COP87L88RWV-XE

COP87L88RW 8-Bit One-Time Programmable (OTP) Microcontroller with Pulse Train Generators and Capture Modules PRELIMINARY September 1996 COP87L88RW 8-Bit One-Time Programmable (OTP) Microcontroller with Pulse Train Generators and Capture Modules General Description The COP87L88RW is a member of the COP8 TM 8-bit OTP microcontroller family It is pin and software compatible to the mask ROM COP888GW product family (Continued) Y Y Schmitt trigger inputs on ports G and L Package 68 PLCC with I O pins 1 ms instruction cycle time Fourteen multi-source vectored interrupts servicing External interrupt Idle timer T0 Two timers (each with 2 interrupts) MICROWIRE PLUS Multi-Input Wake-Up Software trap UART (2) Default VIS Capture timers Counters (one vector for all four counters) Versatile and easy to use instruction set 8-bit Stack Pointer (SP) stack in RAM Two 8-bit register indirect data memory pointers (B and X) Two power saving modes HALT and IDLE Single supply operation 2 7V to 5 5V Temperature range b40 C to a 85 C Emulation device for the COP888GW Real time emulation and full program debug offered by MetaLink’s Development System CPU Instruction Set Features Y Y Key Features Y Y Y Y Y Y Multiply divide functions Full duplex UART Four pulse train generators with 16-bit prescalers Two 16-bit input capture modules with 8-bit prescalers Two 16-bit timers each with two 16-bit registers supporting Processor independent PWM mode External event counter mode Input capture mode 32 kbytes on-board OTP EPROM with security feature Y Y Y Note Mask ROMed devices with equivalent on-chip features and program memory sizes of 16k is available Y 512 bytes on-board RAM Idle Timer Multi-Input Wake-Up (MIWU) with optional interrupts (8) WATCHDOGTM and clock monitor logic MICROWIRE PLUSTM serial I O Memory mapped I O Software selectable I O options TRI-STATE output Push-pull output Weak pull-up input High impedance input Additional Peripheral Features Y Y Y Y Fully Static CMOS Y Y Y I O Features Y Y Development Support Y Y Block Diagram TL DD 12855 – 1 FIGURE 1 COP87L88RW Block Diagram TRI-STATE is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation MICROWIRE PLUSTM COPSTM microcontrollers MICROWIRETM WATCHDOGTM and COP8TM are trademarks of National Semiconductor Corporation iceMASTERTM is a trademark of MetaLink Corporation C1996 National Semiconductor Corporation TL DD12855 RRD-B30M106 Printed in U S A http www national com General Description (Continued) It is a fully static part fabricated using double-metal silicon gate microCMOS technology Features include an 8-bit memory mapped architecture MICROWIRE PLUS serial I O two 16-bit timer counters supporting three modes (Processor Independent PWM generation External Event counter and Input Capture mode capabilities) four independent 16-bit pulse train generators with 16-bit prescalers two independent 16-bit input capture modules with 8-bit prescalers multiply and divide functions full duplex UART and two Connection Diagram power savings modes (HALT and IDLE) both with a multi-sourced wake up interrupt capability This multi-sourced interrupt capability may also be used independent of the HALT or IDLE modes Each I O pin has software selectable configurations The devices operate over a voltage range of 2 7V--5 5V High throughput is achieved with an efficient regular instruction set operating at a maximum of 1 ms per instruction rate TL DD 12855 – 2 Top View Note -X Crystal Oscillator -E Halt Enable Order Number COP87L88RWV-XE See NS Plastic Chip Package Number V68A FIGURE 2 Connection Diagram http www national com 2 Absolute Maximum Ratings SuppIy Voltage (VCC) Voltage at Any Pin Total Current into VCC Pin (Source) Total Current out of GND Pin (Sink) Storage Temperature Range (Note) 7V Note Absolute maximum ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur DC and AC electrical specifications are not ensured when operating the device at absolute maximum ratings b 0 3V to VCC a 0 3V 100 mA 110 mA b 65 C to a 150 C DC Electrical Characteristics b40 C s TA s a 85 C unless otherwise specified Parameter Operating Voltage Power Supply Ripple (Note 1) Supply Current (Note 2) CKI e 10 MHz HALT Current (Note 3) IDLE Current CKI e 10 MHz Input Levels (VIH VIL) RESET CKI Logic High Logic Low All Other Inputs Logic High Logic Low Hi-Z Input Leakage Input Pullup Current G Port Input Hysteresis Output Current Levels D Outputs Source Sink (Note 4) All Others Source (Weak Pull-Up Mode) Source (Push-Pull Mode) Sink (Push-Pull Mode) TRI-STATE Leakage Allowable Sink Source Current per Pin D Outputs (Sink) All others Maximum Input Current without Latchup (Note 5 7) RAM Retention Voltage Vr (Note 6) Input Capacitance Load Capacitance on D2 Room Temp 500 ns Rise and Fall Time (min) (Note 7) (Note 7) 2 7 1000 ConditIons Peak-to-Peak VCC e 5 5V tc e 1 ms VCC e 5 5V CKI e 0 MHz VCC e 5 5V Min 27 Typ Max 55 0 1 VCC 14 12 17 UnIts V V mA mA mA 0 8 VCC 0 2 VCC 0 7 VCC 0 2 VCC VCC e 5 5V VCC e 5 5V VIN e 0V (Note 6) b2 a2 b 250 V V V V mA mA V 40 0 05 VCC 0 35 VCC VCC e 4 5V VOH e 3 3V VCC e 4 5V VOL e 1V VCC e 4 5V VOH e 2 7V VCC e 4 5V VOH e 3 3V VCC e 4 5V VOL e 0 4V VCC e 5 5V b0 4 10 b 10 b0 4 b 100 mA mA mA mA mA mA 16 b2 a2 15 3 g 200 mA mA mA V pF pF 3 http www national com AC Electrical Characteristics b40 C s TA s a 85 C unless otherwise specified Parameter Instruction Cycle Time (tc) Crystal Resonator Ceramic Inputs tSETUP tHOLD Output Propagation Delay (Note 9) tPD1 tPD0 SO SK All Others MICROWIRETM Setup Time (tUWS) (Note 7) MICROWIRE Hold Time (tUWH) (Note 7) MICROWIRE Output Propagation Delay (tUPD) Input Pulse Width (Note 8) Interrupt Input High Time Interrupt Input Low Time Timer 1 2 Input High Time Timer 1 2 Input Low Time Capture Timer High Time Capture Timer Low Time Reset Pause Width Note 1 Maximum rate of voltage change to be defined Note 2 Supply current is measured after running 2000 cydes with a square wave CKI input CKO open inputs at rails and outputs open Note 3 The HALT mode will stop CKI from oscillatng Test conditions All inputs tied to VCC L C E F and G port I O’s configured as outputs and programmed low and not driving a load D outputs programmed low and not driving a load Parameter refers to HALT mode entered via setting bit 7 of the G Port data register Part will pull up CKI during HALT in crystal clock mode Note 4 The user must guarantee that D2 pin does not source more than 10 mA during RESET If D2 sources more than 10 mA during reset the device will go into programming mode Note 5 Pins G6 and RESET are designed with a high voltage input network These pins allow input voltages greater than VCC and the pins will have sink current to VCC when biased at voltages greater than VCC (the pins do not have source current when biased at a voltage below VCC ) The effective resistance to VCC is 750X (typical) These two pins will not latch up The voltage at the pins must be limited to less than 14V WARNING Voltages in excess of 14V will cause damage to the pins This warning excludes ESD transients Note 6 Condition and parameter valid only for part in HALT mode Note 7 Parameter characterized but not tested Note 8 tc e Instruction Cycle Time Note 9 The output propagation delay is referenced to the end of the instruction cycle where the output change occurs Conditions Min 10 Typ Max DC Units ms VCC t 4 5V VCC t 4 5V RL e 2 2k CL e 100 pF VCC t 4 5V VCC t 4 5V VCC t 4 5V VCC t 4 5V VCC t 4 5V 200 60 ns ns 07 1 20 56 220 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ms ms ns tc CKI CKI ms TL DD 12855 – 3 FIGURE 3 MICROWIRE PLUS Timing http www national com 4 Pin Descriptions VCC and GND are the power supply pins All VCC and GND pins must be connected CKI is the clock input This comes from a crystal oscillator (in conjunction with CKO) See Oscillator Description section RESET is the master reset input See Reset description section The device contains five bidirectional 8-bit I O ports (C E F G and L) where each individual bit may be independently configured as an input (Schmitt trigger inputs on ports L and G) output or TRI-STATE under program control Three data memory address locations are allocated for each of these I O ports Each I O port has two associated 8-bit memory mapped registers the CONFIGURATION register and the output DATA register A memory mapped address is also reserved for the input pins of each I O port (See the memory map for the various addresses associated with the I O ports ) Figure 4 shows the I O port configurations The DATA and CONFIGURATION registers allow for each port bit to be individually configured under software control as shown below Configuration Data Register Register 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 Port Set-Up Hi-Z Input (TRI-STATE Output) Input with Weak Pull-Up Push-Pull Zero Output Push-Pull One Output PORT L is an 8-bit I O port All L-pins have Schmitt triggers on the inputs The Port L supports Multi-Input Wake Up on all eight pins L1 is used for the UART external clock L2 and L3 are used for the UART transmit and receive L4 and L5 are used for the timer input functions T2A and T2B L6 and L7 are used for the capture timer input functions CAP1 and CAP2 The Port L has the following alternate features L0 MIWU L1 MIWU or CKX L2 MIWU or TDX L3 MIWU or RDX L4 MIWU or T2A L5 MIWU or T2B L6 MIWU or CAP1 L7 MIWU or CAP2 Port G is an 8-bit port with 6 I O pins (G0 – G5) an input pin (G6) and a dedicated output pin (G7) Pins G0 – G6 all have Schmitt Triggers on their inputs Pin G7 serves as the dedicated output pin for the CKO clock output There are two registers associated with the G Port a data register and a configuration register Therefore each of the 6 I O bits (G0 – G5) can be individually configured under software control TL DD 12855 – 4 FIGURE 4 I O Port Configurations 5 http www national com Pin Descriptions (Continued) Since G6 is an input only pin and G7 is dedicated CKO clock output pin the associated bits in the data and configuration registers for G6 and G7 are used for special purpose functions as outlined below Reading the G6 and G7 data bits will return zeros Note that the chip will be placed in the HALT mode by writing a ‘‘1’’ to bit 7 of the Port G Data Register Similarly the chip will be placed in the IDLE mode by writing a ‘‘1’’ to bit 6 of the Port G Data Register Writing a ‘‘1’’ to bit 6 of the Port G Configuration Register enables the MICROWIRE PLUS to operate with the alternate phase of the SK clock Config Reg G7 G6 Not Used Alternate SK Data Reg HALT IDLE X is an 8-bit alternate RAM address pointer which can be optionally post auto incremented or decremented SP is the 8-bit stack pointer which points to the subroutine interrupt stack (in RAM) The SP is initialized to RAM address 06F with reset S is the 8-bit Data Segment Address Register used to extend the Iower haIf of the address range (00 to 7F) into 256 data segments of 128 bytes each All the CPU registers are memory mapped with the exception of the AccumuIator (A) and the Program Counter (PC) PROGRAM MEMORY The program memory consists of 32 kbytes of OTP EPROM These bytes may hoId program instructions or constant data (data tables for the LAID instruction jump vectors for the JID instruction and interrupt vectors for the VIS instruction) The program memory is addressed by the 15-bit program counter (PC) All interrupts in the devices Vector to program memory location 0FF Hex The device can be configured to inhibit external reads of the program memory This is done by programming the Security Byte Note Mask ROMed devices with equivalent on-chip features and program memory sizes of 16k is available Port G has the following alternate features G0 INTR (ExternaI Interrupt Input) G2 T1B (Timer T1 Capture Input) G3 T1A (Timer T1 I O) G4 SO (MICROWIRE Serial Data Output) G5 SK (MICROWIRE SeriaI Clock) G6 SI (MICROWIRE Serial Data Input) Port G has the following dedicated functions G7 CKO OsciIlator dedicated output Ports C and F are 8-bit I O ports Port E is an 8-bit I O port It has the following alternate features E0 CT1 (Output for counter1 PuIse Train Generator) E1 CT2 (Output for counter2 Pulse Train Generator) E2 CT3 (Output for counter3 PuIse Train Generator) E3 CT4 (Output for counter4 Pulse Train Generator) Port I is an eight-bit Hi-Z input port Port D is an 8-bit output port that is preset high when RESET goes Iow The user can tie two or more D port outputs (except D2) together in order to get a higher drive Note Care must be exercised with the D2 pin operation At RESET the external loads on this pin must ensure that the output voltages stay above 0 8 VCC to prevent the chip from entering special modes Also keep the external loading on D2 to k 1000 pF SECURITY FEATURE The program memory array has an associate Security Byte that is located outside of the program address range This byte can be addressed only from programming mode by a programmer tool Security is an optional feature and can only be asserted after the memory array has been programmed and verified A secured part will read all 00(hex) by a programmer The part will fail Blank Check and will fail Verify operations A Read operation will fill the programmer’s memory with 00(hex) The Security Byte itself is always readable with value of 00(hex) if unsecure and FF(hex) if secure DATA MEMORY The data memory address space includes the on-chip RAM and data registers the I O registers (Configuration Data and Pin) the control registers the MICROWIRE PLUS SIO shift register and the various registers and counters associated with the timers (with the exception of the IDLE timer) Data memory is addressed directly by the instruction or indirectly by the B X SP pointers and S register The data memory consists of 512 bytes of RAM Sixteen bytes of RAM are mapped as ‘‘registers’’ at addresses 0F0 to 0FF Hex These registers can be loaded immediately and also decremented and tested with the DRSZ (decrement register and skip if zero) instruction The memory pointer registers X SP B and S are memory mapped into this space at address locations 0FC to 0FF Hex respectively with the other registers being available for general usage The instruction set permits any bit in memory to be set reset or tested All I O and registers (except A and PC) are memory mapped therefore I O bits and register bits can be directly and individually set reset and tested The accumulator (A) bits can also be directly and individually tested Note RAM contents are undefined upon power-up Functional Description The architecture of the device is modified Harvard architecture With the Harvard architecture the control store program memory (ROM) is separated from the data store memory (RAM) Both ROM and RAM have their own separate addressing space with separate address buses The architecture though based on Harvard architecture permits transfer of data from ROM to RAM CPU REGISTERS The CPU can do an 8-bit addition subtraction logical or shift operation in one instruction (tc) cycle time There are six CPU registers A is the 8-bit Accumulator Register PC is the 15-bit Program Counter Register PU is the upper 7 bits of the program counter (PC) PL is the lower 8 bits of the program counter (PC) B is an 8-bit RAM address pointer which can be optionally post auto incremented or decremented http www national com Data Memory Segment RAM Extension Data memory address 0FF is used as a memory mapped location for the Data Segment Address Register (S) 6 Data Memory Segment RAM Extension (Continued) The data store memory is either addressed directly by a single-byte address within the instruction or indirectly relative to the reference of the B X or SP pointers (each contains a single-byte address) This single-byte address allows an addressing range of 256 locations from 00 to FF hex The upper bit of this single-byte address divides the data store memory into two separate sections as outlined previously With the exception of the RAM register memory from address locations 00F0 to 00FF all RAM memory is memory mapped with the upper bit of the single-byte address being equal to zero This allows the upper bit of the single-byte address to determine whether or not the base address range (from 0000 to 00FF) is extended If this upper bit equals one (representing address range 0080 to 00FF) then address extension does not take place Alternatively if this upper bit equals zero then the data segment extension register S is used to extend the base address range (from 0000 to 007F) from XX00 to XX7F where XX represents the 8 bits from the S register Thus the 128-byte data segment extensions are located from addresses 0100 to 017F for data segment 1 0200 to 027F for data segment 2 etc up to FF00 to FF7F for data segment 255 The base address range from 0000 to 007F represents data segment 0 available for all data segments The S register must be changed under program control to move from one data segment (128 bytes) to another However the upper base segment (containing the 16 memory registers I O registers controI registers etc ) is always available regardless of the contents of the S register since the upper base segment (address range 0080 to 00FF) is independent of data segment extension The instructions that utilize the stack pointer (SP) always reference the stack as part of the base segment (Segment 0) regardless of the contents of the S register The S register is not changed by these instructions Consequently the stack (used with subroutine linkage and interrupts) is always located in the base segment The stack pointer will be initialized to point at data memory location 006F as a result of reset The 128 bytes of RAM contained in the base segment are split between the Iower and upper base segments The first 112 bytes of RAM are resident from address 0000 to 006F in the Iower base segment while the remaining 16 bytes of RAM represent the 16 data memory registers located at addresses 00F0 to 00FF of the upper base segment No RAM is located at the upper sixteen addresses (0070 to 007F) of the lower base segment Additional RAM beyond these initial 128 bytes however will always be memory mapped in groups of 128 bytes (or less) at the data segment address extensions (XX00 to XX7F) of the lower base segment The additional 384 bytes of RAM in this device are memory mapped at address locations 0100 to 017F 0200 to 027F and 0300 to 037F hex Figure 5 illustrates how the S register data memory extension is used in extending the lower half of the base address range (00 to 7F hex) into 256 data segments of 128 bytes each with a total addressing range of 32 kbytes from XX00 to XX7F This organization allows a total of 256 data segments of 128-bytes each with an additional upper base segment of 128 bytes Furthermore all addressing modes are TL DD 12855 – 5 Reads as all ones FIGURE 5 RAM Organization 7 http www national com Reset This device enters a reset state immediately upon detecting a logic low on the RESET pin The RESET pin must be held low for a minimum of one instruction cycle to guarantee a valid reset During power-up initialization the user must insure that the RESET pin is held low until this device is within the specified VCC voltage An R C circuit on the RESET pin with a delay 5 times (5x) greater than the power supply rise time is recommended When the RESET input goes low the I O ports are initialized immediately with any observed delay being only propagation delay When the RESET pin goes high this device comes out of the reset state synchronously This device will be running within two instruction cycles of the RESET pin going high RESET may also be used to exit this device from the HALT mode Some registers are reset to a known state whereas other registers and RAM are ‘‘unchanged’’ by reset When the controller goes into reset state while it is performing a write operation to one of these registers or RAM that are ‘‘unchanged’’ by reset the register or RAM value will become unknown (i e not unchanged) This is because the write operation is terminated prematurely by reset and the results become uncertain These registers and RAM locations are unchanged by reset only if they are not written to when the controller resets The following initializations occur with RESET Port L TRI-STATE Port C TRI-STATE Port G TRI-STATE Port E TRI-STATE Port F TRI-STATE Port D HIGH PC CLEARED PSW CNTRL and ICNTRL registers CLEARED SIOR UNAFFECTED after RESET with power already applied RANDOM after RESET at power-on T1CNTRL CLEARED T2CNTRL CLEARED TxRA TxRB RANDOM CCMR1 CCMR2 CLEARED CM1PSC CM1CRL CM1CRH CM2PSC CM2CRL and CM2CRH UNAFFECTED after RESET with power already applied RANDOM after RESET at power-on CCR1 and CCR2 CLEARED CxPRH CxPRL CxCTH and CxCTL RANDOM after RESET at power-on PSR ENUR and ENUI CLEARED ENU CLEARED except Bit 1 (TBMT) e 1 Accumulator Timer 1 and Timer 2 RANDOM after RESET with crystal clock option (power already applied) UNAFFECTED after RESET with RC clock option (power already applied) RANDOM after RESET at power-on MDCR CLEARED MDR1 MDR2 MDR3 MDR4 MDR5 RANDOM WKEN WKEDG CLEARED WKPND RANDOM S Register CLEARED SP (Stack Pointer) Loaded with 6F Hex B and X Pointers UNAFFECTED after RESET with power already applied RANDOM after RESET at power-on RAM UNAFFECTED after RESET with power already applied RANDOM after RESET at power-on The external RC network shown in Figure 6 should be used to ensure that the RESET pin is held low until the power supply to the chip stabilizes TL DD 12855 – 6 RC l 5 c POWER SUPPLY RISE TIME FIGURE 6 Recommended Reset Circuit Oscillator Circuits The chip can be driven by a clock input on the CKI input pin which can be between DC and 10 MHz The CKO output clock is on pin G7 (crystal configuration) The CKI input frequency is divided down by 10 to produce the instruction cycle clock (tc) Figure 7 shows the Crystal diagram TL DD 12855 – 7 FIGURE 7 Crystal Diagram CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR CKI and CKO can be connected to make a closed loop crystal (or resonator) controlled oscillator http www national com 8 Oscillator Circuits (Continued) Table I shows the component values required for various standard crystal values TABLE I CrystaI Oscillator Configuration TA e 25 C R1 (kX) 0 0 0 R2 (MX) 1 1 1 C1 (pF) 30 30 200 C2 (pF) 30–36 30–36 100–150 CKI Freq (MHz) 10 4 0 455 Conditions VCC e 5V VCC e 5V VCC e 5V C HC HC Bit 7 C Carry FIag Half Carry Flag T1PNDA T1ENA EXPND BUSY EXEN GIE Bit 0 The Half-Carry fIag is aIso affected by aII the instructions that affect the Carry fIag The SC (Set Carry) and RC (Reset Carry) instructions wilI respectiveIy set or clear both the carry flags In addition to the SC and RC instructions ADC SUBC RRC and RLC instructions affect the Carry and Half Carry fIags ICNTRL Register (Address X’00E8) The ICNTRL register contains the foIlowing bits T1ENB Timer T1 Interrupt Enable for T1B Input capture edge T1PNDB Timer T1 Interrupt Pending Flag for T1B capture edge mWEN EnabIe MICROWIRE PLUS interrupt mWPND MICROWIRE PLUS interrupt pending T0EN Timer T0 Interrupt Enable (Bit 12 toggle) T0PND Timer T0 Interrupt pending LPEN L Port Interrupt Enable (Multi-Input Wake up Interrupt) Bit 7 couId be used as a flag Unused LPEN T0PND T0EN mWPND mWEN T1PNDB T1ENB Bit 7 Bit 0 Control Registers CNTRL Register (Address X’00EE) The Timer1 (T1) and MICROWIRE PLUS control register contains the following bits SL1 Select the MICROWIRE PLUS clock divide by (00 e SL0 2 01 e 4 1x e 8) IEDG External interrupt edge polarity select (0 e Rising edge 1 e Falling edge) MSEL Selects G5 and G4 as MICROWIRE PLUS signals SK and SO respectively T1C0 Timer T1 Start Stop control in timer modes 1 and 2 T1 Underflow Interrupt Pending Flag in timer mode 3 T1C1 Timer T1 mode control bit T1C2 Timer T1 mode control bit T1C3 Timer T1 mode control bit T1C3 Bit 7 T1C2 T1C1 T1C0 MSEL IEDG SL1 SL0 Bit 0 PSW Register (Address X’00EF) The PSW register contains the following select bits GIE GIobaI interrupt enable (enables interrupts) EXEN EnabIe externaI interrupt BUSY MICROWIRE PLUS busy shifting flag EXPND ExternaI interrupt pending T1ENA Timer T1 Interrupt Enable for Timer Underflow or T1A Input capture edge T1PNDA Timer T1 Interrupt Pending Flag (Autoreload RA in mode 1 T1 Underflow in Mode 2 T1A capture edge in mode 3) T2CNTRL Register (Address X’00C6) The T2CNTRL register contains the following bits T2ENB Timer T2 Interrupt Enable for T2B Input capture edge T2PNDB Timer T2 Interrupt Pending Flag for T2B capture edge T2ENA Timer T2 Interrupt Enable for Timer Underflow or T2A Input capture edge T2PNDA Timer T2 Interrupt Pending Flag (Auto reload RA in mode 1 T2 Underflow in mode 2 T2A capture edge in mode 3) T2C0 Timer T2 Start Stop control in timer modes 1 and 2 Timer T2 Underflow Interrupt Pending Flag in timer mode 3 T2C1 Timer T2 mode control bit T2C2 Timer T2 mode control bit T2C3 Timer T2 mode control bit T2C3 T2C2 T2C1 T2C0 T2PNDA T2ENA T2PNDB T2ENB Bit 7 Bit 0 9 http www national com Timers The device contains a very versatile set of timers (T0 T1 T2) All timers and associated autoreload capture registers power up containing random data TIMER T0 (IDLE TIMER) The device supports applications that require maintaining reaI time and Iow power with the IDLE mode This IDLE mode support is furnished by the IDLE timer T0 which is a 16-bit timer The Timer T0 runs continuously at the fixed rate of the instruction cycle cIock tc The user cannot read or write to the IDLE Timer T0 which is a count down timer The Timer T0 supports the following functions user only has to define the parameters of the PWM signal (ON time and OFF time) Once begun the timer block will continuously generate the PWM signal completely independent of the microcontroller The user software services the timer block only when the PWM parameters require updating In this mode the timer Tx counts down at a fixed rate of tc Upon every underflow the timer is alternately reloaded with the contents of supporting registers RxA and RxB The very first underflow of the timer causes the timer to reload from the register RxA Subsequent underflows cause the timer to be reloaded from the registers alternately beginning with the register RxB The Tx Timer control bits TxC3 TxC2 and TxC1 set up the timer for PWM mode operation  Exit out of the Idle Mode (See Idle Mode description)  Start up delay out of the HALT mode The IDLE Timer T0 can generate an interrupt when the thirteenth bit toggIes This toggle is Iatched into the T0PND pending flag and wiIl occur every 4 ms at the maximum clock frequency (tc e 1 ms) A control flag T0EN allows the interrupt from the thirteenth bit of Timer T0 to be enabled or disabIed Setting T0EN will enable the interrupt while resetting it will disable the interrupt TIMER T1 AND TIMER T2 The device has a set of two powerful timer counter blocks T1 and T2 The associated features and functioning of a timer block are described by referring to the timer block Tx Since the two timer blocks T1 and T2 are identical all comments are equally applicable to either of the two timer blocks Each timer block consists of a 16-bit timer Tx and two supporting 16-bit autoreload capture registers RxA and RxB Each timer block has two pins associated with it TxA and TxB The pin TxA supports I O required by the timer block while the pin TxB is an input to the timer block The powerful and flexible timer block allows the device to easily perform all timer functions with minimal software overhead The timer block has three operating modes Processor Independent PWM mode External Event Counter mode and Input Capture mode The control bits TxC3 TxC2 and TxC1 allow selection of the different modes of operation Mode 1 Processor Independent PWM Mode As the name suggests this mode allows the device to generate a PWM signal with very minimal user intervention The Figure 8 shows a block diagram of the timer in PWM mode The underfIows can be programmed to toggle the TxA output pin The underfIows can also be programmed to generate interrupts UnderfIows from the timer are alternately latched into two pending flags TxPNDA and TxPNDB The user must reset these pending fIags under software control Two control enabIe fIags TxENA and TxENB alIow the interrupts from the timer underflow to be enabled or disabled Setting the timer enable flag TxENA wilI cause an interrupt when a timer underflow causes the RxA register to be reloaded into the timer Setting the timer enable flag TxENB will cause an interrupt when a timer underflow causes the RxB register to be reloaded into the timer Resetting the timer enable flags will disable the associated interrupts Either or both of the timer underflow interrupts may be enabled This gives the user the flexibility of interrupting once per PWM period on either the rising or falling edge of the PWM output Alternatively the user may choose to interrupt on both edges of the PWM output Mode 2 ExternaI Event Counter Mode This mode is quite similar to the processor independent PWM mode described above The main difference is that the timer Tx is cIocked by the input signal from the TxA pin The Tx timer control bits TxC3 TxC2 and TxC1 allow the timer to be clocked either on a positive or negative edge from the TxA pin Underflows from the timer are Iatched into the TxPNDA pending flag Setting the TxENA control flag will cause an interrupt when the timer underflows TL DD 12855 – 8 FIGURE 8 Timer in PWM Mode http www national com 10 Timers (Continued) TL DD 12855 – 9 FIGURE 9 Timer in External Event Counter Mode In this mode the input pin TxB can be used as an independent positive edge sensitive interrupt input if the TxENB control flag is set The occurrence of a positive edge on the TxB input pin is latched into the TxPNDB flag The trigger conditions can also be programmed to generate interrupts The occurrence of the specified trigger condition on the TxA and TxB pins will be respectively Iatched into the pending flags TxPNDA and TxPNDB The control flag TxENA allows the interrupt on TxA to be either enabled or disabled Setting the TxENA flag enables interrupts to be generated when the selected trigger condition occurs on the TxA pin Similarly the flag TxENB controls the interrupts from the TxB pin Underflows from the timer can also be programmed to generate interrupts Underflows are latched into the timer TxC0 pending flag (the TxC0 control bit serves as the timer underflow interrupt pending flag in the Input Capture mode) Consequently the TxC0 control bit should be reset when entering the Input Capture mode The timer underflow interrupt is enabled with the TxENA control flag When a TxA interrupt occurs in the Input Capture mode the user must check both the TxPNDA and TxC0 pending flags in order to determine whether a TxA input capture or a timer underflow (or both) caused the interrupt Figure 9 shows a block diagram of the timer in External Event Counter mode Note The PWM output is not available in this mode since the TxA pin is being used as the counter input clock Mode 3 Input Capture Mode The device can precisely measure external frequencies or time external events by placing the timer block Tx in the input capture mode In this mode the timer Tx is constantly running at the fixed tc rate The two registers RxA and RxB act as capture registers Each register acts in conjunction with a pin The register RxA acts in conjunction with the TxA pin and the register RxB acts in conjunction with the TxB pin The timer value gets copied over into the register when a trigger event occurs on its corresponding pin Control bits TxC3 TxC2 and TxC1 allow the trigger events to be specified either as a positive or a negative edge The trigger condition for each input pin can be specified independently Figure 10 shows a block diagram of the timer in Input Capture mode TL DD 12855 – 10 FIGURE 10 Timer in Input Capture Mode 11 http www national com Timers (Continued) TIMER CONTROL FLAGS The timers T1 and T2 have identical control structures The control bits and their functions are summarized below TxC0 Timer Start Stop control in Modes 1 and 2 (Processor Independent PWM and External Event Counter) where 1 e Start 0 e Stop Timer UnderfIow Interrupt Pending Flag in Mode 3 (Input Capture) TxPNDA Timer Interrupt Pending Flag TxPNDB Timer Interrupt Pending Flag TxENA Timer Interrupt Enable Flag TxENB Timer Interrupt Enable Flag 1 e Timer Interrupt Enabled TxC3 TxC2 TxC1 0 e Timer Interrupt Disabled Timer Mode Control Timer Mode Control Timer Mode Control Capture Timer This device contains two independent capture timers Capture Timer 1 and Capture Timer 2 Each capture timer contains an 8-bit programmable prescaler register a 16-bit down counter a 16-bit input capture register and capture edge select logic The 16-bit down counter is clocked at a specific frequency determined by the value loaded into the prescaler register A selected positive or negative edge transition on the capture input causes the contents of the down counter to be latched into the capture register The values captured in the registers reflect the elapsed time between two positive or two negative transitions on the capture input The time between a positive and negative edge (a pulse width) may be measured if the selected capture edge is switched after the first edge is captured Each capture timer may be stopped started under software control and each capture timer may be configured to interrupt the microcontroller on an underflow or input capture Figure 11 shows the capture timer 1 block diagram The timer mode control bits (TxC3 TxC2 and TxC1) are detailed below TABLE II Timer Mode Control TxC3 0 0 1 1 0 TxC2 0 0 0 0 1 TxC1 0 1 1 0 0 Timer Mode MODE 2 (External Event Counter) MODE 2 (External Event Counter) MODE 1 (PWM) TxA Toggle MODE 1 (PWM) No TxA Toggle MODE 3 (Capture) Captures TxA Positive Edge TxB Positive Edge MODE 3 (Capture) Captures TxA Positive Edge TxB Negative Edge MODE 3 (Capture) Captures TxA Negative Edge TxB Positive Edge MODE 3 (Capture) Captures TxA Negative Edge TxB Negative Edge Interrupt A Source Timer Underflow Timer Underflow Autoreload RA Autoreload RA Positive TxA Edge or Timer Underflow Positive TxA Edge or Timer Underflow Negative TxA Edge or Timer Underflow Negative TxA Edge or Timer Underflow Interrupt B Source Positive TxB Edge Positive TxB Edge Autoreload RB Autoreload RB Positive TxB Edge Timer Counts On TxA Positive Edge TxA Negative Edge tc tc tc 1 1 0 Negative TxB Edge tc 0 1 1 Positive TxB Edge tc 1 1 1 Negative TxB Edge tc http www national com 12 Timers (Continued) TL DD 12855 – 11 FIGURE 11 Capture Timer 1 Block Diagram The registers shown in the block diagram include those for Capture Timer 1 (CM1) as well as the capture timer 1 control register These registers are read writable (with the exception of the capture registers which are read-only) and may be accessed through the data memory address data bus The registers are designated as CM1PSC Capture Timer 1 Prescaler (8-bit) CM1CRL Capture Timer 1 Capture Register (Low-byte) read-only CM1CRH Capture Timer 1 Capture Register (High-byte) read-only CM2PSC Capture Timer 2 Prescaler (8-bit) CM2CRL Capture Timer 2 Capture Register (Low-byte) read-only CM2CRH Capture Timer 2 Capture Register (High-byte) read-only CCMR1 Control Register for Capture Timer 1 CCMR2 Control Register for Capture Timer 2 CONTROL REGISTER BITS The control bits for Capture Timer 1 (CM1) and Capture Timer 2 (CM2) are contained in CCMR1 and CCMR2 The CCMR1 Register Bits are CM1RUN CM1 start stop control bit (1 e start 0 e stop) CM1IEN CM1IP1 CM1IP2 CM1EC CM1TM CM1 interrupt enable control bit (1 e enable IRQ) CM1 interrupt pending bit 1 (1 e CM1 underflowed) CM1 interrupt pending bit 2 (1 e CM1 captured) Select the active edge for capture on CM1 (0 e rising 1 e falling) CM1 test mode control bit (1 e special test path in test mode This bit is reserved during normal operation and must never be set to one ) unused unused CM1 EC CM1 IP2 CM1 IP1 CM1 IEN CM1 RUN Bit 0 CM1 TM Bit 7 All interrupt pending bits must be reset by software 13 http www national com Timers (Continued) The CCMR2 Register Bits are CM2RUN CM2 start stop control bit (1 start 0 e stop) CM2IEN CM2 interrupt enable control bit (1 e enable IRQ) CM2IP1 CM2 interrupt pending bit 1 (1 e CM2 underflowed) CM2IP2 CM2 interrupt pending bit 2 (1 e CM2 captured) CM2EC CM2TM Select the active edge for capture on CM2 (0 e rising 1 e falling) CM2 test mode control bit (1 e speciaI test path in test mode This bit is reserved during normal operation and must never be set to one ) unused unused CM2 EC CM2 IP2 CM2 IP1 CM2 IEN CM2 RUN Bit 0 CM2 TM Bit 7 AII interrupt pending bits must be reset by software FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION The capture timer is used to determine the time between events where an event is simply a selected edge transition on the capture input The resolution of the time measurement is dependent on the frequency at which the down counter is clocked The vaIue Ioaded into the prescaler controls this frequency The prescaIer is clocked by CKI while the down counter is clocked on every underfIow of the prescaler This means the prescaIer simpIy divides the CKI cIock before it is fed into the down counter The prescaler register must be Ioaded with a vaIue corresponding to the CKI divisor needed to produce the desired down counter clock The appropriate prescaler vaIue can be determined using the following equation Down Counter Clock Frequency e CKI (CMxPSC a 1) The capture input signaI is set up by configuring the port pin associated with the capture timer as an input The edge seIect bit for the capture input is then set or reset according to the desired transition If the pin is configured as an input the appropriate externaI transition will cause a capture If the pin is configured as an output toggling the data register bit wiIl cause a capture If interrupts are used the capture timer interrupt pending bits are cIeared and the capture timer interrupt enable bit is set Both interrupt sources down counter underflow and input capture edge are enabled disabled with the same CMxIEN bit The GIE bit must also be set to enable interrupts The interrupt signals from the two capture timers are gated to a single 16-bit interrupt vector located at addresses 0xE6 and 0xE7 The capture timer is started by writing a ‘‘1’’ to the capture timer start stop bit Setting this bit also enables the port pin to be the capture input to the capture timer The internal prescaler is loaded with the contents of the prescaler register and begins counting down Setting the start stop bit also loads the down counter with 0FFFF Hex The prescaler is clocked by CKI An underflow of the prescaler decrements the 16-bit down counter and reloads the value from the prescaler register into the prescaler Each additional underflow of the prescaler decrements the down counter and reloads the prescaler from the prescaler register If a selected edge transition on the input capture pin occurs the contents of the down counter are immediately latched into the capture register the down counter is re-initialized to 0FFFF Hex and the capture input pending flag is set The prescaler counter is not loaded (In order for an input transition to be guaranteed recognized the signal on the capture input pin must have a low pulse width and a high pulse width of at least one CKI period ) If interrupts are enabled the capture timer generates an interrupt The prescaler and down counter continue to operate until a reset condition occurs or the capture timer start stop bit is reset The user must process capture interrupts faster than the capture input frequency otherwise input captures may be lost or erroneous values may be read If the down counter underflows (changes state from 0000 to FFFF) before a capture input is detected the underflow interrupt pending flag is set If interrupts are enabled the capture timer generates an interrupt The capture timer may be stopped at any time under software control by resetting the capture timer start stop bit A capture may occur before the start stop bit is physically cIeared due to the fully asynchronous nature of the input capture signal The user must ensure that the software handles this situation correctly If the user wishes to process this capture and interrupts are being used the capture timer interrupts should not be disabIed prior to stopping the timer If interrupts are not being used the user should poll the capture timer pending bits after stopping the timer If the user wishes to ignore this capture and interrupts are being used the capture timer interrupt service routine should check that the timer is still running prior to processing capture interrupts If the user is polling the pending flags these flags should be cleared after the timer is stopped The contents of the prescaler and down counter remain unchanged while the capture timer is stopped The capture edge detect logic is disabled and no capture takes place even if an external capture signal occurs The capture timer may be restarted under software control by writing a ‘‘1’’ to the start stop bit This causes the prescaler and down counter to be re-initialized The prescaler is loaded from the prescaler register and the down counter is loaded with 0FFFF Hex RESET STATE A reset signal applied to the counter block during normal operation has the following effects  Clear CCMR1 register  Clear CCMR2 register  CM1PSC CMICRL CM1CRH CM2PSC CM2CRL and CM2CRH are unaffected (At power-on the contents of these registers are undefined ) The bi-directional port pins are initialized during reset as HI-Z inputs Setting the start stop bits connects the pins to the capture timers http www national com 14 Timers (Continued) INITIALIZATION The user should perform the following initialization prior to starting the capture timer 1 Reset the CMxRUN bit 2 Configure the corresponding Port bits as inputs 3 Set the edge control bits CMxEC 4 Reset CMxIP1 (CMxIP1 e 0) 5 Reset CMxIP2 (CMxIP2 e 0) 6 Load the 8-bit prescaler register CMxPSC with the desired value (from 0 to 255) 7 Set CMxIEN (if interrupts are to be used) 8 Set the Global Interrupt Enable (GIE) bit (if interrupts are to be used) 9 Set CMxRUN bit to start the capture timer WARNING In order to avoid erroneous interrupts the capture timer interrupts must be disabled prior to setting resetting the capture edge control bits (CMxEC) In addition after selecting the interrupt edge the pending flags must be reset before the capture interrupts are enabled or re-enabled If the initialization sequence outlined above is followed each time the user aIters the edge control bits the user is guaranteed to avoid erroneous interrupts Pulse Train Generators This device contains four independent pulse train generators Each individual generator is controlled by a corresponding 16-bit counter Each counter has a 16-bit prescaler and a 16-bit count register Each counter may be configured to output a selected number of 50% duty cycle pulses The contents of the prescaler determine the width of the output pulses and the value of the count register determines the number of pulses Each counter may be stopped started under software control and each counter may be configured to interrupt the microcontroller on an underflow Figure 12 shows the pulse train generator 1 block diagram TL DD 12855 – 12 FIGURE 12 Pulse Train Generator 1 Block Diagram 15 http www national com Pulse Train Generators (Continued) The four 8-bit registers shown in each individual counter in the block diagram constitute a 16-bit prescaler and a 16-bit count register These registers are all read writable and may be accessed through the data memory address data bus The registers are designated as CxPRL Low-byte of the Prescaler CxPRH High-byte of the Prescaler CxCTL Low-byte of the Count Register CxCTH High-byte of the Count Register CONTROL REGISTER BITS The control bits for Counter 1 and Counter 2 are contained in the CCR1 register The CCR1 Register bits are C1RUN COUNTER1 start stop control bit (1 e start 0 e stop) C1IEN COUNTER1 interrupt enable control bit (1 e enable IRQ) C1IPND COUNTER1 interrupt pending bit (1 e counter 1 underflowed) C1TM COUNTER1 test mode control bit (1 e special test path in test mode This bit is reserved during normal operation and must never be set to one ) C2RUN COUNTER2 start stop control bit (1 e start 0 e stop) C2IEN COUNTER2 interrupt enable control bit (1 e enable IRQ) C2IPND COUNTER2 interrupt pending bit (1 e counter 2 underflowed) C2TM COUNTER2 test mode control bit (1 e special test path This bit is reserved during normal operation and must never be set to one ) All interrupt pending bits must be reset by software C2TM Bit 7 C2 IPND C2 IEN C2 RUN C1TM C1 IPND C1 IEN C1 RUN Bit 0 COUNTER4 interrupt enable control bit (1 e enable IRQ) C4IPND COUNTER4 interrupt pending bit (1 e counter 4 underflowed C4TM COUNTER4 test mode control bit (1 e special test path This bit is reserved during normal operation and must never be set to one ) C4TM Bit 7 C4 IPND C4 IEN C4 RUN C3TM C3 IPND C3 IEN C3 RUN Bit 0 C4IEN All interrupt pending bits must be reset by software FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION The pulse train generator may be used to produce a series of output pulses of a given width The high low time of a pulse is determined by the contents of the prescaler The number of pulses in a series is determined by the contents of the count register The prescaler is loaded with a value corresponding to the desired width of the output pulse (tw) The high time and low time of the output signal are each equal to tw therefore the output signal produced has a 50% duty cycle and a period equal to 2 tw The appropriate prescaler value can be determined using the following equation tw e (PRH 256) a PRL a 1 tc Since PRH and PRL are both 8-bit registers this equation allows a maximum tw of 65536 tc and a minimum tw of one tc The internal prescaler is automatically loaded from PRH and PRL when the counter start stop bit is set The count register is loaded with a value corresponding to the desired number of output pulses The appropriate count value is calculated with the following equation Number of Pulses e CTH 256 a CTL a 1 The port pin associated with the counter OUT signal is configured in software as an output and preset to the desired start logic level lf interrupts are to be used the counter interrupt pending bit is cleared and the interrupt enable bit is set The GIE bit must also be set to enable interrupts The interrupt signals from the four counters are gated to a single interrupt vector located at addresses 0xF0 – 0xF1 The counter is started by writing a ‘‘1’’ to the counter start stop bit This resets the divide-by-2 counter which produces the clock signal for the counter register from the prescaler underflow (See Figure 12 ) It also reloads the internal prescaler and starts the prescaler counting down on the next rising edge of tc The prescaler is clocked on the rising edge of tc to ensure synchronization Each subsequent rising edge of tc causes the prescaler to be decremented When the prescaler underflows UFL1 is generated (see Figure 13 ) This signal causes the port pin to toggle In addition the internal prescaler is reloaded with the value from the PRH and PRL registers Each additional underflow of the prescaler causes the port pin to toggle and reloads the internal prescaler Every second underflow of the prescaler generates the signal UFL2 (UFL2 occurs at half the frequency of UFL1 or once per output pulse ) This signal UFL2 decrements the count register Therefore the count registers are decremented once per output pulse The control bits for Counter 3 and Counter 4 are contained in the CCR2 register The CCR2 Register bits are C3RUN COUNTER3 start stop control bit (1 e start 0 e stop) C3IEN COUNTER3 interrupt enable control bit (1 e enable IRQ) C3IPND COUNTER3 interrupt pending Bit (1 e counter 3 underflowed) C3TM COUNTER3 test mode control bit (1 e special test path This bit is reserved during normal operation and must never be set to one ) C4RUN COUNTER4 start stop control bit (1 e start 0 e stop) http www national com 16 Pulse Train Generators (Continued) The underflow of the counter register produces the signal UFL3 This signal stops the counter by resetting the counter start stop bit and sets the counter interrupt pending flag If the counter interrupt is enabled an interrupt occurs The counter may be stopped at any time under software control by resetting the counter start stop bit The contents of the count register and the output on the associated port pin are frozen The counter may be restarted under software control by setting the start stop bit The internal prescaler is automatically reloaded from PRH and PRL when the counter start stop bit is set therefore a full width pulse will be generated before the output is toggled The user may also choose to alter the logic level on the port pin before restarting This is done by initializing the associated port pin data register bit A counter underflow may occur before the start stop bit is physically cleared by software The user must ensure that the software handles this situation correctly If the user wishes to process this underflow and interrupts are being used the counter interrupts should not be disabled prior to stopping the timer If interrupts are not being used the user should poll the counter pending bits after stopping the timer If the user wishes to ignore this underflow and interrupts are being used the counter interrupt should be disabled prior to stopping the timer If the user is polling the pending flags these flags should be cleared after the timer is stopped If the default level of the output pin is high (associated port data register bit is set to ‘‘1’’) and the counter is stopped during a low level the low level becomes the default level The software must reinitialize the port pin to a high level before restarting if necessary The programmer may also have to adjust the counter value RESET STATE A reset signal applied to the pulse train generator block during normal operation has the following effects     Counter start stop bit is reset to zero Interrupt pending bit is reset to zero Test mode controI bit is reset to zero PRL PRH CTL and CTH are unaffected (At power-on reset the contents of the prescaler and count register are undefined )  Divide-by-2 counter is reset  The bi-directional port pins are initialized during reset as HI-Z inputs The appropriate bits must be initialized as outputs in order to route the Counter OUT signals to the port pins INITIALIZATION The user should perform the following initialization prior to starting the counter 1 Load PRL register 2 Load PRH register 3 Load CTL register 4 Load CTH register 5 Reset CxIPND bit 6 Set CxIEN (if interrupt is to be used) 7 Configure the associated port bit as an output (if OUT is to be used) 8 Set the Global Interrupt Enable (GIE) bit (if interrupt is to be used) 9 Set CxRUN bit to start counter Multiply Divide This device contains a multiply divide block This block supports a 1 byte x 2 bytes (3 bytes result) multiply or a 3 bytes 2 bytes (2 bytes result) divide operation The multiply or divide operation is executed by setting control bits located in the multiply divide control register The multiply or divide operands must be placed into the appropriate memory mapped locations before the operation is initiated  Counting stops immediately  Interrupt enable bit is reset to zero TABLE III Multiply Divide Registers Register Name (Address) MDR1 (xx98) MDR2 (xx99) MDR3 (xx9A) MDR4 (xx9B) MDR5 (xx9C) Low byte of multiplicand High byte of multiplicand Multiplication Assignment Before Operation Unused Multiplier After Operation Unchanged Low byte of result Middle byte of result High byte of result Unchanged Division Assignment Before Operation Low byte of dividend Middle byte of dividend High byte of dividend Low byte of divisor High byte of divisor After Operation Low byte of result High byte of result Undefined Low byte of divisor High byte of divisor 17 http www national com Multiply Divide (Continued) CONTROL REGISTER BITS The Multiply Divide control register (MDCR) is located at address xx9D It has the following bit assignments MULT Start Multiplication Operation (1 e start) DIV Start Division Operation (1 e start) DIVOVF Division Overflow (if the result of a division is greater than 16 bits or the user attempted to divide by zero 1 e error) Rsvd Bit 7 Rsvd Rsvd Rsvd Rsvd DIV OVF DIV MULT Bit 0 RESET STATE A reset signal applied to the device during normal operation has the following affects MDCR is cleared and any operation in progress is stopped MDR1 through MDR5 are undefined Power Save Modes The device offers the user two power save modes of operation HALT and IDLE In the HALT mode all microcontroller activities are stopped In the IDLE mode the on-board oscillator circuitry and timer T0 are active but all other microcontroller activities are stopped In either mode all on-board RAM registers I O states and timers (with the exception of T0) are unaltered HALT MODE The device can be placed in the HALT mode by writing a ‘‘1’’ to the HALT flag (G7 data bit) All microcontroller activities including the clock and timers are stopped In the HALT mode the power requirements of the device are minimal and the applied voltage (VCC) may be decreased to Vr (Vr e 2 0V) without altering the state of lhe machine The device supports two different ways of exiting the HALT mode The first method of exiting the HALT mode is with the Multi-Input Wakeup feature on the L port The second method of exiting the HALT mode is by pulling the RESET pin low Since a crystal or ceramic resonator may be selected as the oscillator the Wakeup signal is not allowed to start the chip running immediately since crystal oscillators and ceramic resonators have a delayed start up time to reach full amplitude and frequency stability The IDLE timer is used to generate a fixed deIay to ensure that the oscilIator has indeed stabilized before allowing instruction execution In this case upon detecting a valid Wakeup signal only the oscillator circuitry is enabled The IDLE timer is loaded with a value of 256 and is clocked with the tc instruction cycle clock The tc clock is derived by dividing the oscillator clock down by a factor of 10 The Schmitt trigger following the CKI inverter on the chip ensures that the IDLE timer is clocked only when the oscillator has a sufficiently large amplitude to meet the Schmitt trigger specifications This Schmitt trigger is not part of the oscillator closed loop The startup timeout from the IDLE timer enables the clock signals to be routed to the rest of the chip The devices have two mask options associated with the HALT mode The first mask option enables the HALT mode feature while the second mask option disables the HALT mode With the HALT mode enable mask option the device will enter and exit the HALT mode as described above With the HALT disable mask option the device cannot be placed in the HALT mode (writing a ‘‘1’’ to the HALT flag will have no effect the HALT flag will remain ‘‘0’’) IDLE MODE The device is placed in the IDLE mode by writing a ‘‘1’’ to the IDLE flag (G6 data bit) In this mode all activities except the associated on-board oscillator circuitry and the IDLE Timer T0 are stopped After the appropriate MDR registers are loaded the MULT and DIV start bits are set by the user to start a multiply or divide operation The division operation has priority if both bits are set simultaneously The MULT and DIV bits are BOTH automatically cleared by hardware at the end of a divide or multiply operation Each division operation causes the DIVOVF flag to be set reset as appropriate The DIVOVF flag is cleared following a multiplication operation DIVOVF is a read-only bit The MULT and DIV bits are read writable Bits 3 – 7 in MDCR should not be used as the MULT and DIV operations will change their values MULTIPLY DIVIDE OPERATION For the multiply operation the muItiplicand is placed at addresses xx9B and xx9C The multiplier is placed at address xx99 For the divide operation the dividend is placed at addresses xx98 to xx9A and the divisor is placed at addresses xx9B to xx9C In both operations all operands are interpreted as unsigned values The divide or multiply operation is started by setting the appropriate MDCR bit If both the MULT and DIV bits are set the microcontroller performs a divide operation (The user is not required to read or clear the DIVOVF error bit prior to beginning a new multiply divide operation This bit is ignored during subsequent operations However the next divide operation will overwrite the error flag as appropriate and the next multiply operation will clear it ) The multiply operation requires 1 instruction cycle to complete The divide operation requires 2 instruction cycles to complete A divide by zero or a division which produces an overflow requires only 1 instruction cycle to execute The MDR1 through MDR5 registers and the MDCR register can not be read from or written to during a multiply or divide operation Any attempt to write into these registers will be ignored Any attempt to read these registers will return undefined data The result of a multiply is placed in addresses xx99-xx9B The result of a divide is placed in addresses xx98-xx99 If a division by zero is attempted or if the resulting quotient of a divide operation is more than 16 bits long then the DIVOVF bit is set in the multiply divide control register The dividend and the divisor are left unchanged The divide operation always causes the DIVOVF flag to be set or reset as appropriate The DIVOVF flag is cleared following a multiply operation http www national com 18 Power Save Modes (Continued) As with the HALT mode the device can be returned to normal operation with a reset or with a Multi-Input Wake up from the L Port Alternately the microcontroller resumes normal operation from the IDLE mode when the thirteenth bit (representing 4 096 ms at internal clock frequency of 10 MHz tc e 1 ms) of the IDLE Timer toggles This toggle condition of the thirteenth bit of the IDLE Timer T0 is latched into the T0PND pending flag The user has the option of being interrupted with a transition on the thirteenth bit of the IDLE Timer T0 The interrupt can be enabled or disabled via the T0EN control bit Setting the T0EN flag enables the interrupt and vice versa The user can enter the IDLE mode with the Timer T0 interrupt enabled In this case when the T0PND bit gets set the device will first execute the Timer T0 interrupt service routine and then return to the instruction following the ‘‘Enter Idle Mode’’ instruction Alternatively the user can enter the IDLE mode with the IDLE Timer T0 interrupt disabled In this case the device will resume normal operation with the instruction immediately following the ‘‘Enter IDLE Mode’’ instruction Note It is necessary to program two NOP instructions following both the set HALT mode and set IDLE mode instructions These NOP instructions are necessary to allow clock resynchronization following the HALT or IDLE modes Multi-Input Wakeup The Multi-Input Wake Up feature is used to return (wake up) the device from either the HALT or IDLE modes Alternately Multi-Input Wake Up Interrupt feature may also be used to generate up to 8 edge selectable external interrupts Figure 13 shows the Multi-Input Wake Up logic TL DD 12855 – 13 FIGURE 13 Multi-Input Wake Up Logic 19 http www national com Multi-Input Wakeup (Continued) The Multi-Input Wake Up feature utilizes the L Port The user selects which particular L port bit (or combination of L Port bits) will cause the device to exit the HALT or IDLE modes The selection is done through the register WKEN The register WKEN is an 8-bit read write register which contains a control bit for every L port bit Setting a particular WKEN bit enables a Wake Up from the associated L port pin The user can select whether the trigger condition on the selected L Port pin is going to be either a positive edge (low to high transition) or a negative edge (high to low transition) This selection is made via the register WKEDG which is an 8-bit control register with a bit assigned to each L Port pin Setting the control bit will select the trigger condition to be a negative edge on that particular L Port pin Resetting the bit selects the trigger condition to be a positive edge Changing an edge select entails several steps in order to avoid a Wake Up condition as a result of the edge change First the associated WKEN bit should be reset followed by the edge select change in WKEDG Next the associated WKPND bit should be cleared followed by the associated WKEN bit being reenabled An example may serve to clarify this procedure Suppose we wish to change the edge select from positive (low going high) to negative (high going low) for L Port bit 5 where bit 5 has previously been enabled for an input interrupt The program would be as follows RBIT SBIT RBIT SB1T 5 5 5 5 WKEN WKEDG WKPND WKEN The occurrence of the selected trigger condition for Multi-Input Wake Up is latched into a pending register called WKPND The respective bits of the WKPND register will be set on the occurrence of the selected trigger edge on the corresponding Port L pin The user has the responsibility of clearing these pending flags Since WKPND is a pending register for the occurrence of selected wake up conditions the device will not enter the HALT mode if any Wake Up bit is both enabled and pending Consequently the user must clear the pending flags before attempting to enter the HALT mode WKEN WKPND and WKEDG are all read write registers and are cleared at reset PORT L INTERRUPTS Port L provides the user with an additional eight fully selectable edge sensitive interrupts which are all vectored into the same service subroutine The interrupt from Port L shares logic with the wake up circuitry The register WKEN allows interrupts from Port L to be individually enabled or disabled The register WKEDG specifies the trigger condition to be either a positive or a negative edge Finally the register WKPND latches in the pending trigger conditions The GIE (Global Interrupt Enable) bit enables the interrupt function A control flag LPEN functions as a global interrupt enable for Port L interrupts Setting the LPEN flag will enable interrupts and vice versa A separate global pending flag is not needed since the register WKPND is adequate Since Port L is also used for waking the device out of the HALT or lDLE modes the user can elect to exit the HALT or IDLE modes either with or without the interrupt enabled If he elects to disable the interrupt then the device will restart execution from the instruction immediately following the instruction that placed the microcontroller in the HALT or IDLE modes In the other case the device will first execute the interrupt service routine and then revert to normal operation (See HALT MODE for clock option wake up information ) If the L port bits have been used as outputs and then changed to inputs with Multi-Input Wake Up lnterrupt a safety procedure should also be followed to avoid wakeup conditions After the selected L port bits have been changed from output to input but before the associated WKEN bits are enabled the associated edge select bits in WKEDG should be set or reset for the desired edge selects followed by the associated WKPND bits being cleared This same procedure should be used following reset since the L port inputs are left floating as a result of reset http www national com 20 UART The device contains a full-duplex software programmable UART The UART (Figure 14 ) consists of a transmit shift register a receive shift register and seven addressable registers as follows a transmit buffer register (TBUF) a receiver buffer register (RBUF) a UART control and status register (ENU) a UART receive control and status register (ENUR) a UART interrupt and clock source register (ENUI) a prescaler select register (PSR) and baud (BAUD) register The ENU register contains flags for transmit and receive functions this register also determines the length of the data frame (7 8 or 9 bits) the value of the ninth bit in transmission and parity selection bits The ENUR register flags framing data overrun and parity errors while the UART is receiving Other functions of the ENUR register include saving the ninth bit received in the data frame enabling or disabling the UART’s attention mode of operation and providing additional receiver transmitter status information via RCVG and XMTG bits The determination of an internal or external clock source is done by the ENUI register as well as selecting the number of stop bits and enabling or disabling transmit and receive interrupts A control flag in this register can also select the UART mode of operation asynchronous or synchronous TL DD 12855 – 14 FIGURE 14 UART Block Diagram 21 http www national com UART (Continued) UART CONTROL AND STATUS REGISTERS The operation of the UART is programmed through three registers ENU ENUR and ENUI The function of the individual bits in these registers is as follows ENU-UART Control and Status Register (Address at 0BA) PEN 0RW Bit 7 PSEL1 0RW XBIT9 PSEL0 0RW CHL1 0RW CHL0 0RW ERR 0R RBFL 0R TBMT IR Bit 0 XBIT9 PSEL0 Programs the ninth bit for transmission when the UART is operating with nine data bits per frame For seven or eight data bits per frame this bit in conjunction with PSEL1 selects parity PSEL1 PSEL0 Parity select bits PSEL1 e 0 PSEL0 e 0 Odd Parity (if Parity enabled) PSEL1 e 0 PSEL1 e 1 Odd Parity (if Parity enabled) PSEL1 e 1 PSEL0 e 0 Mark(1) (if Parity enabled) PSEL1 e 1 PSEL1 e 1 Space(0) (if Parity enabled) PEN This bit enables disables Parity (7- and 8-bit modes only) PEN e 0 Parity disabled PEN e 1 Parity enabled ENUR UART RECEIVE CONTROL AND STATUS REGISTER RCVG This bit is set high whenever a framing error occurs and goes low when RDX goes high XMTG This bit is set to indicate that the UART is transmitting It gets reset at the end of the last frame (end of last Stop bit) ATTN ATTENTION Mode is enabled while this bit is set This bit is cleared automatically on receiving a character with data bit nine set RBIT9 Contains the ninth data bit received when the UART is operating with nine data bits per frame SPARE Reserved for future use PE Flags a Parity Error PE e 0 Indicates no Parity Error has been detected since the last time the ENUR register was read PE e 1 Indicates the occurrence of a Parity Error FE Flags a Framing Error FE e 0 Indicates no Framing Error has been detected since the last time the ENUR register was read FE e 1 Indicates the occurrence of a Framing Error DOE Flags a Data Overrun Error DOE e 0 Indicates no Data Overrun Error has been detected since the last time the ENUR register was read DOE e 1 Indicates the occurrence of a Data Overrun Error ENUI UART INTERRUPT AND CLOCK SOURCE REGISTER ETI This bit enables disables interrupt from the transmitter section ETI e 0 Interrupt from the transmitter is disabled ETI e 1 Interrupt from the transmitter is enabled ENUR-UART Receive Control and Status Register (Address at 0BB) DOE 0RD Bit 7 FE 0RD PE 0RD SPARE 0RW RBlT9 0R ATTN 0RW XMTG 0R RCVG 0R Bit 0 ENUI-UART Interrupt and Clock Source Register (Address at 0BC) STP2 0RW Bit 7 STP78 0RW ETDX 0RW SSEL 0RW XRCLK 0RW XTCLK 0RW ERI 0RW ETI 0RW Bit 0 Bit is not used 0 Bit is cleared on reset 1 Bit is set to one on reset R Bit is read-only it cannot be written by software RW Bit is read write D Bit is cleared on read when read by software as a one it is cleared automatically Writing to the bit does not affect its state DESCRIPTION OF UART REGISTER BITS ENU UART CONTROL AND STATUS REGISTER TBMT This bit is set when the UART transfers a byte of data from the TBUF register into the TSFT register for transmission It is automatically reset when software writes into the TBUF register RBFL This bit is set when the UART has received a complete character and has copied it into the RBUF register It is automatically reset when software reads the character from RBUF ERR This bit is a global UART error flag which gets set if any or a combination of the errors (DOE FE PE) occur CHL1 CHL0 These bits select the character frame format Parity is not included and is generated verified by hardware CHL1 e 0 CHL0 e 0 The frame contains eight data bits CHL1 e 0 CHL0 e 1 The frame continues seven data bits CHL1 e 1 CHL0 e 0 The frame continues nine data bits CHL1 e 1 CHL0 e 1 Loopback Mode selected Transmitter output internally looped back to receiver input Nine bit framing format is used http www national com 22 UART (Continued) ERI This bit enables disables interrupt from the receiver section ERI e 0 Interrupt from the receiver is disabled ERI e 1 Interrupt from the receiver is enabled XTCLK This bit selects the clock source for the transmitter section XTCLK e 0 The clock source is selected through the PSR and BAUD registers XTCLK e 1 Signal on CKX (L1) pin is used as the clock XRCLK This bit selects the clock source for the receiver section XRCLK e 0 The clock source is selected through the PSR and BAUD registers XRCLK e 1 Signal on CKX (L1) pin is used as the clock SSEL UART mode select SSEL e 0 Asynchronous Mode SSEL e 1 Synchronous Mode ETDX TDX (UART Transmit Pin) is the alternate function assigned to Port L pin L2 it is selected by setting ETDX bit To simulate line break generation software should reset ETDX bit and output logic zero to TDX pin through Port L data and configuration registers STP78 This bit is set to program the last Stop bit to be 7 8th of a bit in length STP2 This bit programs the number of Stop bits to be transmitted STP2 e 0 One Stop bit transmitted STP2 e 1 Two Stop bits transmitted transferred to the TSFT register and the Transmit Buffer Empty Flag (TBMT in the ENU register) is set The TBMT flag is automatically reset by the UART when software loads a new character into the TBUF register There is also the XMTG bit which is set to indicate that the UART is transmitting This bit gets reset at the end of the last frame (end of last Stop bit) TBUF is a read write register The RSFT and RBUF registers double-buffer data being received The UART receiver continually monitors the signal on the RDX pin for a low level to detect the beginning of a Start bit Upon sensing this low level it waits for half a bit time and samples again If the RDX pin is still low the receiver considers this to be a valid Start bit and the remaining bits in the character frame are each sampled a single time at the mid-bit position Serial data input on the RDX pin is shifted into the RSFT register Upon receiving the complete character the contents of the RSFT register are copied into the RBUF register and the Received Buffer Full Flag (RBFL) is set RBFL is automatically reset when software reads the character from the RBUF register RBUF is a read only register There is also the RCVG bit which is set high when a framing error occurs and goes low once RDX goes high TBMT XMTG RBFL and RCVG are read only bits SYNCHRONOUS MODE In this mode data is transferred synchronously with the clock Data is transmitted on the rising edge and received on the falling edge of the synchronous clock This mode is selected by setting SSEL bit in the ENUI register The input frequency to the UART is the same as the baud rate When an external clock input is selected at the CKX pin data transmit and receive are performed synchronously with this clock through TDX RDX pins If data transmit and receive are selected with the CKX pin as clock output the device generates the synchronous clock output at the CKX pin The internal baud rate generator is used to produce the synchronous clock Data transmit and receive are performed synchronously with this clock FRAMING FORMATS The UART supports several serial framing formats (Figure 16) The format is selected using control bits in the ENU ENUR and ENUI registers The first format (1 1a 1b 1c) for data transmission (CHL0 e 1 CHL1 e 0) consists of Start bit seven Data bits (excluding parity) and 7 8 one or two Stop bits In applications using parity the parity bit is generated and verified by hardware The second format (CHL0 e 0 CHL1 e 0) consists of one Start bit eight Data bits (excluding parity) and 7 8 one or two Stop bits Parity bit is generated and verified by hardware The third format for transmission (CHL0 e 0 CHL1 e 1) consists of one Start bit nine Data bits and 7 8 one or two Stop bits This format also supports the UART ‘‘ATTENTION’’ feature When operating in this format all eight bits of TBUF and RBUF are used for data The ninth data bit is transmitted and received using two bits in the ENU and ENUR registers called XBIT9 and RBIT9 RBIT9 is a read only bit Parity is not generated or verified in this mode Associated I O Pins Data is transmitted on the TDX pin and received on the RDX pin TDX is the alternate function assigned to Port L pin L2 it is selected by setting ETDX (in the ENUI register) to one RDX is an inherent function of Port L pin L3 requiring no setup The baud rate clock for the UART can be generated onchip or can be taken from an external source Port L pin L1 (CKX) is the external clock I O pin The CKX pin can be either an input or an output as determined by Port L Configuration and Data registers (Bit 1) As an input it accepts a clock signal which may be selected to drive the transmitter and or receiver As an output it presents the internal Baud Rate Generator output UART Operation The UART has two modes of operation asynchronous mode and synchronous mode ASYNCHRONOUS MODE This mode is selected by resetting the SSEL (in the ENUI register) bit to zero The input frequency to the UART is 16 times the baud rate The TSFT and TBUF registers double-buffer data for transmission While TSFT is shifting out the current character on the TDX pin the TBUF register may be loaded by software with the next byte to be transmitted When TSFT finishes transmitting the current character the contents of TBUF are 23 http www national com UART Operation (Continued) TL DD 12855 – 15 FIGURE 15 Framing Formats For any of the above framing formats the last Stop bit can be programmed to be 7 8th of a bit in length If two Stop bits are selected and the 7 8th bit is set (selected) the second Stop bit will be 7 8th of a bit in length The parity is enabled disabled by PEN bit located in the ENU register Parity is selected for 7- and 8-bit modes only If parity is enabled (PEN e 1) the parity selection is then performed by PSEL0 and PSEL1 bits located in the ENU register Note that the XBIT9 PSEL0 bit located in the ENU register serves two mutually exclusive functions This bit programs the ninth bit for transmission when the UART is operating with nine data bits per frame There is no parity selection in this framing format For other framing formats XBIT9 is not needed and the bit is PSEL0 used in conjunction with PSEL1 to select parity The frame formats for the receiver differ from the transmitter in the number of Stop bits required The receiver only requires one Stop bit in a frame regardless of the setting of the Stop bit selection bits in the control register Note that an implicit assumption is made for full duplex UART operation that the framing formats are the same for the transmitter and receiver UART INTERRUPTS The UART is capable of generating interrupts Interrupts are generated on Receive Buffer Full and Transmit Buffer Empty Both interrupts have individual interrupt vectors Two bytes of program memory space are reserved for each interrupt vector The two vectors are located at addresses 0xEC to 0xEF Hex in the program memory space The interrupts can be individually enabled or disabled using Enable Transmit Interrupt (ETl) and Enable Receive Interrupt (ERl) bits in the ENUI register The interrupt from the Transmitter is set pending and remains pending as long as both the TBMT and ETl bits are set To remove this interrupt software must either clear the ETI bit or write to the TBUF register (thus clearing the TBMT bit) The interrupt from the receiver is set pending and remains pending as long as both the RBFL and ERI bits are set To remove this interrupt software must either clear the ERl bit or read from the RBUF register (thus clearing the RBFL bit) http www national com 24 Baud Clock Generation The clock inputs to the transmitter and receiver sections of the UART can be individually selected to come either from an external source at the CKX pin (port L pin L1) or from a source selected in the PSR and BAUD registers Internally the basic baud clock is created from the oscillator frequency through a two-stage divider chain consisting of a 1 – 16 (increments of 0 5) prescaler and an 11-bit binary counter (Figure 16) The divide factors are specified through two read write registers shown in Figure 17 Note that the 11-bit Baud Rate Divisor spills over into the Prescaler Select Register (PSR) PSR is cleared upon reset TL DD 12855 – 16 FIGURE 16 UART BAUD Clock Generation TL DD 12855 – 17 FIGURE 17 UART BAUD Clock Divisor Registers 25 http www national com Baud Clock Generation (Continued) As shown in Table V a Prescaler Factor of 0 corresponds to NO CLOCK This condition is the UART power down mode where the UART clock is turned off for power saving purpose The user must also turn the UART clock off when a different baud rate is chosen The correspondences between the 5-bit Prescaler Select and Prescaler factors are shown in Table V There are many ways to calculate the two divisor factors but one particularly effective method would be to achieve a 1 8432 MHz frequency coming out of the first stage The 1 8432 MHz prescaler output is then used to drive the software programmable baud rate counter to create a 16x clock for the following baud rates 110 134 5 150 300 600 1200 1800 2400 3600 4800 7200 9600 19200 and 38400 (Table IV) Other baud rates may be created by using appropriate divisors The 16x clock is then divided by 16 to provide the rate for the serial shift registers of the transmitter and receivers TABLE IV Baud Rate Divisors (1 8432 MHz PrescaIer Output) Baud Rate 110 (110 03) 134 5 (134 58) 150 300 600 1200 1800 2400 3600 4800 7200 9600 19200 38400 Baud Rate Divisor b 1 (N-1) 1046 855 767 383 191 95 63 47 31 23 15 11 5 2 TABLE V Prescaler Factors Prescaler Select 00000 00001 00010 00011 00100 00101 00110 00111 01000 01001 01010 01011 01100 01101 01110 01111 10000 10001 10010 10011 10100 10101 10110 10111 11000 11001 11010 11011 11100 11101 11110 11111 Prescaler Factor NO CLOCK 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 45 5 55 6 65 7 75 8 85 9 95 10 10 5 11 11 5 12 12 5 13 13 5 14 14 5 15 15 5 16 Note The entries in Table IV assume a prescaIer output of 1 8432 MHz In asynchronous mode the baud rate could be as high as 625k http www national com 26 Baud Clock Generation (Continued) As an example considering Asynchronous Mode and a CKI clock of 4 608 MHz the prescaler factor selected is 4 608 1 8432 e 2 5 The 2 5 entry is available in Table V The 1 8432 MHz prescaler output is then used with proper Baud Rate Divisor (Table V) to obtain different baud rates For a baud rate of 19200 e g the entry in Table IV is 5 N b 1 e 5 (N b 1 is the value from Table IV) N e 6 (N is the Baud Rate Divisor) Baud Rate e 1 8432 MHz (16 c 6) e 19200 The divide by 16 is performed because in the asynchronous mode the input frequency to the UART is 16 times the baud rate The equation to calculate baud rates is given below The actual Baud Rate may be found from BR e Fc (16 c N c P) Where BR is the Baud Rate Fc is the CKI frequency N is the Baud Rate Divisor (Table IV) P is the Prescaler Divide Factor selected by the value in the Prescaler Select Register (Table V) Note In the Synchronous Mode the divisor 16 is replaced by two If the device is halted and crystal oscillator is used the Wake Up signal will not start the chip running immediately because of the finite start up time requirement of the crystal oscillator The idle timer (T0) generates a fixed (256 tc) delay to ensure that the oscillator has indeed stabilized before allowing the device to execute code The user has to consider this delay when data transfer is expected immediately after exiting the HALT mode Diagnostic Bits CHARL0 and CHARL1 in the ENU register provide a Ioopback feature for diagnostic testing of the UART When these bits are set to one the following occur The receiver input pin (RDX) is internally connected to the transmitter output pin (TDX) the output of the Transmitter Shift Register is ‘‘looped back’’ into the Receive Shift Register input In this mode data that is transmitted is immediately received This feature allows the processor to verify the transmit and receive data paths of the UART Note that the framing format for this mode is the nine bit format one Start bit nine data bits and 7 8 one or two Stop bits Parity is not generated or verified in this mode Attention Mode The UART Receiver section supports an alternate mode of operation referred to as ATTENTION Mode This mode of operation is selected by the ATTN bit in the ENUR register The data format for transmission must also be selected as having nine Data bits and either 7 8 one or two Stop bits The ATTENTION mode of operation is intended for use in networking the device with other processors Typically in such environments the messages consists of device addresses indicating which of several destinations should receive them and the actual data This Mode supports a scheme in which addresses are flagged by having the ninth bit of the data field set to a 1 If the ninth bit is reset to a zero the byte is a Data byte While in ATTENTION mode the UART monitors the communication flow but ignores all characters until an address character is received Upon receiving an address character the UART signals that the character is ready by setting the RBFL flag which in turn interrupts the processor if UART Receiver interrupts are enabled The ATTN bit is also cleared automatically at this point so that data characters as well as address characters are recognized Software examines the contents of the RBUF and responds by deciding either to accept the subsequent data stream (by leaving the ATTN bit reset) or to wait until the next address character is seen (by setting the ATTN bit again) Operation of the UART Transmitter is not affected by selection of this Mode The value of the ninth bit to be transmitted is programmed by setting XBIT9 appropriately The value of the ninth bit received is obtained by reading RBIT9 Since this bit is located in ENUR register where the error flags reside a bit operation on it will reset the error flags Example Asynchronous Mode Crystal Frequency e 5 MHz Desired baud rate e 9600 Using the above equation N c P can be calculated first N c P e (5 c 106) (16 c 9600) e 32 552 Now 32 552 is divided by each Prescaler Factor (Table V) to obtain a value closest to an integer This factor happens to be 6 5 (P e 6 5) N e 32 552 6 5 e 5 008 (N e 5) The programmed value (from Table IV) should be 4 (N b 1) Using the above values calculated for N and P BR e (5 c 106) (16 c 5 c 6 5) e 9615 384 % error e (9615 385 b 9600) 9600 e 0 16 Effect of HALT IDLE The UART logic is reinitialized when either the HALT or IDLE modes are entered This reinitialization sets the TBMT flag and resets all read only bits in the UART control and status registers Read Write bits remain unchanged The Transmit Buffer (TBUF) is not affected but the Transmit Shift register (TSFT) bits are set to one The receiver registers RBUF and RSFT are not affected The device will exit from the HALT IDLE modes when the Start bit of a character is detected at the RDX (L3) pin This feature is obtained by using the Multi-Input Wakeup scheme provided on the device Before entering the HALT or IDLE modes the user program must select the Wakeup source to be on the RDX pin This selection is done by setting bit 3 of WKEN (Wakeup Enable) register The Wakeup trigger condition is then selected to be high to low transition This is done via the WKEDG register (Bit 3 is one) 27 http www national com Interrupts The device supports a vectored interrupt scheme It supports a total of fourteen interrupt sources Table VI lists all the possible device interrupt sources their arbitration rankings and the memory locations reserved for the interrupt vector for each source Two bytes of program memory space are reserved for each interrupt source All interrupt sources except the software interrupt are maskable Each of the maskable interrupts have an Enable bit and one or more Pending bits A maskable interrupt is active if its associated enable and pending bits are set If GlE e 1 and an interrupt is active then the processor will be interrupted as soon as it is ready to start executing an instruction except if the above conditions happen during the Software Trap service routine This exception is described in the Software Trap sub-section The interruption process is accomplished with the INTR instruction (opcode 00) which is jammed inside the Instruction Register and replaces the opcode about to be executed The following steps are performed for every interrupt 1 The GIE (Global Interrupt Enable) bit is reset 2 The address of the instruction about to be executed is pushed into the stack 3 The PC (Program Counter) branches to address 00FF This procedure takes 7 tc cycles to execute At this time since GIE e 0 other maskable interrupts are disabled The user is now free to do whatever context switching is required by saving the context of the machine in the stack with PUSH instructions The user would then program a VIS (Vector Interrupt Select) instruction in order to branch to the interrupt service routine of the highest priority interrupt enabled and pending at the time of the VIS Note that this is not necessarily the interrupt that caused the branch to address location 00FF Hex prior to the context switching Thus if an interrupt with a higher rank than the one which caused the interruption becomes active before the decision of which interrupt to service is made by the VIS then the interrupt with the higher rank will override any lower ones and will be acknowledged The lower priority interrupt(s) are still pending however and will cause another interrupt immediately following the completion of the interrupt service routine associated with the higher priority interrupt just serviced This lower priority interrupt will occur immediately following the RETI (Return from Interrupt) instruction at the end of the interrupt service routine just completed Inside the interrupt service routine the associated pending bit has to be cleared by software The RETI (Return from Interrupt) instruction at the end of the interrupt service routine will set the GIE (Global Interrupt Enable) bit allowing the processor to be interrupted again if another interrupt is active and pending The VIS instruction looks at all the active interrupts at the time it is executed and performs an indirect jump to the beginning of the service routine of the one with the highest rank The addresses of the different interrupt service routines called vectors are chosen by the user and stored in ROM in a table starting at 01E0 (assuming that VIS is located between 00FF and 01DF) The vectors are 15-bit wide and therefore occupy 2 ROM locations TABLE VI Interrupt Vector Table ARBITRATION RANKING (1) Highest (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) Lowest Software Reserved External Timer T0 Timer T1 Timer T1 MICROWIRE PLUS Counters UART UART Timer T2 Timer T2 Capture Timer 1 and 2 Unused Port L Wakeup Default VIS Reserved Receive Transmit T2A Underflow T2B G0 Underflow T1A Underflow T1B Busy Low SOURCE DESCRIPTION VECTOR ADDRESS (Hi-Low Byte) 0yFE – 0yFF 0yFC – 0yFD 0yFA-0yFB 0yF8 – 0yF9 0yF6 – 0yF7 0yF4-0yF5 0yF2 – 0yF3 0yF0 – 0yF1 0yEE – 0yEF 0yEC – 0yED 0yEA – 0yEB 0yE8 – 0yE9 0yE6 – 0yE7 0yE4 – 0yE5 0yE2 – 0yE3 0yE0 – 0yE1 y is a variable which represents the VIS block VIS and the vector table must be located in the same 256-byte block except if VIS is located at the last address of a block In this case the table must be in the next block http www national com 28 Interrupts (Continued) VIS and the vector table must be located in the same 256-byte block (0y00 to 0yFF) except if VIS is located at the last address of a block In this case the table must be in the next block The vector table cannot be inserted in the first 256-byte block (y i 0) The vector of the maskable interrupt with the lowest rank is located at 0yE0 (Hi-Order byte) and 0yE1 (Lo-Order byte) and so forth in increasing rank number The vector of the maskable interrupt with the highest rank is located at 0yFA (Hi-Order byte) and 0yFB (Lo-Order byte) The Software Trap has the highest rank and its vector is located at 0yFE and 0yFF If by accident a VIS gets executed and no interrupt is active then the PC (Program Counter) will branch to a vector located at 0yE0–0yE1 WARNING A Default VIS interrupt handler routine must be present As a minimum this handler should confirm that the GIE bit is cleared (this indicates that the interrupt sequence has been taken) take care of any required housekeeping restore ocntext and return Some sort of Warm Restart procedure should be implemented These events can occur without any error on the part of the system designer or programmer Note There is always the possibility of an interrupt occurring during an instruction which is attempting to reset the GIE bit or any other interrupt enable bit If this occurs when a single cycle instruction is being used to reset the interrupt enable bit the interrupt enable bit will be reset but an interrupt may still occur This is because interrupt processing is started at the same time as the interrupt bit is being reset To avoid this scenario the user should always use a two three or four cycle instruction to reset interrupt enable bits Figure 18 shows the Interrupt block diagram SOFTWARE TRAP The Software Trap (ST) is a special kind of non-maskable interrupt which occurs when the INTR instruction (used to acknowledge interrupts) is fetched from ROM and placed inside the instruction register This may happen when the PC is pointing beyond the available ROM address space or when the stack is over-popped When an ST occurs the user can re-initialize the stack pointer and do a recovery procedure (similar to reset but not necessarily containing all of the same initialization procedures) before restarting The occurrence of an ST is latched into the ST pending bit The GIE bit is not affected and the ST pending bit (not accessible by the user) is used to inhibit other interrupts and to direct the program to the ST service routine with the VIS instruction The RPND instruction is used to clear the software interrupt pending bit This pending bit is also cleared on reset The ST has the highest rank among all interrupts Nothing (except another ST) can interrupt an ST being serviced TL DD 12855 – 18 FIGURE 18 Interrupt Block Diagram 29 http www national com Detection of Illegal Conditions The device can detect various illegal conditions resulting from coding errors transient noise power supply voltage drops runaway programs etc Reading of undefined ROM gets zeroes The opcode for software interrupt is 00 If the program fetches instructions from undefined ROM this will force a software interrupt thus signaling that an illegal condition has occurred The subroutine stack grows down for each call (jump to subroutine) interrupt or PUSH and grows up for each return or POR The stack pointer is initialized to RAM location 06F Hex during reset Consequently if there are more returns than calls the stack pointer will point to addresses 070 and 071 Hex (which are undefined RAM) Undefined RAM from addresses 070 to 07F (Segment 0) 140 to 17F (Segment 1) and all other segments (i e Segments 3 etc ) is read as all 1’s which in turn will cause the program to return to address 7FFF Hex This is an undefined ROM location and the instruction fetched (all 0’s) from this location will generate a software interrupt signaling an illegal condition Thus the chip can detect the following illegal conditions 1 Executing from undefined ROM 2 Over ‘‘POP’’ing the stack by having more returns than calls When the software interrupt occurs the user can re-initialize the stack pointer and do a recovery procedure before restarting (this recovery program is probably similar to that following reset but might not contain the same program initialization procedures) The recovery program should reset the software interrupt pending bit using the RPND instruction MICROWIRE PLUS MICROWIRE PLUS is a serial synchronous communications interface The MICROWIRE PLUS capability enables the device to interface with any of National Semiconductor’s MICROWIRE peripherals (i e A D converters display drivers E2PROMs etc ) and with other microcontrollers which support the MICROWIRE interface It consists of an 8-bit serial shift register (SIO) with serial data input (SI) serial data output (SO) and serial shift clock (SK) Figure 19 shows a block diagram of the MICROWIRE PLUS logic The shift clock can be selected from either an internal source or an external source Operating the MlCROWIRE PLUS arrangement with the internal clock source is called the Master mode of operation Similarly operating the MICROWIRE PLUS arrangement with an external shift clock is called the Slave mode of operation The CNTRL register is used to configure and control the MICROWIRE PLUS mode To use the MICROWIRE PLUS the MSEL bit in the CNTRL register is set to one In the master mode the SK clock rate is selected by the two bits SL0 and SL1 in the CNTRL register Table VII details the different clock rates that may be selected TABLE VII MICROWIRE PLUS Master Mode Clock Select SL1 0 0 1 SL0 0 1 x SK Period 2 c tc 4 c tc 8 c tc Where tc is the instruction cycle clock TL DD 12855 – 19 FIGURE 19 MICROWIRE PLUS Block Diagram http www national com 30 MICROWIRE PLUS (Continued) MICROWIRE PLUS OPERATION Setting the BUSY bit in the PSW register causes the MICROWIRE PLUS to start shifting the data It gets reset when eight data bits have been shifted The user may reset the BUSY bit by software to allow less than 8 bits to shift If enabled an interrupt is generated when eight data bits have been shifted The device may enter the MICROWIRE PLUS mode either as a Master or as a Slave Figure 20 shows how two devices microcontrollers and several peripherals may be interconnected using the MICROWIRE PLUS arrangements Warning The SIO register should only be loaded when the SK clock is low Loading the SIO register while the SK clock is high will resuIt in undefined data in the SIO register SK clock is normally low when not shifting Setting the BUSY flag when the input SK clock is high in the MICROWIRE PLUS slave mode may cause the current SK clock for the SIO shift register to be narrow For safety the BUSY flag should only be set when the input SK clock is low MICROWIRE PLUS Master Mode Operation In the MICROWIRE PLUS Master mode of operation the shift clock (SK) is generated internally by the device The MICROWIRE Master always initiates all data exchanges The MSEL bit in the CNTRL register must be set to enable the SO and SK functions onto the G Port The SO and SK pins must also be selected as outputs by setting appropriate bits in the Port G configuration register Table VIII summarizes the bit settings required for Master mode of operation MICROWIRE PLUS Slave Mode Operation In the MICROWIRE PLUS Slave mode of operation the SK clock is generated by an external source Setting the MSEL bit in the CNTRL register enables the SO and SK functions onto the G Port The SK pin must be selected as an input and the SO pin is selected as an output pin by setting and resetting the appropriate bits in the Port G configuration register Table VIII summarizes the settings required to enter the Slave mode of operation This table assumes that the control flag MSEL is set TABLE VIII MICROWIRE Mode Settings G4 (SO) G5 (SK) Config Bit Config Bit 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 G4 Fun SO G5 Fun Int SK Operation MICROWIRE PLUS Master MICROWlRE PLUS Master MlCROWlRE PLUS Slave MICROWlRE PLUS Slave TRIInt STATE SK SO Ext SK TRlExt STATE SK The user must set the BUSY flag immediately upon entering the Slave mode This will ensure that all data bits sent by the Master will be shifted properly After eight clock pulses the BUSY flag will be cleared and the sequence may be repeated Alternate SK Phase Operation The device allows either the normal SK clock or an alternate phase SK clock to shift data in and out of the SIO register in both the modes the SK is normally low In the normal mode data is shifted in on the rising edge of the SK clock and the data is shifted out on the falling edge of the SK clock The SIO register is shifted on each falling edge of the SK clock In the alternate SK phase operation data is shifted in on the falling edge of the SK clock and shifted out on the rising edge of the SK clock A control flag SKSEL allows either the normal SK clock or the alternate SK clock to be selected Resetting SKSEL causes the MICROWIRE PLUS logic to be clocked from the normal SK signal Setting the SKSEL flag selects the alternate SK clock The SKSEL is mapped into the G6 configuration bit The SKSEL flag will power up in the reset condition selecting the normal SK signal TL DD 12855 – 20 FIGURE 20 MICROWIRE PLUS Application 31 http www national com Memory Map All RAM ports and registers (except A and PC) are mapped into data memory address space ADDRESS S ADD REG 0000 to 006F 0070 to 007F xx80 to xx8F xx90 xx91 xx92 xx93 xx94 xx95 xx96 xx97 xx98 xx99 xx9A xx9B xx9C xx9D xx9E xx9F xxA0 xxA1 xxA2 xxA3 xxA4 xxA5 xxA6 xxA7 xxA8 xxA9 xxAA xxAB xxAC xxAD xxAE xxAF xxB0 xxB1 xxB2 xxB3 xxB4 xxB5 xxB6 xxB7 xxB8 xxB9 xxBA CONTENTS 112 On-Chip RAM Bytes Unused RAM Address Space (reads as all 1’s) Unused RAM Address Space (reads undefined data) Port E Data Register Port E Configuration Register Port E Input Pins (read only) Reserved Port F Data Register Port F Configuration Register Port F Input Pins (read only) Reserved Dividend or Result Byte (MDR1) Dividend Multiplier or Result Byte (MDR2) Dividend Result Byte or Undefined (MDR3) Divisor Multiplicand or Result Byte (MDR4) Divisor or Multiplicand Byte(MDR5) MuItiply Divide Control Register (MDCR) Counter Control 1 Register (CCR1) Counter Control 2 Register (CCR2) Counter 1 Prescaler Lower Byte (C1PRL) Counter 1 Prescaler Upper Byte (C1PRH) Counter 1 Count Register Lower Byte (C1CTL) Counter 1 Count Register Upper Byte (C1CTH) Counter 2 Prescaler Lower Byte (C2PRL) Counter 2 Prescaler Upper Byte (C2PRH) Counter 2 Count Register Lower Byte (C2CTL) Counter 2 Count Register Upper Byte (C2CTH) Counter 3 Prescaler Lower Byte (C3PRL) Counter 3 Prescaler Upper Byte (C3PRH) Counter 3 Count Register Lower Byte (C3CTL) Counter 3 Count Register Upper Byte (C3CTH) Counter 4 Prescaler Lower Byte (C4PRL) Counter 4 Prescaler Upper Byte (C4PRH) Counter 4 Count Register Lower Byte (C4CTL) Counter 4 Count Register Upper Byte (C4CTH) Capture Timer 1 Prescaler Register (CM1 PSC) Capture Timer 1 Lower Byte (CM1CRL) Read-Only Capture Timer 1 Upper Byte (CM1CRH) Read-Only Capture Timer 2 Prescaler Register (CM2PSC) Capture Timer 2 Lower Byte (CM2CRL) Read-Only Capture Timer 2 Upper Byte (CM2CRH) Read-Only Capture Timer 1 Control Register (CCMR1) Capture Timer 2 Control Register (CCMR2) UART Transmit Buffer (TBUF) UART Receive Buffer (RBUF) UART Control and Status Register (ENU) http www national com 32 Memory Map (Continued) ADDRESS S ADD REG xxBB xxBC xxBD xxBE xxBF xxC0 xxC1 xxC2 xxC3 xxC4 xxC5 xxC6 xxC7 xxC8 xxC9 xxCA xxCB xxCC xxCD to xxCF xxD0 xxD1 xxD2 xxD3 xxD4 xxD5 xxD6 xxD7 xxD8 xxD9 xxDA xxDB xxDC xxDD to xxDF xxE0 to xxE5 xxE6 xxE7 xxE8 xxE9 xxEA xxEB xxEC xxED xxEE xxEF xxF0 to xxFB xxFC xxFD xxFE xxFF 0100 to 017F 0200 to 027F 0300 to 037F CONTENTS UART Receive Control and Status Register (ENUR) UART Interrupt and Clock Source Register (ENUI) UART Baud Register (BAUD) UART Prescaler Select Register (PSR) Reserved for UART Timer T2 Lower Byte Timer T2 Upper Byte Timer T2 Autoload Register T2RA Lower Byte Timer T2 Autoload Register T2RA Upper Byte Timer T2 Autoload Register T2RB Lower Byte Timer T2 Autoload Register T2RB Upper Byte Timer T2 Control Register Reserved MIWU Edge Select Register (WKEDG) MlWU Enable Register (WKEN) MlWU Pending Register (WKPND) Reserved Reserved Reserved Port L Data Register Port L Configuration Register Port L Input Pins (Read Only) Reserved for Port L Port G Data Register Port G Configuration Register Port G Input Pins (Read Only) Port l Input Pins (Read Only) Port C Data Register Port C Configuration Register Port C Input Pins (Read Only) Reserved for Port C Port D Reserved for Port D Reserved for EE Control Registers Timer T1 Autoload Register T1RB Lower Byte Timer T1 Autoload Register T1RB Upper Byte ICNTRL Register MICROWIRE Shift Register Timer T1 Lower Byte Timer T1 Upper Byte Timer T1 Autoload Register T1RA Lower Byte Timer T1 Autoload Register T1RA Upper Byte CNTRL Control Register PSW Register On-chip RAM Mapped as Registers X Register SP Register B Register S Register On Chip RAM Bytes (384 Bytes) Reading memory locations 0070H-007FH (Segment 0) will return all ones Reading unused memory locations between 0080H-00F0 Hex (Segment 0) will return undefined data Reading memory locations from other segments (i e segment 4 segment 5 etc ) will return all ones 33 http www national com Addressing Modes There are ten addressing modes six for operand addressing and four for transfer of control OPERAND ADDRESSING MODES Register Indirect This is the ‘‘normal’’ addressing mode The operand is the data memory addressed by the B pointer or X pointer Register Indirect (with auto post Increment or decrement of pointer) This addressing mode is used with the LD and X instructions The operand is the data memory addressed by the B pointer or X pointer This is a register indirect mode that automatically post increments or decrements the B or X register after executing the instruction Direct The instruction contains an 8-bit address field that directly points to the data memory for the operand Immediate The instruction contains an 8-bit immediate field as the operand Short Immediate This addressing mode is used with the Load B Immediate instruction The instruction contains a 4-bit immediate field as the operand Indirect This addressing mode is used with the LAID instruction The contents of the accumulator are used as a partial address (lower 8 bits of PC) for accessing a data operand from the program memory TRANSFER OF CONTROL ADDRESSING MODES Relative This mode is used for the JP instruction with the instruction field being added to the program counter to get the new program location JP has a range from b31 to a 32 to allow a 1-byte relative jump (JP a 1 is implemented by a NOP instruction) There are no ‘‘pages’’ when using JP since all 15 bits of PC are used Absolute This mode is used with the JMP and JSR instructions with the instruction field of I 2 bits replacing the lower 12 bits of the program counter (PC) This allows jumping to any location in the current 4k program memory segment Absolute Long This mode is used with the JMPL and JSRL instructions with the instruction field of 15 bits replacing the entire 15 bits of the program counter (PC) This allows jumping to any location up to 32k in the program memory space Indirect This mode is used with the JID instruction The contents of the accumulator are used as a partial address (lower 8 bits of PC) for accessing a location in the program memory The contents of this program memory location serve as a partial address (lower 8 bits of PC) for the jump to the next instruction Note The VIS is a special case of the Indirect Transfer of Control addressing mode where the double byte vector associated with the interrupt is transferred from adjacent addresses in the program memory into the program counter (PC) in order to jump to the associated interrupt service routine Instruction Set Register and Symbol Definition Registers A B X SP PC PU PL C HC GIE VU VL 8-Bit Accumulator Register 8-Bit Address Register 8-Bit Address Register 8-Bit Stack Pointer Register 15-Bit Program Counter Register Upper 7 Bits of PC Lower 8 Bits of PC 1 Bit of PSW Register for Carry 1 Bit of PSW Register for Half Carry 1 Bit of PSW Register for Global Interrupt Enable Interrupt Vector Upper Byte Interrupt Vector Lower Byte Symbols B X MD Mem Meml Imm Reg Bit Memory Indirectly Addressed by B Register Memory Indirectly Addressed by X Register Direct Addressed Memory Direct Addressed Memory or B Direct Addressed Memory or B or Immediate Data 8-Bit Immediate Data Register Memory Addresses F0 to FF (Includes B X and SP) Bit Number (0 to 7) Loaded with Exchanged with w http www national com 34 INSTRUCTION SET ADD ADC SUBC AND ANDSZ OR XOR IFEQ IFEQ IFNE IFGT lFBNE DRSZ SBIT RBIT lFBIT RPND X X LD LD LD LD LD X X LD LD LD CLR INC DEC LAID DCOR RRC RLC SWAP SC RC IFC IFNC POP PUSH VIS JMPL JMP JP JSRL JSR JID RET RETSK RETI INTR NOP A MemI A Meml A Meml A Meml A lmm A Meml A Meml MD lmm A Meml A Meml A Meml Reg Mem Mem Mem A Mem AX A Meml AX B Imm Mem Imm Reg Imm A Bg A Xg A Bg A Xg B g lmm A A A A A A A ADD ADD with Carry Subtract with Carry Logical AND Logical AND lmmed Skip if Zero Logical OR Logical EXclusive OR IF EQual IF EQual IF Not Equal IF Greater Than IF B Not Equal Decrement Reg Skip if Zero Set BIT Reset BIT IF BIT Reset PeNDing Flag EXchange A with Memory EXchange A with Memory X LoaD A with Memory LoaD A with Memory X LoaD B with Immed LoaD Memory Immed LoaD Register Memory Immed EXchange A with Memory B EXchange A with Memory X LoaD A with Memory B LoaD A with Memory X LoaD Memory B lmmed CLeaR A INCrement A DECrement A Load A InDirect from ROM Decimal CORrect A Rotate A Right thru C Rotate A Left thru C SWAP nibbles of A Set C Reset C IF C IF Not C POP the stack into A PUSH A onto the stack Vector to Interrupt Service Routine Jump absolute Long Jump absolute Jump relative short Jump SubRoutine Long Jump SubRoutine Jump InDirect RETurn from subroutine RETurn and SKip RETurn from Interrupt Generate an Interrupt No OPeration A w A a MemI A w A a MemI a C C w Carry HC w Half Carry A w A b MemI a C C w Carry HC w Half Carry A w A and MemI Skip next if (A and Imm) e 0 A w A or MemI A w A xor MemI Compare MD and lmm Do next if MD e lmm Compare A and Meml Do next if A e Meml Compare A and Meml Do next if A i Meml Compare A and Meml Do next if A l Meml Do next if lower 4 bits of B i Imm Reg w Reg b 1 Skip if Reg e 0 1 to bit Mem (bit e 0 to 7 immediate) 0 to bit Mem If bit A or Mem is true do next instruction Reset Software Interrupt Pending Flag A Mem X A A w MemI Aw X B w Imm Mem w Imm Reg w Imm A B (B w B g 1) A X (X w X g 1) A w B (B w B g 1) A w X (X w X g 1) B w Imm (B w B g 1) Aw0 AwA a 1 AwA b 1 A w ROM (PU A) A w BCD correction of A (follows ADC SUBC) x A0 x C C x A7 x w A0 w C C w A7 w A3 A0 A7 A4 C w 1 HC w 1 C w 0 HC w 0 If C is true do next instruction If C is not true do next instruction SP w SP a 1 A w SP SP w A SP w SP b 1 PU w VU PL w VL PC w ii (ii e 15 bits 0 to 32k) PC9 0 w i (i e 12 bits) PC w PC a r (r is b31 to a 32 except 1) SP w PL SP b 1 w PU SP b 2 PC w ii 0wi SP w PL SP b 1 w PU SP b 2 PC9 PL w ROM (PU A) SP a 2 PL w SP PU w SP b 1 SP a 2 PL w SP PU w SP b 1 skip next instruction SP a 2 PL w SP PU w SP b 1 GIE w 1 SP w PL SP b 1 w PU SP b 2 PC w 0FF PC w PC a 1 A A Addr Addr Disp Addr Addr 35 http www national com Instruction Execution Time Most instructions are single byte (with immediate addressing mode instructions taking two bytes) Most single byte instructions take one cycle time to execute Skipped instructions require x number of cycles to be skipped where x equals the number of bytes in the skipped instruction opcode See the BYTES and CYCLES per INSTRUCTION table for details Bytes and Cycles per InstructIon The following table shows the number of bytes and cycles for each instruction in the format of byte cycle Arithmetic and Logic Instructions B ADD ADC SUBC AND OR XOR IFEQ IFGT IFBNE DRSZ SBIT RBIT lFBIT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Direct 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Immed 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Instructions Using A CLRA INCA DECA LAID DCORA RRCA RLCA SWAPA SC RC IFC IFNC PUSHA POPA ANDSZ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 C 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 Transfer of Control Instructions JMPL JMP JP JSRL JSR JID VIS RET RETSK RETI INTR NOP 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 7 1 13 11 11 11 34 34 34 RPND 11 Memory Transfer Instructions Register Indirect B X 13 13 23 23 22 11 22 Direct Immed Register Indirect Auto Incr and Decr B a Bb 12 12 X a Xb 13 13 (IF B k 16) (IF B l 15) 22 XA LD A LD B Imm LD B Imm LD Mem Imm LD Reg Imm IFEQ MD Imm Note 11 11 22 33 23 33 e l Memory location addressed by B or X or directly http www national com 36 Opcode List Bits 7 – 4 E i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i DRSZ 0FF LD B DRSZ 0FE LD A X LD A B LD B i i DRSZ 0FD DIR JSRL LD A Md RETSK RET RETI DRSZ 0FC LD Md i JMPL X A Md POPA DRSZ 0FB LD A Xb LD A Bb LD Bb i DECA SBIT 3B SBIT 4B SBIT 5B SBIT 6B SBIT 7B DRSZ 0FA LD A Xa LD A Ba LD B a i INCA SBIT 2B RBIT 2B RBIT 3B RBIT 4B RBIT 5B RBIT 6B RBIT 7B DRSZ 0F9 IFNE AB IFEQ Md i IFNE Ai IFNC SBIT 1B RBIT 1B DRSZ 0F8 NOP RLCA LD A i IFC SBIT 0B RBIT 0B LD B 7 LD B 6 LD B 5 LD B 4 LD B 3 LD B 2 LD B 1 LD B 0 DRSZ 0F7 OR A i OR A B IFBIT PUSHA LD B 8 7B DRSZ 0F6 XA X XA B XOR A i XOR A B IFBIT DCORA LD B 9 6B IFBNE 6 IFBNE 7 IFBNE 8 IFBNE 9 IFBNE 0A IFBNE 0B IFBNE 0C IFBNE 0D IFBNE 0E IFBNE 0F DRSZ 0F5 RPND JID AND A i AND A B IFBIT SWAPA LD B 0A IFBNE 5 5B DRSZ 0F4 VIS LAID ADD A i ADD A B IFBIT 4B CLRA LD B 0B IFBNE 4 JSR x400 –x4FF JSR x500 –x5FF JSR x600 –x6FF JSR x700 –x7FF JSR x800 –x8FF JSR x900 –x9FF DRSZ 0F3 XA Xb XA Bb IFGT A i IFGT A B IFBIT 3B LD B 0C IFBNE 3 JSR x300 –x3FF DRSZ 0F2 XA Xa XA Ba IFEQ A i IFEQ A B IFBIT 2B LD B 0D IFBNE 2 JSR x200 –x2FF DRSZ 0F1 SC SUBC A i SUB A B IFBIT 1B LD B 0E IFBNE 1 JSR x100 –x1FF DRSZ 0F0 RRCA RC ADC A i ADC A B IFBIT ANDSZ LD B 0F IFBNE 0 0B Ai JSR x000 –x0FF JMP JP a 17 x000 –x0FF JMP JP a 18 x100 –x1FF JMP JP a 19 x200 –x2FF JMP JP a 20 x300 –x3FF JMP JP a 21 x400 –x4FF JMP JP a 22 x500 –x5FF JMP JP a 23 x600 –x6FF JMP JP a 24 x700 –x7FF JMP JP a 25 x800 –x8FF D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 INTR JP a 2 JP a 3 JP a 4 JP a 5 JP a 6 JP a 7 JP a 8 JP a 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bits 3 – 0 8 JMP JP a 26 JP a 10 9 x900 –x9FF JSR JMP JP a 27 JP a 11 A xA00 –xAFF xA00 –xAFF JSR JMP JP a 28 JP a 12 B xB00 –xBFF xB00 –xBFF JSR JMP JP a 29 JP a 13 C xC00 –xCFF xC00 –xCFF JSR JMP JP a 30 JP a 14 D xD00 –xDFF xD00 –xDFF JSR JMP JP a 31 JP a 15 E xE00 –xEFF xE00 –xEFF JSR xF00 –xFFF JMP JP a 32 JP a 16 F xF00 –xFFF F JP b15 JP b31 LD 0F0 JP b14 JP b30 LD 0F1 JP b13 JP b29 LD 0F2 JP b12 JP b28 LD 0F3 JP b11 JP b27 LD 0F4 JP b10 JP b26 LD 0F5 JP b9 JP b25 LD 0F6 JP b8 JP b24 LD 0F7 37 iA JP b7 JP b23 LD 0F8 JP b6 JP b22 LD 0F9 JP b5 JP b21 LD 0FA JP b4 JP b20 LD 0FB JP b3 JP b19 LD 0FC JP b2 JP b18 LD 0FD JP b1 JP b17 LD 0FE JP b0 JP b16 LD 0FF http Where i is the immediate data Md is a directly addressed memory location is an unused opcode www national com Note The opcode 60 Hex is also the opcode for IFBIT Development Support SUMMARY  Full 4k frame synchronous trace memory Address instruction and 8 unspecified circuit connectable trace lines Display can be HLL source (e g C source) assembly or mixed  iceMASTERTM IM-COP8 400 Full feature in-circuit emulation for all COP8 products A full set of COP8 Basic and Feature Family device and package specific probes are available  A full 64k hardware configurable break trace on trace off control and pass count increment events  COP8 Debug Module Moderate cost in-circuit emulation and development programming unit  Tool set integrated interactive symbolic debugger supports both assembler (COFF) and C Compiler ( COD) linked object formats  COP8 Evaluation and Programming Unit EPUCOP888GG low cost In-circuit simulation and development programming unit development Assembler Linker Librarian and Utility Software Development Tool Kit  Real time performance profiling analysis selectable bucket definition  Assembler COP-8-DEV-IBMA A DOS installable cross  Watch windows content updated automatically at each execution break  C Compiler COP8C A DOS installable cross development Software Tool Kit  Instruction by instruction memory register changes displayed on source window when in single step operation  OTP EPROM Programmer Support Covering needs from engineering prototype pilot production to full production environments IceMASTER IN-CIRCUIT EMULATION The iceMASTER IM-COP8 400 is a full feature PC based in-circuit emulation tool developed and marketed by MetaLink Corporation to support the whole COP8 family of products National is a resale vendor for these products See Figure 21 for configuration The iceMASTER IM-COP8 400 with its device specific COP8 Probe provides a rich feature set for developing testing and maintaining product  Single base unit and debugger software reconfigurable to support the entire COP8 family only the probe personality needs to change Debugger software is processor customized and reconfigured from a master model file  Processor specific symbolic display of registers and bit level assignments configured from master model file  Halt Idle mode notification  On-line HELP customized to specific processor using master model file  Includes a copy of COP8-DEV-IBMA assembler and linker SDK Order Information Base Unit IM-COP8 400-1 IM-COP8 400-2 iceMASTER Probe MHW-888RW68PWPC 68 PLCC iceMASTER Base Unit 110V Power Supply iceMASTER Base Unit 220V Power Supply  Real-time in-circuit emulation full 2 4V–5 5V operation range full DC-10 MHz clock Chip options are programmable or jumper selectable  Direct connection to application board by package compatible socket or surface mount assembly  Full 32 kbytes of loadable programming space that overlays (replaces) the on-chip ROM or EPROM On-chip RAM and I O blocks are used directly or recreated on the probe as necessary TL DD 12855 – 21 FIGURE 21 COP8 iceMASTER Environment http www national com 38 Development Support (Continued) IceMASTER DEBUG MODULE The iceMASTER Debug Module is a PC based combination in-circuit emulation tool and COP8 based OTP EPROM programming tool developed and marketed by MetaLink Corporation to support the whole COP8 family of products National is a resale vendor for these products See Figure 22 for configuration The iceMASTER Debug Module is a moderate cost development tool It has the capability of in-circuit emulation for a specific COP8 microcontroller and in addition serves as a programming tool for COP8 OTP and EPROM product families Summary of features is as follows  Instruction by instruction memory register changes displayed when in single step operation  Debugger software is processor customized and reconfigured from a master model file  Processor specific symbolic display of registers and bit level assignments configured from master model file  Halt Idle mode notification  Programming menu supports full product line of programmable OTP and EPROM COP8 products Program data is taken directly from the overlay RAM  Programming of 44 PLCC and 68 PLCC parts requires external programming adapters  Real-time in-circuit emulation full operating voltage range operation full DC-10 MHz clock  All processor I O pins can be cabled to an application development board with package compatible cable to socket and surface mount assembly  Includes wall mount power supply  On-board VPP generator from 5V input or connection to external supply supported Requires VPP level adjustment per the family programming specification (correct level is provided on an on-screen pop-down display) Online HELP customized to specific processor using master model file  Full 32 kbytes of loadable programming space that overlays (replaces) the on-chip ROM or EPROM On-chip RAM and I O blocks are used directly or recreated as necessary  On-Line HELP customized to specific processor using master model file  100 frames of synchronous trace memory The display can be HLL source (C source) assembly or mixed The most recent history prior to a break is available in the trace memory  Includes a copy of COP8-DEV-IBMA assembler and linker SDK Order Information Debug Module Unit COP8-DM 888RW Cable Adapters DM-COP8 68P 68 PLCC  Configured break points uses INTR instruction which is modestly intrusive  Software only supported features are selectable  Tool set integrated interactive symbolic debugger supports both assembler (COFF) and C Compiler ( COD) SDK linked object formats TL DD 12855 – 22 FIGURE 22 COP8-DM Environment 39 http www national com Development Support (Continued) COP8 ASSEMBLER LINKER SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOL KIT National Semiconductor offers a relocatable COP8 macro cross assembler linker librarian and utility software development tool kit Features are summarized as follows Order Information Assembler SDK COP8-DEV-IBMA Assembler SDK on installable 3 5 PC DOS Floppy Disk Drive format Periodic upgrades and most recent version is available on National’s BBS and Internet  Basic and Feature Family instruction set by ‘‘device’’ type Integrated utilities to generate ROM code file outputs DUMPCOFF utility This product is integrated as a part of MetaLink tools as a development kit fully supported by the MetaLink debugger It may be ordered separately or it is bundled with the MetaLink products at no additional cost        Nested macro capability Extensive set of assembler directives Supported on PC DOS platform Generates National standard COFF output files Integrated Linker and Librarian COP8 C COMPILER A C Compiler is developed and marketed by Byte Craft Limited The COP8C compiler is a fully integrated development tool specifically designed to support the compact embedded configuration of the COP8 family of products Features are summarized as follows  ANSI C with some restrictions and extensions that optimize development for the COP8 embedded application  BITS data type extension Register declaration with direct bit level definitions pragma  C language support for interrupt routines  Expert system rule based code generation and optimization Approved List Manufacturer BP Microsystems Data I O North America (800) 225-2102 (713) 688-4600 Fax (713) 688-0920 (800) 426-1045 (206) 881-6444 Fax (206) 882-1043 (510) 623-8860 (800) 624-8949 (919) 430-7915 (800) 638-2423 (602) 926-0797 Fax (602) 693-0681 (408) 263-6667 (916) 924-8037 Fax (916) 924-8065 Europe a 49-8152-4183 a 49-8856-932616 a 44-0734-440011 Asia a 852-234-16611 a 852-2710-8121 Call North America a 886-2-764-0215 Fax a 886-2-756-6403 HI–LO ICE Technology MetaLink Call Asia a 44-1226-767404 Fax 0-1226-370-434 a 49-80 9156 96-0 Fax a 49-80 9123 86 a 41-1-9450300 a 852-737-1800 Systems General Needhams a 886-2-917-3005 Fax a 886-2-911-1283 http www national com 40 Development Support (Continued)  Performs consistency checks against the architectural definitions of the target COP8 device DIAL-A-HELPER via FTP ftp nscmicro nsc com user password anonymous username yourhost site domain  Generates program memory code  Supports linking of compiled object or COP8 assembled object formats  Global optimization of linked code  Symbolic debug load format fully source level supported by the MetaLink debugger INDUSTRY WIDE OTP EPROM PROGRAMMING SUPPORT Programming support in addition to the MetaLink development tools is provided by a full range of independent approved vendors to meet the needs from the engineering laboratory to full production AVAILABLE LITERATURE For more information please see the COP8 Basic Family User’s Manual Literature Number 620895 COP8 Feature Family User’s Manual Literature Number 620897 and National’s Family of 8-bit Microcontrollers COP8 Selection Guide Literature Number 630009 DIAL-A-HELPER SERVICE Dial-A-Helper is a service provided by the Microcontroller Applications group The Dial-A-Helper is an Electronic Information System that may be accessed as a Bulletin Board System (BBS) via data modem as an FTP site on the Internet via standard FTP client application or as an FTP site on the Internet using a standard Internet browser such as Netscape or Mosaic The Dial-A-Helper system provides access to an automated information storage and retrieval system The system capabilities include a MESSAGE SECTION (electronic mail when accessed as a BBS) for communications to and from the Microcontroller Applications Group and a FILE SECTION which consists of several file areas where valuable application software and utilities could be found DIAL-A-HELPER BBS via a Standard Modem Modem CANADA U S EUROPE Baud Set-Up (800) NSC-MICRO (800) 672-6427 ( a 49) 0-8141-351332 14 4k Length 8-Bit Parity None Stop Bit 1 24 Hrs 7 Days DIAL-A-HELPER via a WorldWide Web Browser ftp nscmicro nsc com National Semiconductor on the WorldWide Web See us on the WorldWide Web at http www national com CUSTOMER RESPONSE CENTER Complete product information and technical support is available from National’s customer response centers CANADA U S Tel email EUROPE email Deutsch Tel English Tel Fran ais Tel Italiano Tel JAPAN S E ASIA Tel Beijing Tel Shanghai Tel (800) 272-9959 support tevm2 nsc com europe support nsc com a 49 (0) 180-530 85 85 a 49 (0) 180-532 78 32 a 49 (0) 180-532 93 58 a 49 (0) 180-534 16 80 a 81-043-299-2309 ( a 86) 10-6865-8601 ( a 86) 21-6415-4092 Hong Kong Tel ( a 852) 2737-1600 Korea Tel Malaysia Tel Singapore Tel Taiwan Tel AUSTRALIA INDIA Tel Tel ( a 82) 2-3771-6909 ( a 60-4) 644-9061 ( a 65) 255-2226 a 886-2-521-3288 ( a 61) 3-9558-9999 ( a 91) 80-559-9467 Operation 41 http www national com COP87L88RW 8-Bit One-Time Programmable (OTP) Microcontroller with Pulse Train Generators and Capture Modules Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (V) Order Number COP87L88RWV-XE NS Plastic Chip Package Number V68A LIFE SUPPORT POLICY NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION As used herein 1 Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body or (b) support or sustain life and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user National Semiconductor Corporation 1111 West Bardin Road Arlington TX 76017 Tel 1(800) 272-9959 Fax 1(800) 737-7018 2 A critical component is any component of a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system or to affect its safety or effectiveness http www national com National Semiconductor Europe Fax a49 (0) 180-530 85 86 Email europe support nsc com Deutsch Tel a49 (0) 180-530 85 85 English Tel a49 (0) 180-532 78 32 Fran ais Tel a49 (0) 180-532 93 58 Italiano Tel a49 (0) 180-534 16 80 National Semiconductor Hong Kong Ltd 13th Floor Straight Block Ocean Centre 5 Canton Rd Tsimshatsui Kowloon Hong Kong Tel (852) 2737-1600 Fax (852) 2736-9960 National Semiconductor Japan Ltd Tel 81-043-299-2308 Fax 81-043-299-2408 National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications