W27C512
64K × 8 ELECTRICALLY ERASABLE EPROM
Table of Contents1.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................... 2
2.
FEATURES ................................................................................................................................. 2
3.
PIN CONFIGURATIONS ............................................................................................................ 3
4.
BLOCK DIAGRAM ...................................................................................................................... 4
5.
PIN DESCRIPTION..................................................................................................................... 4
6.
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................... 5
7.
TABLE OF OPERATING MODES .............................................................................................. 7
8.
DC CHARACTERISTICS............................................................................................................ 8
9.
CAPACITANCE........................................................................................................................... 9
10.
AC CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................................ 9
11.
READ OPERATION DC CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................................ 10
12.
READ OPERATION AC CHARACTERISTICS......................................................................... 10
13.
DC PROGRAMMING CHARACTERISTICS............................................................................. 11
14.
AC PROGRAMMING/ERASE CHARACTERISTICS................................................................ 12
15.
TIMING WAVEFORMS ............................................................................................................. 13
16.
SMART PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM 1 ............................................................................... 15
17.
SMART PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM 2 ............................................................................... 16
18.
SMART ERASE ALGORITHM.................................................................................................. 17
19.
ORDERING INFORMATION .................................................................................................... 18
20.
PACKAGE DIMENSIONS ......................................................................................................... 19
21.
VERSION HISTORY ................................................................................................................. 20
-1-
Publication Release Date: January 9, 2006
Revision A6
W27C512
1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The W27C512 is a high speed, low power Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only
Memory organized as 65536 × 8 bits that operates on a single 5 volt power supply. The W27C512
provides an electrical chip erase function.
2. FEATURES
y
High speed access time: 45/70/90/120 nS (max.)
y
Read operating current: 30 mA (max.)
y
Erase/Programming operating current: 30 mA (max.)
y
Standby current: 1 mA (max.)
y
Single 5V power supply
y
+14V erase/+12V programming voltage
y
Fully static operation
y
All inputs and outputs directly TTL/CMOS compatible
y
Three-state outputs
y
Available packages: 28-pin 600 mil DIP, 330 mil 32-pin PLCC
-2-
W27C512
3. PIN CONFIGURATIONS
A15
1
28
V CC
A12
2
27
A14
A7
3
26
A13
A6
4
25
A8
A5
5
24
A9
A4
6
23
A11
A3
7
22
A2
8
OE/Vpp
A10
A1
9
20
A0
10
19
CE
Q7
Q0
11
18
Q6
Q1
12
17
Q5
Q2
13
16
Q4
14
15
Q3
GND
A6
A5
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0
NC
Q0
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
28-pin
DIP
21
A
7
A
1
2
A
1
5
N
C
V
C
C
A
1
4
A
1
3
4
3
2
1
3
2
3
1
3
0
32-pin
PLCC
1
4
Q
1
1
5
Q
2
1
6
1
7
G
N
D
N
C
1
8
Q
3
-3-
1
9
2
0
Q
4
Q
5
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
A8
A9
A11
NC
OE/Vpp
A10
CE
Q7
Q6
Publication Release Date: January 9, 2006
Revision A6
W27C512
4. BLOCK DIAGRAM
CE
OE/V
OUTPUT
BUFFER
CONTROL
PP
Q7
A0
.
CORE
DECODER
ARRAY
.
A15
V CC
GND
5. PIN DESCRIPTION
SYMBOL
DESCRIPTION
A0−A15
Address Inputs
Q0−Q7
Data Inputs/Outputs
CE
OE /VPP
Chip Enable
Output Enable, Program/Erase Supply Voltage
VCC
Power Supply
GND
Ground
NC
Q0
.
.
No Connection
-4-
W27C512
6. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
Read Mode
Like conventional UVEPROMs, the W27C512 has two control functions, both of which produce data at
the outputs. CE is for power control and chip select. OE /VPP controls the output buffer to gate data
to the output pins. When addresses are stable, the address access time (TACC) is equal to the delay
from CE to output (TCE), and data are available at the outputs TOE after the falling edge of OE /VPP,
if TACC and TCE timings are met.
Erase Mode
The erase operation is the only way to change data from "0" to "1." Unlike conventional UVEPROMs,
which use ultraviolet light to erase the contents of the entire chip (a procedure that requires up to half
an hour), the W27C512 uses electrical erasure. Generally, the chip can be erased within 100 mS by
using an EPROM writer with a special erase algorithm.
Erase mode is entered when OE /VPP is raised to VPE (14V), VCC = VCE (5V), A9 = VPE (14V), A0
low, and all other address pins low and data input pins high. Pulsing CE low starts the erase
operation.
Erase Verify Mode
After an erase operation, all of the bytes in the chip must be verified to check whether they have been
successfully erased to "1" or not. The erase verify mode ensures a substantial erase margin if VCC =
VCE (3.75V), CE low, and OE /VPP low.
Program Mode
Programming is performed exactly as it is in conventional UVEPROMs, and programming is the only
way to change cell data from "1" to "0." The program mode is entered when OE /VPP is raised to VPP
(12V), VCC = VCP (5V), the address pins equal the desired addresses, and the input pins equal the
desired inputs. Pulsing CE low starts the programming operation.
Program Verify Mode
All of the bytes in the chip must be verified to check whether they have been successfully
programmed with the desired data or not. Hence, after each byte is programmed, a program verify
operation should be performed. The program verify mode automatically ensures a substantial program
margin. This mode will be entered after the program operation if OE /VPP low and CE low.
Erase/Program Inhibit
Erase or program inhibit mode allows parallel erasing or programming of multiple chips with different
data. When CE high, erasing or programming of non-target chips is inhibited, so that except for the
CE and OE /VPP pins, the W27C512 may have common inputs.
-5-
Publication Release Date: January 9, 2006
Revision A6
W27C512
Standby Mode
The standby mode significantly reduces VCC current. This mode is entered when CE high. In standby
mode, all outputs are in a high impedance state, independent of OE /VPP.
Two-line Output Control
Since EPROMs are often used in large memory arrays, the W27C512 provides two control inputs for
multiple memory connections. Two-line control provides for lowest possible memory power dissipation
and ensures that data bus contention will not occur.
System Considerations
An EPROM's power switching characteristics require careful device decoupling. System designers are
interested in three supply current issues: standby current levels (ISB), active current levels (ICC), and
transient current peaks produced by the falling and rising edges of CE . Transient current magnitudes
depend on the device output's capacitive and inductive loading. Two-line control and proper
decoupling capacitor selection will suppress transient voltage peaks. Each device should have a 0.1 μ
F ceramic capacitor connected between its VCC and GND. This high frequency, low inherentinductance capacitor should be placed as close as possible to the device. Additionally, for every eight
devices, a 4.7 μF electrolytic capacitor should be placed at the array's power supply connection
between VCC and GND. The bulk capacitor will overcome voltage slumps caused by PC board trace
inductances.
-6-
W27C512
7. TABLE OF OPERATING MODES
(VPP = 12V, VPE = 14V, VHH = 12V, VCP = 5V, VCE = 5V, X = VIH or VIL)
MODE
PINS
CE
OE /VPP
A0
A9
VCC
Read
VIL
VIL
X
X
VCC
DOUT
Output Disable
VIL
VIH
X
X
VCC
High Z
Standby (TTL)
VIH
X
X
X
VCC
High Z
VCC ±0.3V
X
X
X
VCC
High Z
Program
VIL
VPP
X
X
VCP
DIN
Program Verify
VIL
VIL
X
X
VCC
DOUT
Program Inhibit
VIH
VPP
X
X
VCP
High Z
Erase
VIL
VPE
VIL
VPE
VCE
DIH
Erase Verify
VIL
VIL
X
X
3.75
DOUT
Erase Inhibit
VIH
VPE
X
X
VCE
High Z
Product Identifier-manufacturer
VIL
VIL
VIL
VHH
VCC
DA (Hex)
Product Identifier-device
VIL
VIL
VIH
VHH
VCC
08 (Hex)
Standby (CMOS)
-7-
OUTPUTS
Publication Release Date: January 9, 2006
Revision A6
W27C512
8. DC CHARACTERISTICS
Absolute Maximum Ratings
PARAMETER
RATING
UNIT
0 to +70
°C
-65 to +125
°C
-0.5 to VCC +0.5
V
Voltage on OE /VPP Pin with Respect to Ground
-0.5 to +14.5
V
Voltage on A9 Pin with Respect to Ground
-0.5 to +14.5
V
-0.5 to +7
V
Operation Temperature
Storage Temperature
Voltage on all Pins with Respect to Ground Except OE /VPP,
A9 and VCC Pins
Voltage VCC Pin with Respect to Ground
Note: Exposure to conditions beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may adversely affect the life and reliability
of the device.
DC Erase Characteristics
(TA = 25° C ±5° C, VCC = 5.0V ±5%)
PARAMETER
SYM.
LIMITS
CONDITIONS
UNIT
MIN.
TYP.
MAX.
-10
-
10
μA
Input Load Current
ILI
VIN = VIL or VIH
VCC Erase Current
ICP
CE = VIL, OE /VPP =
VPE
-
-
30
mA
VPP Erase Current
IPP
CE = VIL,
OE /VPP = VPE
-
-
30
mA
Input Low Voltage
VIL
-
-0.3
-
0.8
V
Input High Voltage
VIH
-
2.4
-
5.5
V
Output Low Voltage (Verify)
VOL
IOL = 2.1 mA
-
-
0.45
V
Output High Voltage (Verify)
VOH
IOH = -0.4 mA
2.4
-
-
-
A9 Erase Voltage
VID
-
13.75
14
14.25
V
VPP Erase Voltage
VPE
-
13.75
14
14.25
V
VCC Supply Voltage (Erase)
VCE
-
4.75
5.0
5.25
V
VCC Supply Voltage
(Erase Verify)
VCE
-
3.5
3.75
4.0
V
Note: VCC must be applied simultaneously or before VPP and removed simultaneously or after VPP.
-8-
W27C512
9. CAPACITANCE
(VCC = 5V, TA = 25° C, f = 1 MHz)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MAX.
UNIT
Input Capacitance
CIN
VIN = 0V
6
pF
Output Capacitance
COUT
VOUT = 0V
12
pF
10. AC CHARACTERISTICS
AC Test Conditions
CONDITIONS
PARAMETER
45/70 NS
90/120 NS
Input Pulse Levels
0 to 3.0V
0.45V to 2.4V
Input Rise and Fall Times
5 nS
10 nS
Input and Output Timing Reference Level
1.5V/1.5V
0.8V/2.0V
Output Load
CL = 30 pF,
IOH/IOL = -0.4 mA/2.1 mA
CL = 100 pF,
IOH/IOL = -0.4 mA/2.1 mA
AC Test Load and Waveforms
+1.3V
(IN914)
3.3K ohm
D OUT
100 pF for 90/120 nS (Including Jig and Scope)
30 pF for 45/70 nS (Including Jig and Scope)
Output
Input
Test Points
Test Points
2.4V
For 90/120 nS
0.45V
2.0V
2.0V
0.8V
0.8V
Output
Input
Test Point
Test Point
3.0V
1.5V
For 45/70 nS
1.5V
0V
-9-
Publication Release Date: January 9, 2006
Revision A6
W27C512
11. READ OPERATION DC CHARACTERISTICS
(VCC = 5.0V ±5%, TA = 0 to 70° C)
PARAMETER
SYM.
LIMITS
CONDITIONS
MIN.
UNIT
TYP.
MAX.
Input Load Current
ILI
VIN = 0V to VCC
-5
-
5
μA
Output Leakage Current
ILO
VOUT = 0V to VCC
-10
-
10
Standby VCC Current
(TTL input)
Standby VCC Current
(CMOS input)
VCC Operating Current
ISB
CE = VIH
-
-
1.0
μA
mA
ISB1
CE = VCC ±0.3V
-
5
100
μA
ICC
-
-
30
mA
Input Low Voltage
Input High Voltage
Output Low Voltage
Output High Voltage
VIL
VIH
VOL
VOH
CE = VIL
IOUT = 0 mA, f = 5 MHz
IOL = 2.1 mA
IOH = -0.4 mA
-0.3
2.2
2.4
-
0.8
VCC +0.5
0.45
-
V
V
V
V
12. READ OPERATION AC CHARACTERISTICS
(VCC = 5.0V ±5%,
TA = 0 to 70° C)
PARAMETER
SYM.
W27C512-45
W27C512-70
W27C512-90
W27C512-12
MIN.
MAX.
MIN.
MAX.
MIN.
MAX.
MIN.
UNIT
MAX.
Read Cycle Time
TRC
45
-
70
-
90
-
120
-
nS
Chip Enable Access Time
TCE
-
45
-
70
-
90
-
120
nS
Address Access Time
TACC
-
45
-
70
-
90
-
120
nS
Output Enable Access Time
TOE
-
20
-
30
-
40
-
55
nS
OE /VPP High to High-Z Output
TDF
-
20
-
30
-
30
-
30
nS
Output Hold from Address Change
TOH
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
nS
Note: VCC must be applied simultaneously or before VPP and removed simultaneously or after VPP.
- 10 -
W27C512
13. DC PROGRAMMING CHARACTERISTICS
(VCC = 5.0V ±5%, TA = 25° C ±5° C)
PARAMETER
SYM.
LIMITS
CONDITIONS
VIN = VIL or VIH
UNIT
MIN.
TYP.
MAX.
-10
-
10
μA
-
-
30
mA
-
-
30
mA
Input Load Current
ILI
VCC Program Current
ICP
VPP Program Current
IPP
Input Low Voltage
VIL
-
-0.3
-
0.8
V
Input High Voltage
VIH
-
2.4
-
5.5
V
Output Low Voltage (Verify)
VOL
IOL = 2.1 mA
-
-
0.45
V
Output High Voltage (Verify)
VOH
IOH = -0.4 mA
2.4
-
-
V
A9 Silicon I.D. Voltage
VID
-
11.5
12.0
12.5
V
VPP Program Voltage
VPP
-
11.75
12.0
12.25
V
VCC Supply Voltage (Program)
VCP
-
4.75
5.0
5.25
V
CE = VIL,
OE / VPP = VPP
CE = VIL,
OE / VPP = VPP
- 11 -
Publication Release Date: January 9, 2006
Revision A6
W27C512
14. AC PROGRAMMING/ERASE CHARACTERISTICS
(VCC = 5.0V ±5%, TA = 25° C ±5° C)
PARAMETER
LIMITS
SYM.
UNIT
MIN.
TYP.
MAX.
OE /VPP Pulse Rise Time
TPRT
50
-
-
nS
Data Setup Time
TDS
2.0
-
-
μS
CE Program Pulse Width
TPWP
95
100
105
μS
CE Erase Pulse Width
TPWE
95
100
105
mS
Data Hold Time
TDH
2.0
-
-
μS
OE /VPP Setup Time
TOES
2.0
-
-
μS
OE /VPP Hold Time
TOEH
2.0
-
-
μS
Data Valid from CE
TDV1
25
-
1
μS
Data Valid from Address Change
TDV2
25
-
1
μS
CE High to Output High Z
TDFP
0
-
130
nS
Address Setup Time
TAS
2.0
-
-
μS
Address Hold Time
TAH
0
-
-
μS
Address Hold Time after CE High (Erase)
TAHC
2.0
-
-
μS
OE /VPP Valid after CE High
TVS
2.0
-
-
μS
OE /VPP Recovery Time
TVR
2.0
-
-
μS
Address Access Time During Erase Verify (VCC = 3.75V)
TACV
-
-
250
nS
Output Enable Access Time during Erase Verify
(VCC = 3.75V)
TOEV
-
-
150
nS
Note: VCC must be applied simultaneously or before VPP and removed simultaneously or after VPP.
- 12 -
W27C512
15. TIMING WAVEFORMS
AC Read Waveform
V IH
Address
Address Valid
V IL
V IH
CE
V IL
TCE
V IH
OE/Vpp
TDF
V IL
TOE
TOH
TACC
High Z
Outputs
Valid Output
High Z
Erase Waveform
Read
Company
SID
Read
Device
SID
A9 = 12.0V
Blank Check
Read Verify
Erase Verify
Chip Erase
A9 = 14.0V
Others = IL
V
Address
VIH
VIL
A0 = VI
L
TACC
Data
Others = IL
V
A0 = V
IH
Others = IL
V
Address Valid
TACC
TAS
08
DA
TACV =250 nS
TAHC
TDH
5V
Address Valid
TACV =250 nS
DOUT
Data All One
TDS
Vcc
Address Valid
Address Valid
TACC
DOUT
DOUT
TVCS
3.75V
TOES
14.0V
TOE
TOE
TOEV = 150 nS
VIH
OE/Vpp
VIL
VIH
CE
V IH
VIH
TOE
TOEH
TCE
TPRT
TVS
Always = IL
V
VIL
TPWE
TVR
- 13 -
Publication Release Date: January 9, 2006
Revision A6
W27C512
Timing Waveforms, continued
Programming Waveform
Program
Program
Verify
Read
Verify
VIH
Address
Stable
Address Stable
Address
V IL
TAH
TAS
TAS
Address
Stable
Address
Valid
Address
Valid
TOH
TAH
TDFP
VIH
V IL
TDS
Data
Out
Data In
Stable
Data In Stable
Data
TDH
TDS
TACC
TDH
TDV1
12.0V
OE/Vpp V IH
VIL
TOES
TOEH
TDV2
VIL
TPRT
TOE
TVR
TPWP
CE
Data
Out
V IH
VIL
V IL
CE should not be toggled
during program verify period
- 14 -
TCE
TOH
W27C512
16. SMART PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM 1
Start
Address = First Location
Vcc = 5.0V
OE/Vpp = 12V
Program One 100 μS Pulse
Increment
Address
No
Last
Address?
Yes
Address = First Location
Increment
Address
X=0
No
Last
Address?
Pass
Fail
Verify
Byte
Increment X
No
Program One 100 μS Pulse
X = 25 ?
Yes
Vcc = 5.0V
OE/Vpp = VIL
Yes
Compare
All Bytes to
Original
Data
Fail
Device
Failed
Pass
Device
Passed
- 15 -
Publication Release Date: January 9, 2006
Revision A6
W27C512
17. SMART PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM 2
Start
Address = First Location
Vcc = 5.0V
X=0
Program One 100 μS Pulse
OE/VPP = 12V
Increment X
X = 25?
Yes
No
Fail
Verify One Byte
OE/VPP = VIL
Verify One Byte
OE/VPP = VIL
Pass
Increment
Address
Fail
Pass
No
Last Address
?
Yes
Compare
All Bytes to
Original
Data
Fail
Pass
Device
Passed
- 16 -
Device
Failed
W27C512
18. SMART ERASE ALGORITHM
Start
X=0
Vcc = 5V
OE/Vpp = 14V
A9 = 14V; A0 = V IL
Chip Erase 100 mS Pulse
Address = First Location
Increment X
Vcc = 3.75V
OE/Vpp = V IL
No
Erase
Verify
Fail
X = 20 ?
Pass
Yes
Increment
Address
No
Last
Address?
Yes
Vcc = 5V
OE/Vpp = VIL
Compare
All Bytes to
FFs (HEX)
Fail
Pass
Pass
Device
Fail
Device
- 17 -
Publication Release Date: January 9, 2006
Revision A6
W27C512
19. ORDERING INFORMATION
ACCESS
TIME
(nS)
OPERATING
CURRENT
MAX. (mA)
STANDBY
CURRENT
MAX. (μA)
W27C512-45
45
30
100
600 mil DIP
W27C512-70
70
30
100
600 mil DIP
W27C512-90
90
30
100
600 mil DIP
W27C512-12
120
30
100
600 mil DIP
W27C512P-45
45
30
100
32-pin PLCC
W27C512P-70
70
30
100
32-pin PLCC
W27C512P-90
90
30
100
32-pin PLCC
W27C512P-12
120
30
100
32-pin PLCC
W27C512-45Z
45
30
100
600 mil DIP Lead Free
W27C512P-45Z
45
30
100
32-pin PLCC Lead Free
PART NO.
PACKAGE
Notes:
1. Winbond reserves the right to make changes to its products without prior notice.
2. Purchasers are responsible for performing appropriate quality assurance testing on products intended for use in applications
where personal injury might occur as a consequence of product failure.
- 18 -
W27C512
20. PACKAGE DIMENSIONS
28-pin P-DIP
Dimension in Inches
Symbol
A
A1
A2
B
B1
c
D
E
E1
e1
L
D
28
15
eA
S
Min. Nom. Max.
5.33
0.210
0.010
0.25
0.150
0.155
0.160
3.81
3.94
4.06
0.016
0.018
0.022
0.41
0.46
0.56
0.058
0.060
0.064
1.47
1.52
1.63
0.008
0.010
0.014
0.20
0.25
0.36
1.460
1.470
37.08
37.34
0.590
0.600
0.610
14.99
15.24
15.49
0.540
0.545
0.550
13.72
13.84
13.97
0.090
0.100
0.110
2.29
2.54
2.79
0.120
0.130
0.140
3.05
3.30
3.56
15
0
0.670
16.00
16.51
17.02
0
a
E1
Dimension in mm
Min. Nom. Max.
0.630
0.650
15
0.090
2.29
Notes:
1
14
1. Dimensions D Max. & S include mold flash or
tie bar burrs.
2. Dimension E1 does not include interlead flash.
3. Dimensions D & E1 include mold mismatch and
are determined at the mold parting line.
4. Dimension B1 does not include dambar
protrusion/intrusion.
5. Controlling dimension: Inches.
6. General appearance spec. should be based on
final visual inspection spec.
E
S
c
A A2
A1
L
Base Plane
Seating Plane
B
e1
eA
a
B1
32-pin PLCC
HE
E
4
1
32
30
Dimension in Inches
Symbol
5
29
GD
D HD
21
13
14
c
20
A
A1
A2
b1
b
c
D
E
e
GD
GE
HD
HE
L
y
θ
Min. Nom. Max.
Dimension in mm
Min. Nom. Max.
3.56
0.140
0.50
0.020
0.105
0.110
0.115
2.67
2.80
2.93
0.026
0.028
0.032
0.66
0.71
0.81
0.016
0.018
0.022
0.41
0.46
0.56
0.008
0.010
0.014
0.20
0.25
0.35
0.547
0.550
0.553
13.89
13.97
14.05
0.447
0.450
0.453
11.35
11.43
11.51
0.044
0.050
0.056
1.12
1.27
1.42
0.490
0.510
0.530
12.45
12.95
13.46
0.390
0.410
0.430
9.91
10.41
10.92
0.585
0.590
0.595
14.86
14.99
15.11
0.485
0.490
0.495
12.32
12.45
12.57
0.075
0.090
0.095
1.91
2.29
2.41
0.10
0.004
0
10
0
10
Notes:
L
A2
θ
e
b
b1
Seating Plane
GE
1. Dimension D & E do not include interlead flash.
2. Dimension b does not include dambar protrusion/intrusion.
3. Controlling dimension: Inches.
4. General appearance spec. should be based on final visual
inspection spec.
A
A1
y
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Publication Release Date: January 9, 2006
Revision A6
W27C512
21. VERSION HISTORY
VERSION
DATE
A1
Mar. 1998
A2
Sep. 1998
PAGE
Initial Issued
6
4,6
A3
Aug. 1999
DESCRIPTION
1, 5, 6, 13
2, 3
Correct Imput High Voltage (VIH) from 2.0 (min) to 2.2 (max)
Correct VCC from 5.0 ±10% to 5.0 ±5%
Add 45 nS bining
Modify function description (VIL and VIH):
VIL → Low; VIH → High
A4
Nov. 1999
6
Typo correction
A5
April 14, 2005
15
Adding important notice
A6
Jan. 9, 2006
18
Ordering Information:Add
W27C512-45Z and W27C512P-45Z Lead free part
Important Notice
Winbond products are not designed, intended, authorized or warranted for use as components
in systems or equipment intended for surgical implantation, atomic energy control
instruments, airplane or spaceship instruments, transportation instruments, traffic signal
instruments, combustion control instruments, or for other applications intended to support or
sustain life. Further more, Winbond products are not intended for applications wherein failure
of Winbond products could result or lead to a situation wherein personal injury, death or
severe property or environmental damage could occur.
Winbond customers using or selling these products for use in such applications do so at their
own risk and agree to fully indemnify Winbond for any damages resulting from such improper
use or sales.
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