshoot. Input Capacitor Selection The input capacitor must meet the ripple current requirement (IRMS) imposed by the switching currents. The multiphase Quick-PWM controllers operate out-ofphase while the Quick-PWM slave controllers provide selectable out-of-phase or in-phase on-time triggering. Out-of-phase operation reduces the RMS input current by dividing the input current between several staggered stages. For duty cycles less than 100%/ηOUTPH per phase, the IRMS requirements may be determined by the following equation: ⎛ ILOAD ⎞ IRMS = ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ η TOTAL VIN ⎠ η TOTAL VOUT ( VIN − η TOTAL VOUT ) where η TOTAL is the total number of out-of-phase switching regulators. The worst-case RMS current requirement occurs when operating with V IN = 2ηTOTALVOUT. At this point, the above equation simplifies to IRMS = 0.5 x ILOAD/ηTOTAL. For most applications, nontantalum chemistries (ceramic, aluminum, or OS-CON) are preferred due to their resistance to inrush surge currents typical of systems with a mechanical switch or connector in series with the input. If the Quick-PWM controller is operated as the second stage of a two-stage power-conversion system, tantalum input capacitors are acceptable. In either configuration, choose an input capacitor that exhibits less than +10°C temperature rise at the RMS input current for optimal circuit longevity. Power MOSFET Selection Most of the following MOSFET guidelines focus on the challenge of obtaining high load-current capability when using high-voltage (>20V) AC adapters. Low-current applications usually require less attention. The high-side MOSFET (NH) must be able to dissipate the resistive losses plus the switching losses at both VIN(MIN) and VIN(MAX). Calculate both of these sums. Ideally, the losses at VIN(MIN) should be roughly equal to losses at VIN(MAX), with lower losses in between. If the losses at VIN(MIN) are significantly higher than the losses at VIN(MAX), consider increasing the size of NH (reducing RDS(ON) but with higher CGATE). Conversely, if the losses at VIN(MAX) are significantly higher than the losses at VIN(MIN), consider reducing the size of NH (increasing RDS(ON) to lower CGATE). If VIN does not vary over a wide range, the minimum power dissipation occurs where the resistive losses equal the switching losses. Choose a low-side MOSFET that has the lowest possible on-resistance (R DS(ON)), comes in a moderatesized package (i.e., one or two 8-pin SOs, DPAK, or D2PAK), and is reasonably priced. Make sure that the DL gate driver can supply sufficient current to support the gate charge and the current injected into the parasitic gate-to-drain capacitor caused by the high-side MOSFET turning on; otherwise, cross-conduction problems may occur (see the MOSFET Gate Driver section). MOSFET Power Dissipation Worst-case conduction losses occur at the duty factor extremes. For the high-side MOSFET (NH), the worstcase power dissipation due to resistance occurs at the minimum input voltage: ⎛V ⎞ ⎛ I ⎞ PD (NH Re sistive) = ⎜ OUT ⎟ ⎜ LOAD ⎟ ⎝ VIN ⎠ ⎝ η TOTAL ⎠ 2 RDS(ON) where ηTOTAL is the total number of phases. Generally, a small high-side MOSFET is desired to reduce switching losses at high input voltages. However, the RDS(ON) required to stay within package power dissipation often limits how small the MOSFET can be. Again, the optimum occurs when the switching losses equal the conduction (RDS(ON)) losses. Highside switching losses do not usually become an issue until the input is greater than approximately 15V. Calculating the power dissipation the in high-side MOSFET (NH) due to switching losses is difficult since it must allow for difficult quantifying factors that influence the turn-on and turn-off times. These factors include the internal gate resistance, gate charge, threshold volt- ______________________________________________________________________________________ 41 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Unstable operation manifests itself in two related but distinctly different ways: double-pulsing and feed-back loop instability. Double pulsing occurs due to noise on the output or because the ESR is so low that there is not enough voltage ramp in the output voltage signal. This “fools” the error comparator into triggering a new cycle immediately after the minimum off-time period has expired. Double pulsing is more annoying than harmful, resulting in nothing worse than increased output ripple. However, it can indicate the possible presence of loop instability due to insufficient ESR. Loop instability can result in oscillations at the output after line or load steps. Such perturbations are usually damped, but can cause the output voltage to rise above or fall below the tolerance limits. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies age, source inductance, and PC board layout characteristics. The following switching-loss calculation provides only a very rough estimate and is no substitute for breadboard evaluation, preferably including verification using a thermocouple mounted on NH: PD (NH ⎛ VIN(MAX)ILOADfSW ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ η TOTAL ⎝ ⎠ SWITCHING) = ⎛ QG(SW ) ⎞ COSS VIN2 fSW ⎜ I ⎟ + 2 ⎝ GATE ⎠ where COSS is the NH MOSFET’s output capacitance, QG(SW) is the charge needed to turn on the NH MOSFET, and IGATE is the peak gate-drive source/sink current (2.2A typ). Switching losses in the high-side MOSFET can become an insidious heat problem when maximum AC adapter voltages are applied due to the squared term in the C x VIN2 x ƒSW switching-loss equation. If the high-side MOSFET chosen for adequate RDS(ON) at low battery voltages becomes extraordinarily hot when biased from V IN(MAX) , consider choosing another MOSFET with lower parasitic capacitance. For the low-side MOSFET (NL), the worst-case power dissipation always occurs at maximum input voltage: PD (NL RESISTIVE) = 2 ⎡ ⎛ V ⎞⎤ ⎛ I ⎞ ⎢1 − ⎜ OUT ⎟ ⎥ ⎜ LOAD ⎟ RDS(ON) ⎢ ⎝ VIN(MAX) ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎝ η TOTAL ⎠ ⎣ The worst case for MOSFET power dissipation occurs under heavy overloads that are greater than ILOAD(MAX), but are not quite high enough to exceed the current limit and cause the fault latch to trip. To protect against this possibility, you can “overdesign” the circuit to tolerate: ∆IINDUCTOR ⎞ ⎛ ILOAD = ηTOTAL ⎜ IVALLEY(MAX) + ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ 2 ⎛ ILOAD(MAX)LIR ⎞ = ηTOTALIVALLEY(MAX) + ⎜ ⎟ 2 ⎝ ⎠ where I VALLEY(MAX) is the maximum valley current allowed by the current-limit circuit, including threshold tolerance and on-resistance variation. The MOSFETs must have a good size heatsink to handle the overload power dissipation. 42 Choose a Schottky diode (DL) with a forward voltage low enough to prevent the low-side MOSFET body diode from turning on during the dead time. Select a diode that can handle the load current per phase during the dead times. This diode is optional and can be removed if efficiency is not critical. Boost Capacitors The boost capacitors (CBST) must be selected large enough to handle the gate-charging requirements of the high-side MOSFETs. Typically, 0.1µF ceramic capacitors work well for low-power applications driving medium-sized MOSFETs. However, high-current applications driving large, high-side MOSFETs require boost capacitors larger than 0.1µF. For these applications, select the boost capacitors to avoid discharging the capacitor more than 200mV while charging the high side MOSFETs’ gates: CBST = N × QGATE 200mV where N is the number of high side MOSFETs used for one regulator, and QGATE is the gate charge specified in the MOSFET’s data sheet. For example, assume (2) IRF7811W n-channel MOSFETs are used on the high side. According to the manufacturer’s data sheet, a single IRF7811W has a maximum gate charge of 24nC (VGS = 5V). Using the above equation, the required boost capacitance would be: CBST = 2 × 24nC = 0.24µF 200mV Selecting the closest standard value, this example requires a 0.22µF ceramic capacitor. Current-Balance Compensation (CCI) The current-balance compensation capacitor (CCCI) integrates the difference between the main and secondary current-sense voltages. The internal compensation resistor (R CCI = 200kΩ) improves transient response by increasing the phase margin. This allows the dynamics of the current-balance loop to be optimized. Excessively large capacitor values increase the integration time constant, resulting in larger current differences between the phases during transients. Excessively small capacitor values allow the current loop to respond cycle-by-cycle, but can result in small DC current variations between the phases. Likewise, excessively large resistor values can also cause DC current variations between the phases. Small resistor values reduce the phase margin, resulting in marginal ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 POWER GROUND POWER GROUND CPU OUTPUT COUT C OUT CIN C CIN IN CIN IN COUT C OUT COUT C OUT INDUCTOR INDUCTOR CIN COUT C OUT INDUCTOR INDUCTOR INPUT PLACE CONTROLLER ON BACKSIDE WHEN POSSIBLE, USING THE GROUND PLANE TO SHIELD THE IC FROM EMI. SEE THE EVALUATION KIT FOR ANALOG/POWER GROUND AND CONTROLLER LAYOUT EXAMPLE. Figure 11. PC Board Layout Example stability in the current-balance loop. For most applications, a 470pF capacitor from CCI to the switching regulator’s output works well. Connecting the compensation network to the output (VOUT) allows the controller to feed-forward the outputvoltage signal, especially during transients. To reduce noise pickup in applications that have a widely distributed layout, it is sometimes helpful to connect the compensation network to the quiet analog ground rather than VOUT. rent-sense resistance to be used, reducing the overall power dissipated. Voltage Positioning and Loop Compensation where the effective current-sense resistance (RSENSE) depends on the current-sense method (see the Current Sense section), and the voltage-positioning amplifier’s transconductance (G m(FB) ) is typically 600µS, as defined in the Electrical Characteristics table. The controller sums together the input signals of the currentsense inputs (CSP_, CSN_). When the inductors’ DCR is used as the current-sense element (RSENSE = RDCR), each current-sense input should include an NTC thermistor to minimize the temperature dependence of the voltage-positioning slope. Voltage positioning dynamically lowers the output voltage in response to the load current, reducing the output capacitance and processor’s power-dissipation requirements. The controller uses a transconductance amplifier to set the transient and DC output voltage droop (Figure 2) as a function of the load. This adjustability allows flexibility in the selected current-sense resistor value or inductor DCR, and allows smaller cur- Steady-State Voltage Positioning Connect a resistor (RFB) between FB and VOUT to set the DC steady-state droop (load line) based on the required voltage-positioning slope (RDROOP): RFB = RDROOP RSENSEGm (FB) ______________________________________________________________________________________ 43 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies 3.3V BIAS SUPPLY R1 10Ω R3 1.9kΩ R2 1.9kΩ C2 2.2µF 5V BIAS SUPPLY C1 2.2µF VDD VCC R18 200kΩ INPUT VIN 8V TO 24V RTON CLK_ENABLE# R22 0Ω CLKEN IMVPOK PWRGD C3 0.22µF BST1 CIN PHASEGD+ D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 DAC INPUTS (1V LOGIC) DH1 NH1 RCS1 2mΩ L1 COUT DL1 NL1 R12 100Ω PGND1 C11 2.2nF GND PSI# PSI DPRSTP# OUTPUT LX1 DPRSTP R16* 10Ω CSP1 *CSN1 DPRLSPVR DPRSLPVR VR_ON R11* 10Ω SHDN C5 1000pF C6 0.1µF POWER GROUND CCV MAX8770 MAX8771 MAX8772 R9 4.12kΩ CPU GND SENSE R10 100Ω FB C8 4700pF CPU VCC SENSE REF CCI ANALOG GROUND R5 71.5kΩ BST2 TIME DH2 LX2 R6 13kΩ DL2 VCC THRM NTC4 100kΩ 1.2V BIAS SUPPLY PGND2 CSP2 R7 56Ω *CSN2 R17 100Ω VRHOT GNDS POUT C10 0.1µF R8 10kΩ C9 4700pF * CSN1 AND CSN2 ARE BONDED TOGETHER ON THE MAX8771 AND CALLED CSN12. ** OPTIONAL -- RESISTOR ALLOW REMOTE SENSING FOR SYSTEM VERIFICATION WHEN THE CPU IS NOT PRESENT; PHASEGD IS ONLY ON THE MAX8771. Figure 12. Single-Phase ULV Design 44 ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies The output voltage-adjustable range for continuousconduction operation is restricted by the nonadjustable minimum off-time one-shot and the number of phases. For best dropout performance, use the slower (200kHz) on-time settings. When working with low input voltages, the duty-factor limit must be calculated using worstcase values for on- and off-times. Manufacturing tolerances and internal propagation delays introduce an error to the on-times. This error is greater at higher frequencies. Also, keep in mind that transient response performance of buck regulators operated too close to dropout is poor, and bulk output capacitance must often be added (see the VSAG equation in the Design Procedure section). The absolute point of dropout is when the inductor current ramps down during the minimum off-time (∆IDOWN) as much as it ramps up during the on-time (∆IUP). The ratio h = ∆IUP/∆IDOWN is an indicator of the ability to slew the inductor current higher in response to increased load, and must always be greater than 1. As h approaches 1, the absolute minimum dropout point, the inductor current cannot increase as much during each switching cycle and V SAG greatly increases unless additional output capacitance is used. A reasonable minimum value for h is 1.5, but adjusting this up or down allows tradeoffs between VSAG, output capacitance, and minimum operating voltage. For a given value of h, the minimum operating voltage can be calculated as: ⎡V − VDROOP + VCHG ⎤ VIN(MIN) = ⎢ VID ⎥ 1 h × t OFF(MIN)fSW ⎥⎦ − ⎢⎣ where VDROOP is the voltage-positioning droop, VCHG is the parasitic voltage drops in the charge path (see the On-Time One-Shot section) and tOFF(MIN) is from the Electrical Characteristics table. The absolute minimum input voltage is calculated with h = 1. If the calculated VIN(MIN) is greater than the required minimum input voltage, then reduce the operating frequency or add output capacitance to obtain an acceptable VSAG. If operation near dropout is anticipated, calculate VSAG to be sure of adequate transient response. Dropout design example: VVID = 1.15V fSW = 300kHz tOFF(MIN) = 375ns VDROOP = 2.1mV/A x 44A = 92.4mV VCHG = 150mV (44A Load) h = 1.5 ⎡ 1.15V − 92.4mV + 150mV ⎤ VIN(MIN) = ⎢ ⎥ = 1.45V ⎣ 1 − (0.375µs × 1.5 × 300kHz) ⎦ Calculating again with h = 1 gives the absolute limit of dropout: ⎡ 1.15V − 92.4mV + 150mV ⎤ VIN(MIN) = ⎢ ⎥ = 1.36V ⎣ 1 − (0.375µs × 1.0 × 300kHz) ⎦ Therefore, VIN must be greater than 4.1V, even with very large output capacitance, and a practical input voltage with reasonable output capacitance would be 5.0V. Applications Information PC Board Layout Guidelines Careful PC board layout is critical to achieve low switching losses and clean, stable operation. The switching power stage requires particular attention (Figure 11). If possible, mount all the power components on the top side of the board with their ground terminals flush against one another. Follow these guidelines for good PC board layout: 1) Keep the high-current paths short, especially at the ground terminals. This is essential for stable, jitter-free operation. 2) Connect all analog grounds to a separate solid copper plane, which connects to the GND pin of the Quick-PWM controller. This includes the VCC bypass capacitor, REF and GNDS bypass capacitors, and compensation (CCV) components. 3) Keep the power traces and load connections short. This is essential for high efficiency. The use of thick copper PC boards (2oz vs. 1oz) can enhance fullload efficiency by 1% or more. Correctly routing PC board traces is a difficult task that must be approached in terms of fractions of centimeters, where a single mΩ of excess trace resistance causes a measurable efficiency penalty. 4) Keep the high-current, gate-driver traces (DL, DH, LX, and BST) short and wide to minimize trace resistance and inductance. This is essential for high- ______________________________________________________________________________________ 45 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Minimum Input-Voltage Requirements and Dropout Performance CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES power MOSFETs that require low-impedance gate drivers to avoid shoot-through currents. 5) CSP_ and CSN_ connections for current limiting and voltage positioning must be made using Kelvin-sense connections to guarantee the current-sense accuracy. 6) When trade-offs in trace lengths must be made, it is preferable to allow the inductor charging path to be made longer than the discharge path. For example, it is better to allow some extra distance between the input capacitors and the high-side MOSFET than to allow distance between the inductor and the low-side MOSFET or between the inductor and the output filter capacitor. 7) Route high-speed switching nodes away from sensitive analog areas (REF, CCV, CCI, FB, CSP_, CSN_, etc.). Layout Procedure Place the power components first, with ground terminals adjacent (low-side MOSFET source, CIN, COUT, and D1 anode). If possible, make all these connections on the top layer with wide, copper-filled areas: Mount the controller IC adjacent to the low-side MOSFET. The DL gate traces must be short and wide (50 mils to 100 mils wide if the MOSFET is 1in from the controller IC).Group the gate-drive components (BST capacitors, VDD bypass capacitor) together near the controller IC. Make the DC-DC controller ground connections as shown in the Standard Application Circuits. This diagram can be viewed as having four separate ground planes: input/output ground, where all the high-power components go; the power ground plane, where the PGND pin and VDD bypass capacitor go; the master’s analog ground plane where sensitive analog components, the master’s GND pin, and VCC bypass capacitor go; and the slave’s analog ground plane where the slave’s GND pin and VCC bypass capacitor go. The master’s GND plane must meet the PGND plane only at a single point directly beneath the IC. Similarly, the slave’s GND plane must meet the PGND plane only at a single point directly beneath the IC. The respective master and slave ground planes should connect to the high-power output ground with a short metal trace from PGND to the source of the low-side MOSFET (the middle of the star ground). This point must also be very close to the output capacitor ground terminal. Connect the output power planes (VCORE and system ground planes) directly to the output filter capacitor positive and negative terminals with multiple vias. Place the entire DC-DC converter circuit as close to the CPU as is practical. Chip Information TRANSISTOR COUNT: 8990 PROCESS: BiCMOS 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 DH2 LX2 PGND2 DL2 VDD DL1 PGND1 LX1 DH1 TOP VIEW BST1 DH2 LX2 PGND2 DL2 VDD DL1 PGND1 LX1 DH1 TOP VIEW BST1 Pin Configurations 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 D0 31 20 BST2 D0 31 20 BST2 D1 32 19 VCC D1 32 19 VCC D2 33 18 GND D2 33 18 GND D3 34 17 CSP1 D3 34 17 PHASEGD D4 35 16 CSN1 D4 35 15 CSN2 D5 36 15 CSN12 MAX8770 MAX8772 D5 36 16 CSP1 MAX8771 D6 37 14 CSP2 D6 37 14 CSP2 SHDN 38 13 GNDS SHDN 38 13 GNDS 1 2 3 CCV CCI CLKEN PWRGD PSI THIN QFN 6mm x 6mm 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CCI 10 CCV 9 TON 8 TIME 7 THRM 6 TON PSI 5 TIME CLKEN 11 REF 4 THRM 3 VRHOT 2 POUT 1 12 FB DPRSTP 40 VRHOT 11 REF DPRSTP 40 DPRSLPVR 39 POUT 12 FB DPRSLPVR 39 PWRGD MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies THIN QFN 6mm x 6mm A "+" SIGN REPLACES THE FIRST PIN INDICATOR ON LEAD-FREE PACKAGES. 46 ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – RESTRICTED TO INTEL® IMVP-6 LICENSEES MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Dual-Phase, QuickPWM Controller for IMVP-6+ CPU Core Power Supplies QFN THIN.EPS (NE-1) X e E E/2 k D/2 CL (ND-1) X e D D2 D2/2 e b E2/2 L CL k E2 e L CL CL L1 L L e A1 A2 e A PACKAGE OUTLINE 36, 40, 48L THIN QFN, 6x6x0.8mm 21-0141 F 1 2 NOTES: 1. DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING CONFORM TO ASME Y14.5M-1994. 2. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS. ANGLES ARE IN DEGREES. 3. N IS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF TERMINALS. 4. THE TERMINAL #1 IDENTIFIER AND TERMINAL NUMBERING CONVENTION SHALL CONFORM TO JESD 95-1 SPP-012. DETAILS OF TERMINAL #1 IDENTIFIER ARE OPTIONAL, BUT MUST BE LOCATED WITHIN THE ZONE INDICATED. THE TERMINAL #1 IDENTIFIER MAY BE EITHER A MOLD OR MARKED FEATURE. 5. DIMENSION b APPLIES TO METALLIZED TERMINAL AND IS MEASURED BETWEEN 0.25 mm AND 0.30 mm FROM TERMINAL TIP. 6. ND AND NE REFER TO THE NUMBER OF TERMINALS ON EACH D AND E SIDE RESPECTIVELY. 7. DEPOPULATION IS POSSIBLE IN A SYMMETRICAL FASHION. 8. COPLANARITY APPLIES TO THE EXPOSED HEAT SINK SLUG AS WELL AS THE TERMINALS. 9. DRAWING CONFORMS TO JEDEC MO220, EXCEPT FOR 0.4mm LEAD PITCH PACKAGE T4866-1. 10. WARPAGE SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.10 mm. 11. MARKING IS FOR PACKAGE ORIENTATION REFERENCE ONLY. 12. NUMBER OF LEADS SHOWN FOR REFERENCE ONLY. PACKAGE OUTLINE 36, 40, 48L THIN QFN, 6x6x0.8mm 21-0141 F 2 2 Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600 ____________________ 47 © 2005 Maxim Integrated Products Printed USA is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. MAX8770/MAX8771/MAX8772 Package Information (The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information, go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.)